ENCYCLOPEDIA OF

MEDICAL DEVICES ANDINSTRUMENTATION

Second Edition

VOLUME 4

Hydrocephalus, Tools for Diagnosis and Treatment of Monoclonal Antibodies

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF MEDICAL DEVICES AND INSTRUMENTATION, SECOND EDITION

Editor-in-ChiefJohn G. WebsterUniversity of WisconsinMadison

Editorial BoardDavid BeebeUniversity of WisconsinMadison

Jerry M. CalkinsUniversity of Arizona College of Medicine

Michael R. NeumanMichigan Technological University

Joon B. ParkUniversity of Iowa

Edward S. SternickTuftsNew England Medical Center

Editorial StaffVice President, STM Books: Janet BaileyAssociate Publisher: George J. TeleckiEditorial Director: Sean PidgeonDirector, Book Production and Manufacturing:Camille P. CarterProduction Manager: Shirley ThomasIllustration Manager: Dean GonzalezSenior Production Editor: Kellsee ChuEditorial Program Coordinator: Surlan Murrell

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF

MEDICAL DEVICES ANDINSTRUMENTATION

Second EditionVolume 4

Hydrocephalus, Tools for Diagnosis and Treatment of Monoclonal Antibodies

Edited by

John G. Webster

University of WisconsinMadison

The Encyclopedia of Medical Devices and Instrumentation is available online athttp://www.mrw.interscience.wiley.com/emdi

A John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Publication

Copyright # 2006 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey

Published simultaneously in Canada

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic,mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United StatesCopyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriateper-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222, Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978)750-4470, or on the web at www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the PermissionsDepartment, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008, or online athttp://www.wiley.com/go/permission.

Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, theymake no representations or warrnaties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaimany implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by salesrepresentatives or written sales materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You shouldconsult with a professional where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor author shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercialdamages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages.

For general information on our other products and services or for technical support, please contact our Customer Care Departmentwithin the United States at (800) 762-2974, outside the United States at (317) 572-3993 or fax (317) 572-4002.

Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available inelectronic formats. For more information about Wiley products, visit our web site at www.wiley.com.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataEncylopedia of medical devices & instrumentation/by John G. Webster,

editor in chief. 2nd ed.p. ; cm.

Rev. ed. of: Encyclopedia of medical devices and instrumentation. 1988.Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN-13 978-0-471-26358-6 (set : cloth)ISBN-10 0-471-26358-3 (set : cloth)ISBN-13 978-0-470-04069-0 (v. 4 : cloth)ISBN-10 0-470-04069-6 (v. 4 : cloth)

1. Medical instruments and apparatusEncyclopedias. 2. Biomedical engineeringEncyclopedias. 3. Medical physicsEncyclopedias.4. MedicineData processingEncyclopedias. I. Webster, John G.,1932- . II. Title: Encyclopedia of medical devices and instrumentation.

[DNLM: 1. Equipment and SuppliesEncyclopediasEnglish. W 13

E555 2006]R856.A3E53 2006610.2803dc222005028946

Printed in the United States of America

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

CONTRIBUTOR LIST

ABDEL HADY, MAZEN, McMaster University, Hamilton,Ontario Canada, Bladder Dysfunction, Neurostimulationof

ABEL, L.A., University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia,Ocular Motility Recording and Nystagmus

ABREU, BEATRIZ C., Transitional Learning Center at Gal-veston, Galveston, Texas, Rehabilitation, Computers inCognitive

ALEXANDER, A.L., University of WisconsinMadison, Madi-son, Wisconsin, Magnetic Resonance Imaging

ALI, ABBAS, University of Illinois, at Urbana-Champaign,Bioinformatics

ALI, MUFTU, School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachu-setts, Tooth and Jaw, Biomechanics of

ALPERIN, NOAM, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago,Illinois, Hydrocephalus, Tools for Diagnosis and Treat-ment of

ANSON, DENIS, College Misericordia, Dallas, Pennsylvania,Environmental Control

ARENA, JOHN C., VA Medical Center and Medical College ofGeorgia, Biofeedback

ARIEL, GIDEON, Ariel Dynamics, Canyon, California, Biome-chanics of Exercise Fitness

ARMSTRONG, STEVE, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa,Biomaterials for Dentistry

ASPDEN, R.M., University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UnitedKingdom, Ligament and Tendon, Properties of

AUBIN, C.E., Polytechniquie Montreal, Montreal Quebec,Canada, Scoliosis, Biomechanics of

AYRES, VIRGINIA M., Michigan State University, East Lan-sing, Michigan, Microscopy, Scanning Tunneling

AZANGWE, G., Ligament and Tendon, Properties of

BACK, LLOYD H., California Institute of Technology, Pasa-dena, California, Coronary Angioplasty and GuidewireDiagnostics

BADYLAK, STEPHEN F., McGowan Institute for RegenerativeMedicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Sterilization of Bio-logic Scaffold Materials

BANDYOPADHYAY, AMIT, Washington State University, Pull-man, Washington, Orthopedic Devices, Materials andDesign for

BANERJEE, RUPAK K., University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati,Ohio, Coronary Angioplasty and Guidewire Diagnostics

BARBOUR, RANDALL L., State University of New York Down-state Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, PeripheralVascular Noninvasive Measurements

BARKER, STEVEN J., University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona,Oxygen Monitoring

BARTH, ROLF F., The Ohio State University, Columbus,Ohio, Boron Neutron Capture Therapy

BECCHETTI, F.D., University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michi-gan, Radiotherapy, Heavy Ion

BELFORTE, GUIDO, Politecnico di Torino Department ofMechanics, Laryngeal Prosthetic Devices

BENKESER, PAUL, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta,Georgia, Biomedical Engineering Education

BENNETT, JAMES R., University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa,Digital Angiography

BERSANO-BEGEY, TOMMASO, University of Michigan, AnnArbor, Michigan, Microbioreactors

BIGGS, PETER J., Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massa-chusetts, Radiotherapy, Intraoperative

BIYANI, ASHOK, University of Toledo, and Medical College ofOhio, Toledo, Ohio, Human Spine, Biomechanics of

BLOCK, W.F., University of WisconsinMadison, Madison,Wisconsin, Magnetic Resonance Imaging

BLUE, THOMAS E., The Ohio State University, Columbus,Ohio, Boron Neutron Capture Therapy

BLUMSACK, JUDITH T., Disorders Auburn University,Auburn, Alabama, Audiometry

BOGAN, RICHARD K., University of South Carolina, Colum-bia, South Carolina, Sleep Laboratory

BOKROS, JACK C., Medical Carbon Research Institute, Aus-tin, Texas, Biomaterials, Carbon

BONGIOANNINI, GUIDO, ENT Division Mauriziano Hospital,Torino, Italy, Laryngeal Prosthetic Devices

BORAH, JOSHUA, Applied Science Laboratories, Bedford,Massachusetts, Eye Movement, Measurement Techni-ques for

BORDEN, MARK, Director of Biomaterials Research, Irvine,California, Biomaterials, Absorbable

BORTON, BETTIE B., Auburn University Montgomery, Mont-gomery, Alabama, Audiometry

BORTON, THOMAS E., Auburn University Montgomery, Mont-gomery, Alabama, Audiometry

BOSE SUSMITA,, Washington State University, Pullman,Washington, Orthopedic Devices, Materials and Designfor

BOVA, FRANK J., M. D. Anderson Cancer Center Orlando,Orlando, FL, Radiosurgery, Stereotactic

BRENNER, DAVID J., Columbia University Medical Center,New York, New York, Computed Tomography Screening

BREWER, JOHN M., University of Georgia, Electrophoresis

BRIAN, L. DAVIS, Lerner Research Institute, The ClevelandClinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, Skin, Biomechanicsof

BRITT, L.D., Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Vir-ginia, Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage

BRITT, R.C., Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk,Virginia, Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage

BROZIK, SUSAN M., Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquer-que, New Mexico, Microbial Detection Systems

BRUNER, JOSEPH P., Vanderbilt University MedicalCenter, Nashville, Tennessee, Intrauterine SurgicalTechniques

BRUNSWIG NEWRING, KIRK A., University of Nevada, Reno,Nevada, Sexual Instrumentatio n

BRUYANT, PHILIPPE P., University of Massachusetts, NorthWorcester, Massachusetts, Nuclear Medicine, Computersin

BUNNELL, BERT J., Bunnell Inc., Salt Lake City, Utah, HighFrequency Ventilation

CALKINS, JERRY M., Defense Research Technologies, Inc.,Rockville, Maryland, Medical Gas Analyzers

CANNON, MARK, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois,Resin-Based Composites

v

CAPPELLERI, JOSEPH C., Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut,Quality-of-Life Measures, Clinical Significance of

CARDOSO, JORGE, University of Madeira, Funchal, Portugal,Office Automation Systems

CARELLO, MASSIMILIANA, Politecnicodi Torino Departmentof Mechanics, Laryngeal Prosthetic Devices

CASKEY, THOMAS C., Cogene Biotech Ventures, Houston,Texas, Polymerase Chain Reaction

CECCIO, STEVEN, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michi-gan, Heart Valve Prostheses, In Vitro Flow Dynamics of

CHAN, JACKIE K., Columbia University, New York, NewYork, Photography, Medical

CHANDRAN, K.B., University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, HeartValve Prostheses

CHATZANDROULIS, S., NTUA, Athens, Attiki, Greece, Capaci-tive Microsensors for Biomedical Applications

CHAVEZ, ELIANA, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Penn-sylvania, Mobility Aids

CHEN, HENRY, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California,Exercise Stress Testing

CHEN, JIANDE, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galves-ton, Texas, Electrogastrogram

CHEN, YAN, Lerner Research Institute, The Cleveland ClinicFoundation, Cleveland, Ohio, Skin, Biomechanics of

CHEYNE, DOUGLAS, Hospital for Sick Children ResearchInstitute, Biomagnetism

CHUI, CHEN-SHOU, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Cen-ter, New York, New York, Radiation Therapy TreatmentPlanning, Monte Carlo Calculations in

CLAXTON, NATHAN S., The Florida State University, Talla-hassee, Florida, Microscopy, Confocal

CODERRE, JEFFREY A., Massachus etts Institute of Technol-ogy, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Boron Neutron CaptureTherapy

COLLINS, BETH, University of Mississippi Medical Center,Jackson, Mississippi, Hyperbaric Medicine

COLLINS, DIANE, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Penn-sylvania, Mobility Aids

CONSTANTINOU, C., Columbia University Radiation Oncol-ogy, New York, New York, Phantom Materials in Radi-ology

COOK, ALBERT, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta,Canada, Communication Devices

COOPER, RORY, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Penn-sylvania, Mobility Aids

CORK, RANDALL C., Louisiana State University,Shreveport, Louisiana, Monitoring, Umbilical Arteryand Vein, Blood Gas Measurements; Transcuta neousElectrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS); AmbulatoryMonitoring

COX, JOSEPHINE H., Walter Reed Army Institute of Research,Rockville, Maryland, Blood Collection and Processing

CRAIG, LEONARD, Feinberg School of Medicine of Northwes-tern University, Chicago, Illinois, Ventilators, Acute Med-ical Care

CRESS, CYNTHIA J., University of Nebraska, Lincoln,Nebraska, Communicative Disorders, Computer Applica-tions for

CUMMING, DAVID R.S., University of Glasgow, Glasgow,United Kingdom, Ion-Sensitive Field-Effect Transistors

CUNNINGHAM, JOHN R., Camrose, Alberta, Canada, Cobalt 60Units for Radiotherapy

DALESSANDRO, DAVID, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx,New York, HeartLung Machines

DAMBRA, MICHAEL N., Harvard Medical School, Cambridge,Massachusetts, Cardiac Output, Thermodilution Mea-surement of

DADSETAN, MAHROKH, Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine,Rochester, Minnesota, Microscopy, Electron

DALEY, MICHAEL L., The University of Memphis, Memphis,Tennessee, Monitoring, Intracranial Pressure

DAN, LOYD, Linkoping University, Linkoping, Sweden, Ther-mocouples

DAS, RUPAK, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin,Brachytherapy, High Dosage Rate

DATTAWADKAR, AMRUTA M., University of Wisconsin,Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, Ocular Fundus Reflecto-metry

DAVIDSON, MICHAEL W., The Florida State University, Tal-lahassee, Florida, Microscopy, Confocal

DE LUCA, CARLO, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts,Electromyography

DE SALLES, ANTONIO A.F., UCLA Medical School, LosAngeles, California, Stereotactic Surgery

DECAU, SABIN, University of Maryland, School of Medicine,Shock, Treatment of

DECHOW, PAUL C., A & M University Health Science Center,Dallas, Texas, Strain Gages

DELBEKE, JEAN, Catholique University of Louvain, Brussels,Belgium, Visual Prostheses

DELLOSSO, LOUIS F., Case Western Reserve University,Cleveland, Ohio, Ocular Motility Recording and Nystag-mus

DELORME, ARNAUD, University of San Diego, La Jolla, Cali-fornia, Statistical Methods

DEMENKOFF, JOHN, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, Pul-monary Physiology

DEMIR, SEMAHAT S., The University of Memphis and TheUniversity of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis,Tennessee, Electrophysiology

DEMLING, ROBERT H., Harvard Medical School, Skin Sub-stitute for Burns, Bioactive

DENNIS, MICHAEL J., Medical University of Ohio, Toledo,Ohio, Computed Tomography

DESANTI, LESLIE, Harvard Medical School, Skin Substitutefor Burns, Bioactive

DEUTSCH, STEVEN, Pennsylvania State University, Univer-sity Park, Pennsylvania, Flowmeters

DEVINENI, TRISHUL, Conemaugh Health System, Biofeedback

DI BELLA EDWARD, V.R., University of Utah, Tracer Kinetics

DIAKIDES, NICHOLAS A., Advanced Concepts Analysis, Inc.,Falls Church, Virginia, Thermography

DOLAN, PATRICIA L., Sandia National Laboratories, Albu-querque, New Mexico, Microbial Detection Systems

DONOVAN, F.M., University of South Alabama, Cardiac Out-put, Indicator Dilution Measurement of

DOUGLAS, WILSON R., Childrens Hospital of Philadelphia,Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Intrauterine Surgical Tech-niques

DRAPER, CRISSA, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, Sex-ual Instrumentation

DRZEWIECKI, TADEUSZ M., Defense Research Technologies,Inc., Rockville, Maryland, Medical Gas Analyzers

DURFEE, W.K., University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Min-nesota, Rehabilitation and Muscle Testing

DYRO, JOSEPH F., Setauket, New York, Safety Program,Hospital

vi CONTRIBUTOR LIST

DYSON, MARY, Herts, United Kingdom, Heat and Cold,Therapeutic

ECKERLE, JOSEPH S., SRI International, Menlo Park, Cali-fornia, Tonometry, Arterial

EDWARDS, BENJAMIN, University of Wisconsin-Madison,Madison, Wisconsin, Codes and Regulations: Radiation

EDWARDS, THAYNE L., University of Washington, Seattle,Washington, Chromatography

EKLUND, ANDERS, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago,Illinois, Hydrocephalus, Tools for Diagnosis and Treat-ment of

EL SOLH, ALI A., Erie County Medical Center, Buffalo, NewYork, Sleep Studies, Computer Analysis of

ELMAYERGI, NADER, McMaster University, Hamilton,Ontario, Canada, Bladder Dysfunction, Neurostimula-tion of

ELSHARYDAH, AHMAD, Louisiana State University, BatonRouge, Louisiana, Ambulatory Monitoring; Monitoring,Umbilical Artery and Vein, Blood Gas Measurements

FADDY, STEVEN C., St. Vincents Hospital, Sydney, Darlin-ghurst, Australia, Cardiac Output, Fick Technique for

FAHEY, FREDERIC H., Childrens Hospital Boston, ComputedTomography, Single Photon Emission

FAIN, S.B., University of WisconsinMadison, Madison,Wisconsin, Magnetic Resonance Imaging

FELDMAN, JEFFREY, Childrens Hospital of Philadelphia,Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Anesthesia Machines

FELLERS, THOMAS J., The Florida State University, Talla-hassee, Florida, Microscopy, Confocal

FERRARA, LISA, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland,Ohio, Human Spine, Biomechanics of

FERRARI, MAURO, The Ohio State University, Columbus,Ohio, Drug Delivery Systems

FONTAINE, ARNOLD A., Pennsylvania State University, Uni-versity Park, Pennsylvania, Flowmeters

FOUST, MILTON J., JR, Medical University of South CarolinaPsychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Charleston, SouthCarolina, Electroconvulsive Therapy

FRASCO, PETER, Mayo Clinic Scottsdale, Scottsdale, Arizona,Temperature Monitoring

FRAZIER, JAMES, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge,Louisiana, Ambulatory Monitoring

FREIESLEBEN DE BLASIO, BIRGITTE, University of Oslo, Oslo,Norway, Impedance Spectroscopy

FRESTA, MASSIMO, University of Catanzaro Magna Grcia,Germaneto (CZ), Italy, Drug Delivery Systems

FREYTES, DONALD O., McGowan Institute for RegenerativeMedicine, Pittsburgh Pennsylvania, Sterilization of Bio-logic Scaffold Materials

FROEHLICHER, VICTOR, VA Medical Center, Palo Alto, Cali-fornia, Exercise Stress Testing

FUNG, EDWARD K., Columbia University, New York,New York, Photography, Medical

GAGE, ANDREW A., State University of New York at Buffalo,Buffalo, New York, Cryosurgery

GAGLIO, PAUL J., Columbia University College of Physiciansand Surgeons, Liver Transplantation

GARDNER, REED M., LDS Hospital and Utah University, SaltLake City, Utah, Monitoring, Hemodynamic

GEJERMAN, GLEN, Hackensack University Medical, Hacken-sack, New Jersey, Radiation Therapy, Quality Assurancein

GEORGE, MARK S., Medical University of South CarolinaPsychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Charleston, SouthCarolina, Electroconvulsive Therapy

GHARIEB, R.R., Infinite Biomedical Technologies, Baltimore,Maryland, Neurological Monitors

GLASGOW, GLENN P., Loyola University of Chicago, May-wood, Illinois, Radiation Protection Instrumentation

GLASGOW, GLENN, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madi-son, Wisconsin, Codes and Regulations: Radiation

GOEL, VIJAY K., University of Toledo, and Medical College ofOhio, Toledo, Ohio, Human Spine, Biomechanics of

GOETSCH, STEVEN J., San Diego Gamma Knife Center, LaJolla, California, Gamma Knife

GOLDBERG, JAY R., Marquette University Milwaukee, Wis-consin, Minimally Invasive Surgery

GOLDBERG, ZELENNA, Department of Radiation Oncology,Davis, California, Ionizing Radiation, Biological Effectsof

GOPALAKRISHNAKONE, P., National University of Singapore,Singapore, Immunologically Sensitive Field-Effect Tran-sistors

GOPAS, JACOB, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, BeerSheva, Israel, Monoclonal Antibodies

GORGULHO, ALESSANDRA, UCLA Medical School, LosAngeles, California, Stereotactic Surgery

GOUGH, DAVID A., University of California, La Jolla, Cali-fornia, Glucose Sensors

GOUSTOURIDIS, D., NTUA, Athens, Attiki, Greece, CapacitiveMicrosensors for Biomedical Applications

GRABER, HARRY L., State University of New York DownstateMedical Center, Brooklyn, New York, Peripheral VascularNoninvasive Measurements

GRACA, M., Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge,Louisiana, Boron Neutron Capture Therapy

GRANT, WALTER III, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston,Texas, Radiation Therapy, Intensity Modulated

GRAYDEN, EDWARD, Mayo Health Center, Albertlea, Minne-sota, Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

GREEN, JORDAN R., University of Nebraska, Lincoln,Nebraska, Communicative Disorders, Computer Applica-tions for

HAEMMERICH, DIETER, Medical University of South Carolina,Charleston, South Carolina, Tissue Ablation

HAMAM, HABIB, Universite de Moncton, Moncton New Bruns-wick, Canada, Lenses, Intraocular

HAMMOND, PAUL A., University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UnitedKingdom, Ion-Sensitive Field-Effect Transistors

HANLEY, JOSEPH, Hackensack University Medical, Hacken-sack, New Jersey, Radiation Therapy, Quality Assurancein

HARLEY, BRENDAN A., Massachusetts Institute of Technol-ogy, Skin Tissue Engineering for Regeneration

HARPER, JASON C., Sandia National Laboratories, Albu-querque, New Mexico, Microbial Detection Systems

HASMAN, ARIE, Maastricht, The Netherlands, Medical Edu-cation, Computers in

HASSOUNA, MAGDY, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto,Canada, Bladder Dysfunction, Neurostimulation of

HAYASHI, KOZABURO, Okayama University of Science,Okayama, Japan, Arteries, Elastic Properties of

HENCH, LARRY L., Imperial College London, London, UnitedKingdom, Biomaterials: Bioceramics

HETTRICK, DOUGLAS A., Sr. Principal Scientist Medtronic,Inc., Minneapolis, Minnesota, Bioimpedance in Cardio-vascular Medicine

HIRSCH-KUCHMA, MELISSA, University of Central FloridaNanoScience Technology Center, Orlando, Florida,Biosurface Engineering

CONTRIBUTOR LIST vii

HOLDER, GRAHAM E., Moorfields Eye Hospital, London,United Kingdom, Electroretinography

HOLMES, TIMOTHY, St. Agnes Cancer Center, Baltimore,Maryland, Tomotherapy

HONEYMAN-BUCK, JANICE C., University of Florida, Gaines-ville, Florida, Radiology Information Systems

HOOPER, BRETT A., Arete Associates, Arlington, Virginia,Endoscopes

HORN, BRUCE, Kaiser Permanente, Los Angeles, California,X-Rays Production of

HORNER, PATRICIA I., Biomedical Engineering SocietyLandover, Maryland, Medical Engineering Societiesand Organizations

HOROWITZ, PAUL M., University of Texas, San Antonio,Texas, Fluorescence Measurements

HOU, XIAOLIN, Ris National Laboratory, Roskilde, Den-mark, Neutron Activation Analysis

HOVORKA, ROMAN, University of Cambridge, Cambridge,United Kingdom, Pancreas, Artificial

HUANG, H.K., University of Southern California, Teleradiol-ogy

HUNT, ALAN J., University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michi-gan, Optical Tweezers

HUTTEN, HELMUT, University of Technology, Graz, Australia,Impedance Plethysmography

IAIZZO, P.A., University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minne-sota, Rehabilitation and Muscle Testing

IBBOTT, GEOFFREY S., Anderson Cancer Center, Houston,Texas, Radiation Dosimetry, Three-Dimensional

INGHAM, E., University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom,Hip Joints, Artificial

ISIK, CAN, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, BloodPressure Measurement

JAMES, SUSAN P., Colorado State University, Fort Collins,Colorado, Biomaterials: Polymers

JENSEN, WINNIE, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark,Electroneurography

JIN, CHUNMING, North Carolina State University, Raleigh,North Carolina, Biomaterials, Corrosion and Wearof

JIN, Z.M., University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom, HipJoints, Artificial

JOHNSON, ARTHUR T., University of Maryland College Park,Maryland, Medical Engineering Societies and Organiza-tions

JONES, JULIAN R., Imperial College London, London, UnitedKingdom, Biomaterials: Bioceramics

JOSHI, ABHIJEET, Abbott Spine, Austin, Texas, SpinalImplants

JUNG, RANU, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona,Functional Electrical Stimulation

JURISSON, SILVIA S., University of Missouri Columbia,Missouri, Radionuclide Production and RadioactiveDecay

KAEDING, PATRICIA J., Godfrey & Kahn S.C., Madison,Wisconsin, Codes and Regulations: Medical Devices

KAMATH, CELIA C., Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota,Quality-of-Life Measures, Clinical Significance of

KANE, MOLLIE, Madison, Wisconsin, Contraceptive Devices

KATHERINE, ANDRIOLE P., Harvard Medical School, Boston,Massachusetts, Picture Archiving and CommunicationSystems

KATSAGGELOS, AGGELOS K., Northwestern University, Evan-ston, Illinois, DNA Sequencing

KATZ, J. LAWRENCE, University of Missouri-Kansas City,Kansas City, Missouri, Bone and Teeth, Properties of

KESAVAN, SUNIL, Akebono Corporation, Farmington Hills,Michigan, Linear Variable Differential Transformers

KHANG, GILSON, Chonbuk National University, Biomaterials:Tissue Engineering and Scaffolds

KHAODHIAR, LALITA, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mas-sachusetts, Cutaneous Blood Flow, Doppler Measurementof

KIM, MOON SUK, Korea Research Institutes of ChemicalTechnology, Biomaterials: Tissue Engineering and Scaf-folds

KIM, YOUNG KON, Inje University, Kimhae City, Korea,Alloys, Shape Memory

KINDWALL, ERIC P., St. Lukes Medical Center, Milwaukee,Wisconsin, Hyperbaric Oxygenation

KING, MICHAEL A., University of Massachusetts, North Wor-cester, Massachusetts, Nuclear Medicine, Computers in

KLEBE, ROBERT J., University of Texas, San Antonio, Texas,Fluorescence Measurements

KLEIN, BURTON, Burton Klein Associates, Newton, Massa-chusetts, Gas and Vacuum Systems, Centrally PipedMedical

KNOPER, STEVEN R., University of Arizona College of Med-icine, Ventilatory Monitoring

KONTAXAKIS, GEORGE, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid,Madrid, Spain, Positron Emission Tomography

KOTTKE-MARCHANT, KANDICE, The Cleveland Clinic Founda-tion, Cleveland, Ohio, Vascular Graft Prosthesis

KRIPFGANS, OLIVER, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor,Michigan, Ultrasonic Imaging

KULKARNI, AMOL D., University of WisconsinMadison,Madison, Wisconsin, Ocular Fundus Reflectometry,Visual Field Testing

KUMARADAS, J. CARL, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario,Canada, Hyperthermia, Interstitial

KUNICKA, JOLANTA, Bayer HealthCare LLC, Tarrytown, NewYork, Differential Counts, Automated

KWAK, KWANJ JOO, University of Miami Miller School ofMedicine, Miami, Florida, Microscopy, Scanning Force

LAKES, RODERIC, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Boneand Teeth, Properties of

LAKKIREDDY, DHANUNJAYA, The Cleveland Clinic Founda-tion, Cleveland, Ohio, Hyperthermia, Ultrasonic

LARSEN, COBY, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland,Ohio, Vascular Graft Prosthesis

LASTER, BRENDA H., Ben Gurion University of the Negev,Beer Sheva, Israel, Monoclonal Antibodies

LATTA, LOREN, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida,Rehabilitation, Orthotics in

LEDER, RON S., Universidad Nacional Autonoma de MexicoMexico, Distrito Federal, Continuous Positive AirwayPressure

LEE, CHIN, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts,Radiotherapy Treatment Planning, Optimization of;Hyperthermia, Interstitial

LEE, HAI BANG, Korea Research Institutes of ChemicalTechnology, Biomaterials: Tissue Engineering andScaffolds

LEE, SANG JIN, Korea Research Institutes of ChemicalTechnology, Biomaterials: Tissue Engineering andScaffolds

LEI, LIU, Department of General Engineering, Urbana,Illinois, Bioinformatics

viii CONTRIBUTOR LIST

LEI, XING, Stanford University, Stanford, California, Radia-tion Dose Planning, Computer-Aided

LEWIS, MATTHEW C., Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwau-kee, Wisconsin, Hyperbaric Oxygenation

LI, CHAODI, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana,Bone Cement, Acrylic

LI, JONATHAN G., University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida,Radiation Dose Planning, Computer-Aided

LI, QIAO, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan,Immunotherapy

LI, YANBIN, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas,Piezoelectric Sensors

LIBOFF, A.R., Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan,Bone Ununited Fracture and Spinal Fusion, ElectricalTreatment of

LIGAS, JAMES, University of Connecticut, Farmington, Con-necticut, Respiratory Mechanics and Gas Exchange

LIMOGE, AIME, The Rene Descartes University of Paris, Paris,France, Electroanalgesia, Systemic

LIN, PEI-JAN PAUL, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center,Boston, Massachusets, Mammography

LIN, ZHIYUE, University of Kansas Medical Center, KansasCity, Kansas, Electrogastrogram

LINEAWEAVER, WILLIAM C., Unive rsity of Mississippi Med-ical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, Hyperbaric Medicine

LIPPING, TARMO, Tampere University of Technology, Pori,Finland, Monitoring in Anesthesia

LIU, XIAOHUA, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor,Michigan, Polymeric Materials

LLOYD, J.J., Regional Medical Physics Department, New-castle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom, Ultraviolet Radiationin Medicine

LOEB, ROBERT, University of Arizona, Tuscon, Arizona,Anesthesia Machines

LOPES DE MELO, PEDRO, State University of Rio de Janeiro,Terreo Salas, Maracana, Thermistors

LOUDON, ROBERT G., Lung Sounds

LOW, DANIEL A., Washington University School of Medicine,St. Louis, Missouri, Radiation Therapy Simulator

LU, LICHUN, Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, Rochester,Minnesota, Microscopy, Electron

LU, ZHENG FENG, Columbia University, New York, NewYork, Screen-Film Systems

LYON, ANDREW W., University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada,Flame Atomic Emission Spectrometry and AtomicAbsorption Spectrometry

LYON, MARTHA E., University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada,Flame Atomic Emission Spectrometry and AtomicAbsorption Spectrometry

MA, C-M CHARLIE, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia,Pennsylvania, X-Ray Therapy Equipment, Low and Med-ium Energy

MACIA, NARCISO F., Arizona State University at the Poly-technic Campus, Mesa, Arizona, Pneumotachometers

MACKENZIE, COLIN F., University of Maryland, School ofMedicine, Shock, Treatment of

MACKIE, THOMAS R., University of Wisconsin, Madison,Wisconsin, Tomotherapy

MADNANI, ANJU, LSU Medical Centre, Shreveport, Louisi-ana, Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation(TENS)

MADNANI, SANJAY, LSU Medical Centre, Shreveport, Louisi-ana, Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation(TENS)

MADSEN, MARK T., University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa,Anger Camera

MAGNANO, MAURO, ENT Division Mauriziano Hospital,Torino, Italy, Drug Delivery Systems

MANDEL, RICHARD, Boston University School of Medicine,Boston, Massachusetts, Colorimetry

MANNING, KEEFE B., Pennsylvania State University, Uni-versity Park, Pennsylvania, Flowmeters

MAO, JEREMY J., University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago,Illinois, Cartilage and Meniscus, Properties of

MARCOLONGO, MICHELE, Drexel University, Philadelphia,Pennsylvania, Spinal Implants

MAREK, MIROSLAV, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta,Georgia, Biomaterials, Corrosion and Wear of

MARION, NICHOLAS W., University of Illinois at Chicago,Chicago, Illinois, Cartilage and Meniscus, Properties of

MASTERS, KRISTYN S., University of Wisconsin, Madison,Wisconsin, Tissue Engineering

MAUGHAN, RICHARD L., Hospital of the University of Penn-sylvania, Neutron Beam Therapy

MCADAMS, ERIC, University of Ulster at Jordanstown, New-townabbey, Ireland, Bioelectrodes

MCARTHUR, SALLY L., University of Sheffield, Sheffield,United Kingdom, Biomaterials, Surface Properties of

MCEWEN, MALCOM, National Research Council of Canada,Ontario, Canada, Radiation Dosimetry for Oncology

MCGOWAN, EDWARD J., E.J. McGowan & Associates, Bio-feedback

MCGRATH, SUSAN, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hamp-shire, Oxygen Analyzers

MEEKS, SANFORD L., University of Florida, Gainesville,Florida, Radiosurgery, Stereotactic

MELISSA, PETER, University of Central Florida NanoScienceTechnology Center, Orlando, Florida, Biosurface Engi-neering

MENDELSON, YITZHAK, Worcester Polytechnic Institute,Optical Sensors

METZKER, MICHAEL L., Baylor College of Medicine, Houston,Texas, Polymerase Chain Reaction

MEYEREND, M.E., University of WisconsinMadison,Madison, Wisconsin, Magnetic Resonance Imaging

MICHLER, ROBERT, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NewYork, HeartLung Machines

MICIC, MIODRAG, MP Biomedicals LLC, Irvine, California,Microscopy and Spectroscopy, Near-Field

MILLER, WILLIAM, University of Missouri Columbia,Missouri, Radionuclide Production and RadioactiveDecay

MITTRA, ERIK, Stony Brook University, New York, BoneDensity Measurement

MODELL, MARK, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massa-chusetts, Fiber Optics in Medicine

MORE, ROBERT B., RBMore Associates, Austin, Texas Bio-materials Carbon

MORE, ROBERT, Austin, Texas, Heart Valves, Prosthetic

MORROW, DARREN, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide,Australia, Intraaortic Balloon Pump

MOURTADA, FIRAS, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston,Texas, Brachytherapy, Intravascular

MOY, VINCENT T., University of Miami, Miller School ofMedicine, Miami, Florida, Microscopy, Scanning Force

MUFTU, SINAN, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachu-setts, Tooth and Jaw, Biomechanics of

MURPHY, RAYMOND L.H., Lung Sounds

CONTRIBUTOR LIST ix

MURPHY, WILLIAM L., University of Wisconsin, Madison,Wisconsin, Tissue Engineering

MURRAY, ALAN, Newcastle University Medical Physics, New-castle upon Tyne, United Kingdom, Pace makers

MUTIC, SASA, Washington University School of Medicine, St.Louis, Missouri, Radiation Therapy Simulator

NARAYAN, ROGER J., University of North Carolina, ChapelHill, North Carolina, Biomaterials, Corrosion and Wear of

NATALE, ANDREA, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation,Cleveland, Ohio, Hyperthermia, Ultrasonic

NAZERAN, HOMER, The University of Texas, El Paso, Texas,Electrocardiography, Computers in

NEUMAN, MICHAEL R., Michigan Technological University,Houghton, Houghton, Michigan, Fetal Monitoring, Neo-natal Monitoring

NEUZIL, PAVEL, Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotech-nology, Singapore, Immunologically Sensitive Field-Effect Transistors

NICKOLOFF, EDWARD L., Columbia University, New York,New York, X-Ray Quality Control Program

NIEZGODA, JEFFREY A., Medical College of Wisconsin,Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Hyperbaric Oxygenation

NISHIKAWA, ROBERT M., The University of Chicago,Chicago, Illinois, Computer-Assisted Detection and Diag-nosis

NUTTER, BRIAN, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas,Medical Records, Computers in

ODONOHUE, WILLIAM, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada,Sexual Instrumentation

ORTON, COLIN, Harper Hospital and Wayne State University,Detroit, Michigan, Medical Physics Literature

OZCELIK, SELAHATTIN, Texas A&M University, Kingsville,Texas, Drug Infusion Systems

PANITCH, ALYSSA, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona,Biomaterials: An Overview

PAOLINO, DONATELLA, University of Catanzaro MagnaGrcia, Germaneto (CZ), Italy, Drug Delivery Systems

PAPAIOANNOU, GEORGE, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee,Wisconsin, Joints, Biomechanics of

PARK, GRACE E., Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indi-ana, Porous Materials for Biological Applications

PARMENTER, BRETT A., State University of New York atBuffalo, Buffalo, New York, Sleep Studies, ComputerAnalysis of

PATEL, DIMPI, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland,Ohio, Hyperthermia, Ultrasonic

PEARCE, JOHN, The University of Texas, Austin, Texas,Electrosurgical Unit (ESU)

PELET, SERGE, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cam-bridge, Massachusetts, Microscopy, Fluorescence

PERIASAMY, AMMASI, University of Virginia, Charlottesville,Virginia, Cellular Imaging

PERSONS, BARBARA L., University of Mississippi MedicalCenter, Jackson, Mississippi, Hyperbaric Medicine

PIPER, IAN, The University of Memphis, Memphis,Tennessee, Monitoring, Intracranial Pressure

POLETTO, CHRISTOPHER J., National Institutes of Health,Tactile Stimulation

PREMINGER, GLENN M., Duke University Medical Center,Durham, North Carolina, Lithotripsy

PRENDERGAST, PATRICK J., Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland,Orthopedics, Prosthesis Fixation for

PREVITE, MICHAEL, Massachusetts Institute of Technology,Cambridge, Massachusetts, Microscopy, Fluorescence

PURDY, JAMES A., UC Davis Medical Center, Sacramento,California, Radiotherapy Accessories

QI, HAIRONG, Advanced Concepts Analysis, Inc., FallsChurch, Virginia, Thermography

QIN, YIXIAN, Stony Brook University, New York, Bone Den-sity Measurement

QUAN, STUART F., University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona,Ventilatory Monitoring

QUIROGA, RODRIGO QUIAN, University of Leicester, Leicester,United Kingdom, Evoked Potentials

RAHAGHI, FARBOD N., University of California, La Jolla,California, Glucose Sensors

RAHKO, PETER S., University of Wisconsin Medical School,Echocardiography and Doppler Echocardiography

RALPH, LIETO, University of WisconsinMadison, Madison,Wisconsin, Codes and Regulations: Radiation

RAMANATHAN, LAKSHMI, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Ana-lytical Methods, Automated

RAO, SATISH S.C., University of Iowa College of Medicine,Iowa City, Iowa, Anorectal Manometry

RAPOPORT, DAVID M., NYU School of Medicine, New York,New York, Continuous Positive Airway Pressure

REBELLO, KEITH J., The Johns Hopkins University AppliedPhysics Lab, Laurel, Maryland, Micro surgery

REDDY, NARENDER, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio,Linear Variable Differential Transformers

REN-DIH, SHEU, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center,New York, New York, Radiation Therapy Treatment Plan-ning, Monte Carlo Calculations in

RENGACHARY, SETTI S., Detroit, Michigan, Human Spine,Biomechanics of

REPPERGER, DANIEL W., Wright-Patterson Air Force Base,Dayton, Ohio, Human Factors in Medical Devices

RITCHEY, ERIC R., The Ohio State University, Columbus,Ohio, Contact Lenses

RIVARD, MARK J., Tufts New England Medical Center, Bos-ton, Massachusetts, Imaging Devices

ROBERTSON, J. DAVID, University of Missouri, Columbia,Missouri, Radionuclide Production and Radioactive Decay

ROTH, BRADLEY J., Oakland University, Rochester, Michi-gan, Defibrillators

ROWE-HORWEGE, R. WANDA, University of Texas MedicalSchool, Houston, Texas, Hyperthermia, Systemic

RUMSEY, JOHN W., University of Central Florida, Orlando,Florida, Biosurface Engineering

RUTKOWSKI, GREGORY E., University of Minnesota, Duluth,Minnesota, Engineered Tissue

SALATA, O.V., University of Oxford, Oxford, United King-dom, Nanoparticles

SAMARAS, THEODOROS, Aristotle University of ThessalonikiDepartment of Physics, Thessaloniki, Greece, Thermo-metry

SANGOLE, ARCHANA P., Transitional Learning Center atGalveston, Galveston, Texas, Rehabilitation, Computersin Cognitive

SARKOZI, LASZLO, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Analy-tical Methods, Automated

SCHEK, HENRY III, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor,Michigan, Optical Tweezers

SCHMITZ, CHRISTOPH H., State University of New York Down-state Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, PeripheralVascular Noninvasive Measurements

SCHUCKERS, STEPHANIE A.C., Clarkson University, Potsdam,New York, Arrhythmia Analysis, Automated

x CONTRIBUTOR LIST

SCOPE, KENNETH, Northwestern University, Chicago,Illinois, Ventilators, Acute Medical Care

SCOTT, ADZICK N., University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia,Pennsylvania, Intrauterine Surgical Techniques

SEAL, BRANDON L., Arizona State University, Tempe,Arizona, Biomaterials: An Overview

SEALE, GARY, Transitional Learning Center atGalveston, Galveston, Texas, Rehabilitation, Computersin Cognitive

SEGERS, PATRICK, Ghent University, Belgium, Hemody-namics

SELIM, MOSTAFA A., Cleveland Metropolitan General Hospi-tal, Palm Coast, Florida, Colposcopy

SETHI, ANIL, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood,Illinois, X-Rays: Interaction with Matter

SEVERINGHAUS, JOHN W., University of California in SanFrancisco, CO2 Electrodes

SHALODI, ABDELWAHAB D., Cleveland Metropolitan GeneralHospital, Palm Coast, Florida, Colposcopy

SHANMUGASUNDARAM, SHOBANA, New Jersey Institute of Tech-nology, Newark, New Jersey, Polymeric Materials

SHARD, ALEXANDER G., University of Sheffield, SheffieldUnited Kingdom, Biomaterials, Surface Properties of

SHEN, LI-JIUAN, National Taiwan University School of Phar-macy, Taipei, Taiwan, Colorimetry

SHEN, WEI-CHIANG,University of Southern California Schoolof Pharmacy, Los Angeles, California, Colorimetry

SHERAR, MICHAEL D., London Health Sciences Centre andUniversity of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada,Hyperthermia, Interstitial

SHERMAN, DAVID, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore,Maryland, Electroencephalography

SHI, DONGLU, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio,Biomaterials, Testing and Structural Properties of

SHUCARD, DAVID W.M., State University of New York atBuffalo, Buffalo, New York, Sleep Studies, ComputerAnalysis of

SIEDBAND, MELVIN P., University of Wisconsin, Madison,Wisconsin, Image Intensifiers and Fluoroscopy

SILBERMAN, HOWARD, University of Southern California, LosAngeles, California, Nutrition, Parenteral

SILVERMAN, GORDON, Manhattan College, Computers in theBiomedical Laboratory

SILVERN, DAVID A., Medical Physics Unit, Rabin MedicalCenter, Petah Tikva, Israel, Prostate Seed Implants

SINHA, PIYUSH, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio,Drug Delivery Systems

SINHA, ABHIJIT ROY, University of Cincinnati, Cin-cinnati, Ohio, Coronary Angioplasty and GuidewireDiagnostics

SINKJR, THOMAS, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark,Electroneurography

SLOAN, JEFFREY A., Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota,Quality-of-Life Measures, Clinical Significance of

SO, PETER T.C., Massachusetts Institute of Technology,Cambridge, Massachusetts, Microscopy, Fluorescence

SOBOL, WLAD T., University of Alabama at BirminghamHealth System, Birmingham, Alabama, Nuclear Mag-netic Resonance Spectroscopy

SOOD, SANDEEP, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago,Illinois, Hydrocephalus, Tools for Diagnosis and Treat-ment of

SPECTOR, MYRON, Brigham and Womens Hospital, Boston,Massachusetts, Biocompatibility of Materials

SPELMAN, FRANCIS A., University of Washington, CochlearProstheses

SRINIVASAN, YESHWANTH, Texas Tech University, Lubbock,Texas, Medical Records, Computers in

SRIRAM, NEELAMEGHAM, University of Buffalo, Buffalo, NewYork, Cell Counters, Blood

STARKO, KENTON R., Point Roberts, Washington, Physiolo-gical Systems Modeling

STARKSCHALL, GEORGE, The University of Texas, Radiother-apy, Three-Dimensional Conformal

STAVREV, PAVEL, Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, Alberta,Canada, Radiotherapy Treatment Planning, Optimiza-tion of

STENKEN, JULIE A., Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy,New York, Microdialysis Sampling

STIEFEL, ROBERT, University of Maryland Medical Center,Baltimore, Maryland, Equipment Acquisition

STOKES, I.A.F., Polytechniquie Montreal, Montreal Quebec,Canada, Scoliosis, Biomechanics of

STONE, M.H., University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom,Hip Joints, Artificial

SU, XIAo-LI, BioDetection Instruments LLC, Fayetteville,Arkansas, Piezoelectric Sensors

SUBHAN, ARIF, Masterplan Technology Management,Chatsworth, California, Equipment Maintenance,Biomedical

SWEENEY, JAMES D., Arizona State University, Tempe,Arizona, Functional Electrical Stimulation

SZETO, ANDREW Y.J., San Diego State University, San Diego,California, Blind and Visually Impaired, Assistive Tech-nology for

TAKAYAMA, SHUICHI, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor,Michigan, Microbioreactors

TAMUL, PAUL C., Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois,Ventilators, Acute Medical Care

TAMURA, TOSHIYO, Chiba University School of Engineering,Chiba, Japan, Home Health Care Devices

TANG, XIANGYANG, GE Healthcare Technologies, Wankesha,Wisconsin, Computed Tomography Simulators

TAYLOR, B.C., The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, CardiacOutput, Indicator Dilution Measurement of

TEMPLE, RICHARD O., Transitional Learning Center atGalveston, Galveston, Texas, Rehabilitation, Computersin Cognitive

TEN, STANLEY, Salt Lake City, Utah, Electroanalgesia, Sys-temic

TERRY, TERESA M., Walter Reed Army Institute ofResearch, Rockville, Maryland, Blood Collection andProcessing

THAKOR, N.V., Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Mary-land, Neurological Monitors

THIERENS, HUBERT M.A., University of Ghent, Ghent, Bel-gium, Radiopharmaceutical Dosimetry

THOMADSEN, BRUCE, University of WisconsinMadison,Madison, Wisconsin, Codes and Regulations: Radiation

TIPPER, J.L., University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom,Hip Joints, Artificial

TOGAWA, TATSUO, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan, Inte-grated Circuit Temperature Sensor

TORNAI, MARTIN, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina,X-Ray Equipment Design

TRAN-SON-TAY, ROGER, University of Florida, Gainesville,Florida, Blood Rheology

CONTRIBUTOR LIST xi

TRAUTMAN, EDWIN D., RMF Strategies, Cambridge, Massa-chusetts, Cardiac Output, Thermodilution Measurementof

TREENA, LIVINGSTON ARINZEH, New Jersey Institute of Tech-nology, Newark, New Jersey, Polymeric Materials

TRENTMAN, TERRENCE L., Mayo Clinic Scottsdale, SpinalCord Stimulation

TROKEN, ALEXANDER J., University of Illinois at Chicago,Chicago, Illinois, Cartilage and Meniscus, Properties of

TSAFTARIS, SOTIRIOS A., Northwestern University, Evanston,Illinois, DNA Sequence

TSOUKALAS, D., NTUA, Athens, Attiki, Greece, CapacitiveMicrosensors for Biomedical Applications

TULIPAN, NOEL, Vanderbilt University Medical Center,Nashville, Tennessee, Intrauterine Surgical Techniques

TUTEJA, ASHOK K., University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah,Anorectal Manometry

TY, SMITH N., University of California, San Diego, Califor-nia, Physiological Systems Modeling

TYRER, HARRY W., University of Missouri-Columbia, Colum-bia, Missouri, Cytology, Automated

VALVANO, JONATHAN W., The University of Texas, Austin,Texas, Bioheat Transfer

VAN DEN HEUVAL, FRANK, Wayne State University, Detroit,Michigan, Imaging Devices

VEIT, SCHNABEL, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark,Electroneurography

VELANOVICH, VIC, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan,Esophageal Manometry

VENKATASUBRAMANIAN, GANAPRIYA, Arizona StateUniversity, Tempe, Arizona, Functional ElectricalStimulation

VERAART, CLAUDE, Catholique University of Louvain, Brus-sels, Belgium, Visual Prostheses

VERDONCK, PASCAL, Ghent University, Belgium, Hemody-namics

VERMARIEN, HERMAN, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels,Belgium, Phonocardiography, Recorders, Graphic

VEVES, ARISTIDIS, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass-achusetts, Cutaneous Blood Flow, Doppler Measurementof

VICINI, PAOLO, University of Washington, Seattle, Washing-ton, Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics

VILLE, JANTTI, Tampere University of Technology, Pori,Finland, Monitoring in Anesthesia

VRBA, JINI, VSM MedTech Ltd., Biomagnetism

WAGNER, THOMAS, H., M. D. Anderson Cancer CenterOrlando, Orlando, Florida, Radiosurgery, Stereotactic

WAHLEN, GEORGE E., Veterans Affairs Medical Center andthe University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, AnorectalManometry

WALKER, GLENN M., North Carolina State University,Raleigh, North Carolina, Microfluidics

WALTERSPACHER, DIRK, The Johns Hopkins University, Bal-timore, Maryland, Electroencephalography

WAN, LEO Q., Liu Ping, Columbia University, New York,New York, Cartilage and Meniscus, Properties of

WANG, GE, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, ComputedTomography Simulators

WANG, HAIBO, Louisiana State University Health CenterShreveport, Louisiana, Monitoring, Umbilical Arteryand Vein, Ambulatory Monitoring

WANG, HONG, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan,Anesthesia, Computers in

WANG, LE YI, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan,Anesthesia, Computers in

WANG, QIAN, A & M University Health Science Center,Dallas, Texas, Strain Gages

WARWICK, WARREN J., University of Minnesota MedicalSchool, Minneapolis, Minnesota, Cystic Fibrosis SweatTest

WATANABE, YOICHI, Columbia University RadiationOncology, New York, New York, Phantom Materials inRadiology

WAXLER, MORRIS, Godfrey & Kahn S.C., Madison, Wiscon-sin, Codes and Regulations: Medical Devices

WEBSTER, THOMAS J., Purdue University, West Lafayette,Indiana, Porous Materials for Biological Applications

WEGENER, JOACHIM, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway, Impe-dance Spectroscopy

WEI, SHYY, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan,Blood Rheology

WEINMEISTER, KENT P., Mayo Clinic Scottsdale, Spinal CordStimulation

WEIZER, ALON Z., Duke University Medical Center, Durham,North Carolina, Lithotripsy

WELLER, PETER, City University , London, United Kingdom,Intraaortic Balloon Pump

WELLS, JASON, LSU Medical Centre, Shreveport, Louisiana,Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS)

WENDELKEN, SUZANNE, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NewHampshire, Oxygen Analyzers

WHELAN, HARRY T., Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwau-kee, Wisconsin, Hyperbaric Oxygenation

WHITE, ROBERT, Memorial Hospital, Regional NewbornProgram, South Bend, Indiana, Incubators, Infant

WILLIAMS, LAWRENCE E., City of Hope, Duarte, California,Nuclear Medicine Instrumentation

WILSON, KERRY, University of Central Florida, Orlando,Florida, Biosurface Engineering

WINEGARDEN, NEIL, University Health Network MicroarrayCentre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, Microarrays

WOJCIKIEWICZ, EWA P., University of Miami Miller Schoolof Medicine, Miami, Florida, Microscopy, ScanningForce

WOLBARST, ANTHONY B., Georgetown Medical School,Washington, DC, Radiotherapy Treatment Planning,Optimization of

WOLF, ERIK, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsyl-vania, Mobility Aids

WOOD, ANDREW, Swinburne University of Technology, Mel-bourne, Australia, Nonionizing Radiation, BiologicalEffects of

WOODCOCK, BRIAN, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor,Michigan, Blood, Artificial

WREN, JOAKIM, Linkoping University, Linkoping, Sweden,Thermocouples

XIANG, ZHOU, Brigham and Womens Hospital, Boston, Mas-sachusetts, Biocompatibility of Materials

XUEJUN, WEN, Clemson University, Clemson, SouthCarolina, Biomaterials, Testing and Structural Proper-ties of

YAN, ZHOU, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana,Bone Cement, Acrylic

YANNAS, IOANNIS V., Massachusetts Institute of Technology,Skin Tissue Engineering for Regeneration

YASZEMSKI, MICHAEL J., Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine,Rochester, Minnesota, Microscopy, Electron

xii CONTRIBUTOR LIST

YENI, YENER N., Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan,Joints, Biomechanics of

YLI-HANKALA, ARVI, Tampere University of Technology, Pori,Finland, Monitoring in Anesthesia

YOKO, KAMOTANI, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michi-gan, Microbioreactors

YOON, KANG JI, Korea Institute of Science and Technology,Seoul, Korea, Micropower for Medical Applications

YORKE, ELLEN, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center,New York, New York, Radiation Therapy Treatment Plan-ning, Monte Carlo Calculations in

YOSHIDA, KEN, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark, Elec-troneurography

YOUNGSTEDT, SHAWN D., University of South Carolina,Columbia, South Carolina, Sleep Laboratory

YU, YIH-CHOUNG, Lafayette College, Easton, Pennsylvania,Blood Pressure, Automatic Control of

ZACHARIAH, EMMANUEL S., University of Medicine and Den-tistry of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, Immu-nologically Sensitive Field-Effect Transistors

ZAIDER, MARCO, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center,New York, New York, Prostate Seed Implants

ZAPANTA, CONRAD M., Penn State College of Medicine,Hershey, Pennsylvania, Heart, Artificial

ZARDENETA, GUSTAVO, University of Texas, San Antonio,Texas, Fluorescence Measurements

ZELMANOVIC, DAVID, Bayer HealthCare LLC, Tarrytown,New York, Differential Counts, Automated

ZHANG, MIN, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington,Biomaterials: Polymers

ZHANG, YI, University of Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, CellCounters, Blood

ZHU, XIAOYUE, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michi-gan, Microbioreactors

ZIAIE, BABAK, Purdue University, W. Lafayette, Indiana,Biotelemetry

ZIELINSKI, TODD M., Medtronic, Inc., Minneapolis, Minne-sota, Bioimpedance in Cardiovascular Medicine

ZIESSMAN, HARVEY A., Johns Hopkins University, ComputedTomography, Single Photon Emission

CONTRIBUTOR LIST xiii

PREFACE

This six-volume work is an alphabetically organized compi-lation of almost 300 articles that describe critical aspects ofmedical devices and instrumentation.

It is comprehensive. The articles emphasize the contri-butions of engineering, physics, and computers to each of thegeneral areas of anesthesiology, biomaterials, burns, cardi-ology, clinical chemistry, clinical engineering, communica-tive disorders, computers in medicine, critical caremedicine, dermatology, dentistry, ear, nose, and throat,emergency medicine, endocrinology, gastroenterology,genetics, geriatrics, gynecology, hematology, heptology,internal medicine, medical physics, microbiology, nephrol-ogy, neurology, nutrition, obstetrics, oncology, ophthalmol-ogy, orthopedics, pain, pediatrics, peripheral vasculardisease, pharmacology, physical therapy, psychiatry, pul-monary medicine, radiology, rehabilitation, surgery, tissueengineering, transducers, and urology.

The discipline is defined through the synthesis of the coreknowledge from all the fields encompassed by the applica-tion of engineering, physics, and computers to problems inmedicine. The articles focus not only on what is now usefulbut also on what is likely to be useful in future medicalapplications.

These volumes answer the question, What are thebranches of medicine and how does technology assist eachof them? rather than What are the branches of technologyand how could each be used in medicine? To keep this workto a manageable length, the practice of medicine that isunassisted by devices, such as the use of drugs to treatdisease, has been excluded.

The articles are accessible to the user; each benefits frombrevity of condensation instead of what could easily havebeen a book-length work. The articles are designed not forpeers, but rather for workers from related fields who wish totake a first look at what is important in the subject.

The articles are readable. They do not presume a detailedbackground in the subject, but are designed for any personwith a scientific background and an interest in technology.Rather than attempting to teach the basics of physiology orOhms law, the articles build on such basic concepts to showhow the worlds of life science and physical science meld toproduce improved systems. While the ideal reader might bea person with a Masters degree in biomedical engineering ormedical physics or an M.D. with a physical science under-graduate degree, much of the material will be of value toothers with an interest in this growing field. High schoolstudents and hospital patients can skip over more technicalareas and still gain much from the descriptive presentations.

The Encyclopedia of Medical Devices and Instrumenta-tion is excellent for browsing and searching for those newdivergent associations that may advance work in a periph-eral field. While it can be used as a reference for facts, thearticles are long enough that they can serve as an educa-tional instrument and provide genuine understanding of asubject.

One can use this work just as one would use a dictionary,since the articles are arranged alphabetically by topic. Crossreferences assist the reader looking for subjects listed underslightly different names. The index at the end leads thereader to all articles containing pertinent information onany subject. Listed on pages xxi to xxx are all the abbrevia-tions and acronyms used in the Encyclopedia. Because ofthe increasing use of SI units in all branches of science, theseunits are provided throughout the Encyclopedia articles aswell as on pages xxxi to xxxv in the section on conversionfactors and unit symbols.

I owe a great debt to the many people who have con-tributed to the creation of this work. At John Wiley & Sons,Encyclopedia Editor George Telecki provided the idea andguiding influence to launch the project. Sean Pidgeon wasEditorial Director of the project. Assistant Editors RoseannZappia, Sarah Harrington, and Surlan Murrell handled themyriad details of communication between publisher, editor,authors, and reviewers and stimulated authors andreviewers to meet necessary deadlines.

My own background has been in the electrical aspects ofbiomedical engineering. I was delighted to have the assis-tance of the editorial board to develop a comprehensiveencyclopedia. David J. Beebe suggested cellular topics suchas microfluidics. Jerry M. Calkins assisted in defining thechemically related subjects, such as anesthesiology.Michael R. Neuman suggested subjects related to sensors,such as in his own workneonatology. Joon B. Park haswritten extensively on biomaterials and suggested relatedsubjects. Edward S. Sternick provided many suggestionsfrom medical physics. The Editorial Board was instrumen-tal both in defining the list of subjects and in suggestingauthors.

This second edition brings the field up to date. It isavailable on the web at http://www.mrw.interscience.wiley.com/emdi, where articles can be searched simultaneously toprovide rapid and comprehensive information on all aspectsof medical devices and instrumentation.

JOHN G. WEBSTERUniversity of Wisconsin, Madison

xv

LIST OF ARTICLES

ALLOYS, SHAPE MEMORYAMBULATORY MONITORINGANALYTICAL METHODS, AUTOMATEDANESTHESIA MACHINESANESTHESIA, COMPUTERS INANGER CAMERAANORECTAL MANOMETRYARRHYTHMIA ANALYSIS, AUTOMATEDARTERIES, ELASTIC PROPERTIES OFAUDIOMETRYBIOCOMPATIBILITY OF MATERIALSBIOELECTRODESBIOFEEDBACKBIOHEAT TRANSFERBIOIMPEDANCE IN CARDIOVASCULAR MEDICINEBIOINFORMATICSBIOMAGNETISMBIOMATERIALS, ABSORBABLEBIOMATERIALS: AN OVERVIEWBIOMATERIALS: BIOCERAMICSBIOMATERIALS: CARBONBIOMATERIALS, CORROSION AND WEAR OFBIOMATERIALS FOR DENTISTRYBIOMATERIALS: POLYMERSBIOMATERIALS, SURFACE PROPERTIES OFBIOMATERIALS, TESTING AND STRUCTURAL

PROPERTIES OFBIOMATERIALS: TISSUE ENGINEERING AND

SCAFFOLDSBIOMECHANICS OF EXERCISE FITNESSBIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING EDUCATIONBIOSURFACE ENGINEERINGBIOTELEMETRYBLADDER DYSFUNCTION, NEUROSTIMULATION

OFBLIND AND VISUALLY IMPAIRED, ASSISTIVE

TECHNOLOGY FORBLOOD COLLECTION AND PROCESSINGBLOOD GAS MEASUREMENTSBLOOD PRESSURE MEASUREMENTBLOOD PRESSURE, AUTOMATIC CONTROL OFBLOOD RHEOLOGYBLOOD, ARTIFICIALBONE AND TEETH, PROPERTIES OFBONE CEMENT, ACRYLICBONE DENSITY MEASUREMENTBONE UNUNITED FRACTURE AND SPINAL FUSION,

ELECTRICAL TREATMENT OFBORON NEUTRON CAPTURE THERAPYBRACHYTHERAPY, HIGH DOSAGE RATEBRACHYTHERAPY, INTRAVASCULARCAPACITIVE MICROSENSORS FOR BIOMEDICAL

APPLICATIONS

CARDIAC OUTPUT, FICK TECHNIQUE FORCARDIAC OUTPUT, INDICATOR DILUTION

MEASUREMENT OFCARDIAC OUTPUT, THERMODILUTION

MEASUREMENT OFCARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATIONCARTILAGE AND MENISCUS, PROPERTIES OFCELL COUNTERS, BLOODCELLULAR IMAGINGCHROMATOGRAPHYCO2 ELECTRODESCOBALT 60 UNITS FOR RADIOTHERAPYCOCHLEAR PROSTHESESCODES AND REGULATIONS: MEDICAL DEVICESCODES AND REGULATIONS: RADIATIONCOLORIMETRYCOLPOSCOPYCOMMUNICATION DEVICESCOMMUNICATIVE DISORDERS, COMPUTER

APPLICATIONS FORCOMPUTED TOMOGRAPHYCOMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY SCREENINGCOMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY SIMULATORSCOMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY, SINGLE PHOTON

EMISSIONCOMPUTER-ASSISTED DETECTION AND DIAGNOSISCOMPUTERS IN THE BIOMEDICAL LABORATORYCONTACT LENSESCONTINUOUS POSITIVE AIRWAY PRESSURECONTRACEPTIVE DEVICESCORONARY ANGIOPLASTY AND GUIDEWIRE

DIAGNOSTICSCRYOSURGERYCUTANEOUS BLOOD FLOW, DOPPLER

MEASUREMENT OFCYSTIC FIBROSIS SWEAT TESTCYTOLOGY, AUTOMATEDDEFIBRILLATORSDIFFERENTIAL COUNTS, AUTOMATEDDIGITAL ANGIOGRAPHYDNA SEQUENCEDRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMSDRUG INFUSION SYSTEMSECHOCARDIOGRAPHY AND DOPPLER

ECHOCARDIOGRAPHYELECTROANALGESIA, SYSTEMICELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY, COMPUTERS INELECTROCONVULSIVE THERAPYELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHYELECTROGASTROGRAMELECTROMYOGRAPHYELECTRONEUROGRAPHYELECTROPHORESIS

xvii

ELECTROPHYSIOLOGYELECTRORETINOGRAPHYELECTROSURGICAL UNIT (ESU)ENDOSCOPESENGINEERED TISSUEENVIRONMENTAL CONTROLEQUIPMENT ACQUISITIONEQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE, BIOMEDICALESOPHAGEAL MANOMETRYEVOKED POTENTIALSEXERCISE STRESS TESTINGEYE MOVEMENT, MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES FORFETAL MONITORINGFIBER OPTICS IN MEDICINEFLAME ATOMIC EMISSION SPECTROMETRY AND

ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRYFLOWMETERSFLUORESCENCE MEASUREMENTSFUNCTIONAL ELECTRICAL STIMULATIONGAMMA KNIFEGAS AND VACUUM SYSTEMS, CENTRALLY PIPED

MEDICALGASTROINTESTINAL HEMORRHAGEGLUCOSE SENSORSHEART VALVE PROSTHESESHEART VALVE PROSTHESES, IN VITRO FLOW

DYNAMICS OFHEART VALVES, PROSTHETICHEART, ARTIFICIALHEARTLUNG MACHINESHEAT AND COLD, THERAPEUTICHEMODYNAMICSHIGH FREQUENCY VENTILATIONHIP JOINTS, ARTIFICIALHOME HEALTH CARE DEVICESHUMAN FACTORS IN MEDICAL DEVICESHUMAN SPINE, BIOMECHANICS OFHYDROCEPHALUS, TOOLS FOR DIAGNOSIS

AND TREATMENT OFHYPERBARIC MEDICINEHYPERBARIC OXYGENATIONHYPERTHERMIA, INTERSTITIALHYPERTHERMIA, SYSTEMICHYPERTHERMIA, ULTRASONICIMAGE INTENSIFIERS AND FLUOROSCOPYIMAGING DEVICESIMMUNOLOGICALLY SENSITIVE FIELD-EFFECT

TRANSISTORSIMMUNOTHERAPYIMPEDANCE PLETHYSMOGRAPHYIMPEDANCE SPECTROSCOPYINCUBATORS, INFANTINTEGRATED CIRCUIT TEMPERATURE SENSORINTRAAORTIC BALLOON PUMPINTRAUTERINE SURGICAL TECHNIQUESIONIZING RADIATION, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OFION-SENSITIVE FIELD-EFFECT TRANSISTORSJOINTS, BIOMECHANICS OFLARYNGEAL PROSTHETIC DEVICESLENSES, INTRAOCULARLIGAMENT AND TENDON, PROPERTIES OF

LINEAR VARIABLE DIFFERENTIAL TRANSFORMERSLITHOTRIPSYLIVER TRANSPLANTATIONLUNG SOUNDSMAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGINGMAMMOGRAPHYMEDICAL EDUCATION, COMPUTERS INMEDICAL ENGINEERING SOCIETIES

AND ORGANIZATIONSMEDICAL GAS ANALYZERSMEDICAL PHYSICS LITERATUREMEDICAL RECORDS, COMPUTERS INMICROARRAYSMICROBIAL DETECTION SYSTEMSMICROBIOREACTORSMICRODIALYSIS SAMPLINGMICROFLUIDICSMICROPOWER FOR MEDICAL APPLICATIONSMICROSCOPY AND SPECTROSCOPY, NEAR-FIELDMICROSCOPY, CONFOCALMICROSCOPY, ELECTRONMICROSCOPY, FLUORESCENCEMICROSCOPY, SCANNING FORCEMICROSCOPY, SCANNING TUNNELINGMICROSURGERYMINIMALLY INVASIVE SURGERYMOBILITY AIDSMONITORING IN ANESTHESIAMONITORING, HEMODYNAMICMONITORING, INTRACRANIAL PRESSUREMONITORING, UMBILICAL ARTERY AND VEINMONOCLONAL ANTIBODIESNANOPARTICLESNEONATAL MONITORINGNEUROLOGICAL MONITORSNEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSISNEUTRON BEAM THERAPYNONIONIZING RADIATION, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OFNUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPYNUCLEAR MEDICINE INSTRUMENTATIONNUCLEAR MEDICINE, COMPUTERS INNUTRITION, PARENTERALOCULAR FUNDUS REFLECTOMETRYOCULAR MOTILITY RECORDING AND NYSTAGMUSOFFICE AUTOMATION SYSTEMSOPTICAL SENSORSOPTICAL TWEEZERSORTHOPEDIC DEVICES, MATERIALS AND

DESIGN FORORTHOPEDICS, PROSTHESIS FIXATION FOROXYGEN ANALYZERSOXYGEN MONITORINGPACEMAKERSPANCREAS, ARTIFICIALPERIPHERAL VASCULAR NONINVASIVE

MEASUREMENTSPHANTOM MATERIALS IN RADIOLOGYPHARMACOKINETICS AND PHARMACODYNAMICSPHONOCARDIOGRAPHYPHOTOGRAPHY, MEDICALPHYSIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS MODELING

xviii LIST OF ARTICLES

PICTURE ARCHIVING AND COMMUNICATIONSYSTEMS

PIEZOELECTRIC SENSORSPNEUMOTACHOMETERSPOLYMERASE CHAIN REACTIONPOLYMERIC MATERIALSPOROUS MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL

APPLICATIONSPOSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHYPROSTATE SEED IMPLANTSPULMONARY PHYSIOLOGYQUALITY-OF-LIFE MEASURES, CLINICAL

SIGNIFICANCE OFRADIATION DOSE PLANNING, COMPUTER-AIDEDRADIATION DOSIMETRY FOR ONCOLOGYRADIATION DOSIMETRY, THREE-DIMENSIONALRADIATION PROTECTION INSTRUMENTATIONRADIATION THERAPY, INTENSITY MODULATEDRADIATION THERAPY SIMULATORRADIATION THERAPY TREATMENT PLANNING,

MONTE CARLO CALCULATIONS INRADIATION THERAPY, QUALITY ASSURANCE INRADIOLOGY INFORMATION SYSTEMSRADIONUCLIDE PRODUCTION AND

RADIOACTIVE DECAYRADIOPHARMACEUTICAL DOSIMETRYRADIOSURGERY, STEREOTACTICRADIOTHERAPY ACCESSORIESRADIOTHERAPY, HEAVY IONRADIOTHERAPY, INTRAOPERATIVERADIOTHERAPY, THREE-DIMENSIONAL CONFORMALRADIOTHERAPY TREATMENT PLANNING,

OPTIMIZATION OFRECORDERS, GRAPHICREHABILITATION AND MUSCLE TESTINGREHABILITATION, COMPUTERS IN COGNITIVEREHABILITATION, ORTHOTICS INRESIN-BASED COMPOSITESRESPIRATORY MECHANICS AND GAS EXCHANGESAFETY PROGRAM, HOSPITALSCOLIOSIS, BIOMECHANICS OFSCREEN-FILM SYSTEMS

SEXUAL INSTRUMENTATIONSHOCK, TREATMENT OFSKIN SUBSTITUTE FOR BURNS, BIOACTIVESKIN TISSUE ENGINEERING FOR REGENERATIONSKIN, BIOMECHANICS OFSLEEP LABORATORYSLEEP STUDIES, COMPUTER ANALYSIS OFSPINAL CORD STIMULATIONSPINAL IMPLANTSSTATISTICAL METHODSSTEREOTACTIC SURGERYSTERILIZATION OF BIOLOGIC SCAFFOLD

MATERIALSSTRAIN GAGESTACTILE STIMULATIONTELERADIOLOGYTEMPERATURE MONITORINGTHERMISTORSTHERMOCOUPLESTHERMOGRAPHYTHERMOMETRYTISSUE ABLATIONTISSUE ENGINEERINGTOMOTHERAPYTONOMETRY, ARTERIALTOOTH AND JAW, BIOMECHANICS OFTRACER KINETICSTRANSCUTANEOUS ELECTRICAL NERVE

STIMULATION (TENS)ULTRASONIC IMAGINGULTRAVIOLET RADIATION IN MEDICINEVASCULAR GRAFT PROSTHESISVENTILATORS, ACUTE MEDICAL CAREVENTILATORY MONITORINGVISUAL FIELD TESTINGVISUAL PROSTHESESX-RAY EQUIPMENT DESIGNX-RAY QUALITY CONTROL PROGRAMX-RAY THERAPY EQUIPMENT, LOW AND

MEDIUM ENERGYX-RAYS: INTERACTION WITH MATTERX-RAYS, PRODUCTION OF

LIST OF ARTICLES xix

ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

AAMI Association for the Advancement ofMedical Instrumentation

AAPM American Association of Physicists inMedicine

ABC Automatic brightness controlABET Accreditation board for engineering

trainingABG Arterial blood gasesABLB Alternative binaural loudness balanceABS Acrylonitrilebutadienestyreneac Alternating currentAC Abdominal circumference; Affinity

chromatographyACA Automated clinical analyzerACES Augmentative communication evaluation

systemACL Anterior chamber lensACLS Advanced cardiac life supportACOG American College of Obstetrics and

GynecologyACR American College of RadiologyACS American Cancer Society; American

College of SurgeonsA/D Analog-to-digitalADC Agar diffusion chambers; Analog-to-

digital converterADCC Antibody-dependent cellular

cytotoxicityADCL Accredited Dosimetry Calibration

LaboratoriesADP Adenosine diphosphateA-D-T Admission, discharge, and transferAE Anion exchange; Auxiliary electrodeAEA Articulation error analysisAEB Activation energy barrierAEC Automatic exposure controlAED Automatic external defibrillatorAEMB Alliance for Engineering in Medicine

and BiologyAES Auger electron spectroscopyAESC American Engineering Standards

CommitteeAET Automatic exposure terminationAFO Ankle-foot orthosisAGC Automatic gain controlAHA American Heart AssociationAI Arterial insufficiencyAICD Automatic implantable cardiac

defibrillatorAID Agency for International DevelopmentAIDS Acquired immune deficiency syndromeAL Anterior leafletALG Antilymphocyte globulin

ALS Advanced life support; Amyotropiclateral sclerosis

ALT Alanine aminotransferaseALU Arithmetic and logic unitAM Amplitude modulationAMA American Medical Associationamu Atomic mass unitsANOVA Analysis of varianceANSI American National Standards InstituteAP Action potential; Alternative pathway;

AnteroposteriorAPD Anterioposterior diameterAPL Adjustable pressure limiting valve;

Applied Physics LaboratoryAPR Anatomically programmed radiographyAR Amplitude reduction; Aortic

regurgitation; AutoregressiveAra-C ArabinosylcytosineARD Absorption rate densityARDS Adult respiratory distress syndromeARGUS Arrhythmia guard systemARMA Autoregressive-moving-average modelARMAX Autoregressive-moving-average model

with external inputsAS Aortic stenosisASA American Standards AssociationASCII American standard code for information

interchangeASD Antisiphon deviceASHE American Society for Hospital EngineeringASTM American Society for Testing and

MaterialsAT Adenosine-thiamide; Anaerobic threshold;

AntithrombinATA Atmosphere absoluteATLS Advanced trauma life supportATN Acute tubular necrosisATP Adenosine triphosphateATPD Ambient temperature pressure dryATPS Ambient temperature pressure

saturatedATR Attenuated total reflectionAUC Area under curveAUMC Area under moment curveAV AtrioventricularAZT Azido thymidineBA Biliary atresiaBAEP Brainstem auditory evoked potentialBAPN Beta-amino-proprionitrylBAS Boston anesthesis systemBASO BasophilBB Buffer baseBBT Basal body temperature

xxi

BCC Body-centered cubicBCD Binary-coded decimalBCG BallistocardiogramBCLS Basic cardiac life supportBCRU British Commitee on Radiation Units

and MeasurementsBDI Beck depression inventoryBE Base excess; Binding energyBET Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller methodsBH His bundleBI Biological indicatorsBIH Beth Israel HospitalBIPM International Bureau of Weights and

MeasurementsBJT Bipolar junction transistorBMDP Biomedical ProgramsBME Biomedical engineeringBMET Biomedical equipment technicianBMO Biomechanically optimizedBMR Basal metabolic rateBOL Beginning of lifeBP Bereitschafts potential; Break pointBR PolybutadieneBRM Biological response modifierBRS Bibliographic retrieval servicesBSS Balanced salt solutionBTG Beta thromboglobulinBTPS Body temperature pressure saturatedBUN Blood urea nitrogenBW Body weightCA Conductive adhesivesCABG Coronary artery by-pass graftingCAD/CAM Computer-aided design/computer-aided

manufacturingCAD/D Computer-aided drafting and designCADD Central axis depth doseCAI Computer assisted instruction;

Computer-aided instructionCAM Computer-assisted managementcAMP Cyclic AMPCAPD Continuous ambulatory peritoneal

dialysisCAPP Child amputee prosthetic projectCAT Computerized axial tomographyCATS Computer-assisted teaching system;

Computerized aphasia treatment systemCAVH Continuous arteriovenous hemofiltrationCB Conjugated bilirubin; Coulomb barrierCBC Complete blood countCBF Cerebral blood flowCBM Computer-based managementCBV Cerebral blood volumeCC Closing capacityCCC Computer Curriculum CompanyCCD Charge-coupled deviceCCE Capacitance contact electrodeCCF Cross-correlation functionCCL Cardiac catheterization laboratoryCCM Critical care medical servicesCCPD Continuous cycling peritoneal

dialysis

CCTV Closed circuit television systemCCU Coronary care unit; Critical care unitCD Current densityCDR Complimentary determining regionCDRH Center for Devices and Radiological

HealthCEA Carcinoembryonic antigenCF Conversion factor; Cystic fibrosisCFC Continuous flow cytometerCFR Code of Federal RegulationsCFU Colony forming unitsCGA Compressed Gas AssociationCGPM General Conference on Weights and

MeasuresCHO CarbohydrateCHO Chinese hamster ovaryCI Combination indexCICU Cardiac intensive care unitCIF Contrast improvement factorCIN Cervical intraepithelial neoplasiaCK Creatine kinaseCLAV ClavicleCLSA Computerized language sample analysisCM Cardiomyopathy; Code modulationCMAD Computer managed articulation diagnosisCMI Computer-managed instructionCMRR Common mode rejection ratioCMV Conventional mechanical ventilation;

CytomegalovirusCNS Central nervous systemCNV Contingent negative variationCO Carbon monoxide; Cardiac outputCOBAS Comprehensive Bio-Analysis SystemCOPD Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseCOR Center of rotationCP Cerebral palsy; Closing pressure; Creatine

phosphateCPB Cardiopulmonary bypassCPET Cardiac pacemaker electrode tipsCPM Computerized probe measurementsCPP Cerebral perfusion pressure;

Cryoprecipitated plasmaCPR Cardiopulmonary resuscitationcps Cycles per secondCPU Central Processing unitCR Center of resistance; Conditioned response;

Conductive rubber; CreatinineCRBB Complete right bundle branch blockCRD Completely randomized designCRL Crown rump lengthCRT Cathode ray tubeCS Conditioned stimulus; Contrast scale;

Crown seatCSA Compressed spectral arrayCSF Cerebrospinal fluidCSI Chemical shift imagingCSM Chemically sensitive membraneCT Computed tomography; Computerized

tomographyCTI Cumulative toxicity response indexCV Closing volume

xxii ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

C.V. Coefficient of variationCVA Cerebral vascular accidentCVP Central venous pressureCVR Cardiovascular resistanceCW Continuous waveCWE Coated wire electrodesCWRU Case Western Reserve UniversityDAC Digital-to-analog converterDAS Data acquisition systemdB DecibelDB Direct bodyDBMS Data base management systemDBS Deep brain stimulationdc Direct currentDCCT Diabetes control and complications trialDCP Distal cavity pressureDCS Dorsal column stimulationDDC Deck decompression chamberDDS Deep diving systemDE Dispersive electrodeDEN Device experience networkDERS Drug exception ordering systemDES Diffuse esophageal spasmd.f. Distribution functionDHCP Distributed Hospital Computer ProgramDHE Dihematoporphyrin etherDHEW Department of Health Education and

WelfareDHHS Department of Health and Human ServicesDHT Duration of hypothermiaDI Deionized waterDIC Displacement currentDIS Diagnostic interview scheduleDL Double layerDLI Difference lumen for intensityDM Delta modulationDME Dropping mercury electrodeDN Donation numberDNA Deoxyribonucleic acidDOF Degree of freedomDOS Drug ordering systemDOT-NHTSA Department of Transportation Highway

Traffic Safety AdministrationDPB Differential pencil beamDPG DiphosphoglycerateDQE Detection quantum efficiencyDRESS Depth-resolved surface coil spectroscopyDRG Diagnosis-related groupDSA Digital subtraction angiographyDSAR Differential scatter-air ratioDSB Double strand breaksDSC Differential scanning calorimetryD-T Deuterium-on-tritiumDTA Differential thermal analysisd.u. Density unitDUR DurationDVT Deep venous thrombosisEA Esophageal accelerogramEB Electron beamEBCDIC Extended binary code decimal interchange

code

EBS Early burn scarEBV EpsteinBarr VirusEC Ethyl celluloseECC Emergency cardiac care; Extracorporeal

circulationECCE Extracapsular cataract extinctionECD Electron capture detectorECG ElectrocardiogramECM Electrochemical machiningECMO Extracorporeal membrane oxygenationECOD Extracranial cerebrovascular occlusive

diseaseECRI Emergency Care Research InstituteECS Exners Comprehensive SystemECT Electroconvulsive shock therapy;

Electroconvulsive therapy; Emissioncomputed tomography

EDD Estimated date of deliveryEDP Aortic end diastolic pressureEDTA Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acidEDX Energy dispersive X-ray analysisEEG ElectroencephalogramEEI Electrode electrolyte interfaceEELV End-expiratory lung volumeEER Electrically evoked responseEF Ejection fractionEF Electric field; Evoked magnetic fieldsEFA Estimated fetal ageEGF Epidermal growth factorEGG ElectrogastrogramEIA Enzyme immunoassayEIU Electrode impedance unbalanceELF Extra low frequencyELGON Electrical goniometerELISA Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assayELS Energy loss spectroscopyELV Equivalent lung volumeEM ElectromagneticEMBS Engineering in Medicine and Biology

Societyemf Electromotive forceEMG ElectromyogramEMGE Integrated electromyogramEMI Electromagnetic interferenceEMS Emergency medical servicesEMT Emergency medical technicianENT Ear, nose, and throatEO Elbow orthosisEOG ElectrooculographyEOL End of lifeEOS EosinophilEP Elastoplastic; Evoked potentiateEPA Environmental protection agencyER Evoked responseERCP Endoscopic retrograde

cholangiopancreatographyERG Electron radiography;

ElectroretinogramERMF Event-related magnetic fieldERP Event-related potentialERV Expiratory reserve volume

ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS xxiii

ESCA Electron spectroscopy for chemicalanalysis

ESI Electrode skin impedanceESRD End-stage renal diseaseesu Electrostatic unitESU Electrosurgical unitESWL Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsyETO, Eto Ethylene oxideETT Exercise tolerance testingEVA Ethylene vinyl acetateEVR Endocardial viability ratioEW Extended wearFAD Flavin adenine dinucleotideFARA Flexible automation random analysisFBD Fetal biparietal diameterFBS Fetal bovine serumfcc Face centered cubicFCC Federal Communications CommissionFct FluorocritFDA Food and Drug AdministrationFDCA Food, Drug, and Cosmetic ActFE Finite elementFECG Fetal electrocardiogramFEF Forced expiratory flowFEL Free electron lasersFEM Finite element methodFEP Fluorinated ethylene propyleneFES Functional electrical stimulationFET Field-effect transistorFEV Forced expiratory volumeFFD Focal spot to film distanceFFT Fast Fourier transformFGF Fresh gas flowFHR Fetal heart rateFIC Forced inspiratory capacityFID Flame ionization detector; Free-induction

decayFIFO First-in-first-outFITC Fluorescent indicator tagged polymerFL Femur lengthFM Frequency modulationFNS Functional neuromuscular stimulationFO Foramen ovaleFO-CRT Fiber optics cathode ray tubeFP Fluorescence polarizationFPA Fibrinopeptide AFR Federal RegisterFRC Federal Radiation Council; Functional

residual capacityFSD Focus-to-surface distanceFTD Focal spot to tissue-plane distanceFTIR Fourier transform infraredFTMS Fourier transform mass spectrometerFU FluorouracilFUDR FloxuridineFVC Forced vital capacityFWHM Full width at half maximumFWTM Full width at tenth maximumGABA Gamma amino buteric acidGAG GlycosaminoglycanGBE Gas-bearing electrodynamometer

GC Gas chromatography; Guanine-cytosineGDT Gas discharge tubeGFR Glomerular filtration rateGHb Glycosylated hemoglobinGI GastrointestinalGLC Gasliquid chromatographyGMV General minimum varianceGNP Gross national productGPC Giant papillary conjunctivitisGPH Gas-permeable hardGPH-EW Gas-permeable hard lens extended wearGPO Government Printing OfficeGSC Gas-solid chromatographyGSR Galvanic skin responseGSWD Generalized spike-wave dischargeHA HydroxyapatiteHAM Helical axis of motionHb HemoglobinHBE His bundle electrogramHBO Hyperbaric oxygenationHC Head circumferenceHCA Hypothermic circulatory arrestHCFA Health care financing administrationHCL Harvard Cyclotron Laboratoryhcp Hexagonal close-packedHCP Half cell potentialHDPE High density polyethyleneHECS Hospital Equipment Control SystemHEMS Hospital Engineering Management

SystemHEPA High efficiency particulate air filterHES HydroxyethylstarchHETP Height equivalent to a theoretical plateHF High-frequency; Heating factorHFCWO High-frequency chest wall oscillationHFER High-frequency electromagnetic radiationHFJV High-frequency jet ventilationHFO High-frequency oscillatorHFOV High-frequency oscillatory ventilationHFPPV High-frequency positive pressure

ventilationHFV High-frequency ventilationHHS Department of Health and Human

ServicesHIBC Health industry bar codeHIMA Health Industry Manufacturers

AssociationHIP Hydrostatic indifference pointHIS Hospital information systemHK HexokinaseHL Hearing levelHMBA Hexamethylene bisacetamideHMO Health maintenance organizationHMWPE High-molecular-weight polyethyleneHOL Higher-order languagesHP Heating factor; His-PurkinjeHpD Hematoporphyrin derivativeHPLC High-performance liquid chromatographyHPNS High-pressure neurological syndromeHPS His-Purkinje systemHPX High peroxidase activity

xxiv ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

HR Heart rate; High-resolutionHRNB Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological

BatteryH/S Hard/softHSA Human serum albuminHSG HysterosalpingogramHTCA Human tumor cloning assayHTLV Human T cell lymphotrophic virusHU Heat unit; Houndsfield units; HydroxyureaHVL Half value layerHVR Hypoxic ventilatory responseHVT Half-value thicknessIA Image intensifier assembly; Inominate

arteryIABP Intraaortic balloon pumpingIAEA International Atomic Energy AgencyIAIMS Integrated Academic Information

Management SystemIASP International Association for the Study

of PainIC Inspiratory capacity; Integrated circuitICCE Intracapsular cataract extractionICD Intracervical deviceICDA International classification of diagnosesICL Ms-clip lensICP Inductively coupled plasma;

Intracranial pressureICPA Intracranial pressure amplitudeICRP International Commission on

Radiological ProtectionICRU International Commission on Radiological

Units and MeasurementsICU Intensive care unitID Inside diameterIDDM Insulin dependent diabetes mellitusIDE Investigational device exemptionIDI Index of inspired gas distributionI:E Inspiratory: expiratoryIEC International Electrotechnical

Commission; Ion-exchangechromatography

IEEE Institute of Electrical and ElectronicsEngineers

IEP Individual educational programBETS Inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopyIF ImmunofluorescentIFIP International Federation for Information

ProcessingIFMBE International Federation for Medical and

Biological EngineeringIGFET Insulated-gate field-effect transistorIgG Immunoglobulin GIgM Immunoglobulin MIHP Inner Helmholtz planeIHSS Idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosisII Image intensifierIIIES Image intensifier input-exposure

sensitivityIM IntramuscularIMFET Immunologically sensitive field-effect

transistor

IMIA International Medical InformaticsAssociation

IMS Information management systemIMV Intermittent mandatory ventilationINF InterferonIOL Intraocular lensIPC Ion-pair chromatographyIPD Intermittent peritoneal dialysisIPG Impedance plethysmographyIPI Interpulse intervalIPPB Intermittent positive pressure breathingIPTS International practical temperature scaleIR Polyisoprene rubberIRB Institutional Review BoardIRBBB Incomplete right bundle branch blockIRPA International Radiation Protection

AssociationIRRAS Infrared reflection-absorption

spectroscopyIRRS Infrared reflection spectroscopyIRS Internal reflection spectroscopyIRV Inspiratory reserve capacityIS Image size; Ion-selectiveISC Infant skin servo controlISDA Instantaneous screw displacement axisISE Ion-selective electrodeISFET Ion-sensitive field effect transistorISIT Intensified silicon-intensified target tubeISO International Organization for

StandardizationISS Ion scattering spectroscopyIT IntrathecalITEP Institute of Theoretical and Experimental

PhysicsITEPI Instantaneous trailing edge pulse

impedanceITLC Instant thin-layer chromatographyIUD Intrauterine deviceIV IntravenousIVC Inferior vena cavaIVP Intraventricular pressureJCAH Joint Commission on the Accreditation

of HospitalsJND Just noticeable differenceJRP Joint replacement prosthesisKB Kent bundleKerma Kinetic energy released in unit massKO Knee orthosisKPM Kilopond meterKRPB Krebs-Ringer physiological bufferLA Left arm; Left atriumLAD Left anterior descending; Left axis

deviationLAE Left atrial enlargementLAK Lymphokine activated killerLAL Limulus amoebocyte lysateLAN Local area networkLAP Left atrial pressureLAT Left anterior temporalisLBBB Left bundle branch blockLC Left carotid; Liquid chromatography

ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS xxv

LCC Left coronary cuspLCD Liquid crystal displayLDA Laser Doppler anemometryLDF Laser Doppler flowmetryLDH Lactate dehydrogenaseLDPE Low density polyethyleneLEBS Low-energy brief stimulusLED Light-emitting diodeLEED Low energy electron diffractionLES Lower esophageal sphincterLESP Lower esophageal sphincter pressureLET Linear energy transferLF Low frequencyLH Luteinizing hormoneLHT Local hyperthermiaLL Left legLLDPE Linear low density polyethyleneLLPC Liquid-liquid partition chromatographyLLW Low-level wasteLM Left masseterLNNB Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological

BatteryLOS Length of stayLP Late potential; LumboperitonealLPA Left pulmonary arteryLPC Linear predictive codingLPT Left posterior temporalisLPV Left pulmonary veinsLRP Late receptor potentialLS Left subclavianLSC Liquid-solid adsorption chromatographyLSI Large scale integratedLSV Low-amplitude shear-wave

viscoelastometryLTI Low temperature isotropicLUC Large unstained cellsLV Left ventricleLVAD Left ventricular assist deviceLVDT Linear variable differential transformerLVEP Left ventricular ejection periodLVET Left ventricular ejection timeLVH Left ventricular hypertrophyLYMPH LymphocyteMAA Macroaggregated albuminMAC Minimal auditory capabilitiesMAN ManubriumMAP Mean airway pressure; Mean arterial

pressureMAST Military assistance to safety and trafficMBA Monoclonal antibodyMBV Maximum breathing ventilationMBX Monitoring branch exchangeMCA Methyl cryanoacrylateMCG MagnetocardiogramMCI Motion Control IncorporatedMCMI Millon Clinical Multiaxial InventoryMCT Microcatheter transducerMCV Mean corpuscular volumeMDC Medical diagnostic categoriesMDI Diphenylmethane diisocyanate;

Medical Database Informatics

MDP Mean diastolic aortic pressureMDR Medical device reportingMDS Multidimensional scalingME MyoelectricMED Minimum erythema doseMEDPAR Medicare provider analysis and reviewMEFV Maximal expiratory flow volumeMEG MagnetoencephalographyMeSH Medline subject headingMETS Metabolic equivalentsMF Melamine-formaldehydeMFP Magnetic field potentialMGH Massachusetts General HospitalMHV Magnetic heart vectorMI Myocardial infarctionMIC Minimum inhibitory concentrationMIFR Maximum inspiratory flow rateMINET Medical Information NetworkMIR Mercury-in-rubberMIS Medical information system;

Metal-insulator-semiconductorMIT Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyMIT/BIH Massachusetts Institute of Technology/

Beth Israel HospitalMMA Manual metal arc weldingMMA Methyl methacrylateMMECT Multiple-monitored ECTMMFR Maximum midexpiratory flow ratemm Hg Millimeters of mercuryMMPI Minnesota Multiphasic Personality

InventoryMMSE Minimum mean square errorMO Membrane oxygenationMONO MonocyteMOSFET Metal oxide silicon field-effect

transistorMP Mercaptopurine; Metacarpal-phalangealMPD Maximal permissible doseMR Magnetic resonanceMRG MagnetoretinogramMRI Magnetic resonance imagingMRS Magnetic resonance spectroscopyMRT Mean residence timeMS Mild steel; Multiple sclerosisMSR Magnetically shielded roomMTBF Mean time between failureMTF Modulation transfer functionMTTR Mean time to repairMTX MethotroxateMUA Motor unit activityMUAP Motor unit action potentialMUAPT Motor unit action potential trainMUMPI Missouri University Multi-Plane

ImagerMUMPS Massachusetts General Hospital utility

multiuser programming systemMV Mitral valveMVO2 Maximal oxygen uptakeMVTR Moisture vapor transmission rateMVV Maximum voluntary ventilationMW Molecular weight

xxvi ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

NAA Neutron activation analysisNAD Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotideNADH Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide,

reduced formNADP Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

phosphateNAF Neutrophil activating factorNARM Naturally occurring and accelerator-

produced radioactive materialsNBB Normal buffer baseNBD Neuromuscular blocking drugsN-BPC Normal bonded phase chromatographyNBS National Bureau of StandardsNCC Noncoronary cuspNCCLS National Committee for Clinical

Laboratory Standards; NationalCommittee on Clinical LaboratoryStandards

NCRP National Council on Radiation ProtectionNCT Neutron capture theoryNEEP Negative end-expiratory pressureNEMA National Electrical Manufacturers

AssociationNEMR Nonionizing electromagnetic radiationNEQ Noise equivalent quantaNET NorethisteroneNEUT NeutrophilNFPA National Fire Protection AssociationNH Neonatal hepatitisNHE Normal hydrogen electrodeNHLBI National Heart, Lung, and Blood InstituteNIR Nonionizing radiationNIRS National Institute for Radiologic ScienceNK Natural killerNMJ Neuromuscular junctionNMOS N-type metal oxide siliconNMR Nuclear magnetic resonanceNMS Neuromuscular stimulationNPH Normal pressure hydrocephalusNPL National Physical LaboratoryNR Natural rubberNRC Nuclear Regulatory CommissionNRZ Non-return-to-zeroNTC Negative temperature coefficientNTIS National Technical Information ServiceNVT Neutrons versus timeNYHA New York Heart Associationob/gyn Obstetrics and gynecologyOCR Off-center ratio; Optical character

recognitionOCV Open circuit voltageOD Optical density; Outside diameterODC Oxyhemoglobin dissociation curveODT Oxygen delivery truckODU Optical density unitOER Oxygen enhancement ratioOFD Object to film distance; Occiputo-frontal

diameterOHL Outer Helmholtz layerOHP Outer Helmholtz planeOIH Orthoiodohippurate

OPG Ocular pneumoplethysmographyOR Operating roomOS Object of known size; Operating systemOTC Over the counterOV Offset voltagePA Posterioanterior; Pulmonary artery;

Pulse amplitudePACS Picture archiving and communications

systemsPAD Primary afferent depolarizationPAM Pulse amplitude modulationPAN PolyacrylonitrilePAP Pulmonary artery pressurePAR Photoactivation ratioPARFR Program for Applied Research on

Fertility RegulationPARR Poetanesthesia recovery roomPAS Photoacoustic spectroscopyPASG Pneumatic antishock garmentPBI Penile brachial indexPBL Positive beam limitationPBT