encyclopedia of natural hazards
TRANSCRIPT
ENCYCLOPEDIA ofNATURAL HAZARDS
Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF NATURAL HAZARDS
Volume EditorPeter Bobrowsky is an Adjunct Professor at the Center for Natural Hazards Research, Department of Earth Sciences, Simon Fraser University,Burnaby, BC, Canada ([email protected]). With over 30 years of professional experience as an environmental and engineering geologist he hasworked in Africa, China, India, North America, Middle East and South America. He has published extensively on a variety of subjects and hasserved/serves on a number of bodies and organizations: Secretary General of IUGS, President of the Geological Association of Canada, Presidentof the Canadian Quaternary Association, Vice President of the International Consortium on Landslides, editorial board for Landslides QuaternaryInternational and several others. The project to compile and publish this volume was completed during his tenure as SG of IUGS.
Editorial Board
Pedro BasabeUN/ISDR Africa ProgrammeUnited Nations Complex, GigiriPO Box 47074Nairobi, KenyaTom BeerAustralian Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial ResearchOrganisation (CSIRO)PB1, AspendaleVictoria, Australia
Norm CattoDepartment of GeographyMemorial UniversitySt. John’s, Newfoundland, Canada
Viacheslav K. GusiakovSiberian Division, Russian Academy of SciencesPr.Lavrentieva, 6Novosibirsk, Russia
Michael K. LindellHazard Reduction & Recovery CenterTexas A&M UniversityCollege Station, Texas, USA
Bill McGuireDepartment of Earth SciencesUniversity College London136 Gower Street (Lewis Building)London, UK
Jay MeloshDepartment of Earth and Atmospheric SciencesCivil Engineering Building, Room 3237550 Stadium Mall DrivePurdue UniversityWest Lafayette, Indiana, USA
Farrokh NadimNorwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI)PO Box 3930 Ullevall StadionOslo, Norway
Paul SlovicDecision Research1201 Oak Street, Suite 200Eugene, Oregon, USA
Philipp Schmidt-ThoméGeological Survey of FinlandPO Box 9602151 Espoo, Finland
Aims of the SeriesThe Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series provides comprehensive and authoritative coverage of all the main areas in the Earth Sciences. Eachvolume comprises a focused and carefully chosen collection of contributions from leading names in the subject, with copious illustrations andreference lists.
These books represent one of the world’s leading resources for the Earth Sciences community. Previous volumes are being updated and newworks published so that the volumes will continue to be essential reading for all professional earth scientists, geologists, geophysicists, climatolo-gists, and oceanographers as well as for teachers and students. See the back of this volume for a current list of titles in the Encyclopedia of EarthSciences Series. Go to http://www.springerlink.com/reference-works/ to visit the “Earth Sciences Series” online.
About the Series EditorProfessor Charles W. Finkl has edited and/or contributed to more than eight volumes in the Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series. For the past28 years he has been the Executive Director of the Coastal Education & Research Foundation and Editor-in-Chief of the international Journal ofCoastal Research. In addition to these duties, he is Professor Emeritus at Florida Atlantic University in Boca Raton, Florida, USA. He isa graduate of the University ofWestern Australia (Perth) and previously worked for a wholly owned Australian subsidiary of the International NickelCompany of Canada (INCO). During his career, he acquired field experience in Australia; the Caribbean; South America; SW Pacific islands;southern Africa; Western Europe; and the Pacific Northwest, Midwest, and Southeast USA.
Founding Series EditorProfessor Rhodes W. Fairbridge (deceased) has edited more than 24 Encyclopedias in the Earth Sciences Series. During his career he has worked asa petroleum geologist in theMiddle East, been aWW II intelligence officer in the SWPacific and led expeditions to the Sahara, Arctic Canada, ArcticScandinavia, Brazil and New Guinea. He was Emeritus Professor of Geology at Columbia University and was affiliated with the Goddard Institutefor Space Studies.
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF EARTH SCIENCES SERIES
ENCYCLOPEDIA ofNATURAL HAZARDS
edited by
PETER T. BOBROWSKYSimon Fraser University
Canada
Library of Congress Control Number: 2012944445
ISBN: 978-90-481-8699-0This publication is available also as:Electronic publication under ISBN 978-1-4020-4399-4 andPrint and electronic bundle under ISBN 978-94-007-0263-9
Springer Dordrecht, Heidelberg, New York, London
Printed on acid-free paper
Cover photo: Volcanic Lava, Hawaii. Photo reproduced courtesy of Paul Souders.
Every effort has been made to contact the copyright holders of the figures and tables which have been reproducedfrom other sources. Anyone who has not been properly credited is requested to contact the publishers, so that dueacknowledgement may be made in subsequent editions.
All rights reserved for the contributions Communicating Emergency Information; Dose Rate; Harmonic Tremor;Natural Radioactivity; Pore-Water Pressure; Radon Hazards
© Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2013
No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means,electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from thePublisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed ona computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work.
Contents
Contributors xv
Preface xxxix
Acknowledgments xli
AA-LAVA 1Robert Buchwaldt
Accelerometer 2Zhengwen Zeng and Lin Fa
Acid Rain 2Mary J. Thornbush
Adaptation 3Philipp Schmidt-Thomé and Sirkku Juhola
Airphoto and Satellite Imagery 5J. D. Mollard
Albedo 9Alan W. Harris
Antecedent Conditions 10Michael James Crozier, Nick Preston andThomas Glade
Arsenic in Groundwater 13Arindam Basu
Asteroid 14Alan W. Harris
Asteroid Impact 18Christian Koeberl
Asteroid Impact Mitigation 28Clark R. Chapman
Asteroid Impact Predictions 29Brian G. Marsden (Deceased)
Automated Local Evaluation inReal Time (ALERT) 31
Lev I. Dorman
Avalanches 31Chris Stethem
Aviation (Hazards to) 34Thomas Gerz and Ulrich Schumann
Avulsion 40Joann Mossa
Base Surge 41Catherine J. Hickson
Beach Nourishment (Replenishment) 42Charles W. Finkl
Beaufort Wind Scale 42Tom Beer
Biblical Events 45Jerry T. Mitchell
Body Wave 47Zhengwen Zeng and Lin Fa
Breakwaters 48Giovanni Cuomo
Building Code 49Rohit Jigyasu
Building Failure 50Tiziana Rossetto
vi CONTENTS
Buildings, Structures, and Public Safety 51John M. Logan
Calderas 57James W. Cole
Casualties Following Natural Hazards 59Kerrianne Watt and Philip Weinstein
Challenges to Agriculture 65Julie A. March
Civil Protection and Crisis Management 69Scira Menoni and Antonio Pugliano
Classification of Natural Disasters 78Thomas Glade and David E. Alexander
Climate Change 82Jasper Knight
Cloud Seeding 92Steven T. Siems
Coal Fire (Underground) 92Glenn B. Stracher
Coastal Erosion 94Wayne Stephenson
Coastal Zone Risk Management 97Norm Catto
Cognitive Dissonance 98Jaroslaw Dzialek
Collapsing Soil Hazards 99Andrew J. Stumpf
Comet 105Paul R. Weissman
Communicating Emergency Information 110John H. Sorensen
Community Management of Natural Hazards 112William T. Hartwell
Complexity Theory 117William H. K. Lee
Concrete Structures 118Murat Saatcioglu
Convergence 118Ilan Kelman
Coping Capacity 119Virginia R. Burkett
Cost-Benefit Analysis of Natural HazardMitigation 121
Sven Fuchs
Costs (Economic) of Natural Hazardsand Disasters 125
Howard Kunreuther and Erwann Michel-Kerjan
Creep 129Piotr Migoń
Critical Incident Stress Syndrome 130Ann M. Mitchell and Kirstyn Kameg
Critical Infrastructure 132Susanne Krings
Cryological Engineering 132Lukas U. Arenson and Sarah M. Springman
Cultural Heritage and Natural Hazards 135Piotr Migoń
Damage and the Built Environment 141Adriana Galderisi and Andrea Ceudech
Debris Avalanche 145Marco Giardino
Debris Flow 149Oldrich Hungr
Deep-seated Gravitational Slope Deformation 151Mauro Soldati
Desertification 155Nicholas Lancaster
Disaster Diplomacy 158Ilan Kelman
Disaster Relief 159Jane Carter Ingram
Disaster Research and Policy, History 160J. C. Gaillard and Ilan Kelman
Disaster Risk Management 164N. Nirupama
Disaster Risk Reduction 170Walter J. Ammann
Disasters 175Ian Stewart
Dispersive Soil Hazards 186Andrew J. Stumpf
CONTENTS vii
Doppler Weather Radar 188Rodger A. Brown
Dose Rate 188Cathy Scheib
Drought 189Suzanne Hollins and John Dodson
CASE STUDYDust Bowl 197Richard Seager and Benjamin I. Cook
Dust Devil 201Nilton O. Rennó
Dust Storm 202Nilton O. Rennó
Dvorak Classification of Hurricanes 203Raymond Zehr
Early Warning Systems 207Graham S. Leonard, Chris E. Gregg andDavid M. Johnston
Earthquake 208John F. Cassidy
Earthquake Damage 223Nicolas Desramaut, Hormoz Modaressi andGonéri Le Cozannet
Earthquake Prediction and Forecasting 225Alik T. Ismail-Zadeh
Earthquake Resistant Design 231Tiziana Rossetto and Philippe Duffour
Economic Valuation of Life 240Mohammed H. I. Dore and Rajiv G. Singh
Economics of Disasters 242Pierre-Alain Schieb
Education and Training for EmergencyPreparedness 247
Kevin R. Ronan
Elastic Rebound Theory 249John Ristau
Electromagnetic Radiation (EMR) 250Norman Kerle
El Niño/Southern Oscillation 250Michael Ghil and Ilya Zaliapin
Emergency Management 263Michael K. Lindell
Emergency Mapping 272Frank Fiedrich and Sisi Zlatanova
Emergency Planning 276Scira Menoni
Emergency Shelter 280Camillo Boano and William Hunter
Epicenter 284Valerio Comerci
Epidemiology of Disease in Natural Disasters 285Gilbert M. Burnham
Erosion 288Matija Zorn and Blaž Komac
Erosivity 289Matija Zorn and Blaž Komac
Eruption Types (Volcanic Eruptions) 290Catherine J. Hickson, T. C. Spurgeon andR. I. Tilling
Evacuation 293Graham A. Tobin, Burrell E. Montz andLinda M. Whiteford
Expansive Soils and Clays 297Ghulappa S. Dasog and Ahmet R. Mermut
Expert (Knowledge-Based) Systems for DisasterManagement 300
Jean-Marc Tacnet and Corinne Curt
Exposure to Natural Hazards 305Jörn Birkmann
Extensometers 306Erik Eberhardt
Extinction 307Ross D. E. MacPhee
Extreme Value Theory 310Gianfausto Salvadori
CASE STUDYEyjafjallajökull Eruptions 2010 311Freysteinn Sigmundsson
Fault 317William A. Bryant
viii CONTENTS
Federal Emergency ManagementAgency (FEMA) 321
Vincent R. Parisi
Fetch 322Norm Catto
Fire and Firestorms 323John Radke
Flash Flood 324Yang Hong, Pradeep Adhikari andJonathan J. Gourley
Flood Deposits 325János Kovács
Flood Hazard and Disaster 326Yang Hong, Pradeep Adhikari andJonathan J. Gourley
Flood Protection 336Fernando Nardi
Flood Stage 336Fernando Nardi
Floodplain 337Klement Tockner
Floodway 338Armand LaRocque
Fog Hazard Mitigation 338Steve LaDochy and Michael R. Witiw
Fog Hazards 342Paul J. Croft
Föhn 346Anita Bokwa
Forest and Range Fires 346George Eftychidis
Frequency and Magnitude of Events 359Lionel E. Jackson, Jr.
Frost Hazard 363Leanne Webb and Richard L. Snyder
Fujita Tornado Scale 366Thomas W. Schmidlin
Fumarole 367Travis W. Heggie
CASE STUDYGaleras Volcano, Colombia 369Barry Voight and Marta L. Calvache
Gas-Hydrates 377Harsh K. Gupta and Kalachand Sain
Geographic Information Systems (GIS) andNatural Hazards 378
Paolo Tarolli and Marco Cavalli
Geographic Information Technology 385Brigitte Leblon
Geohazards 387Blaž Komac and Matija Zorn
Geological/Geophysical Disasters 387Richard Guthrie
Glacier Hazards 400John J. Clague
Global Change and Its Implications forNatural Disasters 405
Gonéri Le Cozannet, Hormoz Modaressi andNicolas Desramaut
Global Dust 409Edward Derbyshire
Global Network of Civil Society Organizations forDisaster Reduction 416
Terry Gibson
Global Positioning Systems (GPS) and NaturalHazards 416
Norman Kerle
Global Seismograph Network (GSN) 417Allison Bent
CASE STUDYHaiti Earthquake 2010: Psychosocial Impacts 419James M. Shultz, Louis Herns Marcelin,Zelde Espinel, Sharon B. Madanes,Andrea Allen and Yuval Neria
Harmonic Tremor 425Melanie Kelman
Hazard 425Farrokh Nadim
Hazard and Risk Mapping 426Brian R. Marker
CONTENTS ix
Hazardousness of a Place 435Netra Raj Regmi, John Rick Giardino andJohn D. Vitek
Heat Waves 447Gerd Tetzlaff
High-Rise Buildings in Natural Disaster 451Murat Saatcioglu
Historical Events 452Suzanne A. G. Leroy and Raisa Gracheva
Hospitals in Disaster 471Jeffrey N. Rubin
Human Impacts of Hazards 474Douglas Paton, David Johnston and Sarb Johal
Humanity as an Agent of Natural Disasters 478Thomas Glade and Andreas Dix
Hurricane (Typhoon, Cyclone) 481Robert Korty
CASE STUDYHurricane Katrina 494Joann Mossa
Hydrocompaction Subsidence 496Andrew J. Stumpf
Hydrograph, Flood 497Fernando Nardi
Hydrometeorological Hazards 497Gordon McBean
Hyogo Framework for Action 2005–2015 508Pedro Basabe
Hypocenter 516Maurice Lamontagne
Ice and Icebergs 519Norm Catto
Ice Storms 520Ronald E. Stewart
Impact Airblast 522Natalia Artemieva
Impact Ejecta 523Christian Koeberl
Impact Fireball 524Peter Brown
Impact Firestorms 525Tamara Goldin
Impact Tsunamis 525Galen Gisler
Impact Winter 528Owen Brian Toon
Inclinometers 529Erik Eberhardt
CASE STUDYIndian Ocean Tsunami, 2004 529Franck Lavigne, Raphaël Paris, FrédéricLeone, J. C. Gaillard and Julie Morin
Induced Seismicity 535Maurice Lamontagne
Information and Communication Technology 536Peter S. Anderson
Insect Hazards 540Philip Weinstein
Insurance 542Jaroslaw Dzialek
Integrated Emergency Management System 544Frank Fiedrich
Intensity Scales 544David Giles
International Strategies for Disaster Reduction(IDNDR and ISDR) 552
Karl-Otto Zentel and Thomas Glade
Internet, World Wide Web and Natural Hazards 563Lucy Stanbrough
Isoseismal 565Valerio Comerci
Jökulhlaups 567Marten Geertsema
Karst Hazards 571Viacheslav Andreychouk and Andrzej Tyc
CASE STUDYKrakatoa (Krakatau) 576Bill McGuire
Lahar 579Richard B. Waitt
x CONTENTS
Land Degradation 580Matija Zorn and Blaž Komac
Land Subsidence 583Brian R. Marker
Land Use, Urbanization, and Natural Hazards 590Brian Marker
Landsat Satellite 594María Asunción Soriano
Landslide 594John J. Clague
Landslide Dam 602Reginald L. Hermanns
Landslide Impacts 606Michael James Crozier, Nick Preston andThomas Glade
Landslide Inventory 610Javier Hervás
Landslide Triggered Tsunami,Displacement Wave 611
Reginald L. Hermanns, Jean-Sébastien L’Heureuxand Lars H. Blikra
Landslide Types 615David Cruden
Land-Use Planning 618Stefan Greiving and Philipp Schmidt-Thomé
Lateral Spreading 623Steven L. Kramer
Lava 623Robert Buchwaldt
Levee 624Joann Mossa
Lightning 625Leopoldo C. Cancio
Liquefaction 629Steven L. Kramer
Livelihoods and Disasters 633J. C. Gaillard
Loess 637János Kovács and György Varga
Macroseismic Survey 639Roger M. W. Musson
Magma 639Catherine J. Hickson, T. C. Spurgeon andR. I. Tilling
Magnitude Measures 640David Giles
Marginality 651Ben Wisner
Marine Hazards 652Tore Jan Kvalstad
Mass Media and Natural Disasters 655Wojciech Biernacki
Mass Movement 657Roy C. Sidle
Megacities and Natural Hazards 660Norman Kerle and Annemarie Müller
CASE STUDYMega-Fires in Greece (2007) 664George Eftychidis
Mercalli, Giuseppe (1850–1914) 671Valerio Comerci
Meteorite 672Jay Melosh
Methane Release from Hydrate 672Graham Westbrook
Mining Subsidence Induced Fault Reactivation 673Laurance Donnelly
Misconceptions About Natural Disasters 678Timothy R. H. Davies
Mitigation 682Farrokh Nadim
Modified Mercalli (MM) Scale 683Valerio Comerci
Monitoring Natural Hazards 686Michel Jaboyedoff, Pascal Horton,Marc-Henri Derron, Céline Longchamp andClément Michoud
Monsoons 696Song Yang, Viviane Silva and Wayne Higgins
CONTENTS xi
CASE STUDYMontserrat Eruptions 697Katherine Donovan
Mortality and Injury in Natural Disasters 699Shannon Doocy
CASE STUDYMt Pinatubo 703Katherine Donovan
Mud Volcanoes 705Behruz M. Panahi
Mudflow 706Christophe Ancey
Myths and Misconceptions in Disasters 706Alejandro López Carresi
Natural Hazard 711Anita Bokwa
Natural Hazards in Developing Countries 718Paolo Paron
Natural Radioactivity 726Cathy Scheib
Neotectonics 730James P. McCalpin
CASE STUDYNevado del Ruiz Volcano, Colombia 1985 732Barry Voight, Marta L. Calvache,Minard L. Hall and Maria Luisa Monsalve
North Anatolian Fault 738Thomas Rockwell
Nuée Ardente 740Catherine J. Hickson, T. C. Spurgeon andR. I. Tilling
Overgrazing 741Norm Catto
Ozone 741Tom Beer
Ozone Loss 743Mary J. Thornbush
Pacific Tsunami Warning and MitigationSystem (PTWS) 747
Laura S. L. Kong
Pahoehoe Lava 748Robert Buchwaldt
Paleoflood Hydrology 748Gerardo Benito
Paleoseismology 749Alan R. Nelson
Paraglacial 750Jasper Knight
Perception of Natural Hazards and Disasters 756Jaroslaw Dzialek
Permafrost 759Julian B. Murton
Piezometer 764Sylvi Haldorsen
Piping Hazard 764Michael James Crozier, Nick Preston andThomas Glade
Planning Measures and Political Aspects 765Brian R. Marker
Plate Tectonics 769John Ristau
Pore-Water Pressure 772Mark E. Reid
Post Disaster Mass Care Needs 773Frank Fiedrich, John R. Harrald andTheresa Jefferson
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) 776Fran H. Norris
Primary Wave (P-Wave) 777Allison Bent
Probable Maximum Flood (PMF) 777Armand LaRocque
Probable Maximum Precipitation (PMP) 778Gerd Tetzlaff and Janek Zimmer
Psychological Impacts of Natural Disasters 779James M. Shultz, Yuval Neria, Andrea Allen andZelde Espinel
Pyroclastic Flow 791Robert Buchwaldt
xii CONTENTS
CASE STUDYQueensland Floods (2010–2011) and “Tweeting” 797France Cheong and Christopher Cheong
Quick Clay 803Marten Geertsema
Quick Sand 804János Kovács
Radiation Hazards 807Lev I. Dorman
Radon Hazards 808James D. Appleton
Recovery and Reconstruction After Disaster 812Michael K. Lindell
Recurrence Interval 824Glenn Biasi
Red Cross and Red Crescent 825Donald J. Shropshire
Red Tides 826Philip Weinstein
Reflections on Modeling Disaster 827David A. Etkin
Release Rates 835Pat E. Rasmussen
Religion and Hazards 836Heather Sangster, Angus M. Duncan andDavid K. Chester
Remote Sensing of Natural Hazardsand Disasters 837
Norman Kerle
Reservoir, Dams, and Seismicity 847Maurice Lamontagne
Resilience 849Adriana Galderisi and Floriana F. Ferrara
Richter, Charles Francis (1900–1985) 850Susan Hough
Rights and Obligations in InternationalHumanitarian Assistance 851
George Kent
Rip Current 855Wayne Stephenson
Risk 856Jörn Birkmann
Risk Assessment 862Suzanne Lacasse
Risk Governance 863Stefan Greiving and Thomas Glade
Risk Perception and Communication 870Michael K. Lindell
Rock Avalanche (Sturzstrom) 875Reginald L. Hermanns
Rockfall 875Fausto Guzzetti
Rogue Wave 877Norm Catto
Rotational Seismology 877William H. K. Lee
Sackung 881Michael J. Bovis
Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Intensity Scale 882Ilan Kelman
San Andreas Fault 883William A. Bryant
CASE STUDYSantorini, Eruption 884Yuri Gorokhovich
Sea Level Change 895Peter J. Hawkes
Secondary Wave (S-Wave) 901Allison Bent
Sedimentation of Reservoirs 901Anton J. Schleiss
Seiche 905Giovanni Cuomo
Seismic Gap 906John F. Cassidy
Seismograph/Seismometer 907Allison Bent
CONTENTS xiii
Seismology 907Alik T. Ismail-Zadeh
Shear 908Murat Saatcioglu
Shield Volcano 910Raphaël Paris
Sinkhole 911María Asunción Soriano
Slide and Slump 913Lionel E. Jackson, Jr.
Slope Stability 919Kaare Høeg
Snowstorm and Blizzard 924Thomas W. Schmidlin
Social–Ecological Systems 926Fabrice G. Renaud
Sociology of Disaster 926Alison Herring
Solar Flares 936David H. Boteler
Solifluction 936Piotr Migoń
Space Weather 937David H. Boteler
Storm Surges 940Gonéri Le Cozannet, Hormoz Modaressi,Rodrigo Pedreros, Manuel Garcin, Yann Krienand Nicolas Desramaut
Storms 941Norm Catto
Stratovolcanoes 941Shane J. Cronin
Structural Damage Caused by Earthquakes 947Murat Saatcioglu
Structural Mitigation 959Murat Saatcioglu
Subduction 979Alik T. Ismail-Zadeh
Subsidence Induced by Underground Extraction 979Devin L. Galloway
Sunspots 986David H. Boteler
Supernova 986Lev I. Dorman
Surge 987Giovanni Cuomo
Susceptibility 988María José Domínguez-Cuesta
CASE STUDYTangshan, China (1976 Earthquake) 989Zhengwen Zeng and Chenghu Wang
Tectonic and Tectono-Seismic Hazards 994James P. McCalpin
Tectonic Tremor 1004David Shelly
Thunderstorms 1006Colin Price
Tidal Bores 1007Hubert Chanson
Tiltmeters 1009Erik Eberhardt
Time and Space in Disaster 1009Thomas Glade, Michael James Crozier andNick Preston
CASE STUDYTohoku, Japan (2011 Earthquake and Tsunami) 1015Kenji Satake
Torino Scale 1019Norm Catto
Tornadoes 1019Matthew R. Clark and R. P. Knightley
Triggered Earthquakes 1031Harsh K. Gupta
Tsunami 1036William Power and Graham S. Leonard
Tsunami Loads on Infrastructure 1046Dan Palermo, Ioan Nistor and Murat Saatcioglu
Uncertainty 1055Philipp Schmidt-Thomé
xiv CONTENTS
United Nations Organizations and NaturalDisasters 1056
Badaoui Rouhban
Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) 1062Armand LaRocque
Unreinforced Masonry Buildings 1062Fabio Taucer
Urban Environments and Natural Hazards 1063Pat E. Rasmussen
CASE STUDYUsoi Landslide and Lake Sarez 1065Alexander Strom
CASE STUDYVaiont Landslide, Italy 1069Monica Ghirotti and Doug Stead
CASE STUDYVesuvius 1073Bill McGuire
Volcanic Ash 1074Thomas Wilson and Carol Stewart
Volcanic Gas 1076Travis W. Heggie
Volcanoes and Volcanic Eruptions 1077Sue C. Loughlin
Vulnerability 1088Susan L. Cutter
Warning Systems 1091Graham S. Leonard, David M. Johnston andChris E. Gregg
Waterspout 1096Miquel Gayà
CASE STUDYWenchuan, China (2008 Earthquake) 1097Zhengwen Zeng and Chenghu Wang
Wildfire 1102Brigitte Leblon and Laura Bourgeau-Chavez
World Economy, Impact of Disasters 1107Ilan Noy
Worldwide Trends in Natural Disasters 1111Margreth Keiler
Zoning 1115Philipp Schmidt-Thomé and Stefan Greiving
Author Index 1117
Subject Index 1119
Contributors
Pradeep AdhikariSchool of Civil Engineering and Environmental ScienceAtmospheric Radar Research Center, University ofOklahoma120 David L. Boren BlvdNorman, OK 73072USAandDepartment of Geography and EnvironmentalSustainability, University of OklahomaNorman, OK [email protected]
David E. AlexanderGlobal Risk ForumPromenade 357270 Davos [email protected]@alice.it
Andrea AllenSchool of Adult and Continuing EducationBarry University11300 NE 2nd AvenueMiami Shores, FL [email protected]@aol.com
Walter J. AmmannGlobal Risk Forum GRF DavosPromenade 357270 Davos [email protected]
Christophe AnceyEcole Polytechnique Fédérale de LausanneLaboratoire Hydraulique Environnementale ENAC/ICARE/LHEstation 18 Ecublens1015 [email protected]
Peter S. AndersonSchool of CommunicationSimon Fraser University8888 University DriveBurnaby, BC V5A [email protected]
Viacheslav AndreychoukRegional Geography and Geotourism UnitFaculty of Earth’s SciencesUniversity of SilesiaBędzińska 6041-200 [email protected]
James D. AppletonBritish Geological SurveyKeyworthNottingham NG12 [email protected]
xvi CONTRIBUTORS
Lukas U. ArensonBGC Engineering Inc.Suite 500-1045 Howe StreetVancouver, BC V6Z [email protected]@gmail.com
Natalia ArtemievaPlanetary Science Institute1700 E. Ft. Lowell, suite 106Tucson, AZ [email protected]
Pedro BasabeUnited Nations ComplexGigiri Block T, Room T-121P.O. Box [email protected]@un.org
Arindam BasuHealth Sciences Centre & Health ServicesAssessment CollaborationUniversity of CanterburyChristchurchNew [email protected]
Tom BeerCSIRO Marine and Atmospheric ResearchCentre for Australian Weather and Climate ResearchEnergy Transformed FlagshipP.B1, AspendaleVIC [email protected]
Gerardo BenitoCSIC-Centro de Ciencias MedioambientalesSerrano 115 bis28006 [email protected]
Allison BentGeological Survey of CanadaNatural Resources Canada7 Observatory CrescentOttawa, ON K1A [email protected]
Glenn BiasiNevada Seismological LaboratoryUniversity of Nevada RenoMS-174Reno, NV [email protected]
Wojciech BiernackiUniversity School of Physical Education in CracowAl. Jana Pawla II 7831-571 [email protected]@awf.krakow.pl
Jörn BirkmannInstitute for Environment and Human SecurityUnited Nations UniversityHermann-Ehlers-Str. 1053113 [email protected]
Lars H. BlikraÅknes/Tafjord Early-Warning CentreØdegårdavegen 1766200 [email protected]
Camillo BoanoDevelopment Planning UnitUniversity College London34 Tavistock SquareLondon WC1H [email protected]@ucl.ac.uk
Anita BokwaInstitute of Geography and Spatial ManagementJagiellonian University7 Gronostajowa St30-387 Krakó[email protected]
David H. BotelerGeomagnetic LaboratoryEarth Science Sector, Natural Resources Canada7 Observatory CrescentOttawa, ON K1A [email protected]
CONTRIBUTORS xvii
Laura Bourgeau-ChavezForestry and Environmental ManagementUniversity of New BrunswickP.O. Box 4400Fredericton, NB E3B 5A3Canada
Michael J. BovisDepartment of GeographyUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouver, BC V6T [email protected]
Peter BrownDepartment of Physics and AstronomyCentre for Planetary Science and Exploration (CPSX)University of Western OntarioLondon, ON N6A [email protected]
Rodger A. BrownNOAA/National Severe Storms Laboratory120 David L. Boren BlvdNorman, OK [email protected]
William A. BryantSenior Engineering GeologistCalifornia Geological Survey801 K Street, MS 12-31Sacramento, CA [email protected]@consrv.ca.gov
Robert BuchwaldtDepartment of Earth, Atmospheric, andPlanetary SciencesMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyBuilding 54-1117Cambridge, MA [email protected]
Virginia R. BurkettUnited States Geological Survey, Climate andLand use Change Mission Area540 North Courthouse StreetMany, LA [email protected]
Gilbert M. BurnhamThe Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthCenter for Refugee and Disaster Response615 N Wolfe St., Suite E8132Baltimore, MD [email protected]
Marta L. CalvacheINGEOMINASBogotaColombia
Leopoldo C. CancioUS Army Institute of Surgical ResearchColonel, Medical Corps, U.S. ArmyFort Sam Houston, TX [email protected]
Alejandro López CarresiCentre of Studies on Disasters and EmergenciesC/Hileras 428013 [email protected]
John F. CassidyGeological Survey of CanadaNatural Resources Canada9860 West Saanich RoadSidney, BC V8L [email protected]
Norm CattoDepartment of GeographyMemorial University of NewfoundlandSt. John’s, NL A1B [email protected]
Marco CavalliNational Research Council – Research Institute forGeo-Hydrological ProtectionCorso Stati Uniti 435127 [email protected]
xviii CONTRIBUTORS
Andrea CeudechDipartimento di Pianificazione e Scienza del TerritorioUniversity of Naples “Federico II”Naples, P.le V. Tecchio, 8080125 [email protected]
Hubert ChansonSchool of Civil EngineeringThe University of QueenslandBrisbane, QLD [email protected]
Clark R. ChapmanDepartment of Space StudiesSouthwest Research Institute1050 Walnut, Suite 300Boulder, CO [email protected]
Christopher CheongSchool of Business IT and LogisticsRMIT UniversityMelbourne, VIC 3001Australia
France CheongSchool of Business IT and LogisticsRMIT UniversityMelbourne, VIC [email protected]
David K. ChesterDepartment of GeographyUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpool L69 [email protected]
John J. ClagueCentre for Natural Hazard ResearchDepartment of Earth SciencesSimon Fraser University8888 University DriveBurnaby, BC V5A [email protected]
Matthew R. Clark11B Lower North StreetExeter EX4 3ETDevon, UKandTORROP.O. Box 972Thelwall WA4 9DPWarrington, [email protected]
James W. ColeDepartment of Geological SciencesUniversity of CanterburyPrivate Bag 4800Christchurch 8140New [email protected]
Valerio ComerciGeological Survey of ItalyISPRA – Institute for Environmental Protectionand ResearchVia Vitaliano Brancati 4800144 [email protected]
Benjamin I. CookNASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies2880 BroadwayNew York, NY [email protected]@giss.nasa.gov
Paul J. CroftSchool of Environmental &Life SciencesCollege of Natural, Applied, & Health SciencesKean University1000 Morris AvenueUnion, NJ [email protected]@aol.com
Shane J. CroninInstitute of Natural ResourcesMassey UniversityPrivate Bag 11 222Palmerston North 4442New [email protected]
CONTRIBUTORS xix
Michael James CrozierInstitute of Geography, School of GeographyEnvironment and Earth SciencesVictoria University of WellingtonPO Box 600 Wellington 6140New [email protected]
David CrudenDepartment of Civil and Environmental EngineeringUniversity of Alberta3-064 Markin/CNRL NaturalEdmonton, AB T6G [email protected]
Giovanni CuomoHydraulics Applied Research & Engineering Consulting(HAREC) s.r.lVia Gregorio VII, 8000165 [email protected]
Corinne CurtIrsteaUR OHAX, Hydraulic Engineering and HydrologyResearch Unit3275 route de Cézanne CS 4006113182 Aix-en-Provence, Cedex [email protected]
Susan L. CutterDepartment of Geography, Hazards & VulnerabilityResearch InstituteUniversity of South CarolinaColumbia, SC [email protected]
Ghulappa S. DasogUniversity of Agricultural Sciences580005 [email protected]
Timothy R. H. DaviesDepartment of Geological SciencesUniversity of CanterburyPrivate Bag 4800Christchurch 8140New [email protected]
Edward Derbyshire3, 104 Evesham RoadCheltenham, Gloucestershire GL52 2ALUKandCentre for Quaternary ResearchRoyal Holloway, University of LondonEgham, Surrey TW20 0EXUKed4 [email protected]
Marc-Henri DerronInstitute of Geomatics and Analysis of RiskAMPHIPOLE – 338, Faculté des géosciences et del’environnementUniversity of Lausanne1015 [email protected]
Nicolas DesramautFrench Geological Survey, Natural Risks andCO2 Safety Storage DivisionLandslide Risk UnitBRGM – French Geological Survey3 avenue Claude Guillemin, BP 3600945060 Orléans, Cedex [email protected]
Andreas DixBamberg Institut for Geography, Historical GeographyDepartment of GeographyOtto-Friedrich-University BambergAm Kranen 1296045 [email protected]
John DodsonInstitute for Environmental ResearchAustralian Nuclear Science and Technology OrganisationNew Illawarra RoadLucas Heights, NSW [email protected]@bigpond.com
María José Domínguez-CuestaDepartamento de GeologíaUniversidad de OviedoC/Arias de Velasco s/n33005 [email protected]
xx CONTRIBUTORS
Laurance DonnellyEngineering & Exploration Geologist, ForensicGeologist & Police Search AdviserWardell Armstrong LLP2 The AvenueGreater Manchester WN7 [email protected]
Katherine DonovanDepartment of Earth SciencesUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxford, Oxfordshire OX1 [email protected]
Shannon DoocyDepartment of International Health, Center forRefugee and Disaster ResponseJohns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health615 N Wolfe Street, Suite E8132Baltimore, MD [email protected]
Mohammed H. I. DoreDepartment of EconomicsBrock University4th Floor, Plaza BuildingSt Catharines, ON L2S [email protected]
Lev I. DormanIsrael Cosmic Ray and Space Weather Center and EmilioSegre’ Observatory, affiliated to Tel AvivUniversity, TECHNION, and Israel Space AgencyP.O. Box 2217Qazrin 12900IsraelandCosmic Ray Department of N.V. Pushkov IZMIRANIZMIRAN of Russian Academy of Sciences142190 Troitsk, Moscow [email protected]@gmail.com
Philippe DuffourDepartment of Civil, Environmental and GeomaticEngineeringUniversity College LondonGower StreetLondon WC1E [email protected]
Angus M. DuncanInstitute for Research in Applied Natural SciencesUniversity of BedfordshirePark SquareLuton LU1 [email protected]
Jaroslaw DzialekInstitute of Geography and Spatial ManagementJagiellonian University7 Gronostajowa St30-387 [email protected]
Erik EberhardtGeological EngineeringDepartment of Earth and Ocean SciencesUniversity of British Columbia6339 Stores RdVancouver, BC V6T [email protected]
George EftychidisAlgosystems S.A.206, Leoforos SyggrouKallithea 17672GreeceandPangaiasys Ltd.28, Marathonos AvenuePikermi [email protected]
Zelde EspinelCenter for Disaster & Extreme Event Preparedness(DEEP Center)University of Miami Miller School of MedicineClinical Research Building Suite 15121120 NW 14 St.Miami, FL [email protected]
CONTRIBUTORS xxi
David A. EtkinYork University4700 Keele StreetToronto, ON M3J [email protected]
Lin FaDepartment of Geology and Geological EngineeringUniversity of North DakotaGrand Forks, ND 58202USAandDepartment of Electronics and Information EngineeringXi’an Institute of Post and TelecommunicationsXi’an, Shaanxi [email protected]
Floriana F. FerraraEnvironmental Engineering ConsultantVia Morghen, 7280129 [email protected]
Frank FiedrichPublic Safety and Emergency ManagementFaculty D “Safety Engineering”Wuppertal UniversityGaussstr. 2042119 [email protected]
Charles W. FinklProfessor EmeritusDepartment of GeosciencesFlorida Atlantic UniversityBoca Raton 33431 [email protected]
Sven FuchsInstitute of Mountain Risk EngineeringUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesPeter Jordan Strasse 821190 [email protected]
J. C. GaillardSchool of EnvironmentThe University of AucklandPrivate Bag 92019Auckland 1142New [email protected]
Adriana GalderisiDipartimento di Pianificazione e Scienza del TerritorioUniversity of Naples “Federico II”P.le V. Tecchio, 8080125 [email protected]
Devin L. GallowayWater Mission Area Modoc Hall, Ste. 3005, CSUSUS Geological Survey3020 State University Dr. E.Sacramento, CA [email protected]
Manuel GarcinNatural Risks and CO2 Storage Security Division/CoastalRisk UnitBRGM-French Geological Survey – Natural Risks andCO2 Storage Division3 avenue Claude Guillemin45060 Orlé[email protected]
Miquel GayàDelegación Territorial en Illes BalearsAgencia Estatal de MeteorologíaMuelle de Ponent, s/nP.O. Box [email protected]
Marten GeertsemaBritish Columbia Forest Service1011 4th avePrince George V2L 3H9 [email protected]
Thomas GerzDeutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V. DLRInstitut für Physik der Atmosphäre82234 [email protected]
xxii CONTRIBUTORS
Michael GhilGeosciences Department and Laboratoire deMétéorologie Dynamique (CNRS and IPSL)Ecole Normale Supérieure24, rue Lhomond75231 ParisFranceandDepartment of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences andInstitute of Geophysics and Planetary PhysicsUniversity of CaliforniaLos Angeles, [email protected]
Monica GhirottiDepartment of Earth and Geo-Environmental SciencesAlma Mater-University of BolognaVia Zamboni, 6740127 [email protected]
John Rick GiardinoDepartment of Geology and GeophysicsTexas A&M UniversityCollege Station, Texas [email protected]
Marco GiardinoDepartment of Earth SciencesUniversity of TorinoVia Valperga Caluso, 3510125 [email protected]
Terry GibsonGlobal Network of Civil Society Organisations forDisaster Reduction (GNDR)100 Church RoadTeddington, Middlesex TW11 [email protected]
David GilesCentre for Applied Geosciences, School of Earth andEnvironmental SciencesUniversity of PortsmouthBurnaby Building, Burnaby RoadPortsmouth PO1 [email protected]
Galen GislerPhysics of Geological ProcessUniversity of OsloSem Sælandsvei 240316 [email protected]
Thomas GladeGeomorphic Systems and Risk ResearchDepartment of Geography and Regional ScienceUniversity of ViennaUniversitaetsstr. 71010 [email protected]
Tamara GoldinDepartment of Lithospheric ResearchCenter for Earth Sciences, University of ViennaAlthanstrasse 141090 [email protected]@lpl.arizona.edu
Yuri GorokhovichDepartment of Environmental, Geographic andGeological SciencesLehman College, City University of New York250 Bedford Park Blvd. WestBronx, NY [email protected]
Jonathan J. GourleyNOAA National Severe Storms Laboratory120 David L. Boren BlvdNorman, OK [email protected]
Raisa GrachevaInstitute of Geography of RASStaromonetny per. 29119017 [email protected]
CONTRIBUTORS xxiii
Chris E. GreggDepartment of GeosciencesEast Tennessee State UniversityYoakley Hall, Rm 204P.O. Box 70357Johnson City, TN [email protected]
Stefan GreivingFaculty of Spatial Planning, IRPUD Institute of SpatialPlanningTU Dortmund UniversityAugust-Schmidt-Str. 1044227 [email protected]
Harsh K. GuptaNational Disaster Management AuthorityGovernment of India, NDMA BhawanA–1, Safdarjung EnclaveNew Delhi 110029IndiaandNational Geophysical Research InstituteUppal RoadHyderabad 500 [email protected]@gmail.com
Richard GuthrieDirector of Geohazards and GeomorphologyMDH Engineered Solutions, SNC Lavalin Group909 5th Ave SWCalgary, AB T2P [email protected]@gmail.com
Fausto GuzzettiCNR – IRPIvia della Madonna Alta 12606128 [email protected]
Sylvi HaldorsenDepartment of Plants and Environmental ScienceNorwegian University of Life SciencesP.O. Box 50031432 [email protected]
Minard L. HallEscuela PolitecnicaQuitoEcuador
John R. HarraldThe Center for Community Security and ResilienceVirginia Tech900 N. Glebe RoadArlington, VA [email protected]
Alan W. HarrisInstitute of Planetary ResearchGerman Aerospace Center (DLR)Rutherfordstr. 212489 [email protected]
William T. HartwellDivision of Earth and Ecosystem SciencesDesert Research Institute, Nevada System of HigherEducation755 E. Flamingo RdLas Vegas, NV [email protected]
Peter J. HawkesHydrodynamics and Metocean GroupHRWallingford LimitedHowbery ParkWallingford, Oxfordshire OX10 [email protected]
Travis W. HeggieRecreation & Tourism Studies ProgramUniversity of North Dakota225 Centennial Drive, Mail Stop 7116Grand Forks, ND [email protected]
Reginald L. HermannsHead of Landslides DepartmentGeological Survey of Norway, International Centrefor GeohazardsLeiv Eirikssons vei 397491 [email protected]
xxiv CONTRIBUTORS
Alison HerringDepartment of SociologyUniversity of North Texas1155 Union Circle #311157Denton, TX [email protected]
Javier HervásInstitute for Environment and SustainabilityJoint Research Centre, European Commission21027 Ispra (Va)[email protected]
Catherine J. HicksonMagma Energy Corp.410-625 Howe StreetVancouver, BC V6C 2T6CanadaandAlterra Power Corp.600 - 888 Dunsmuir StreetVancouver, BC V6C [email protected]@alterrapower.ca
Wayne HigginsClimate Prediction Center, NCEP/NWS/NOAA5200 Auth Rd. Room 800Camp Springs, MD [email protected]
Kaare HøegNorwegian Geotechnical InstitutePostboks 3930 Ullevål Stadion0806 [email protected]
Suzanne HollinsInstitute for Environmental ResearchAustralian Nuclear Science and Technology OrganisationNew Illawarra RoadLucas Heights, NSW [email protected]
Yang HongSchool of Civil Engineering and Environmental ScienceCenter for Natural Hazards and Disaster Research,National Weather Center, University of Oklahoma120 David L. Boren BlvdNorman, OK [email protected]
Pascal HortonInstitute of Geomatics and Analysis of RiskAMPHIPOLE – 338, Faculté des géosciences et del’environnementUniversity of Lausanne1015 [email protected]
Susan HoughSouthern California Earthquake Center525 South Wilson AvenuePasadena, CA [email protected]
Oldrich HungrEarth and Ocean SciencesUniversity of British Columbia6339 Stores RdVancouver, BC V6T [email protected]
William HunterDevelopment Planning UnitUniversity College London34 Tavistock SquareLondon WC1H [email protected]
Jane Carter IngramDepartment of Ecology, Evolution and EnvironmentalBiologyWildlife Conservation Society2300 Southern BoulevardBronx, NY [email protected]
Alik T. Ismail-ZadehInstitut für Angewandte GeowissenschaftenKarlsruher Institut für TechnologieBldg. 50.40, Adenauerring 20b76131 KarlsruheGermany
CONTRIBUTORS xxv
andInstitut de Physique du Globe de Paris1, rue Jussieu75238 ParisFranceandInstitute of Earthquake Prediction Theory andMathematical GeophysicsRussian Academy of SciencesProfsoyuznaya 84/32117997 [email protected]@[email protected]@mitp.ru
Michel JaboyedoffInstitute of Geomatics and Analysis of RiskAMPHIPOLE – 338, Faculté des géosciences et del’environnementUniversity of Lausanne1015 [email protected]
Lionel E. Jackson, Jr.Pacific DivisionGeological Survey of Canada15th floor, 605 Robson StreetVancouver, BC V6B [email protected]
Theresa JeffersonInformation Systems and Operations ManagementDepartmentLoyola University Maryland4501 North Charles StreetBaltimore, MD [email protected]
Rohit JigyasuResearch Center for Disaster Mitigation of UrbanCultural HeritageRitsumeikan UniversityKita-Cho 58603-8341 Komatsubara, Kita-ku, [email protected]
Sarb JohalJoint Centre for Disaster ResearchGNS Science/Massey UniversityP.O. Box 30 368Wellington 5040New Zealand
David M. JohnstonJoint Centre for Disaster ResearchGNS Science, Massey University1 Fairway DriveLower Hutt 5010New [email protected]
Sirkku JuholaCentre for Urban and Regional Studies (YTK)Aalto UniversityP.O. Box 1220000076 [email protected]
Kirstyn KamegSchool of Nursing and Health SciencesRobert Morris University6001 University BoulevardMoon Township, PA [email protected]
Margreth KeilerDivision of Earth & Ocean SciencesDuke University203 Old Chemistry BuildingDurham, NC [email protected]
Ilan KelmanCenter for International Climate and EnvironmentalResearch – Oslo (CICERO)P.O. Box 1129Blindern, 0318 [email protected]
Melanie KelmanGeological Survey of CanadaNatural Resources Canada, Geological Survey of Canada625 Robson Street, 16th floorVancouver, BC V6B [email protected]
xxvi CONTRIBUTORS
George KentDepartment of Political ScienceUniversity of Hawai’i2424 Maile Way, Saunders 610Honolulu, HI [email protected]
Norman KerleDepartment of Earth System Analysis (ESA)Faculty of Geo-Information Science and EarthObservation (ITC), University of TwenteHengelosestraat 99P.O. Box 67500 AA EnschedeThe [email protected]
Jasper KnightSchool of Geography, Archaeology and EnvironmentalStudiesUniversity of the WitwatersrandPrivate Bag 3Johannesburg WITS 2050South [email protected]
R. Paul KnightleyTORROP.O. Box 972Thelwall WA4 9DPWarrington, [email protected]
Christian KoeberlDepartment of Lithospheric ResearchCenter for Earth Sciences, University of ViennaAlthanstrasse 141090 ViennaAustriaandNatural History MuseumBurgring 71010 [email protected]
Blaž KomacScientific Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy ofSciences and ArtsAnton Melik Geographical InstituteNovi trg 21000 [email protected]
Laura S. L. KongUNESCO/IOC-NOAA International TsunamiInformation Center737 Bishop St., Ste. 2200Honolulu, HI [email protected]
Robert KortyDepartment of Atmospheric SciencesTexas A&M University1204 Eller O and M Bldg., 3150 TAMUCollege Station, TX [email protected]
János KovácsDepartment of GeologyUniversity of PécsIfjúság u. 67624 Pé[email protected]
Steven L. KramerDepartment of Civil and Environmental EngineeringUniversity of Washington132E More HallSeattle, WA [email protected]
Yann KrienNatural Risks and CO2 Storage Security Division/CoastalRisk UnitBRGM-French Geological Survey – Natural Risks andCO2 Storage Division3 avenue Claude Guillemin45060 Orlé[email protected]
Susanne KringsInstitute for Environment and Human Security(UNU-EHS)United Nations UniversityUN Campus, Hermann Ehlers Straße 1053113 [email protected]
CONTRIBUTORS xxvii
Howard KunreutherRisk Management and Decision Processes CenterThe Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania3730 Walnut Street, Jon Huntsman Hall, Suite 500Philadelphia, PA [email protected]@wharton.upenn.edu
Tore Jan KvalstadDepartment of Offshore GeotechnicsNorwegian Geotechnical InstituteSognsveien 72, 3930 Ullevaal Stadion0806 [email protected]
Suzanne LacasseNorwegian Geotechnical InstituteUllevaal StadionP.O. Box 39600806 [email protected]
Steve LaDochyDepartment of Geosciences & EnvironmentCalifornia State University, Los Angeles5151 State University Dr.Los Angeles, CA [email protected]@exchange.calstatela.edu
Maurice LamontagneGeological Survey of CanadaNatural Resources Canada615 Booth St Room 216Ottawa, ON K1A [email protected]
Nicholas LancasterDivision of Earth and Ecosystem SciencesDesert Research Institute2215Raggio ParkwayReno, NV [email protected]@dri.edu
Armand LaRocqueForestry Remote Sensing LaboratoryFaculty of Forestry and Environmental ManagementUniversity of New Brunswick28 Dineen DriveFredericton, NB E3B [email protected]
Franck LavigneLaboratoire de Géographie PhysiqueUMR 8591 CNRS, Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne University1 Place A. Briand92190 [email protected]
Gonéri Le CozannetNatural Risks and CO2 Storage Security Department/Risks Division/Coastal Risks unitBRGM-French Geological Survey – Natural Risks andCO2 Storage Division3 avenue Claude Guillemin45060 Orlé[email protected]
Brigitte LeblonFaculty of Forestry and Environmental ManagementUniversity of New BrunswickP.O. Box 4400Fredericton, NB E3B [email protected]
William H. K. LeeU.S. Geological SurveyMS 977, 345 Middlefield RoadMenlo Park, CA [email protected]
Graham S. LeonardGNS ScienceMassey University1 Fairway DriveLower Hutt 5010New [email protected]
xxviii CONTRIBUTORS
Frédéric LeoneDepartment of GeographyUniversity of Montpellier and GESTER LaboratoryRoute de Mende34199 [email protected]
Suzanne A. G. LeroyInstitute for the EnvironmentBrunel UniversityKingston LaneUxbridge (London) UB8 [email protected]
Jean-Sébastien L’HeureuxNorwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI)P.O. Box 1230Pirsenteret7462 [email protected]
Michael K. LindellHazard Reduction and Recovery CenterTexas A&M University3137 TAMUCollege Station, TX [email protected]
John M. LoganUniversity of OregonP.O. Box 1776Bandon, OR [email protected]
Céline LongchampInstitute of Geomatics and Analysis of RiskAMPHIPOLE – 338, Faculté des géosciences et del’environnementUniversity of Lausanne1015 [email protected]
Sue C. LoughlinBritish Geological SurveyWest Mains RoadEdinburgh EH9 [email protected]
Ross D. E. MacPheeDivision of Vertebrate ZoologyAmerican Museum of Natural HistoryCentral Park West @ 79th StNew York, NY [email protected]
Sharon B. MadanesDepartment of PsychiatryColumbia UniversityNew York, NYUSA
Louis Herns MarcelinDepartment of AnthropologyInteruniversity Institute for Research and Development(INURED), Port-au-Prince, Haiti, andUniversity of Miami5202 University Drive (Merrick Building, Room 102)Coral Gables, FL [email protected]
Julie A. MarchAgriculture & Food Security Advisor, Office of USForeign Disaster AssistanceUnited States Agency for InternationalDevelopment (USAID)1300 Pennsylvania Ave, NW, RRB 8.7.92Washington, DC 20523, [email protected]
Brian R. MarkerIndependent consultant40 Kingsdown AvenueLondon W13 [email protected]
Brian G. Marsden (Deceased)
Gordon McBeanInstitute for Catastrophic Loss ReductionThe University of Western OntarioLondon, ON N6A [email protected].
CONTRIBUTORS xxix
James P. McCalpinGEO-HAZ Consulting Inc.600 E. Galena AveCrestone, CO [email protected]
Bill McGuireDepartment of Earth SciencesAon Benfield UCL Hazard Research CentreUniversity College London136 Gower Street, Lewis BuildingLondon WC1E [email protected]
Jay MeloshDepartment of Earth and Atmospheric SciencesCivil Engineering Building, Room 3237, 550 StadiumMall DrivePurdue UniversityWest Lafayette, IN [email protected]
Scira MenoniDipartimento di Architettura e PianificazioneDIAP-Politecnico di MilanoVia Bonardi 320133 [email protected]@mail.polimi.it
Ahmet R. MermutDepartment of Soil ScienceHarran University63200 Şanlı[email protected]@gmail.com
Erwann Michel-KerjanRisk Management and Decision Processes CenterThe Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania3730 Walnut Street, Jon Huntsman Hall, Suite 500Philadelphia, PA [email protected]
Clément MichoudInstitute of Geomatics and Analysis of RiskAMPHIPOLE – 338, Faculté des géosciences et del’environnementUniversity of Lausanne1015 [email protected]
Piotr MigońDepartment of Geography and Regional DevelopmentUniversity of Wrocławpl. Uniwersytecki 150-137 Wrocł[email protected]
Ann M. MitchellSchool of Nursing and School of MedicineUniversity of Pittsburgh3500 Victoria Street, 415 Victoria BuildingPittsburgh, PA [email protected]
Jerry T. MitchellHazards and Vulnerability Research InstituteUniversity of South CarolinaColumbia, SC [email protected]
Hormoz ModaressiDevelopment Planning and Natural RisksFrench Geological Survey, Natural Risks andCO2 Safety Storage DivisionBRGM – French Geological Survey – RNSC/D3 avenue Claude Guillemin, BP 3600945060 Orléans, Cedex [email protected]
J. D. MollardJ.D. Mollard and Associates Ltd.810 Avord Tower, 2002 Victoria Ave.Regina, SK S4P [email protected]
Maria Luisa MonsalveINGEOMINASBogotaColombia
xxx CONTRIBUTORS
Burrell E. MontzDepartment of GeographyEast Carolina UniversityA-228 BrewsterGreenville, NC [email protected]
Julie MorinPlanet Risk Association, Montgeron, France andGeoSciences ReunionUMR 7154 CNRS – IPGPLa Reunion UniversitySaint [email protected]
Joann MossaDepartment of GeographyUniversity of FloridaP.O. Box 117315Gainesville, FL [email protected]
Annemarie MüllerDepartment Urban and Environmental Sociology(SUSOZ)Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ)Permoserstr. 1504318 [email protected]
Julian B. MurtonPermafrost Laboratory, Department of GeographyUniversity of SussexBrighton BN1 [email protected]
Roger M. W. MussonBritish Geological SurveyMurchison House, West Mains RoadEdinburgh EH9 [email protected]
Farrokh NadimInternational Centre for GeohazardsNorwegian Geotechnical InstituteUllevall StadionP.O. Box 39300806 [email protected]
Fernando NardiGEMINI DepartmentUniversity of TusciaVia Camillo De Lellis snc01100 Viterbo (VT)ItalyandHydraulics Applied Research & EngineeringConsulting S.r.l.Corso Trieste 14200198 [email protected]@harec.net
Alan R. NelsonGeologic Hazards Science Center – GoldenU.S. Geological SurveyMS 966P.O. Box 25046Golden, CO [email protected]
Yuval NeriaDepartment of PsychiatryColumbia University, The New York State PsychiatricInstitute1051 Riverside Drive, Unit #69New York, NY [email protected]
N. NirupamaDisaster and Emergency Management ProgramYork University4700 Keele StreetToronto, ON M3J [email protected]
Ioan NistorDepartment of Civil EngineeringUniversity of Ottawa161 Louis Pasteur StreetOttawa, ON K1N [email protected]
Fran H. NorrisDepartment of Psychiatry, Department of Veterans AffairsDartmouth Medical School, National Center for PTSD116 North Main StreetWhite River Junction, VT [email protected]
CONTRIBUTORS xxxi
Ilan NoyDepartment of EconomicsUniversity of Hawaii, Manoa2424 Maile Way, Saunders Hall 542Honolulu, HI 96822USAandSchool of Economics and FinanceVictoria Business SchoolWellington 6140New [email protected]
Dan PalermoDepartment of Civil EngineeringUniversity of Ottawa161 Louis Pasteur StreetOttawa, ON K1N [email protected]
Behruz M. PanahiGeology InstituteAzerbaijan National Academy of Sciences29-a, H.Javid Avenue370143 [email protected]
Raphaël ParisLaboratoire Magmas et Volcans, UMR 6524CNRS - Université Blaise PascalClermont University5 rue Kessler63038 [email protected]
Vincent R. Parisi740 Florence DrivePark Ridge, IL [email protected]
Paolo ParonDepartment of Water Science & EngineeringUNESCO–IHEWestvest 72611 AX DelftThe NetherlandsandSt Cross CollegeUniversity of Oxford
St. GilesOxford OX1 [email protected]@unesco-ihe.org
Douglas PatonSchool of PsychologyUniversity of TasmaniaLaunceston, TAS [email protected]
Rodrigo PedrerosNatural Risks and CO2 Storage SecurityDivision/Coastal Risk UnitBRGM-French Geological Survey – Natural Risks andCO2 Storage Division3 avenue Claude Guillemin45060 Orlé[email protected]
William PowerEarthquakes, Volcanoes and TectonicsGNS Science1 Fairway DriveP.O. Box 30-368Lower Hutt 5040New [email protected]
Nick PrestonInstitute of Geography, School of GeographyEnvironment and Earth SciencesVictoria University of WellingtonPO Box 600, Wellington 6140New [email protected]
Colin PriceDepartment of Geophysics and Planetary SciencesTel Aviv UniversityLevanon RoadRamat Aviv [email protected]
Antonio PuglianoLombardia Firemen Regional HeadquartersMilanItaly
xxxii CONTRIBUTORS
John RadkeDepartment of Landscape Architecture andEnvironmental Planning, Department of City andRegional PlanningUniversity of California, Center for Catastrophic RiskManagement202 Wurster Hall #2000Berkeley, CA [email protected]
Paris RaphaëlMaison des Sciences de l’HommeCNRS – GEOLAB UMR 6042 CNRS – UBPClermont University4 rue Ledru63057 [email protected]
Pat E. RasmussenEarth Sciences DepartmentHealth Canada, University of Ottawa50 Columbine Driveway, Tunney’s Pasture 0803COttawa, ON K1A [email protected]
Netra Raj RegmiDivision of Earth and Ecosystem SciencesDesert Research Institute2215 Raggio ParkwayReno, NV [email protected]
Mark E. ReidU.S. Geological Survey345 Middlefield Road, MS 910Menlo Park, CA [email protected]
Fabrice G. RenaudInstitute for Environment and Human SecurityUnited Nations University, UN CampusHermann-Ehlers-Strasse 1053113 [email protected]
Nilton O. RennóCollege of EngineeringUniversity of Michigan1531 Space Research Building, 2455 Hayward AveAnn Arbor, MI [email protected]
John RistauGNS Science1 Fairway DriveAvalon, Lower Hutt 5040New [email protected]
Thomas RockwellDepartment of Geological SciencesSan Diego State University5500 Campanile DriveSan Diego, California, CA [email protected]
Kevin R. RonanDepartment of Health and Human ServicesCQUniversity AustraliaBruce HighwayNorth Rockhampton, QLD [email protected]
Tiziana RossettoDepartment of Civil, Environmental and GeomaticEngineeringEarthquake and People Interaction Centre (EPICentre)University College LondonGower StreetLondon WC1E [email protected]
Badaoui RouhbanSection for Disaster ReductionUNESCO1, rue MiollisP.O. Box 1575732 [email protected]
CONTRIBUTORS xxxiii
Jeffrey N. RubinTualatin Valley Fire & Rescue11945 SW 70th Ave.Tigard, OR [email protected]@aya.yale.edu
Murat SaatciogluDepartment of Civil EngineeringUniversity of Ottawa161 Louis Pasteur StreetOttawa, ON K1N [email protected]
Kalachand SainNational Geophysical Research InstituteUppal RoadHyderabad 500 [email protected]
Gianfausto SalvadoriDipartimento di MatematicaUniversità del SalentoProvinciale Lecce-ArnesanoP.O. Box 19373100 [email protected]
Heather SangsterDepartment of GeographyUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpool L69 [email protected]
Kenji SatakeEarthquake Research Institute, University of Tokyo1-1-1 YayoiBunkyo-ku, Tokyo [email protected]
Cathy ScheibBritish Geological SurveyKingsley Dunham Centre, KeyworthNottingham NG12 [email protected]
Pierre-Alain SchiebOECD SGE/AU IFP2, rue André Pascal75775 Paris, Cedex [email protected]
Anton J. SchleissLaboratory of Hydraulic Constructions (LCH)Ecole polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)Station 181015 [email protected]
Thomas W. SchmidlinDepartment of GeographyKent State UniversityP.O. Box 5190Kent, OH [email protected]
Philipp Schmidt-ThoméGeological Survey of Finland (GTK)Land use and environmentP.O. Box 96Espoo [email protected]
Ulrich SchumannDeutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V. DLRInstitut für Physik der Atmosphäre82234 [email protected]
Richard SeagerLamont Doherty Earth Observatory of ColumbiaUniversity, Palisades Geophysical Institute61 Rt 9WPalisades, NY [email protected]@ldeo.columbia.edu
David ShellyU.S. Geological SurveyMS 977, 345 Middlefield RdMenlo Park, California, CA [email protected]
xxxiv CONTRIBUTORS
Donald J. ShropshireCommunity DevelopmentMunicipality of Chatham-Kent312 Wellington Street WChatham, ON N7M [email protected]
James M. ShultzCenter for Disaster & Extreme Event Preparedness(DEEP Center)University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, ClinicalResearch Building Suite 15121120 NW 14 St.Miami, FL [email protected]@med.miami.edu
Roy C. SidleDepartment of GeologyAppalachian State UniversityP.O. Box 32067Boone, NC 28608USAandUS EPA, ORD–NERL, Ecosystems Research DivisionAthens, [email protected]
Steven T. SiemsSchool of Mathematical SciencesMonash UniversityMonash, VIC [email protected]
Freysteinn SigmundssonInstitute of Earth Sciences, University of IcelandBuilding of Natural Sciences, AskjaRoom 322, Sturlugata 7101 ReykjavíkReykjavík, [email protected]
Viviane SilvaClimate Prediction Center, NCEP/NWS/NOAA5200 Auth Rd. Room 800Camp Springs, MD [email protected]
Rajiv G. SinghDepartment of EconomicsBrock University4th Floor, Plaza BuildingSt Catharines, ON L2S [email protected]
Richard L. SnyderExtension Biometeorologist, Department of LandAir and Water ResourcesUniversity of California243 Hoagland Hall, One Shields AvenueDavis, CA [email protected]
Mauro SoldatiDipartimento di Scienze della TerraUniversità degli Studi di Modena e Reggio EmiliaLargo S. Eufemia 1941121 [email protected]
John H. SorensenOak Ridge National Laboratory1 Bethel Valley RoadOak Ridge, TN [email protected]
María Asunción SorianoDepartamento de Ciencias de la TierraFacultad de CienciasUniversidad de Zaragoza50009 [email protected]
Sarah M. SpringmanEidgenössische Technische Hochschule ZürichInstitut für Geotechnik/Institute for GeotechnicalEngineeringWolfgang Pauli Strasse 15, Hönggerberg, HIL C13.18093 [email protected]
T. C. SpurgeonAlterra Power Corp.600 - 888 Dunsmuir StreetVancouver, BC V6C 3K4Canada
CONTRIBUTORS xxxv
Lucy StanbroughDepartment of Earth Sciences, Aon Benfield UCL HazardCentreUniversity College LondonGower StreetLondon WC1 [email protected]@[email protected]
Doug SteadFRBC Chair in Resource Geoscience and GeotechnicsDepartment of Earth SciencesSimon Fraser University8888 University DriveBurnaby, BC V5A [email protected]
Wayne StephensonDepartment of GeographyUniversity of OtagoP.O. Box 56Dunedin 9016New [email protected]
Chris StethemChris Stethem & Associates Ltd.409 8th AvenueCanmore, AB T1W [email protected]
Carol StewartJoint Centre for Disaster ResearchGNS Science/Massey UniversityLower Hutt 5010P.O. Box 756New [email protected]
Ian StewartSchool of Geography, Earth, & Environmental SciencesUniversity of PlymouthPlymouth PL4 [email protected]
Ronald E. StewartDepartment of Environment and Geography 213 IsbisterBuildingUniversity of Manitoba183 Dafoe RoadWinnipeg, MB R3T [email protected][email protected]
Glenn B. StracherDivision of Science and Mathematics, East GeorgiaCollegeUniversity System of Georgia131 College CircleSwainsboro, GA [email protected]
Alexander StromGeodynamic Research Center – Branch of JSC“Hydroproject Institute”Volokolamsk Highway, 2119225 [email protected]@g23.relcom.ru
Andrew J. StumpfIllinois State Geological Survey, Institute of NaturalResource Sustainability Prairie Research InstituteUniversity of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign615 East Peabody DriveChampaign, IL [email protected]
Jean-Marc TacnetIrsteaUR ETGR, Unité Erosion Torrentielle Neige etAvalanches (Snow Avalanche Engineering and TorrentControl Research Unit)2, rue de la papèterie BP 7638402 Saint Martin d’Hères, [email protected]
Paolo TarolliDepartment of Land, Environment, Agricultureand ForestryUniversity of Padovaviale dell’Università 1635020 Legnaro, [email protected]
xxxvi CONTRIBUTORS
Fabio TaucerELSA Unit, Institute for the Security andSafety of the CitizenEuropean Commission – Joint Research CentreVia E. Fermi, 274921027 Ispra (VA)[email protected]
Gerd TetzlaffInstitut für Meteorologie, Universität LeipzigStephanstr 304103 [email protected]
Mary J. ThornbushSchool of Geography, Earth and Environmental SciencesUniversity of BirminghamEdgbaston, Birmingham B15 [email protected]
R. I. TillingVolcano Science CenterU.S. Geological SurveyMenlo Park, CA 94025USAandAlterra Power Corp.Vancouver, BCCanada
Graham A. TobinOffice of the Provost; Department of GeographyUniversity of South Florida4202 East Fowler Avenue, ADM 226Tampa, FL [email protected]@[email protected]
Klement TocknerLeibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and InlandFisheries, IGBMueggelseedamm 31012587 [email protected]
Owen Brian ToonDepartment of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences andLaboratory for Atmospheric and Space PhysicsUniversity of ColoradoCampus Box 392Boulder, CO [email protected]
Andrzej TycDepartment of GeomorphologyFaculty of Earth’s SciencesUniversity of SilesiaBędzińska 6041-200 [email protected]
György VargaDepartment of GeologyUniversity of PécsIfjúság u. 67624 Pé[email protected]
John D. VitekDepartment of Geology and GeophysicsTexas A&M UniversityCollege Station, Texas [email protected]@tamu.edu
Barry VoightDepartment of GeosciencesPenn State University334A Deike BuildingUniversity Park, PA 16802USAandU.S. Geological SurveyCascades Volcano ObservatoryVancouver, [email protected]
Richard B. WaittCascades Volcano ObservatoryU.S. Geological Survey1300 SE Cardinal Court, Ste. 100Vancouver, WA [email protected]
CONTRIBUTORS xxxvii
Chenghu WangDepartment of Geology and Geological EngineeringUniversity of North Dakota81 Cornell Street MS 8358Grand Forks, ND 58202–8358USAandInstitute of Crustal DynamicsChina Earthquake AdministrationBeijing [email protected]
Kerrianne WattSchool of Public HealthTropical Medicine & Rehabilitation Sciences; JamesCook UniversityTownsville, QLD [email protected]
Leanne WebbUniversity of Melbourne, Institute of Land andFood Resources, CSIRO Division of Marine andAtmospheric ResearchPMB 1Aspendale, Vic [email protected]
Philip WeinsteinProfessor of Ecosystem HealthUniversity of South AustraliaGPO Box 2471Adelaide, SA [email protected]
Paul R. WeissmanJet Propulsion Laboratory/California Institute ofTechnologyMail stop 183-301, 4800 Oak Grove DrivePasadena, CA [email protected]
Graham WestbrookSchool of Geography, Earth & Environmental SciencesUniversity of BirminghamEdgbaston, Birmingham B15 [email protected]
Linda M. WhitefordOffice of the Provost; Department of AnthropologyUniversity of South Florida4202 East Fowler Avenue, ADM 226Tampa, FL [email protected]@usf.edu
Thomas WilsonDepartment of Geological SciencesUniversity of CanterburyPrivate Bag 4800Christchurch 8140New [email protected]
Ben WisnerOberlin College373 Edgemeer PlaceOberlin, OH 44074USAandAon Benfield UCL Hazard Research CentreUniversity College [email protected]
Michael R. WitiwEmbry-Riddle Aeronautical University WorldwideEverett CampusEverett, WA [email protected]
Song YangClimate Prediction Center, NCEP/NWS/NOAA5200 Auth Rd. Room 800Camp Springs, MD [email protected]
Ilya ZaliapinDepartment of Mathematics and StatisticsUniversity of Nevada RenoAnsari Business BldgReno, NV [email protected]
xxxviii CONTRIBUTORS
Raymond ZehrNOAA/NESDIS Regional and Mesoscale MeteorologyBranchCIRA/CSUFort Collins, CO [email protected]
Zhengwen ZengDepartment of Geology and Geological EngineeringUniversity of North Dakota81 Cornell Street MS 8358Grand Forks, ND [email protected]
Karl-Otto ZentelDeutsches Komitee KatastrophenvorsorgeFriedrich-Ebert-Allee 3853113 [email protected]
Janek ZimmerHelmholtz Center PotsdamGFZ German Research Centre for GeosciencesHaus C414473 [email protected]
Sisi ZlatanovaGIS Technology / Research Institute for the BuiltEnvironmentDelft University of TechnologyJaffalaan 92628 BX DelftThe [email protected]
Matija ZornScientific Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy ofSciences and ArtsAnton Melik Geographical InstituteNovi trg 21000 [email protected]
Preface
Few subjects have caught the attention of the entire worldas much as those dealing with natural hazards. The firstdecade of this new millennium provides a litany of tragicexamples of various hazards that turned into disastersaffecting millions of individuals around the globe. Thehuman losses (some 225,000 people) associated with the2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami, the economiccosts (approximately 200 billion USD) of the 2011Tohoku Japan earthquake, tsunami, and reactor event, andthe collective social impacts of human tragedies experi-enced during Hurricane Katrina in 2005 all provide repeti-tive reminders that we humans are temporary guestsoccupying a very active, angry, and ancient planet. Anyexamples here to stress the point that natural events onEarth may, and often do, lead to disasters and catastropheswhen humans place themselves into situations of high risk.
Few subjects share the true interdisciplinary depen-dency that characterizes the field of natural hazards. Fromgeology and geophysics to engineering and emergencyresponse to social psychology and economics, the studyof natural hazards draws input from an impressive suiteof unique and previously independent specializations.Natural hazards provide a common platform to reduce dis-ciplinary barriers or boundaries and facilitate a beneficialsynergy in the provision of timely and useful informationand action on the critical subject matter.
As social norms change regarding the concept ofacceptable risk and humanmigration leads to an explosionin the number of megacities, costal overcrowding andunmanaged habitation in precarious environments suchas mountainous slopes, the vulnerability of people andtheir susceptibility to natural hazards increase dramati-cally. Coupled with the concerns of changing climates,escalating recovery costs, and a growing divergencebetween more developed and less developed countries,the subject of natural hazards remains on the forefront ofissues that affect all people, nations, and environmentsall the time.
At the start of a new decade, in the first few monthsof 2010 alone, a magnitude 7 earthquake near Port-au-Prince, Haiti, killed an estimated 230,000 people,exposed the inadequacies of their infrastructure and emer-gency response capacity, and virtually crippled an entirenation. In contrast, a month later, a significantly largermagnitude 8.8 earthquake off the coast of Chile provideda sober lesson that those areas with a long history of expo-sure to natural hazards are indeed much more capable tocope with the consequences of unexpected events. Shortlythereafter, the eruptive events from Eyjafjallajökull vol-cano in Iceland virtually paralyzed air traffic in the UnitedKingdom and Western Europe for days. Travelers fromaround the world were impacted and inconvenienced.The economic repercussions were significant and allnations quickly realized how unprepared they are to natu-ral hazards occurring outside of their borders.
This treatise provides a compendium of critical,timely, and very detailed information and essential factsregarding the basic attributes of natural hazards and con-comitant disasters. For instance, swelling soils cost some$2.3 billion in damage annually in the United States alone,some 3 billion people were affected and about 7 millionpeople died from flooding in the twentieth century, thereare over 45,000 dams around the world and 80% of theuseful storage capacity for hydropower in Asia will be lostby 2035, wildfires release an estimated 3,431 million tonsof CO2 into the atmosphere annually, lightning strikes costthe insurance industry more than $5 billion annually, anindividual’s social perception of the environment has rad-ically changed in recent decades with the advent of near-real-time media reporting (CNN effect), in 1800 only 3%of the global population was urbanized as compared toover 50% by 2008, and resilience is frequently the mostcommon outcome among survivors exposed to naturaldisasters. This volume clarifies and defines many funda-mental concepts and terms, for instance, P waves vs.S waves, comets vs. asteroids, debris flow vs. debris
xl PREFACE
avalanche, dispersive soil vs. expansive soil, or shieldvolcano vs. stratovolcano. Under a single cover, a diversesuite of topics ranging from solar flares, droughts, andblizzards to tiltmeters, seismographs, and GIS tocryological engineering and structural mitigation to post-traumatic stress disorder, coping capacity and religion,and hazards are addressed.
The Encyclopedia of Natural Hazards effectively cap-tures and integrates contributions from an internationalportfolio of almost 300 specialists whose range of exper-tise addresses over 330 topics pertinent to the field ofnatural hazards. Disciplinary barriers are overcome inthis comprehensive treatment of the subject matter.
Clear illustrations and numerous color images enhancethe primary aim to communicate and educate. The inclu-sion of a series of “classic case study” events interspersedthroughout this volume provides tangible exampleslinking concepts, issues, outcomes, and solutions. Thesecase studies illustrate different but notable recent, historic,and prehistoric events that have shaped the world as wenow know it. They provide excellent focal points linkingthe remaining terms to the primary field of study. ThisEncyclopedia of Natural Hazards will remain a standardreference of choice for many years.
January 2013 Peter Bobrowsky
Acknowledgments
The editorial team is extremely grateful to the ca. 300 con-tributing authors who often willingly, but sometimesreluctantly, agreed to participate in this importantendeavor. The success, utility, and widespread adoptionof this encyclopedia owes considerable gratitude to all ofthese authors for sharing their knowledge and expertisetoward a common cause of educating a broader populationon the topic of natural hazards. All of the contributionswere first read by the editor in chief; similarly, all of thecontributions were also read by at least one of the ten edi-torial board members. Each contribution was criticallyreviewed by at least one external specialist. We are alsograteful to the following individuals who each reviewedmultiple papers to ensure the scientific integrity of the sub-missions was of the highest caliber: Orhan Altan, MohsenAshtiany, Tom Baldock, Martin Batterson, Allison Bent,Bruce Broster, Robert Buchwaldt, Tom Casadevall,Hubert Chason, Paul Croft, Heather Crow, Johannes Dahl,Miranda Dandoulaki, Tim Davies, A. Deganutti, FabioDell’Acqua, Angus Duncan, Frank Fiedrich, CharlesFinkl, Duane Froese, Sven Fuchs, J.C. Gaillard, MatthiasGarschagen, David Gauthier, Marten Geertsema, ThomasGerz, Yuri Gorokhovich, Raisa Gracheva, Rick Guthrie,Fausto Guzetti, Reginald Hermanns, Lynn Highland,David Huntley, Kovacs Janos, Rohit Jigyasu, Kate Jones,Margareth Keiler, Julia Kloss, Jasper Knight, RobertKorty, Migala Krzystof, Steve LaDochy, MauriceLamontagne, Craig Landry, Julie Lantos, Jean FrancoisLenat, Suzanne Leroy, Jean-Sebastian L’Heureux,
Colin Mackay, Brian Marker, Bruce Masse, JamesMcCalpin, Scira Menoni, John Miles, Joann Mossa, IlianNoy, Douglas Paton, Toon Pronk, Rajmund Przybylak,Fabrice Renaud, Tiziana Rosetto, Jeff Rubin, ZitaSebesvari, Vladimir Sokolov, Mauro Soldati, AndersSolheim, Ian Spooner, Sasha Strom, Bert Struik, AndyStumpf, Peter Suhadolc, Brian Tang, Jakob Tendel,Vincent Parisi, Gonghui Wang, Brent Ward, DennisWenger, Tom Wilson, and Karl Otto Zendel. Followingrevisions of the contributions, the entries were read bythe editorial board. The editorial board very much appreci-ates the guidance, perseverance, and patience of the man-aging staff at Springer Publishing, in particular Petra vanSteenbergen, Sylvia Blago, and Simone Giesler. Theywere instrumental in the delivery of this volume. PeterBobrowsky expresses his personal and sincere thanks tohis wife Theresa for her unselfish support, appreciation,and understanding as to why so many precious eveningsand weekends were sacrificed trying to influence andget along with 300 personalities during the past fewyears. Additional thanks go to the smaller members ofthe family, Michiko and Toba, for providing regular andamusing distractions during the entire process. Collec-tively we all hope that the information in this book servesits intended purpose to better inform, educate, and pre-pare all of those people who are directly or indirectlyaffected by natural hazards. Our aim is to help reducethe risk and losses associated with “things that go bumpin the night.”