Endangered Species Act• Act passed in 1973 that established measures for saving threatened

animal species.

Community Reinvestment Act of 1977

• Federal law passes to protect against credit practices that might discriminate in low- income neighborhoods.

OPEC• Organization of Oil Exporting Countries• Includes many nations from the Middle East.• Control supply of oil, which affects gas prices.

Ronald Reagan• 40th President• Ended the Cold War• Marked the return to conservatism • Reaganomics

Reaganomics• President Reagan’s approach to the economy.• Also known as trickle down economics with the idea that if corporations

and the wealthy were doing well, they would hire more, leading to a better economy for all.

Peace through Strength• Conservative slogan supporting military strength to promote peace.

Phyllis Schafly• Conservative woman who opposed the passage of the Equal Rights

Amendment and worked to ensure it did not pass.

Contract with America• Document released in 1994 that outlined the Republican plans if they

became the majority party in the House of Representatives.• Included smaller government, less taxes, welfare reform.

Heritage Foundation• A conservative “think tank” which had influence during the Reagan

presidency and whose ideas were the basis for the Contract with America.

Moral Majority• A network of ministers and others that registered voters who would

support conservative candidates and issues.

National Rifle Association (NRA)• Non-profit interest group which supports the protection of the 2nd

Amendment’s right to bear arms.

George H.W. Bush• 41st President• Saw the fall of the Berlin Wall• Ordered military action in the Persian Gulf after Saddam Hussain invaded

Kuwait.• Lost popularity after the US entered a recession and taxes were raised.

Persian Gulf War• Invasion of Iraq by the United States in order to liberate Kuwait, which had

been taken over for their oil reserves.

Billy Graham• A conservative Christian evangelist who was an advisor to numerous

Presidents.• He is the person that has preached to the most people in history.

Sandra Day O’Connor

• 1st female Supreme Court Justice

Estee Lauder• Successful business woman who created a global cosmetics company.

Bill Clinton• 42nd President• Instituted welfare reform and children’s health care.• Was impeached for lying to a grand jury but was acquitted.

The Balkans/Yugoslavia/Croatia• An area in the Mediterranean that was created after World War I. • It was split along religious lines, Catholic Croats, Orthodox Slavs, and

Muslim Serbs.• In the 1990’s, it was the site of a war that included the leader of

Yugoslavia putting many of the Muslim men into camps leading to their deaths.

Hillary Clinton• First lady who worked for Health Care reform.• 2008 Presidential candidate who won more delegates that any other

woman in history.• Secretary of State under President Obama.

NAFTA• North American Free Trade Agreement• Signed by the United States, Canada, and Mexico creating opportunities

for trade between the three nations.

Bill Gates• Founder and CEO of Microsoft.

• One of the world’s richest men.

Sam Walton• Founder of Wal-mart

Election of 2000• Presidential election between George W. Bush and Al Gore which resulted

in a vote recount and case that appeared before the Supreme Court.• Bush won the electoral vote while Gore won the popular vote.

9/11/2001• September 11, 2011 • Attacks on World Trade Center in New York and the Pentagon in

Washington D.C. • Planned by Al-Qaeda- a militant anti-western group based in Afghanistan

and Pakistan.

War on Terror• Military campaign led by the United States to eliminate terrorism around

the world. • Began after the attacks on 9/11

Patriot Act• Act passed by Congress as a response to 9/11 which expanded the powers

of law enforcement and limited the individual rights of Americans

Hurricane Katrina• One of the most costly hurricanes in US History.• Massive flooding was caused when levees that were designed to keep

water levels low broke.• Caused major issues with rebuilding.

Election of 2008• Presidential race between Barack Obama and John McCain. • Led to the election of the 1st African American President in US History

Sonia Sotomayor/Elena Kagan• Sonia Sotomayor

– 3rd female Supreme Court Justice– 1st Hispanic justice

• Elena Kagan– 1st female Dean of Harvard Law– 4th female Supreme Court Justice

Oprah Winfrey• Media personality• 1st African American female billionaire.• Known for her philanthropy.

American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009

• Economic stimulus package passed in response to the Recession of 2008.

Robert Johnson• Successful businessman• Founder of BET (Black Entertainment Television)• 1st African American billionaire.

Lionel Sosa• Runs the largest Hispanic advertising agency.

Mendez v. Westminster• Case that ruled that separating Mexican American students in schools is

unconstitutional.

Hernandez v. Texas• 14th Amendment applies to all races not just African Americans• All races are afforded rights to jury of their peers.

Delgado v. Bastrop• Segregation of Mexican American students is unconstitutional in Texas

Edgewood ISD v. Kirby• All schools should receive equal amounts of federal funding regardless of

the race or socioeconomic status of the students.

Sweatt v. Painter• Qualified students must be given admission regardless of race and a

separate facility does not count.

Tinker v. Des Moines• School administrator must show a valid reason for regulating free speech. • Free speech/protest is acceptable within reason in school.

Baker v. Carr• “One man, one vote”• Courts decide districting for representation.

Mapp v. Ohio• States cannot consider evidence gained in violation of the Constitution.

Gideon v. Wainwright• State must provide an attorney to a defendant regardless of ability to pay.

Escobedo v. Illinois• A suspect must be allowed access to their attorney and be advised of their

right to remain silent.

Miranda v. Arizona• Law enforcement must give all suspects a warning informing them of their

right to an attorney and the right to remain silent.