encyclopedia of creativity, invention, innovation, and entrepreneurship

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Encyclopedia of Creativity, Invention,Innovation, and Entrepreneurship



Elias G. CarayannisEditor

Encyclopedia of Creativity, Invention,Innovation, andEntrepreneurship

With 376 Figures and 97 Tables



Editor

Elias G. CarayannisDepartment of Information Systems & TechnologyManagement, School of BusinessGeorge Washington UniversityWashington, DC, USA

ISBN 978-1-4614-3857-1 ISBN 978-1-4614-3858-8 (eBook)

ISBN 978-1-4614-4579-1 (Print and electronic bundle)DOI 10.1007/ 978-1-4614-3858-8Springer New York Heidelberg Dordrecht London

Library of Congress Control Number: 2013931184

# Springer Science þ Business Media LLC 2013

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microlms or in any other physical way,and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software,or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from thislegal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or materialsupplied specically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of his publication or parts thereof ispermitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in itscurrent version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liableto prosecution under the respective Copyright Law.The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in thispublication does not imply, even in the absence of specic statement, that such names are exemptfrom the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legalresponsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty,express or mplied, with respect to the material contained herein.

Printed on acid-free paper

Springer is part of Springer Science þ Business Media ( www.springer.com )

http://www.springer.com/

http://www.springer.com/



The CI2E Encyclopedia will consist of both print and on-line versions andwill remain a living conceptual platform that will incorporate new entries onan ongoing basis in its online version and will have follow up print editionson a periodic basis.

May 2013 Elias G. CarayannisPhD, MBA, BScEE, CPMMA

Washington, DC, USA

vi Preface



About the Editor

Elias G. Carayannis

Title: Professor of Science, Technology, Innovation and EntrepreneurshipDepartment: Information Systems & Technology Management, School of BusinessAddress: Funger Hall, Suite 515CPhone: (202) 994-4062Email: [email protected]

Degrees:

Ph.D., Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 1994M.B.A., Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 1990B.Sc.E.E., National Technical University of Athens, Greece, 1985

Area of ExpertiseDr. Elias G. Carayannis is full professor of Science, Technology, Innovationand Entrepreneurship, as well as co-founder and co-director of the Global andEntrepreneurial Finance Research Institute (GEFRI) and director of Researchon Science, Technology, Innovation and Entrepreneurship, European UnionResearch Center, (EURC) at the School of Business of the George Washington

University in Washington, DC. Dr. Carayannis’ teaching and research activi-ties focus on the areas of strategic Government-University-Industry R&D

vii

http://mailto:[email protected]/

http://mailto:[email protected]/



partnerships, technology road-mapping, technology transfer and commercial-ization, international science and technology policy, technological entrepre-neurship, and regional economic development.

PublicationsDr. Carayannis has several publications in both academic and practitioner journals, including the following:• IEEE Transactions in Engineering Management• Research Policy• Journal of R&D Management• Journal of Engineering and Technology Management• International Journal of Technology Management• International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation Management• International Journal of Technovation• Journal of Technology Transfer

• Engineering Management Journal• Journal of Growth and Change• Review of Regional Studies• International Journal of Global Energy Issues• International Journal of Environment and Pollution• Le Progres Technique• Focus on Change Management

He has also published 16 books to date on science, technology, innovationand entrepreneurship with Springer Publishers, CRC Press, Praeger/ Greenwood, Palgrave/MacMillan, and Edward Elgar, and has several more

projects under contract.He has also published working papers with the World Bank and given

invited lectures on a number of occasions at the World Bank, the IADB, theEuropean Union, and several universities.

Professional ActivitiesDr. Carayannis has the following professional roles and afliations:• Editor in chief of the Springer Journal of the Knowledge Economy• Editor in chief of the Springer Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship:

A Systems View Across Time and Space

• Editor in chief of the IGI International Journal of Social Ecology andSustainable Development

• Editor in chief of the Edward Elgar Book Series on Science, Technology,Innovation and Entrepreneurship

• Editor in chief of the Springer Book Series on Innovation, Technology,and Knowledge Management

• Associate editor of the International Journal of Innovation and RegionalDevelopment

• Visiting professor at the Jo ¨nko ping School of Entrepreneurship, Sweden• Visiting professor at Grenoble Ecole de Management, France

• Visiting senior research fellow at Southeastern European Research Center,Greece• Visiting senior research fellow at NIFU-STEP, Norway

viii About the Editor



He has consulted for a wide variety of technology-driven organizations inboth government and the private sector, including the World Bank, theEuropean Commission, the Inter-American Development Bank, the USAgency for International Development, IKED, the National ScienceFoundation Small Business Innovation Research Program, the National Insti-tute of Standards and Technology Advanced Technology Program, theNational Coalition for Advanced Manufacturing (NACFAM), the USNCNO Ofce, Sandia National Laboratories’ New Technological VenturesInitiative, the General Electric Corporate Training & Development Center,Cowen & Co, First Albany International, and others.

Current ResearchDr. Carayannis is engaged with doctoral students and colleagues from aroundthe world in the following areas of research:• Technology Innovation and Entrepreneurship

• New Technology Ventures Formation and Financing• Technology Innovation Metrics and Measurement• International Science & Technology Policies and Practices• International Development and Technology Entrepreneurship• Technology Transfer and Commercialization• Strategic Government – University-Industry R&D Partnerships• Regional Economic Development• Innovation Networks and Knowledge Clusters• ICT-Enabled Technology Innovation and Entrepreneurship

OtherDr. Carayannis is the co-founder and co-director of the Global andEntrepreneurial Finance Research Institute (GEFRI) and director of Researchon Science, Technology, Innovation and Entrepreneurship of the EuropeanUnion Research Center (EURC) at the GW School of Business.

He is uent in English, French, German, Greek, and has a workingknowledge of Spanish.

About the Editor ix



Associate Editors

Igor N. Dubina , Ph.D. in Social Philosophy, Dr.Sc.h. in MathematicalEconomics, Vice-Rector for Strategic Programs and International Coopera-tion, Altai State University.

Igor N. Dubina has a Ph.D. in social sciences and a Dr.Sc. in mathematicaleconomics. Recently, he is a vice-rector for Strategic Programs and Interna-tional Cooperation and professor of Mathematical Economics at Altai StateUniversity, Barnaul, Russia. His educational background is in the elds of economics and statistical analysis, his Ph.D. dissertation (1999) was on thetopic “Creativity as a Phenomenon of Social Communications,” and his

habilitation Dr.Sc. dissertation (2012) was on the topic “Game TheoryModels for the Organization of Creative and Innovative Activities inFirms.” His research interests are concentrated in interdisciplinaryapproaches to creativity and innovation studies, mathematical and computer simulation of innovation, survey design and statistical methods for empiricalsocial and economic research.

Dr. Dubina has published 11 monographs and textbooks on creativityand innovation management, and mathematical methods and modelsfor social and economic research, including Creativity Management in the Innovation Economy (Moscow, 2009); Statistical Methods for Social

and Economic Research (Moscow, 2010); Game Theory Fundamentals(Moscow, 2010); Managing Creative and Innovative People: The Art,

xi



Science and Craft of Fostering Creativity, Triggering Invention and Catalyzing Innovation (London/Westport, 2007); Creative Approaches in Business and Management (Barnaul, 2007); and over 80 papers in Russianand English.

During 2010–2011 academic year, Dr. Dubina was a Fulbrightvisiting scholar at the George Washington University (GWU) School of Business (Washington, DC). From August 2004 to July 2005, he worked inthe Department of Management Science at GWU and in the InternationalCenter for Studies in Creativity (Buffalo, NY) as a visiting research scholar.During the 2009 fall semester, he was in a position of a visitingresearch fellow at the Central European University (Budapest, Hungary).He presented conference papers in over 20 countries and gave guestlectures in George Washington University, Texas A&M University,Drake University, Buffalo State College, Waubonsee College (USA),Central European University (Hungary), Japan Institute of Applied

Technologies, Kindai University (Japan), and other universities over theworld.

xii Associate Editors



Norbert M. Seel , Dr. phil. Dr. habil, Professor emeritus of Education,

University of Freiburg, Germany.

Dr. Norbert M. Seel was chair and distinguished professor for research onlearning and instruction as well as the head of the Department of EducationalScience at the Albert-Ludwigs-University at Freiburg, Germany, untilSeptember 2012. From 1992 to 1998, he was a professor at the TechnicalUniversity of Dresden where he also was the dean of the School of Education.He graduated from Saarland University in 1979.

His research interests include model-based learning and thinking, induc-tive reasoning and complex problem solving, the investigation of exploratory

learning within technology-enhanced environments, creativity and processesof decision making in instructional settings.Dr. Seel has published or edited more than 20 books, among them the

textbook Psychology of Learning (2nd ed.), as well as more than 200 refereed journal articles and book chapters in the area of cognitive psychology,learning research and instruction. He is the editor in chief of the Encyclopediaof the Sciences of Learning .

Associate Editors xiii



David F. J. Campbell , The Alpen-Adria-University Klagenfurt, Faculty for

Interdisciplinary Studies (iff), Institute of Science Communication andHigher Education Research (WIHO), Vienna, Austria.

The University of Applied Arts Vienna, Unit for Quality Enhancement,Vienna, Austria.

The University of Vienna, Lecturer in Political Science, Department of Political Science, Vienna, Austria.

David F. J. Campbell is a research fellow (senior scientist) at the Institute of Science Communication and Higher Education Research (WIHO), Facultyfor Interdisciplinary Studies (iff), Alpen-Adria-University of Klagenfurt(http://uni-klu.ac.at/wiho/inhalt/876.htm ); lecturer in Political Scienceat the University of Vienna ( http://politikwissenschaft.univie.ac.at/institut/ personen/lektorinnen/ ); and quality enhancement manager and qualityresearcher at the University of Applied Arts in Vienna ( http://www.dieangewandte.at/jart/prj3/angewandte/main.jart?rel=de&content-id=1268829109404&reserve-mode=active ). He studied political science at the Univer-sity of Vienna and nished with a doctoral degree in 1996.

Campbell lead-authored Epistemic Governance in HigherEducation: Qual-ity Enhancement of Universities for Development (Springer, 2013) and Democ-racy Ranking (Edition 2012): The Quality of Democracy in the World (Bookson Demand, 2012); coauthored Mode 3 Knowledge Production in Quadruple Helix Innovation Systems: 21st-Century Democracy, Innovation, and Entre- preneurship for Development (Springer, 2012); coedited Encyclopedia of Creativity, Invention, Innovation and Entrepreneurship (Springer, 2013, forth-coming); Knowledge Creation, Diffusion, and Use in Innovation Networks and Knowledge Clusters (Praeger, 2006); and Demokratiequalita ¨ t in O sterreich: Zustand und Entwicklungsperspektiven (Leske+Budrich, 2002) (“DemocracyQuality in Austria”). His articles on knowledge, innovation, knowledge econ-omy and democracy, knowledge democracy, and quality of democracy havebeen published in several international journals. Campbell teaches (taught) atthe University of Klagenfurt, University of Vienna, and George WashingtonUniversity in Washington D.C. (Elliott School of International Affairs).

xiv Associate Editors

http://uni-klu.ac.at/wiho/inhalt/876.htm

http://politikwissenschaft.univie.ac.at/institut/personen/lektorinnen/


http://www.dieangewandte.at/jart/prj3/angewandte/main.jart?rel=de&content-id=1268829109404&reserve-mode=active








http://uni-klu.ac.at/wiho/inhalt/876.htm



David Campbell is academic director of the global Democracy Rankingof the quality of democracy ( http://www.democracyranking.org ), and senior associate editor of two new journals, launched in 2010 and 2012:1. Journal of the Knowledge Economy (JKEC) (SPRINGER) , http://

www.springer.com/economics/policy/journal/131322. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship (JIE) (SPRINGER

Open Source) , http://www.springer.com/business+%26+ management/ entrepreneurship/journal/13731

Associate Editors xv

http://www.democracyranking.org/

http://www.springer.com/economics/policy/journal/13132


http://www.springer.com/business+%26+management/entrepreneurship/journal/13731






http://www.democracyranking.org/



Dimitri Uzunidis , Professor of Economics, University of Littoral and

Westford Business School.

After having worked in various international and Hellenic institutions(Ministry of Industry and the Economy), Dimitri Uzunidis was named as anassociate professor in 1992 at the new University of Littoral Co ˆ te d’Opale(Dunkirk, France). He participated in the establishment of this university,where he founded and managed the Research Unit on Industry and Innovation(Lab.RII). A specialist in the international political economics and in theeconomics of innovation and entrepreneurship, he currently teaches in someFrench-speaking and Greek universities.

Dimitri Uzunidis has published and edited many books on internationaleconomics and on economics of innovation. The research he has developedon the innovation, entrepreneur, and the dynamics of capitalism has given riseto some major publications at the international level: John Kenneth Galbraithand the Future of Economics (Palgrave MacMillan, London, 2005); Innova-tion, Evolution and Economic Change: New Ideas in the Tradition of Galbraith (E. Elgar, Cheltenham, 2006); Genesis of Innovation: Systemic Linkages Between Knowledge and Market (E. Elgar, Cheltenham, 2008); Powerful Finance and Innovation Trends in a High-Risk Economy (PalgraveMacMillan, 2008); Innovation Networks and Clusters: The Knowledge Backbone (Peter Lang, Brussels, 2010); and Crisis, Innovation and Sustainable Development: The Ecological Opportunity (E. Elgar, Cheltenham, 2012).

Dimitri Uzunidis has also signicant responsibilities in the scienticedition sector, he is the editor of international journals: Innovations, Cahiersd’e conomie de l’innovation and Journal of Innovation Economics. Theformer in French and the latter in English are published by De Boeck andCairn. He is also director of publication of the series Marche ´ et organisationsand L’esprit e ´conomique at L’Harmattan, Paris. He is also editor of Businessand Innovation series, Peter Lang, Brussels.

Dimitri Uzunidis is currently president of the Research Network onInnovation ( http://2ri.eu ).

xvi Associate Editors

http://2ri.eu/

http://2ri.eu/



Contributors

Marian Adolf Karl Mannheim Chair for Cultural Studies, ZeppelinUniversity, Friedrichshafen, Lake Constance, Germany

Omer Akin School of Architecture, Carnegie Mellon University,Pittsburgh, PA, USA

Carol R. Aldous School of Education, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA,Australia

Andrei G. Aleinikov International Academy of Genius, Monterey, CA,USA

Laurice Alexandre-Leclair Research Network on Innovation, CEDAGParis Descartes University, Paris, France

Sharam Alijani Department of Strategy and Entrepreneurship, ReimsManagement School, Reims, France

Darien Allan Faculty of Education, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC,Canada

Carl Martin Allwood Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, Go ¨ teborg, Sweden

Beth Altringer Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Sciences,Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA

MIT International Design Center, Cambridge, MA, USA

Alessandro Antonietti Department of Psychology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Milan, Italy

Markus Arnold Faculty of Interdisciplinary Studies (IFF), Institute for Science Communication & Higher Education Research (WIHO), Alpen-Adria University of Klagenfurt, Vienna, Austria

Arvind Ashta Burgundy School of Business (ESC Dijon-Bourgogne),CEREN, CERMi, Dijon, France

Jonathan Baine ´e ENSTA ParisTech, Universite ´ Paris 1 Panthe´on-Sorbonne – France, Paris, France

Mohamed Bakhouya Department of Engineering Design and Production,Aalto University School of Science and Technology, Aalto, Finland

xvii



Chafk Bakkali University of Montpellier 1, Montpellier RechercheManagement, ISEM, Montpellier, France

Pierre Barbaroux French Air Force Research Center, BA 701-EOAA/ CReA, Salon Air-France, France

Gerald Bartels Universite´ de Montre al, Montreal, Canada

Thorsten D. Barth Political Scientist & Academic Entrepreneur, ViennaDemocracy Ranking Organization - Academic Ranking Team, Vienna,Austria

Redouane Barzi Ecole Nationale de Commerce et Gestion, Universite ´ IbnTofail, Kenitra, Morocco

Tim Basadur College of Business, Krauss Hall 215, Concordia UniversityChicago, River Forest, IL, USA

Min Basadur Michael G. DeGroote School of Business, McMaster Univer-sity, Hamilton, ON, Canada

Gerald Bast University of Applied Arts Vienna, Vienna, Austria

Alain Philippe Batsale University of Paris 12, Paris, France

Frank Beckenbach University of Kassel, FB Wirtschaftswissenschaften,Kassel, Germany

Guy Ben-Ari Defense Industrial Initiatives Group, Center for Strategic andInternational Studies, Washington, DC, USA

Nicolas Bencherki Center for the Sociology of Innovation, Mines ParisTechUniversity, Paris, France

Philippe Be´raud TELECOM Bretagne & CIAPHS, Universite ´ de Rennes 2,Campus de Rennes, Cesson Se ´vigne , France

James Berry Kenan-Flagler Business School, University of North Carolinaat Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA

Tarek R. Besold Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Osnabr €uck,Osnabr €uck, Germany

Sonali Bhattacharya Symbiosis Centre for Management and HumanResource Development, Pune, Maharashtra, India

Shubhasheesh Bhattacharya Symbiosis Institute of International Business,Pune, Maharashtra, India

Peter S. Biegelbauer Department Foresight and Policy Development,Austrian Institute of Technology, Vienna, Austria

Magdalena Bielenia-Grajewska University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland

Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati (SISSA), Trieste, Italy

Andreas Binder Industrial Mathematics Competence Center, MathConsultGmbH, Linz, Upper Austria, Austria

xviii Contributors



Mauro Birattari IRIDIA, Universite ´ Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles,Belgium

Alan F. Blackwell Computer Laboratory, Crucible Network for Research inInterdisciplinary Design, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK

Gerhard W. E. Blasche Center for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria

Vincent Boly Equipe de recherche sur les processus innovatifs (ERPI),Universite´ de Lorraine, Nancy, France

Maria Bonnafous-Boucher Novancia Business School Paris, Paris, France

Najoua Boufaden ISG – Institut Supe´rieur de Gestion, Paris-France, Paris,France

Helene Perrin Boulonne France Angels, Paris, France

Pierre Bourgogne CAIRN-INNOVATION Consulting Agency, BLENOD-LES-PAM, France

Sophie Boutillier Research Unit on Industry and Innovation/CLERSE– CNRS (UMR 8019), University of Lille Nord de France, Research Networkon Innovation, Dunkerque, France

Research Unit on Industry and Innovation, University of Littoral Co ˆ ted’Opale, Dunkerque, France

Jay L. Brand Ideation, Haworth, Inc., Holland, MI, USA

Pascale Brenet IAE, Universite ´ de Franche-Comte ´ , Besancon, France

Marc B €uhlmann Anne e Politique Suisse, Institute of Political Science,University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland

Thierry Burger-Helmchen BETA- Bureau d’Economie The ´orique etApplique´e, EM Strasbourg, Universite ´ de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France

Cyndi Burnett International Center for Studies in Creativity, Buffalo,NY, USA

Kevin Byron Queen Mary, University of London, London, UK

John F. Cabra International Center for Studies in Creativity, Buffalo State,Buffalo, NY, USA

Anuja Cabraal Graduate School of Business and Law, College of Business,RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia

Mauricio Camargo ERPI, University of Lorraine, Nancy, France

David F. J. Campbell Faculty for Interdisciplinary Studies (IFF), Instituteof Science Communication and Higher Education Research, Alpen–Adria– University Klagenfurt, Vienna, Austria

University of Applied Arts, Vienna, Austria

Contributors xix



George S. Campbell Vienna, Austria

Elias G. Carayannis Department of Information Systems & TechnologyManagement, School of Business, The George Washington University,Washington, DC, USA

Hernan Casakin School of Architecture, Ariel University Center of Samaria, Ariel, Israel

Didier Chabaud Universite´ d’Avignon IUT TC, Avignon, France

Ming Ming Chiu University at Buffalo, State University of New York,Buffalo, NY, USA

Denis Choulier University of Technology of Belfort Montbe ´liard, Belfort,France

Francois Christophe Department of Engineering Design and Production,

Aalto University School of Science and Technology, Aalto, Finland

Eric Coatane ´a Department of Engineering Design and Production, AaltoUniversity School of Science and Technology, Aalto, Finland

Cinzia Colapinto Department of Management, Ca’ Foscari UniversityVenice, Venice, Italy

Barbara Colombo Department of Psychology, Catholic University of theSacred Heart, Milan, Italy

Franck Cormerais Universite´ of Bordeaux 3 & MICA, Bordeaux, France

Mawuli Couchoro CERFEG, FASEG, Universite ´ de Lome , Lome, Togo

Jerry Courvisanos The Business School, University of Ballarat, Ballarat,Victoria, Australia

Helen De Cruz Somerville College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

Centre for Logic and Analytical Philosophy, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven,Leuven, Belgium

Alexander Damianisch Support Art and Research, University of AppliedArts, Vienna, Austria

Marie-France Daniel Departement de kine ´siologie, Universite ´ de Montre al,Montre al, Que bec, Canada

Maria Daskalakis University of Kassel, FB Wirtschaftswissenschaften,Kassel, Germany

Jim Davies Institute of Cognitive Science, Carleton University, Ottawa,ON, Canada

James Day Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of BritishColumbia, Vancouver, Canada

Karl Dayson Department of Sociology and Criminolgy, University of Salford, Salford, UK

xx Contributors



Andrea Gaggioli Department of Psychology, Catholic University of theSacred Heart, Milan, Italy

Mathieu Gagnon Universite´ de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Que ´bec, Canada

Delphine Gallaud INRA CESAER (UMR 1041), Unite ´ Mixte de RechercheINRA-Agrosup, Dijon Cedex, France

Faı z Gallouj Clerse -CNRS, University Lille 1 and RRI, Villeneuve d’Ascq,France

Christian Garaus Institute of Human Resource and Change Management,Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Upper Austria, Austria

Raghu Garud Department of Management and Organization, The Pennsyl-vania State University, State College, PA, USA

Brigitte Gay University of Toulouse, Toulouse Business School, Toulouse,France

Robert M. Gemmell Department of Strategy and Entrepreneurship,Robinson College of Business, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA

Horst Geschka Geschka & Partner Unternehmensberatung, Darmstadt,Germany

Michael Gibbons SPRU (Science Policy Research Unit), University of Sussex, Brighton, UK

Georg Glaeser Institute of Arts and Technology, Department of Geometry,University of Applied Arts Vienna, Vienna, Austria

Aytac Gogus BAGEM, Center for Individual and Academic Development,Sabanci University, Istanbul, Turkey

Richard Tabor Greene De Tao Master’s Academy, Beijing, China

System Design & Management, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan

Samapti Guha Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Mumbai, Maharashtra,India

Priya Dhamija Gupta Symbiosis Centre for Management and HumanResource Management, Pune, Maharashtra, India

Wolfgang H. G €uttel Institute of Human Resource and Change Manage-ment, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Upper Austria, Austria

Samia Haddad Institute of High Commercial Studies of Tunis (IHEC),Tunis, Tunisia

Mavis Haigh Faculty of Education, The University of Auckland, Auckland,New Zealand

Abdelillah Hamdouch Planning Department, Polytechnic School, Univer-sity of Tours, Tours, Cedex 3, France

xxii Contributors



Ulrike Hanke Department of Educational Science, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany

Cynthia Hardy Department of Management & Marketing, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia

Phillip Sinclair Harvard EIGSI – University of La Rochelle, La Rochelle,France

Parina Hassanaly IEP (Institute of Political Studies), Aix en Provence,France

John Haworth Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK

Thomas Heinze Lehrstuhl f €ur Organisationssoziologie, BergischeUniversit €at Wuppertal, Germany

Andreas Heller University of Klagenfurt | Vienna Graz, Faculty of Inter-

disciplinary Studies (IFF Vienna) Department of Palliative Care andOrganisational Ethics, Vienna, Austria

Ludger Helms University of Innsbruck, Institute of Political Science,Innsbruck, Austria

Sven Hemlin Gothenburg Research Institute (GRI), School of Business,Economics and Law & Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg,Go teborg, Sweden

Beth A. Hennessey Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA, USA

MIT International Design Center, Cambridge, MA, USATakeo Higuchi Idea-Marathon Institute (IMS Institute)/University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo, Japan

Rae Ann Hirsh Early Childhood, Carlow University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

Indiana University of Pennsylvania,

Josef Hochgerner Centre for Social Innovation (ZSI), Vienna, Vienna,Austria

Bjørn M. Hofmann University College of Gjøvik, Gjøvik, Norway

University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway

W. David Holford Department of Management and Technology, School of Management Sciences (ESG), University of Quebec at Montreal (UQAM),Montreal, QC, Canada

Werner Holzl Austrian Institute of Economic Research (WIFO), Vienna,Austria

Jesus Huerta de Soto Catedra tico de Economı ´a Polı tica, Universidad ReyJuan Carlos, Madrid, Spain

Samuel T. Hunter The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA,USA

Contributors xxiii



David A. Kolb Department of Organization Behavior, Weatherhead Schoolof Management, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA

Stefan Konlechner Institute of Human Resource and Change Management,Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Upper Austria, Austria

Gerhard Krauss Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Rennes 2,Rennes, France

Georg Kr €ucken International Centre for Higher Education Research(INCHER), University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany

Ulf Krumnack Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Osnabr €uck,Osnabr €uck, Germany

Stefan Kuhlmann Science, Technology, and Policy Studies (STePS),University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands

Kai-Uwe K €uhnberger Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Osnabr €uck, Osnabr €uck, Germany

Hubert Lackner Institute of Human Resource and Change Management,Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Upper Austria, Austria

Thomas Lans Education and Competence Studies Group, WageningenUniversity, Wageningen, The Netherlands

Blandine Laperche Research Unit on Industry and Innovation/CLERSE– CNRS (UMR 8019), University of Lille Nord de France, Research Networkon Innovation, Dunkerque, France

Research Unit on Industry and Innovation, University of Littoral Co ˆ ted’Opale, Dunkerque, France

Edgar Lasevich Thinking Approach Group (TA Group), Riga, Latvia

Kung Wong Lau Institute of Textiles & Clothing, The Hong KongPolytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong

Eric Michael Laviolette Novancia Business School Paris, Paris, France

Divya Leducq School of Geography and Planning, University of Lille 1,Villeneuve d’Ascq, France

Johannes Leitner University for Applied Sciences b Vienna, Vienna,Austria

Nadine Levratto EconomiX, UMR 7235 CNRS, University Paris OuestNanterre La De´fense and Euromed Management, Nanterre, France

Loet Leydesdorff Amsterdam School of Communication Research(ASCoR), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Gordana Licina Michael G. DeGroote School of Business, McMaster University, Brampton, ON, Canada

Contributors xxv



Peter Liljedahl Faculty of Education, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby,BC, Canada

Malin Lindberg Department of Business Administration, Technology andSocial Sciences, Lulea ˚ University of Technology, Lulea ˚, Sweden

Bengt-A ke Lundvall Department of Business and Management, AalborgUniversity, Aalborg, Denmark

Stuart Mackenzie The Business School, University of Ballarat, Ballarat,Victoria, Australia

Steve Maguire Desautels Faculty of Management, McGill University,Montreal, Canada

Michel Marchesnay ERFI, Universite ´ de Montpellier, Montpelier, France

Ben R. Martin SPRU – Science and Technology Policy Research, The

Freeman Centre, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK

Jason L. Mast Karl Mannheim Chair for Cultural Studies, ZeppelinUniversity, Friedrichshafen, Lake Constance, Germany

Ruth Mateus-Berr Institute of Art Sciences and Art Education, Institute of Art & Society, University of Applied Arts Vienna, Vienna, Austria

Camargo Mauricio ERPI, University of Lorraine, Nancy, France

Kurt Mayer REFLACT – Sustainable Consulting, Vienna, Austria

Galina Medyna Department of Engineering Design and Production, AaltoUniversity School of Science and Technology, Aalto, Finland

Celine Merlin-Brogniart CLERSE, Lille, France

University of Lille–France, Villeneuve d’Ascq, France

Karim Messeghem University of Montpellier 1, Montpellier RechercheManagement, AES, Montpellier, France

Michael Meyer Nonprot Management Group, WU – Vienna University of Economics and Business, Vienna, Austria

Winter Meyer Learning Research Institute, California State University atSan Bernardino, San Bernardino, CA, USA

Dimis Michaelides Performa Consulting, Nicosia, Cyprus

Blair Miller Blair Miller Innovation, Evanston, IL, USA

Alfonso Montuori Department of Transformative Inquiry, CaliforniaInstitute of Integral Studies, San Francisco, CA, USA

Seana Moran Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore,Singapore

MIT International Design Center, Cambridge, MA, USA

Laure Morel ERPI, University of Lorraine, Nancy, France

xxvi Contributors



Piera Morlacchi Department of Business and Management, School of Business Management and Economics (BMEc), University of Sussex,Falmer, East Sussex, UK

Barbara M €uller Institute of Human Resource and Change Management,

Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Upper Austria, AustriaKarl H. M €uller Wiener Institut f €ur Sozialwissenschaftliche Dokumentationund Methodik (WISDOM), Vienna, Austria

Marc Muller International University Institute, Munsbach, Luxembourg

Francis Munier BETA, Universite ´ de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France

Abu Saleh Mohammad Musa Credit and Development Forum (CDF),Dhaka, Bangladesh

Bence Nanay Centre for Philosophical Psychology, University of Antwerp,Antwerp, Belgium

Peterhouse University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK

Ferreira Nathalie Research Network of Innovation, Paris, France

Patrice Noailles RRI – Marne-la-Valle ´e University, SeillansInvestissement, MemoPage.com, Paris, France

Kamisah Osman Faculty of Education, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia,The National University of Malaysia, Bangi Selangor, Malaysia

Andreas Panagopoulos University of Crete, Rethymnon, Greece

Elke Park Institute for Science Communication and Higher EducationResearch (WIHO), University of Klagenfurt, Vienna, Austria

Florin Paun ONERA – The French Aerospace Lab, Palaiseau Cedex,France

Ingrid Vaileanu Paun Institut de l’Evaluation Participative de la Valeur Territoriale, Issy-les-Moulineaux, France

Michael Pawlikowski University at Buffalo, State University of New York,Buffalo, NY, USA

Michael Peneder Austrian Institute of Economic Research (WIFO),Vienna, Austria

Julien Pe´nin University of Strasbourg – BETA (UMR 7522 CNRS-UdS),Strasbourg Cedex, France

Yvon Pesqueux Conservatoire National des Arts et Me ´tiers,Developpement des Syste `mes d’Organisation, Paris, France

Francesca Petrella Lest CNRS, Aix-Marseille Universite ´ , Aix-en-provence, France

Contributors xxvii



Thomas Pfeffer Department for Migration and Globalization, DanubeUniversity Krems, Krems, Austria

Institute for Science Communication and Higher Education Research,Klagenfurt University, Vienna, Austria

Fabienne Picard University of Technology of Belfort-Montbeliard, Belfort,France

Robert A. Pierce Christopher Newport University, NewportNews, VA, USA

Carlotta Piscopo IRIDIA, Universite ´ Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles,Belgium

Christian Poncet ART-Dev, University of Montpellier, Montpelier CEDEX 01, France

Colin Porlezza Institute of Media and Journalism, University of Lugano,Lugano, Switzerland

Barbara Prainsack Department of Sociology and Communications, BrunelUniversity School of Social Sciences, Uxbridge, Middlesex, UK

Heiko Prange-Gstohl DG Research & Innovation, European Commission,Brussels, Belgium

Hector Ramos Department of Educational Psychology, College of Educa-tion & Human Development, Texas A&M University, Bryan, TX, USA

Suzanna J. Ramos Department of Educational Psychology, College of Education & Human Development, Texas A&M University, College Station,TX, USA

Kathleen Randerson University of Grenoble IUT2-CERAG, Grenoble,France

Clint Randles Center for Music Education Research, School of Music,MUS 317 College of the Art, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA

Jacques-Laurent Ravix University of Nice Sophia Antipolis and CNRS,Valbonne, France

Julie Ray Reseau de Recherche sur l’Innovation, Dunkerque, France

Olga M. Razumnikova Cognitive Physiology Laboratory, State ResearchInstitute of Physiology SB RAMS, Novosibirsk State Technical University,Novosibirsk, Russia

Sophie Reboud UWA Western Australia

Groupe ESC Dijon Bourgogne, Burgundy School of Business, Dijon, France

Renaud Redien-Collot Novancia Business School Paris, Paris, France

Nadine Richez-Battesti Lest CNRS, Aix-Marseille Universite ´, Aix-en-provence, France

xxviii Contributors



Alan G. Robinson Isenberg School of Management, University of Massa-chusetts, Amherst, MA, USA

Serge Le Roux Research Unit on Industry and Innovation, University of Littoral, Dunkerque, France

Research Network on Innovation, Paris, France

Mark A. Runco University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA

Anne-Laure Saives Department of Management and Technology, School of Management Sciences (ESG), University of Quebec at Montreal (UQAM),Montreal, QC, Canada

Sylvie Sammut University of Montpellier 1, Montpellier RechercheManagement, ISEM, Montpellier, France

Aljona Sandgren School of Business, A˚

bo Akademi University,Turku/A bo, Finland

Department of Physical Geography and Quaternary Geology, StockholmUniversity, Sweden

Helene Schiffbaenker JOANNEUM RESEARCH, Vienna, Austria

Willi Schlegelmilch Manager, Accounting System Standardisation,Scho naich, Germany

Adele L. Schmidt School of Education and Professional Studies, Grifth

University, Brisbane, QLD, AustraliaRussell Schneck WorkingLessons, Red Hook, NY, USA

Wilfred Schoenmakers Management Studies Group, WageningenUniversity and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands

Klaus Schuch Centre for Social Innovation (ZSI), Vienna, Austria

Angela Schwering Institute for Geoinformatics, University of M €unster,M€unster, Germany

Norbert M. Seel Department of Education, University of Freiburg, Freiburg,Germany

Franz Seifert Austrian Science Fund FWF (Funding Organization), Vienna,Austria

Imen Selmi National Engineering School of Gabes (ENIG), Gabe `s, Tunisia

Pieter Seuneke Rural Sociology Group, Wageningen University,Wageningen, The Netherlands

Robina Shaheen The Open University, Milton, Keynes, UK

Dean Keith Simonton Department of Psychology, University of California,Davis, CA, USA

Contributors xxix



Ph Nina Slanevskaya St. Petersburg Centre for Interdisciplinary Neurosci-ence Ltd., St. Petersburg, Russia

David A. Smarsh International Academy of Genius, Monterey, CA, USA

Johan De Smedt Department of Philosophy & Ethics, Ghent University,Ghent, Belgium

Uehiro Centre for Practical Ethics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

Alexander Sokol Thinking Approach Group (TA Group), Riga, Latvia

Hefa SONG Institute of Policy and Management, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China

Markku Sotarauta School of Management, University of Tampere,Tampere, Finland

Philippe Spieser Groupe Escpeurope, Paris, France

John E. Spillan School of Business, University of North Carolina AtPembroke, Pembroke, NC, USA

Nico Stehr Karl Mannheim Chair for Cultural Studies, Zeppelin University,Friedrichshafen, Lake Constance, Germany

Anne Stenros KONE Corporation, Espoo, Finland

Sam Stern College of Education, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR,USA

Billy Strean Faculty of Physical Education and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada

K. S. Subramanian Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Mumbai, Maharashtra,India

Gregory Tassey National Institute of Standards and Technology,Gaithersburg, MD, USA

Leı la Temri Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France

Stephen Thaler Imagination Engines, Inc., St. Charles, MO, USA

Mazzarol Tim UWA Business School, Crawley, WA, Australia

Andre Torre AgroParistech, UMR SAD-APT, Paris, France

Olivier Torre `s University of Montpellier South of France, Montpellier,France

Faruk Ulgen UFR ESE-University of Grenoble II, Grenoble Cedex 9,France

Eskil Ullberg Interdisciplinary Center for Experimental Science, GeorgeMason University, Fairfax County, VA, USA

Diego Uribe-Larach Universidad Adolfo Ibanez, Las Condes, Santiago,Chile

xxx Contributors



Titus Yong Singapore Management University, Singapore, Singapore

Sureyya Yoruk University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA

Christopher Ziemnowicz Department of Management, Marketing, andInternational Business, The University of North Carolina at Pembroke,Pembroke, NC, USA

Andrea Zirm Hochschule f €ur Angewandte Wissenschaften (HAW),Wentorf, Hamburg, Germany

Boris Zlotin Ideation International Inc., Farmington Hills, MI, USA

Alla Zusman Ideation International Inc., Farmington Hills, MI, USA

xxxii Contributors

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