ENCYCLOPEDIA ofAGROPHYSICS

Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF AGROPHYSICS

About the Editors:Em. Prof. Jan Gliński, soil scientist, is a full member of the Polish Academy of Sciences. He was Director of the Institute of Agrophysics in Lublinfrom 1982 to 2003. He was one of the initiators and an active promoter of scientific cooperation between many universities and institutes in Polandand abroad, and organized many international conferences on agrophysics. He has been a member of the ISSS since 1961 and was vice-chairman ofthe Commission I (Soil Physics) of the ISSS in the period 1986–1990. He is the author or co-author of numerous papers, books, monographs, patentsand multilingual dictionaries in the field of agrophysics. He participated actively in eight World ISSS Congresses (1960, 1964, 1974, 1978, 1986,1990, 1994, and 1998). He serves as the Editor-in-Chief of the journal International Agrophysics (since 1992).

Józef Horabik is Director of the Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, in Lublin, Poland. He holds a M.Sc. degree in physics, aPh.D. in agricultural engineering, and is a professor of Agronomy. He is the Editor-in-Chief of Acta Agrophysica, an Associate Editor of Interna-tional Agrophysics, and a member of the Editorial Board of the Polish Journal of Soil Science. He works together with over 20 scientific institutionsin Poland and abroad. Over 260 scientific publications have been published to which he has contributed. His scientific interests are: applied physics,agrophysics, physical properties of agromaterials, modelling of mechanics of granular solids and food powders.

Jerzy Lipiec is a Professor of Soil Science and Plant Relations at the Institute of Agrophysics of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Lublin,Poland. He received his M.Sc. (1969), Ph.D. (1977) and D.Sc. (1983) in Soil Science from the Agricultural University of Lublin. He contributedwidely in research activities in various European countries, Japan, US and international projects. He serves on the advisory boards of several scien-tific journals and has published over 250 scientific papers. He is author or co-author of several chapters in books, including works as Soil PhysicalConditions and Plant Roots (CRC Press).

Editorial BoardWinfried E.H. BlumInstitute of Soil ResearchUniversity of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences (BOKU)Peter-Jordan-Str. 821190 ViennaAustria

Josse De BaerdemaekerDivision of MechatronicsBiostatistics and Sensors (MeBioS)Department of Biosystems, K.U. LeuvenKasteelpark Arenberg 303001 LeuvenBelgium

Charles W. FinklDepartment of GeosciencesFlorida Atlantic UniversityBoca Raton, FL 33431USA

Stanisław GrundasInstitute of AgrophysicsPolish Academy of Sciencesul. Doświadczalna 420-290 LublinPoland

Rainer HornInstitute for Plant Nutrition and Soil ScienceChristian Albrechts University of KielOlshausenstr. 4024118 KielGermany

Krystyna KonstankiewiczInstitute of AgrophysicsPolish Academy of Sciencesul. Doświadczalna 420-290 LublinPoland

Yakov A. PachepskyEnvironmental Microbial and Food Safety LaboratoryAnimal and Natural Resource InstituteBeltsville Agricultural Research Center, USDA-ARS10300 Baltimore Ave, Bldg. 173, BARC-EASTBeltsville, MD 20705USA

Evgeny V. SheinDepartment of Soil PhysicsMoscow State UniversityMoscow 119992Russia

Aims of the SeriesThe Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series provides comprehensive and authoritative coverage of all the main areas in the Earth Sciences. Each volumecomprises a focused and carefully chosen collection of contributions from leading names in the subject, with copious illustrations and reference lists.

These books represent one of the world’s leading resources for the Earth Sciences community. Previous volumes are being updated and newworks published so that the volumes will continue to be essential reading for all professional earth scientists, geologists, geophysicists, climatolo-gists, and oceanographers as well as for teachers and students. See the dust jacket of this volume for a current list of titles in the Encyclopedia ofEarth Sciences Series. Go to http://www.springerlink.com/reference-works/ to visit the “Earth Sciences Series” on-line.

About the Series EditorProfessor Charles W. Finkl has edited and/or contributed to more than eight volumes in the Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series. For the past 25years he has been the Executive Director of the Coastal Education &Research Foundation and Editor-in-Chief of the international Journal of CoastalResearch. In addition to these duties, he is Research Professor at Florida Atlantic University in Boca Raton, Florida, USA. He is a graduate of theUniversity of Western Australia (Perth) and previously worked for a wholly owned Australian subsidiary of the International Nickel Company ofCanada (INCO). During his career, he acquired field experience in Australia; the Caribbean; South America; SW Pacific islands; southern Africa;Western Europe; and the Pacific Northwest, Midwest, and Southeast USA.

Founding Series EditorProfessor Rhodes W. Fairbridge (deceased) has edited more than 24 Encyclopedias in the Earth Sciences Series. During his career he has worked asa petroleum geologist in theMiddle East, been aWW II intelligence officer in the SWPacific and led expeditions to the Sahara, Arctic Canada, ArcticScandinavia, Brazil and New Guinea. He was Emeritus Professor of Geology at Columbia University and was affiliated with the Goddard Institutefor Space Studies.

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF EARTH SCIENCES SERIES

ENCYCLOPEDIA ofAGROPHYSICS

edited by

JAN GLIŃSKIJÓZEF HORABIK

JERZY LIPIECInstitute of Agrophysics

Polish Academy of SciencesLublinPoland

Library of Congress Control Number: 2011924206

ISBN: 978-90-481-3584-4This publication is available also as:Electronic publication under ISBN 978-90-481-3585-1 andPrint and electronic bundle under ISBN 978-90-481-3586-8

Published by SpringerP.O. Box 17, 3300 AA Dordrecht, The Netherlands

Printed on acid-free paper

Cover illustration: Photo 26814460 from photos.com. © 2011 photos.com

Every effort has been made to contact the copyright holders of the figures and tables which have been reproduced fromother sources. Anyone who has not been properly credited is requested to contact the publishers, so that dueacknowledgment may be made in subsequent editions.

All Rights Reserved for Contributions on Hardpan Soils: Management; Soil Penetrometers and Penetrability; StableIsotopes in Evaluation of Green House Gas Emissions© Springer Science þ Business Media B.V. 2011

No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means,electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from thePublisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed ona computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work.

Contents

Contributors xxi

Preface xlv

Absorption 1

Absorptivity 1

Acoustic Emission 1

Acoustic Tomography 1

Adaptable Tillage 1

Adhesion 1

Adsorption 1

Adsorption Complex 2

Adsorption Energy and Surface Heterogeneityin Soils 2

Zofia Sokołowska and Stefan Sokołowski

Adsorption Energy of Water on Biological Materials 5Jiří Blahovec

Advection 7

Aeration of Agricultural Products 7Marek Molenda

Aeration of Soils and Plants 8Witold Stępniewski

Aerodynamics 13

After Harvest Technology 14

Aggregate Stability 14

Aggregation Indices 14

Agricultural Products 14

Agricultural Raw Materials 14

Agriculture and Food Machinery, Applicationof Physics for Improving 14

Leszek Mieszkalski

Agroforestry Systems, Effects on Water Balancein Cropping Zone 26

Andrzej Kędziora

Agrogeology 29Ward Chesworth

Agrophysical Objects (Soils, Plants, AgriculturalProducts, and Foods) 34

Jan Gliński

Agrophysical Properties and Processes 35Jan Gliński, Józef Horabik and Jerzy Lipiec

Agrophysics: Physics Applied to Agriculture 35Jan Gliński, Józef Horabik and Jerzy Lipiec

Air Entry Value 48

Air Flux (Resistance) in Plants and AgriculturalProducts 48

Agnieszka Kaleta and Krzysztof Górnicki

Entries without author names are glossary terms

Air Humidity 49

Air Porosity 49

Algae, the Potential Source of Energy 49Magdalena Frąc

Alkalinity, Physical Effects on Soils 49Lajos Blaskó

Alternative Sources of Energy from AgricultureBiomass – A European Perspective 52

Piotr Kowalik

Alumino-Silicate Clay Minerals 55

Anaerobiosis 55

Angle of Repose 55

Anion Exchange Capacity 55

Anisotropy of Soil Physical Properties 55Xinhua Peng

Anoxia and Hypoxia 57

Anthric Saturation 57

Arable Land Use 57

Attenuation 57

Atterberg Limits 57

Available Water (Capacity) 57

Backscattering 59Bogusław Usowicz

Bedrock 60

Bending Properties of Plants 60Jiří Blahovec

Bernoulli’s Principal 62

Binding Force (Plants) 62

Biochemical Responses to Soil ManagementPractices 62

Jan Koper and Małgorzata Brzezińska

Biocolloids: Transport and Retention in Soils 66Tammo S. Steenhuis, Verónica L. Morales,M. Ekrem Cakmak, Anthony E. Salvucciand Wei Zhang

Biofilms in Soil 70Mette Burmølle, Annelise Kjøller andSøren J. Sørensen

Biofilms in the Food Environment 75Katarzyna Czaczyk and Kamila Myszka

Biogas 78

Biomass 78

Biomass as an Environmentally BenignEnergy Source 78

Keith Openshaw

Biomechanics 88

Biomes 88

Biospeckle 88Artur Zdunek

Biota 89

Biotechnology, Physical and Chemical Aspects 89Zdzisław Targoński

Bound Water 90

Boussinesq Equation 90

Bowen Ratio 91

Bragg’s Law 91

Breads: Physical Properties 91Renata Róz

.yło and Janusz Laskowski

Brightness Temperature in Monitoring of SoilWetness 93

Jerzy Usowicz

Bruise 94

Buffer Capacity of Soils 94Mieczysław Hajnos

Bulk Density of Soils and Impact on TheirHydraulic Properties 95

Shmuel Assouline

Burrow 100

Bypass Flow in Soil 100Horst H. Gerke

vi CONTENTS

Caking 107

Caliche (Lime-Pan) 107

Canopy Structure 107

Capillarity 107

Capillary Fringe 107

Carbon Losses Under Dryland Conditions,Tillage Effects 108

Félix Moreno, José M. Murillo andEngracia Madejón

Carbon Nanotube 110

Catchment (Catchment Basin) 110

Cation Exchange Capacity 110

Cementation 110

Cereals, Evaluation of Utility Values 110Dariusz Dziki and Janusz Laskowski

Chemical Imaging in Agriculture 113Adam Paweł Kuczyński

Chemical Time Bomb, Relation to Soil PhysicalConditions 116

Halina Smal

Chisel 117

Clay Minerals and Organo-Mineral Associates 117Tatiana Victorovna Alekseeva

Claypan and its Environmental Effects 122Stephen H. Anderson

Cleavage Plane 125

Climate Change: Environmental Effects 125Miroslav Kutílek

Climate Risk 135

Climate Stress Mitigation Tillage 135

Clod 135

Clusters in Soils 135David L. Pinskiy

Coagulation 138

Cohesion 138

Colloids 138

Color Composite (Multiband Photography) 138

Color in Food Evaluation 138Seong Pal Kang

Color Indices, Relationship with SoilCharacteristics 141

Manuel Sánchez-Marañón

Compactibility 145

Compaction of Soil 145

Compensatory Uptake 145

Compressibility 145

Compression Index 145

Compression Point 145

Compression Test, Triaxial 145

Conditioners, Effect on Soil Physical Properties 145Ryszard Dębicki

Conductivity 148

Cone Index 148

Confined Compression Test 148

Consistency 148

Consolidation 148

Contact Area of Agricultural Tyres, Estimation 148Etienne Diserens and Abdallah Alaoui

Continuity Equation 153

Contour-Furrow Irrigation 153

Controlled Traffic Farming 153Thomas Anken and Martin Holpp

Conventional Tillage 155

Coulomb’s Law 155

Entries without author names are glossary terms

CONTENTS vii

Coupled Heat and Water Transfer in Soil 155Joshua L. Heitman and Robert Horton

Cracking in Soils 162Pascal Boivin

Crop Emergence, the Impact of MechanicalImpedance 163

W. R. Whalley and W. E. Finch-Savage

Crop Responses to Soil Physical Conditions 167Jerzy Lipiec, Artur Nosalewicz andJacek Pietrusiewicz

Crop Rotation 176

Crop Water Use Efficiency 176

Crop Yield Losses Reduction at Harvest, fromResearch to Adoption 176

Bogusław Szot, Mieczysław Szpryngiel andJerzy Tys

Cropping Systems, Effects on Soil PhysicalProperties 180

Stephen H. Anderson

Crushing Strength 184

Crust 184

Cultivation Under Screens, Aerodynamicsof Boundary Layers 185

Josef Tanny

Cumulative Infiltration 187

Cutan 187

Cyclic Compressibility 187

Darcy’s Law 189

Databases on Physical Properties of Plants andAgricultural Products 189

Agnieszka Kaleta and Krzysztof Górnicki

Databases of Soil Physical and HydraulicProperties 194

Attila Nemes

Deflation 200

Deflocculation 200

Degradation of Soil 200

Denitrification 200

Density 200

Desertification: Indicators and Thresholds 200Max Kuderna and Adam Zsolnay

Detachment 207

Deterministic Model 207

Dew Point 207

Dielectric Loss Tangent 207

Dielectric Properties of Agricultural Products 207Stuart O. Nelson and Samir Trabelsi

Diffuse Double Layer (DDL) 213Md. Abdul Mojid

Diffusion in Soils 214Witold Stępniewski, Henryk Sobczuk andMarcin Widomski

Dilatancy 220

Discharge 220

Dispersion 220

Dispersivity 220

Diurnal Strains in Plants 220Paweł Kojs and Tomasz Rusin

DNA in Soils: Mobility by Capillarity 224Maria Teresa Ceccherini andGiacomo Pietramellara

Double Layer 228

Drainage 228

Drip Irrigation 228

Drought 228

Drought Stress, Effect on Soil MechanicalImpedance and Root (Crop) Growth 228

W. R. Whalley and L. J. Clark

Drying of Agricultural Products 231Digvir S. Jayas and Chandra B. Singh

Duripan 232

viii CONTENTS

Dynamic Load 232

Earthworms as Ecosystem Engineers 233Patrick Lavelle

Ecohydrology 235Maciej Zalewski

Ecosystem 237

Effective Rainfall 237

Elasticity 237

Elastoplasticity 237

Electrical Conductivity 237

Electrical Double Layer (Diffuse Layer,Double Layer) 237

Electrical Permeability 237

Electrical Properties of Agricultural Products 237Zuzana Hlaváčová

Electrical Properties of Soils 242Shmulik P. Friedman

Electrical Resistivity 255

Electrical Resistivity to Assess Soil Properties 256Guy Richard, Maud Séger, Arlène Besson andIsabelle Cousin

Electrical Susceptibility 260

Electrochemical Measurements in Soils 260Andrzej Bieganowski and Jolanta Cieśla

Electrokinetic (Zeta) Potential of Soils 264Mieczysław Hajnos and Jolanta Cieśla

Electromagnetic Field 267

Electromagnetic Fields, Impact on SeedGermination and Plant Growth 267

Stanisław Pietruszewski

Elutriation 269

Eluviation 270

Emissivity 270

Empirical Model 270

Energetically Homogenous (Heterogenous)Surface 270

Energy Balance of Ecosystems 270Andrzej Kędziora

Energy Balance of a Field 274

Enthalpy 274

Entropy 274

Environmental Conserving Tillage 274

Enzyme 274

Enzymes in Soils 274Małgorzata Brzezińska

Erodibility of Soil 275

Erosion 275

Erosivity 275

Estimation of Quartz Content in Mineral Soils 275Vlodek R. Tarnawski, Toshihiko Momose,Wey H. Leong and David J. W. Piper

Evaporation 280

Evapotranspiration 280Viliam Novák

Exchange Complex 284

Exchangeable Ions 284

Extrusion, Effect on Physical and ChemicalProperties 284

Leszek Mościcki

Exudate, Root 287

Fabric 289

Failure 289

Fatigue Strength 289

Fats: Rheological Characteristics 289Fernanda Peyronel, Thamara Laredo andAlejandro G. Marangoni

Entries without author names are glossary terms

CONTENTS ix

Fertilizers (Mineral, Organic), Effect on SoilPhysical Properties 296

Kuntal Hati and Kalikinkar Bandyoopadhay

Fick’s Law 299

Field Water Capacity 299Karl Vanderlinden and Juan V. Giráldez

Fingering 300

Firmness 300

Fissures 300

Flexural Strength 301

Flocculation and Dispersion Phenomena in Soils 301Emil Chibowski

Flooding, Effects on Soil Structure 304Miguel A. Taboada, Patricia L. Fernández andMaria F. Varela

Flow 308

Flowability 308

Fluvial Erosion 308

Flux 308

Food Freezing 308

Food Machinery 308

Fourier’s Law 308

Fractal Analysis in Agrophysics 309Yakov Pachepsky, Fernando San José Martínezand Miguel Angel Martín

Fracture 315

Fragipan 315

Friction 316

Friction Phenomena in Soils 316Rainer Horn

Frozen Foods 318

Fruits, Mechanical Properties and BruiseSusceptibility 318

Margarita Ruiz-Altisent and Guillermo P. Moreda

Funnel Flow 321

Furrow 321

Furrow Erosion 321

Furrow Irrigation 321

Gas Exchange In Soils 323

Gases Sink 323

Geologic Erosion 323

Geostatistics 323

Gibbs Free Energy 323

Grain Physics 323Stanisław Grundas, Agnieszka Nawrocka andJosef Pecen

Grains, Aerodynamic and Geometric Features 327Bronisława Barbara Kram

Grass Fibers, Physical Properties 333Majda Sfiligoj Smole and Silvo Hribernik

Gravimetric Water Content 334

Gravitational Potential 334

Gravity Head (Gravity Potential) 334

Grazing-Induced Changes of Soil Mechanicaland Hydraulic Properties 334

Julia Krümmelbein

Greenhouse, Climate Control 338Istvan Farkas

Greenhouse Effect 339

Greenhouse Gas Fluxes: Effects of PhysicalConditions 339

Ryusuke Hatano

Greenhouse Gases Sink in Soils 351Teresa Włodarczyk

Ground-Penetrating Radar, Soil Exploration 354Jim Doolittle

Groundwater 355

Gully (Linear) Erosion 355

Hardening 357

x CONTENTS

Hardpan 357

Hardpan Soils: Management 357Warren J. Busscher

Hardsetting Soils: Physical Properties 360Neyde Fabíola Balarezo Giarola, Herdjania Verasde Lima and Alvaro Pires da Silva

Harvest Technology 364

Heat Advection 364

Heat Balance 364

Heat Capacity 364

Heat Diffusion 364

Heat of Condensation 364

Heat of Sublimation 364

Heat of Vaporization 364

Heat of Wetting 364

Henry’s Law 364

Hooke’s Law 364

Horticulture Substrates, Structure andPhysical Properties 364

Anna Słowińska-Jurkiewicz andMonika Jaroszuk-Sierocińska

Humus 367

Hydraulic Diffusivity 367

Hydraulic Gradient 368

Hydraulic Head 368

Hydraulic Properties of Unsaturated Soils 368Martinus Th. van Genuchten and Yakov Pachepsky

Hydrodynamic Dispersion 376

Hydropedological Processes in Soils 376Svatopluk Matula

Hydrophobicity 378

Hydrophobicity of Soil 378Paul D. Hallett, Jörg Bachmann, Henryk Czachor,Emilia Urbanek and Bin Zhang

Hypobaric Storage 384

Hysteresis in Foods 384Matthew Caurie

Hysteresis in Soil 385Cezary Sławiński

Ice Erosion (Glacial Erosion, Thermal Erosion) 387

Illuviation 387

Image Analysis in Agrophysics 387Magnus Persson

Imbibition 390

Indicator Plants 390

Infiltrability 390

Infiltration Capacity 390

Infiltration in Soils 390Miroslav Kutílek

Insolation 393

Institute of Agrophysics in Lublin: Progress inAgrophysics 393

Józef Horabik and Grzegorz Józefaciuk

Institute of Agrophysics in Saint-Petersburg:Roots of Agrophysics 396

Igor B. Uskov and Victor P. Yakushev

Integrated Drainage 399

Interception 399

Interflow 400

Internal Drainage 400

Interrill Erosion 400

Intersecting Surfaces Approach (Isa) 400

Intrinsic Permeability 400

Ion Exchange 400

Entries without author names are glossary terms

CONTENTS xi

Ion Hydration 400

Irrigation and Drainage, Advantages andDisadvantages 400

Lajos Blaskó

Irrigation Water Use Efficiency 402

Irrigation with Treated Wastewater, Effects onSoil Structure 403

Guy J. Levy

Isoelectric Point 407

Isotopes 407

Isotropy and Anisotropy in Agricultural Productsand Foods 407

Józef Horabik and Marek Molenda

Kernel 411

Kinematic Viscosity 411

Kirchhoff’s Laws 411

Kriging 411

Laminar and Turbulent Flow in Soils 413Henryk Czachor

Laminar Flow 413

Land Reclamation 414

Landfill 414

Landslide 414

Laplace Equation 414

Latent Heat 414

Layered Soils, Water and Solute Transport 414H. M. Selim

Leaching of Chemicals in Relation toSoil Structure 421

Tom M. Addiscott

Least Limiting Water Range (LLWR) 424

Light Interception by Plant Canopies 424Pierre Dutilleul

Liming, Effects on Soil Properties 425Tadeusz Filipek

Liquid Limit (Upper Plastic Limit, AtterbergLimit) 428

Loading 428

Lodging of Crops 428

Lysimeters: ATool for Measurements ofSoil Fluxes 428

Johann Fank

Machine Vision 433

Machine Vision in Agriculture 433John Billingsley

Macropore Flow 436

Magnetic Properties of Soils 436Andrey Alekseev

Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Soil Science 439Andreas Pohlmeier

Magnetic Treatment of Irrigation Water, Effectson Crops 444

Basant Maheshwari and Harsharn Grewal

Management Effects on Soil Properties andFunctions 447

Rainer Horn

Mapping of Soil Physical Properties 455Jan Gliński and Janusz Ostrowski

Matric Potential 460

Matrix of the Soil 460

Measurements Non-Destructive 460

Mechanical Impacts at Harvest and After HarvestTechnologies 460

Zbigniew Ślipek and Jarosław Frączek

Mechanical Resilience of Degraded Soils 464Heiner Fleige

Membranes, Role in Water Transport in theSoil–Root–Xylem System 465

Marian Kargol

Microbes and Soil Structure 470Vadakattu Gupta

Microbes, Habitat Space, and Transport in Soil 472Karl Ritz

xii CONTENTS

Microcosm 475

Micro-Irrigation 475

Microstructure of Plant Tissue 476Krystyna Konstankiewicz

Mineral Fertilizers 481

Mineralisation 481

Mineral–Organic–Microbial Interactions 481Małgorzata Dąbek-Szreniawska andEugene Balashov

Mire 483

Modeling the Thermal Conductivity ofFrozen Foods 483

Vlodek R. Tarnawski, Wey H. Leong andToshihiko Momose

Modulus of Elasticity (Young’s Modulus) 489

Modulus of Rigidity 489

Mohre Circle of Stress 489

Monitoring Physical Conditions in Agricultureand Environment 489

Wojciech M. Skierucha

Mualem Equation 492

Mulching 492

Mulching, Effects on Soil Physical Properties 492Antonio Jordán, Lorena M. Zavala andMiriam Muñoz-Rojas

Munsell Color System 496

Mycorrhizal Symbiosis and Osmotic Stress 496Juan M. Ruiz-Lozano

Nanomaterials in Soil and Food Analysis 499Subramanian Viswanathan

Nature Conservation Management 503Tadeusz J. Chmielewski

Neural Networks in Agrophysics 505Krzysztof Lamorski

Neural Networks in the Modeling ofDrying Processes 509

Istvan Farkas

Nitrification 511

Nondestructive Measurements in Fruits 511Francisco J. García-Ramos

Nondestructive Measurements in Soil 513Wojciech M. Skierucha

Noninvasive Quantification of 3D Pore SpaceStructures in Soils 516

Stephan Peth

Non-Limiting Water Range (NLWR) 520

Non-Thermal Technologies 520

Normal Stress 520

Numerical Methods (Model) 520

Ohm’s Law 521

Online Measurement of Selected Soil PhysicalProperties 521

Abdul Mounem Mouazen

Organic Carbon in Soil 523

Organic Dusts, Electrostatic Properties 523Wiktor Pietrzyk and Marek Horyński

Organic Farming, Effect on the Soil PhysicalEnvironment 526

Apostolos Papadopoulos

Organic Fertilizers 528

Organic Matter 528

Organic Matter, Effects on Soil PhysicalProperties and Processes 528

Rattan Lal

Ornamental Plants, Physical Properties 534Paweł Szot

Ortstein, Physical Properties 535Jacek Chodorowski

Entries without author names are glossary terms

CONTENTS xiii

Osmosis 535

Osmotic Potential 536

Overburden Pressure 536

Overland Flow 536Elias Dimitriou

Oxidation-Reduction Reactions in theEnvironment 536

Zofia Stępniewska

Oxygenology 541Witold Stępniewski

Packing Density 543

Pan 543

Parent Material and Soil Physical Properties 543Andrzej Mocek and Wojciech Owczarzak

Partial Pressure 547

Particle Density 547

Particle Film Technology 547Michael Glenn

Particle-Size Distribution 548

Particulate Organic Matter 548

pe 548

Peatlands: Environmental Functions 548Tadeusz J. Chmielewski and Danuta Urban

Peats and Peatlands, Physical Properties 551Lech Wojciech Szajdak, Jan Szatyłowicz andRaimo Kõlli

Ped 555

Pedon 555

Pedotransfer Functions 556Yakov Pachepsky and Martinus Th. van Genuchten

Penetrability 561

Penetration Resistance 561

Penman Equation 561

Penman-Monteith Equation 561

Perched Groundwater 561

Percolation 561

Permafrost 561

Permanent Charge 561

Permeability 561

Photosynthesis 561

Physical Degradation of Soils, Risks and Threats 562Winfried E. H. Blum

Physical Dimensions and Units Use in Agriculture 563Wojciech Skierucha, Marcin Widomski,Witold Stępniewski and Bogusław Usowicz

Physical Phenomena and Properties Important forStorage of Agricultural Products 567

Marek Molenda and Józef Horabik

Physical Processes 573

Physical Properties 573

Physical Properties as Indicators of Food Quality 573Martin G. Scanlon

Physical Properties of Raw Materials andAgricultural Products 579

Bohdan Dobrzański, Jr. and Rafał Rybczyński

Physical Properties for Soil Classification 589Johan Bouma

Physical Protection of Organic Carbon in SoilAggregates 592

Tiphaine Chevallier

Physical Quality, Soil 595

Physical (Mechanical) Weathering of Soil ParentMaterial 595

Stefan Skiba

Physico-Chemical Methods for Remediation ofContaminated Soils 596

Toshko Raytchev and Svetla Rousseva

Physics of Near Ground Atmosphere 597Evgeny V. Shein and Tatiana A. Arkhangelskaya

Physics of Plant Nutrition 600Evgeny V. Shein

xiv CONTENTS

Piezometer Head 602

Planck’s Law 602

Plant Bending 602

Plant Biomechanics 602Tomasz Rusin and Paweł Kojs

Plant Disease Symptoms, Identification fromColored Images 605

Anyela Valentina Camargo Rodriguez andJan T. Kim

Plant Drought Stress: Detection by Image Analysis 608Istvan Farkas

Plant Lodging, Effects, and Control 609Graz

.yna Podolska

Plant Nutrients 610

Plant Physical Characteristics in Breeding andVarietal Evaluation 610

Bogusław Szot and Wojciech Rybiński

Plant Root Strength and Slope Stability 622Sekhar Lukose Kuriakose and L. P. H. van Beek

Plant Roots and Soil Structure 628A. Pierret and C. J. Moran

Plant Temperature 632Piotr Baranowski

Plant Tropisms, Physics 633Fernando Migliaccio, Alessio Fortunati andPaola Tassone

Plant Wellness 637Istvan Farkas

Plant–Soil Interactions, Modeling 637Tiina Roose

Plastic Limit 639

Plasticity 639

Plasticity Number 639

Plate Sinkage Test 639

Poiseuille’s Law 639

Polish Society of Agrophysics 639Bogusław Szot

Pore Morphology and Soil Functions 640Marcello Pagliai

Pore Size Distribution 645Miroslav Kutílek

Porosimetry 647Mieczysław Hajnos

Porosity 650

Potential Evapotranspiration 650

Power Spectrum 650

Precision Agriculture: Proximal Soil Sensing 650Viacheslav I. Adamchuk andRaphael A. Viscarra Rossel

Pre-Compression Stress 656

Pre-Compression Test 656

Preferential Flow 656

Pressure Head 656

Pressure Potential 656

Priming Effects in Relation toSoil Conditions – Mechanisms 657

Evgenia Blagodatskaya and Yakov Kuzyakov

Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)Relaxometry in Soil Science 667

Gabriele E. Schaumann

Proximal Soil Sensing 667

Puddling: Effect on Soil Physical Propertiesand Crops 667

Gunnar Kirchhof, T. P. Tuong and H. B. So

Pugging 668

Quality of Agricultural Products in Relation toPhysical Conditions 669

Guillermo P. Moreda and Margarita Ruiz-Altisent

Radiative Properties 679

Entries without author names are glossary terms

CONTENTS xv

Rainfall Interception by Cultivated Plants 679Józef Kołodziej

Rainfall Water Use Efficiency 681

Raw Materials 681

Redox Potential (Eh) 681

Reflectivity 681

Remote Sensing of Soils and Plants Imagery 681Ramsis B. Salama

Representative Elementary Volume 693

Rheology in Agricultural Products and Foods 693Jiří Blahovec

Rheology in Soils 700Wibke Markgraf

Rheopexy 705

Rhizosphere 705Jerzy Lipiec and Jan Gliński

Rigidity 709

Rill Erosion 709

Root Length Density 709

Root Responses to Soil Physical Limitations 709A. Glyn Bengough

Root Strength 712

Root System Architecture: Analysis fromRoot Systems to Individual Roots 712

Loïc Pagès

Root Water Uptake: Toward 3-D FunctionalApproaches 717

Mathieu Javaux, Xavier Draye, Claude Doussan,Jan Vanderborght and Harry Vereecken

Roughness 722

Runoff 722

Salinity, Physical Effects on Soils 723Lajos Blaskó

Scale (Dependency, Invariance) 725

Scaling of Soil Physical Properties 725Asim Biswas and Bing Cheng Si

Seed 729

Seepage 729

Self Similarity 730

Sensory Evaluation 730

Shear Strength 730

Shear Stress 730

Sheet Erosion 730

Sheet Flow 730

Shrinkage 730

Shrinkage and Swelling Phenomena inAgricultural Products 730

Bohdan Dobrzański, Jr.

Shrinkage and Swelling Phenomena in Soils 733Pascal Boivin

Slaking 735

Slope Stability 736

Snowmelt Infiltration 736Yukiyoshi Iwata

Soil Aeration 736

Soil Aggregates 736

Soil Aggregates, Structure, and Stability 736Apostolos Papadopoulos

Soil Aggregation and Evaporation 740Barbara Witkowska-Walczak

Soil Biota, Impact on Physical Properties 740Pascal Boivin and Roxane Kohler-Milleret

Soil Colour Index 742

Soil Compactibility and Compressibility 742Stephan Peth

Soil Erodibility 746

Soil Erosion Modeling 746John N. Quinton

Soil Functions 747Winfried E. H. Blum

xvi CONTENTS

Soil Hydraulic Properties Affecting Root WaterUptake 748

Leilah Krounbi and Naftali Lazarovitch

Soil Hydrophobicity and Hydraulic Fluxes 754Peter Hartmann

Soil Parent Material 754

Soil Penetrability, Effect on Animal Burrowing 754Petr Heneberg

Soil Penetrometers and Penetrability 757Francisco J. Arriaga, Birl Lowery andRandy Raper

Soil Phases 760Jan Gliński

Soil Physical Degradation: Assessment with theUse of Remote Sensing and GIS 761

Stanisław Białousz

Soil Physical Quality 770Blair M. McKenzie, Judith M. Tisdall andWendy H. Vance

Soil Pore 777

Soil Separates 777

Soil Structure and Mechanical Strength 777Rainer Horn and Heiner Fleige

Soil Structure, Intersecting Surface Approach,and its Applications 780

Victor Yakov Chertkov

Soil Structure, Visual Assessment 783Lothar Müller

Soil Surface Sealing and Crusting 786Shmuel Assouline

Soil Temperature Effect 791

Soil Texture: Measurement Methods 791Andrzej Bieganowski and Magdalena Ryz

.ak

Soil Tillage 794

Soil Tilth: What Every Farmer Understands but noResearcher Can Define 794

Douglas L. Karlen

Soil Water Flow 798Miroslav Kutílek

Soil Water Management 802Willibald Loiskand and Gerhard Kammerer

Soil Water Potential (Pressure, Head) 805

Soil Welding 805

Soil–Plant–Atmosphere Continuum 805Cezary Sławiński and Henryk Sobczuk

Soil–Wheel Interactions 810Hiroshi Nakashima

Soilborne Diseases, Control by Physical Methods 813Jaacov Katan and Abraham Gamliel

Soils and Plants Aeration 816

Soils and Plants Oxygenation 816

Solar Drying of Biological Materials 816Istvan Farkas

Solute Transport in Soils 819Yves Coquet and Valérie Pot

Sorption 824

Sorptivity of Soils 824Budiman Minasny and Freeman Cook

Space Soil Physics 826Robert Heinse

Spatial Variability of Properties and Processes 827

Spatial Variability of Soil Physical Properties 827Ole Wendroth, Edwin L. Ritchey,Susmitha Nambuthiri, John H. Grove andRobert C. Pearce

Specific Surface Area of Soils and Plants 839Zofia Sokołowska

Stable Isotopes in Evaluation of Greenhouse GasEmissions 845

Kurt A. Spokas

Stable Isotopes, Their Use in Soil Hydrology 849Peggy Macaigne

Standardization in Agrophysics 854Andrzej Bieganowski and Magdalena Ryz

.ak

Entries without author names are glossary terms

CONTENTS xvii

Steady Flow 854

Sticky 854

Stochastic Model 854

Stokes’ Law 854

Stomatal Conductance, Photosynthesis, andTranspiration, Modeling 855

Andrée J. Tuzet

Stratification of Soil Porosity and Organic Matter 858Alan J. Franzluebbers

Strength 861

Stress Relaxation 861

Stress–Strain Relations 862Stephan Peth and Rainer Horn

Stress–Strain Relationships: A Possibility toQuantify Soil Strength Defined as thePrecompression Stress 867

Rainer Horn and Stephan Peth

Subdrainage 869

Subirrigation 870

Subsoil 870

Subsoil Compaction 870Rainer Horn and Heiner Fleige

Subsurface Water 873

Surface and Subsurface Waters 874Todd C. Rasmussen

Surface Area 877

Surface Charge 877

Surface Properties and Related Phenomena inSoils and Plants 877

Grzegorz Józefaciuk

Surface Roughness, Effect on Water Transfer 887Frédéric Darboux

Surface Runoff 889

Surface Storage Capacity 889

Surface Tension 889

Surface-Water Excess 889

Suspension 889

Swelling 889

Temperature Effects in Soil 891Graeme D. Buchan

Tensile Strength 895

Tensiometry 895Krzysztof Lamorski

Terrestrial Ecosystem 897

Texture 897

Thermal Capacity 897

Thermal Conductivity 897

Thermal Diffusivity 898

Thermal Imaging 898

Thermal Technologies in Food Processing 898António A. Vicente and Luís F. Machado

Thermosequence 902

Thixotropy 903

Tillage, Impacts on Soil and Environment 903Márta Birkás

Tillage Erosion 906Jianhui Zhang

Tillage Pan 909

Tilth 910

Top Soil 910

Toposequence 910

Trace Elements in Crops: Effects of Soil Physicaland Chemical Properties 910

Holger Kirchmann and Jan Eriksson

Traffic Farming 912

Trafficability and Workability of Soils 912Lothar Müller, Jerzy Lipiec, Ted S. Kornecki andStephan Gebhardt

xviii CONTENTS

Transmissivity 924

Transpiration 924

Transpiration Ratio 924

Treated Waste Water 924

Triaxial Compression Test 924Marek Molenda

Trickle Irrigation 925

Tropical Fruits and Vegetables:Physical Properties 925

K. P. Baiyeri and F. D. Ugese

Tropical Soils, Physical Properties 934Charles A. Igwe

Tropical Watersheds, Hydrological Processes 937Juergen Baumann

Tropisms 938

Turbidity 938Ewa A. Czyz

.and Anthony R. Dexter

Turf 940

Turgor Pressure 940

Two-Phase Flow 940

Underground Runoff 941

Unsaturated Zone 941

Unsteady Flow 941

Urban Soils, Functions 941Thomas Nehls and Gerd Wessolek

Utility Value of Cereals 942

Vadose Zone 943

Van Der Waals Forces 943

Van Genuchten Equation 943

Vapor Pressure 943

Viscosity 943

Visible and Thermal Images for Fruit Detection 944Duke M. Bulanon, Thomas F. Burks andVictor Alchanatis

Visual Assessment 954

Vitreosity 954

Void Ratio 954

Volumetric Water Content 954

Vughs 954

Water Application Efficiency 955

Water Balance in Terrestrial Ecosystems 955Joanna Sposób

Water Budget in Soil 959Alberto Pistocchi

Water Diffusion 964

Water Effects on Physical Properties ofRaw Materials and Foods 964

Piotr P. Lewicki

Water Erosion: Environmental and EconomicalHazard 968

Jerzy Rejman

Water in Forming Agricultural Products 971Jiří Blahovec

Water Management 973

Water Productivity 973

Water Release Curve 973

Water Reservoirs, Effects on Soil and Groundwater 973Waldemar Mioduszewski

Water Retention Curve 975

Water Stress 975

Water Table 975

Water Uptake and Transports in Plants OverLong Distances 975

Marian Kargol

Entries without author names are glossary terms

CONTENTS xix

Water Use Efficiency in Agriculture: Opportunitiesfor Improvement 979

Meni Ben-Hur

Water-Repellent 984

Waterlogged Soil 984

Watershed 984

Weather, Effects on Plants 984Vlasta Štekauerová

Wellness 987

Wetlands, Management, Degradation andRestoration 987

Kathrin Kiehl

Wetness 992

Wettability 992

Wetting and Drying, Effect on Soil PhysicalProperties 992

Sudhakar M. Rao

Wetting Front 996

Wien’s Law 996

Wildfires, Impact on Soil Physical Properties 996Henryk Czachor

Wilting Point 997

Wind Erosion 997Christof Gromke and Katrin Burri

Windbreak and Shelterbelt Functions 1000Andrzej Kędziora

Workability 1004

X-ray Method to Evaluate Grain Quality 1005Alexander M. Demyanchuk, Leonid P. Velikanov,Michael V. Arhipov and Stanisław Grundas

Author Index 1011

Subject Index 1013

xx CONTENTS

Contributors

Viacheslav I. AdamchukBioresource Engineering DepartmentMcGill University21,111 Lakeshore RoadSte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9Canadaviacheslav.adamchuk@mcgill.ca

Tom M. AddiscottSoil Science DepartmentRothamsted ResearchWest CommonHarpenden, Herts AL5 2JQUKtom.addiscott@ukf.net

Abdallah AlaouiHydrology GroupDepartment of GeographyUniversity of BernHallerstrasse 123012 BernSwitzerlandalaoui@giub.unibe.ch

Victor AlchanatisAgricultural Research OrganizationVolcani CenterInstitute of Agricultural EngineeringBet DaganIsraelvictor@volcani.agri.gov.il

Andrey AlekseevLaboratory Geochemistry and Soil MineralogyInstitute of Physicochemical and Biological Problemsof Soil ScienceRussian Academy of SciencesInstituskaya street 2Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290Russiaalekseev@issp.serpukhov.su

Tatiana Victorovna AlekseevaLaboratory Geochemistry and Soil MineralogyInstitute of Physicochemical and Biological Problemsof Soil ScienceRussian Academy of SciencesInstitutskaya street 2Pushchino, Moscow region 142290Russiaalekseeva@issp.serpukhov.sutanalekseeva@rambler.ru

Stephen H. AndersonDepartment of Soil, Environmental, and AtmosphericSciencesUniversity of Missouri302 ABNR BuildingColumbia, MO 65211USAAndersonS@missouri.edu

Thomas AnkenFederal Department of Economic AffairsAgroscope Reckenholz-Tänikon Research Station ARTTänikon8356 EttenhausenSwitzerlandthomas.anken@art.admin.ch

Michael V. ArhipovLaboratory of Seed BiophysicsAgrophysical Research Institute of Russian Academyof Agricultural SciencesGrazdansky av. 14195220 St. PetersburgRussiasznmc@spb.lanck.net

Tatiana A. ArkhangelskayaDepartment of Soil PhysicsMoscow State UniversityMoscow 119991Russiaarhangelskaia@rambler.ru

Francisco J. ArriagaU.S. Department of Agriculture-AgriculturalResearch ServiceNational Soil Dynamics Laboratory411 S.Donahue DriveAuburn, AL 36832USAfrancisco.arriaga@ars.usda.gov

Shmuel AssoulineEnvironmental Physics and IrrigationInstitute of Soil, Water and Environmental SciencesAgricultural Research Organization – Volcani CenterP.O. Box 6Bet Dagan 50250Israelvwshmuel@agri.gov.il

Jörg BachmannInstitute of Soil ScienceLeibniz University of HannoverHerrenhaeuser Str. 230419 HannoverGermanybachmann@ifbk.uni-hannover.de

K. P. BaiyeriDepartment of Crop ScienceUniversity of NigeriaNsukka, Enugu StateNigeriapaul.baiyeri@unn.edu.ngpaulkayodebaiyeri@yahoo.com

Eugene BalashovAgrophysical Research Institute RAASRussian Academy of Agricultural Sciences14 Grazhdansky Prospekt, St. Petersburg195220 St. PetersburgRussiaEugene_Balashov@yahoo.co.uk

Kalikinkar BandyoopadhayCentral Institute for Cotton ResearchMarutha Malai Main RoadCoimbatore 641 003, Tamil NaduIndiakk.bandyopadhyay@gmail.com

Piotr BaranowskiInstitute of AgrophysicsPolish Academy of SciencesDoświadczalna 420-290 LublinPolandpbaranow@ipan.lublin.pl

Juergen BaumannHydroagricultural Infrastructure (SGIH-GDTT)National Water Commission (CONAGUA)Av. Insurgentes Sur 2416, Piso 6Mexico City, Federal District, D.F 4340Mexicojh_baumann@web.de

A. Glyn BengoughScottish Crop Research Institute (SCRI)Dundee DD2 5DAUKGlyn.Bengough@scri.ac.uk

Meni Ben-HurSoil ChemistryInstitute of Soil, Water, and Environmental SciencesThe Volcani Center, AROP.O. Box 6Bet Dagan 50250Israelmeni@agri.gov.il

Arlène BessonInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)Unité de Science du Sol, Centre de Recherche d’OrléansBP 2061945166 Olivet cedex, OrléansFrance

Stanisław BiałouszDepartment of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and GISWarsaw University of TechnologyPlac Politechniki 100-661 WarsawPolandS.Bialousz@gik.pw.edu.pl

xxii CONTRIBUTORS

Andrzej BieganowskiInstitute of AgrophysicsPolish Academy of SciencesDoświadczalna 420-290 LublinPolanda.bieganowski@ipan.lublin.pl

John BillingsleyUniversity of Southern QueenslandDarling HeightsToowoomba, QLD 4350Australiabillings@usq.edu.au

Márta BirkásDepartment of Soil ManagementInstitute of Crop Production, Szent István UniversityGödöllő2103 GödöllőHungaryBirkas.Marta@mkk.szie.hu

Asim BiswasDepartment of Soil ScienceUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoon, SK S7N 5A8Canadaasim.biswas@usask.ca

Evgenia BlagodatskayaDepartment of Agroecosystem ResearchUniversity of Bayreuth95440 BayreuthGermanyandInstitute of Physicochemical and Biological Problemsin Soil ScienceRussian Academy of SciencesPushchino 142290Russiasblag@mail.ru

Jiří BlahovecDepartment of PhysicsCzech University of Life SciencesKamycka 12916521 Prague 6-SuchdolCzech Republicblahovec@tf.czu.cz

Lajos BlaskóKarcag Research Institute of Centre for Agriculturaland Technical SciencesDebrecen UniversityKisujszállási út 1665300 KarcagHungaryblasko@dateki.hu

Winfried E. H. BlumInstitute of Soil ResearchUniversity of Natural Resources and Applied LifeSciences (BOKU) ViennaPeter Jordan Str. 821190 ViennaAustriawinfried.blum@boku.ac.at

Pascal BoivinUniversity of Applied Sciences of Western Switzerland(HES-SO)Rue de la Prairie 41202 GenevaSwitzerlandpascal.boivin@hesge.ch

Johan BoumaSoil Science DepartmentWageningen UniversitySpoorbaanweg 35CA 3911 RhenenThe NetherlandsJohan.bouma@planet.nl

Małgorzata BrzezińskaInstitute of AgrophysicsPolish Academy of Sciencesul. Doświadczalna 420-290 LublinPolandm.brzezinska@ipan.lublin.pl

Graeme D. BuchanSoil and Physical Sciences Department and Centre for Soiland Environmental ResearchLincoln UniversityP.O. Box 84, Lincoln UniversityChristchurch, 7647 CanterburyNew ZealandGraeme.Buchan@lincoln.ac.nz

CONTRIBUTORS xxiii

Duke M. BulanonAgricultural and Biological Engineering DepartmentUniversity of FloridaRogers Hall, Museum RoadGainesville, FL 32601USAbulanon@ufl.edu

Thomas F. BurksAgricultural and Biological Engineering DepartmentUniversity of FloridaRogers Hall, Museum RoadGainesville, FL 32601USAtburks@ufl.edu

Mette BurmølleSection of Microbiology, Department of BiologyUniversity of CopenhagenSølvgade 83H1307 Copenhagen KDenmarkburmolle@bio.ku.dk

Katrin BurriWSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLFFlueelastr. 117260 Davos DorfSwitzerlandburri@slf.ch

Warren J. BusscherAgricultural Research ServiceUS Department of AgricultureCoastal Plain Soil, Water and Plant Research Center2611 W Lucas St.Florence, SC 29501USAwarren.busscher@ars.usda.gov

M. Ekrem CakmakSoil and Water LaboratoryDepartment of Biological and Environmental EngineeringCornell University164 Riley Robb HallIthaca, NY 14853USAmec68@cornell.edu

Anyela Valentina Camargo RodriguezSchool of ComputingUniversity of East AngliaNorwich NR4 7TJUKa.camargo-rodriguez@uea.ac.uk

Matthew CaurieDepartment of Home Economics EducationUniversity of Education, WinnebaP.O. Box 25WinnebaGhanacaurie1936@yahoo.com

Maria Teresa CeccheriniDipartimento Scienza del Suolo e Nutrizione della PiantaUniversità degli Studi di FirenzeP.le delle Cascine, 2850144 FirenzeItalymariateresa.ceccherini@unifi.it

Victor Yakov ChertkovDivision of Environmental, Water, and AgriculturalEngineeringTechnion – Israel Institute of TechnologyHaifa 32000Israelagvictor@tx.technion.ac.il

Ward ChesworthDepartment of Land Resource ScienceUniversity of GuelphGuelph, ON NIG 2W1Canadawcheswor@uoguelph.ca

Tiphaine ChevallierUMR Eco&Sols, Functional Ecology andBiogeochemistry of Soils and Agro-EcosystemsInstitut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)BP 64501, 34394 MontpellierFrancetiphaine.chevallier@ird.fr

Emil ChibowskiMaria Curie-Skłodowska UniversityPl. Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej 3/13020-031 LublinPolandemil.chibowski@umcs.lublin.pl

Tadeusz J. ChmielewskiDepartment of Landscape Ecology and NatureConservationUniversity of Life SciencesDobrzańskiego 37 St.20-262 LublinPolandtadeusz.chmielewski@up.lublin.pl

xxiv CONTRIBUTORS

Jacek ChodorowskiDepartment of Soil ScienceMaria Curie-Skłodowska UniversityAkademicka 1920-033 LublinPolandjchodor@poczta.umcs.lublin.pl

Jolanta CieślaInstitute of AgrophysicsPolish Academy of SciencesDoświadczalna 4 Str20-290 LublinPolandj.ciesla@ipan.lublin.pl

L. J. ClarkDepartment of Soil ScienceRothamsted ResearchHarpenden, West Common, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQUK

Freeman CookCSIRO Land and WaterCSIRO Long Pocket Laboratories - Indooroopilly120 Meiers RoadIndooroopilly, QLD 4068Australia

Yves CoquetUMR 1091 INRA/AgroParisTech Environment andArable CropsAgroParisTechBP 0178850 Thiverval-GrignonFranceyves.coquet@agroparistech.fr

Isabelle CousinInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)Unité de Science du Sol, Centre de Recherche d’OrléansBP 2061945166 Olivet cedex, OrléansFrance

Henryk CzachorInstitute of AgrophysicsPolish Academy of SciencesDoświadczalna 4, P.O. Box 20120-290 LublinPolandhczachor@ipan.lublin.pl

Katarzyna CzaczykDepartment of Biotechnology and Food MicrobiologyUniversity of Life Sciencesul. Wojska Polskiego 2860-637 PoznańPolandkasiacz@up.poznan.pl

Ewa A. CzyżDepartment of Soil Science Erosion and LandConservationInstitute of Soil Science and PlantCultivation (IUNG–PIB)Czartoryskich 824-100 PuławyPolandandRzeszów UniversityAleja Rejtana 16c35-959 RzeszówPolandewac@iung.pulawy.pl

Alvaro Pires da SilvaDepartamento de Ciência do SoloEscola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”Universidade de São PauloPiracicaba – São PauloBrazilapisilva@esalq.usp.br

Małgorzata Dąbek-SzreniawskaInstitute of Agrophysics PANPolish Academy of Sciencesul. Doświadczalna 420-290 LublinPolandmszreniawska@wp.pl

Frédéric DarbouxUR 0272 Science du solINRA, Centre de recherche d’OrléansCS 4000145075 Orléans Cedex 2FranceFrederic.Darboux@orleans.inra.fr

Herdjania Veras de LimaInstituto de Ciências AgráriasUniversidade Federal Rural da AmazôniaBelém – ParáBrazilherdjania.lima@ufra.edu.br

CONTRIBUTORS xxv

Ryszard DębickiDepartment of Soil ScienceMaria Curie-Skłodowska UniversityPl. Marii Curie-Sklodowskiej 520-032 LublinPolandryszard.debicki@umcs.lublin.plprorekt@poczta.umcs.lublin.pl

Alexander M. DemyanchukLaboratory of Seed BiophysicsAgrophysical Research Institute of Russian Academy ofAgricultural SciencesGrazdansky av. 14195220 St. PetersburgRussiaalexdem4@ya.ru

Anthony R. DexterDepartment of Soil Science Erosion and LandConservationInstitute of Soil Science and PlantCultivation (IUNG-PIB)Czartoryskich 824-100 PuławyPolandtdexter2@iung.pulawy.pl

Elias DimitriouInstitute of Inland WatersHellenic Centre for Marine ResearchSounio Ave.Anavissos, Attika 19013Greeceelias@ath.hcmr.gr

Etienne DiserensAgricultural Engineering Systems GroupDepartment of Agricultural Economics and EngineeringAgroscope Reckenholz-Tänikon ART8356 Ettenhausen, ThurgovieSwitzerlandetienne.diserens@art.admin.ch

Bohdan Dobrzański, Jr.Pomology DepartmentUniversity of Life SciencesLeszczyńskiego 5820-068 LublinPolandandInstitute of AgrophysicsPolish Academy of SciencesDoświadczalna 420-290 LublinPolandbdob@ipan.lublin.plb.dobrzanski@ipan.lublin.pl

Jim DoolittleUSDA-NRCSNational Soil Survey Center11 Campus Blvd., Suite 200Newtown Square, PA 19073USAjim.doolittle@lin.usda.gov

Claude DoussanUMR 1114 EMMAH, INRA/UAPVBat. Sol - Domaine St Paul, Site AgroparcAvignon cedex 984914 AvignonFrance

Xavier DrayeCrop Physiology and Plant BreedingEarth and Life Institute - AgronomyUniversité catholique de LouvainCroix du Sud 2-111348 Louvain-la-NeuveBelgium

Pierre DutilleulDepartment of Plant ScienceMcGill University, Macdonald Campus21,111 Lakeshore RoadSte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9Canadapierre.dutilleul@mcgill.ca

Dariusz DzikiDepartment of Equipment Operation and Maintenancein the Food IndustryUniversity of Life SciencesDoświadczalna 4420-288 LublinPolanddariusz.dziki@up.lublin.pl

Jan ErikssonDepartment of Soil and EnvironmentSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesBox 7014750 07 UppsalaSwedenjan.eriksson@mark.slu.se

Johann FankDepartment of Water Resources ManagementRESOURCES - Institute of Water, Energy, andSustainabilityJoanneum ResearchElisabethstraße 16 / II8010 Graz, StyriaAustriajohann.fank@joanneum.at

xxvi CONTRIBUTORS

Istvan FarkasDepartment of Physics and Process ControlSzent Istvan UniversityPater K. u. 12103 GödöllöHungaryFarkas.Istvan@gek.szie.hu

Patricia L. FernándezFacultad de AgronomíaUniversidad de Buenos AiresAv. San Martín 4453 (C1417DSE)Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos AiresArgentina

Tadeusz FilipekDepartment of Agricultural and Environmental ChemistryUniversity of Life SciencesAkademicka 1520-950 LublinPolandtadeusz.filipek@up.lublin.pl

W. E. Finch-SavageWarwick HRIWarwick UniversityWellesbourne, Warwick CV35 9EFUK

Heiner FleigeInstitute for Plant Nutrition and Soil ScienceChristian-Albrechts-University zu KielHermann-Rodewaldstr. 224118 KielGermanyh.fleige@soils.uni-kiel.de

Alessio FortunatiInstitute of Agro-Environmental and Forest Biology(IBAF)National Research CouncilVia Salaria Km 29,300Monterotondo, 00016 RomeItaly

Magdalena FrącDepartment of Plant and Soil SystemInstitute of Agrophysics Polish Academy of SciencesDoswiadczalna 420-290 LublinPolandm.frac@ipan.lublin.pl

Jarosław FrączekDepartment of Mechanical Engineering and AgrophysicsUniversity of Agricultureul. Balicka 12030-149 KrakówPolandJaroslaw.Fraczek@ur.krakow.pl

Alan J. FranzluebbersUnited States Department of AgricultureAgricultural Research Service1420 Experiment Station RoadWatkinsville, GA 30677USAalan.franzluebbers@ars.usda.gov

Shmulik P. FriedmanEnvironmental Physics and IrrigationInstitute of Soil, Water and Environmental SciencesThe Volcani CenterAgricultural Research Organization50250 Bet DaganIsraelvwsfried@agri.gov.il

Abraham GamlielThe Laboratory for Pest Management ResearchInstitute of Agricultural EngineeringThe Volcani CenterAgricultural Research Organization50250 Bet DaganIsraelagamliel@agri.gov.il

Francisco J. García-RamosEscuela Politécnica SuperiorUniversity of Zaragoza22071 HuescaSpainfjavier@unizar.es

Stephan GebhardtInstitute for Plant Nutrition and Soil ScienceChristian Albrechts University of KielHermann-Rodewald-Straße 224118 KielGermanys.gebhardt@soils.uni-kiel.de

Horst H. GerkeInstitute of Soil Landscape ResearchLeibniz-Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research(ZALF) MünchebergEberswalder Strasse 8415374 MünchebergGermanyhgerke@zalf.de

CONTRIBUTORS xxvii

Neyde Fabíola Balarezo GiarolaDepartamento de Ciência do Solo e Engenharia AgrícolaUniversidade Estadual de Ponta GrossaPonta Grossa – ParanáBrazilneydef@uepg.br

Juan V. GiráldezDepartment of AgronomyUniversity of CórdobaCampus de Rabanales14071 CórdobaSpainag1gicej@uco.es

Michael GlennUSDA-ARS Appalachian Fruit Research Station2217Wiltshire Road KearneysvilleKearneysville, WV 25430USAmichael.glenn@ars.usda.gov

Jan GlińskiInstitute of AgrophysicsPolish Academy of Sciencesul. Doświadczalna 420-290 LublinPolandj.glinski@ipan.lublin.pl

Krzysztof GórnickiUniversity of Life Sciences (SGGW)Nowoursynowska 16402-787 WarszawaPolandkrzysztof_gornicki@sggw.pl

Harsharn GrewalSchool of Natural Sciences, Hawkesbury CampusBuilding H3University of Western SydneyLocked Bag 1797Penrith South DC, NSW 1797Australiah.grewal@uws.edu.au

Christof GromkeWSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLFFlueelastr. 117260 Davos DorfSwitzerlandgromke@slf.ch

John H. GroveDepartment of Plant and Soil SciencesCollege of AgricultureUniversity of KentuckyLexington, KY 40546USAjgrove@email.uky.edu

Stanisław GrundasInstitute of AgrophysicsPolish Academy of Sciencesul. Doświadczalna 420-290 LublinPolandgrundas@ipan.lublin.pl

Vadakattu GuptaEntomologyCSIROPMB No. 2Glen Osmond, SA 5064AustraliaGupta.Vadakattu@csiro.au

Mieczysław HajnosInstitute of AgrophysicsPolish Academy of SciencesDoswiadczalna 420-290 LublinPolandm.hajnos@ipan.lublin.pl

Paul D. HallettScottish Crop Research InstituteInvergowrieDundee DD2 5DAUKpaul.hallett@scri.ac.uk

Peter HartmannDepartment of Soils and EnvironmentForest Research Institute Baden-WuerttembergWonnhalde Str. 479100 Freiburg, i. Br.GermanyPeter.Hartmann@forst.bwl.de

Ryusuke HatanoLaboratory of Soil ScienceGraduate School of AgricultureHokkaido University Kita-KuKita-ku, Kita 9, Nishi9Sapporo, 060-8589 HokkaidoJapanhatano@chem.agr.hokudai.ac.jp

xxviii CONTRIBUTORS

Kuntal HatiDivision of Soil PhysicsIndian Institute of Soil ScienceNabibagh, Berasia RoadBhopal 462038, Madhya PradeshIndiakmh@iiss.ernet.in

Robert HeinseDepartment of Plant, Soil and Entomological SciencesUniversity of Idaho875 Perimeter Dr. MoscowMoscow, ID 83844-2339USArheinse@uidaho.edu

Joshua L. HeitmanSoil Science DepartmentNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleigh, NC 27695USAjlheitman@ncsu.edu

Petr HenebergCharles University in PragueRuská 87100 00 Prague 10Czech RepublicPetr.Heneberg@lf3.cuni.cz

Zuzana HlaváčováDepartment of PhysicsSlovak University of Agriculture in NitraTr. A. Hlinku 2Nitra 949 76SlovakiaZuzana.Hlavacova@uniag.sk

Martin HolppFederal Department of Economic AffairsAgroscope Reckenholz-Tänikon Research Station ARTTänikon8356 EttenhausenSwitzerland

Józef HorabikInstitute of AgrophysicsPolish Academy of Sciencesul. Doświadczalna 420-290 LublinPolandj.horabik@ipan.lublin.pl

Rainer HornInstitute for Plant Nutrition and Soil ScienceChristian-Albrechts-University zu KielOlshausenstr. 4024118 KielGermanyrhorn@soils.uni-kiel.de

Robert HortonAgronomy DepartmentIowa State UniversityAmes, IA 50011USArhorton@ncsu.edu

Marek HoryńskiDepartment of Computer and Electrical EngineeringLublin University of TechnologyNadbystrzycka Street 38A20-618 LublinPolandm.horynski@pollub.pl

Silvo HribernikDepartment of Textile Materials and DesignUniversity of MariborSmetanova 172000 MariborSloveniasilvo.hribernik@uni-mb.si

Charles A. IgweDepartment of Soil ScienceUniversity of NigeriaNsukka, Enugu State 460001Nigeriacharigwe1@hotmail.comcharles.igwe@unn.edu.ng

Yukiyoshi IwataClimate and Land-use Change Research TeamNational Agricultural Research Center for HokkaidoRegion, NAROSinsei Memuro, Hokkaido 082-0081Japaniwatayuk@affrc.go.jp

Monika Jaroszuk-SierocińskaInstitute of Soil Science and Environment ManagementUniversity of Life SciencesAkademicka 1320-950 LublinPolandmonika.jaroszuk@up.lublin.pl

CONTRIBUTORS xxix

Mathieu JavauxAgrosphere, ICG-4Institute of Chemistry and Dynamics of the GeosphereForschungszentrum Juelich GmbH52425 JuelichGermanyandEarth and Life Institute-Environmental SciencesUniversité catholique de LouvainCroix du Sud, 2, bte 21348 Louvain-la-NeuveBelgiummathieu.javaux@uclouvain.be

Digvir S. JayasDepartement of Biosystems EngineeringUniversity of Manitoba207 Administration BuildingWinnipeg, MB R3T 5V6Canadadigvir_Jayas@Umanitoba.ca

Antonio JordánMED_Soil Research Group, Departamento deCristalografía, Mineralogía y Química AgrícolaUniversidad de Sevillac/Profesor García González, 141012 SevillaSpainajordan@us.es

Grzegorz JózefaciukInstitute of AgrophysicsPolish Academy of Sciencesul. Doświadczalna 420-290 LublinPolandg.jozefaciuk@ipan.lublin.pl

Agnieszka KaletaUniversity of Life Sciences (SGGW)Nowoursynowska 16402-787 WarszawaPolandagnieszka_kaleta@sggw.pl

Gerhard KammererDepartment of Water, Atmosphere and EnvironmentInstitute of Hydraulics and Rural Water-ManagementUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesMuthgasse 181190 ViennaAustriagerhard.kammerer@boku.ac.at

Seong Pal KangCognitive Robot Research CenterKorea Institute of Science and Technology119-801 Samsung Ramian APT HawalgokdongSung-Buk-gu, Seoul-siRepublic of Koreasp_kang@hotmail.com

Marian KargolIndependent Department of Environment Protection andModellingThe Jan Kochanowski University of Humanities andSciencesul. Świętokrzyska 1525-406 KielcePolandkatamar34@gmail.com

Douglas L. KarlenNational Laboratory for Agriculture and the Environment(NLAE)2110 University BoulevardAmes, IA 50011-3120USAdoug.karlen@ars.usda.gov

Jaacov KatanDepartment of Plant Pathology and MicrobiologyThe Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Food andEnvironmentRehovot, 76100IsraelKatan@agri.huji.ac.il

Andrzej KędzioraInstitute for Agricultural and Forest EnvironmentPolish Academy of SciencesBukowska 1960-809 PoznańPolandkedan@man.poznan.pl

Kathrin KiehlUniversity of Applied Sciences OsnabrückPostfach 194049009 OsnabrückGermanyk.kiehl@fh-osnabrueck.de

Jan T. KimSchool of ComputingUniversity of East AngliaNorwich NR4 7TJUKj.kim@uea.ac.uk

xxx CONTRIBUTORS

Gunnar KirchhofSchool of Land, Crop and Food SciencesThe University of QueenslandBrisbane, QLD 4072Australiagunnar@thinksoils.org

Holger KirchmannDepartment of Soil and EnvironmentSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesBox 7014750 07 UppsalaSwedenholger.kirchmann@mv.slu.se

Annelise KjøllerSection of MicrobiologyDepartment of BiologyUniversity of CopenhagenSølvgade 83H1307 Copenhagen KDenmark

Roxane Kohler-MilleretInstitute of Biology, Soil & Vegetation GroupUniversity of NeuchâtelRue Emile-Argand 11, Case postale 1582009 NeuchâtelSwitzerland

Paweł KojsPolish Academy of SciencesBotanical Garden – Center for Biological DiversityConservationWarsawPolandpkojs@op.pl

Raimo KõlliDepartment of Soil Science and AgrochemistryInstitute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences,Estonian University of Life SciencesKreutzwaldi Str. 1a51014 TartuEstoniaraimo.kolli@emu.ee

Józef KołodziejDepartment of AgrometeorologyUniversity of Life SciencesAkademicka 1520-950 LublinPolandjozef.kolodziej@up.lublin.pl

Krystyna KonstankiewiczInstitute of AgrophysicsPolish Academy of Sciencesul. Doświadczalna 420-290 LublinPolandkonst@ipan.lublin.pl

Jan KoperDepartment of BiochemistryUniversity of Technology and Life Sciences6 Bernardyńska Str85-029 BydgoszczPolandkoper@utp.edu.pl

Ted S. KorneckiUSDA-ARS, National Soil Dynamics Lab. Research Unit411 S. Donahue DriveAuburn, AL 36832USAted.kornecki@ars.usda.gov

Piotr KowalikDepartment of Sanitary EngineeringGdansk University of TechnologyNarutowicza 1180-233 Gdansk, PommeraniaPolandpiotr_kowalik@tlen.plpkow@pg.gda.pl

Bronisława Barbara KramInstitute of Agricultural EngineeringUniversity of Environmental and Life Sciencesul. Chełmońskiego 37/4150-630 WrocławPolandBronislawa.Kram@up.wroc.pl

Leilah KrounbiWyler Department of Dryland AgricultureFrench Associates Institute for Agriculture andBiotechnology of DrylandsJacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert ResearchBen-Gurion University of the NegevSede Boqer campus 84990Israel

Julia KrümmelbeinSoil Protection and RecultivationBrandenburg University of TechnologyKonrad-Wachsmann-Allee 603046 CottbusGermanykruemmel@tu-cottbus.de

CONTRIBUTORS xxxi

Adam Paweł KuczyńskiInstitute of AgrophysicsPolish Academy of Sciencesul. Doswiadczalna 420-290 Lublin 27Polandakucyski@ipan.lublin.pl

Max Kudernawpa Beratende Ingenieure GmbHLackierergasse 11090 ViennaAustriamax.kuderna@wpa.at

Sekhar Lukose KuriakoseUnited Nations University-ITC School for DisasterGeo-information ManagementUniversity of TwenteHengelosestraat 99, P.O. Box 2177500 AE EnschedeThe Netherlandssekhar.lk@gmail.comlukose11753@itc.nl

Miroslav KutílekNad Patankou 34160 00 Prague 6Czech Republicmiroslav.kutilek@volny.cz

Yakov KuzyakovDepartment of Agroecosystem ResearchUniversity of Bayreuth95440 BayreuthGermany

Rattan LalCarbon Management and Sequestration Center, SENRThe Ohio State University2021 Coffey RoadColumbus, OH 43210USALal.1@osu.edu

Krzysztof LamorskiInstitute of AgrophysicsPolish Academy of Sciencesul. Doświadczalna 420-290 LublinPolandk.lamorski@ipan.lublin.pl

Thamara LaredoDepartment of Food ScienceUniversity of Guelph Food and Soft Materials Science50 Stone Road EastGuelph, ON N1G 2W1Canadatlaredoa@uoguelph.ca

Janusz LaskowskiDepartment of Equipment Operation and Maintenance inthe Food IndustryUniversity of Life SciencesDoświadczalna 4420-288 LublinPolandjanusz.laskowski@up.lublin.pl

Patrick LavelleIRD/UPMC Université Paris 6, CIATCaliColombiaPatrick.Lavelle@bondy.ird.fr

Naftali LazarovitchWyler Department of Dryland AgricultureFrench Associates Institute for Agriculture andBiotechnology of DrylandsJacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert ResearchBen-Gurion University of the NegevSede Boqer campus 84990Israel

Wey H. LeongDepartment of Mechanical and Industrial EngineeringRyerson University350 Victoria St.Toronto, ON M5B 2K3Canada

Guy J. LevyInstitute of Soil, Water and Environmental SciencesThe Volcani CenterAgricultural Research OrganizationP.O. Box 650250 Bet DaganIsraelvwguy@volcani.agri.gov.il

Piotr P. LewickiDepartment of Food Engineering and ProcessManagementUniversity of Life Sciences (SGGW)Nowoursynowska Str. 159c02-776 WarszawaPolandpiotr_lewicki@sggw.pl

xxxii CONTRIBUTORS

Jerzy LipiecInstitute of AgrophysicsPolish Academy of Sciencesul. Doświadczalna 420-290 LublinPolandlipiec@ipan.lublin.pl

Willibald LoiskandDepartment of Water, Atmosphere and EnvironmentInstitute of Hydraulics and Rural Water-ManagementUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesMuthgasse 181190 ViennaAustriawillibald.loiskandl@boku.ac.at

Birl LoweryDepartment of Soil ScienceUniversity of Wisconsin-Madison1525 Observatory DriveMadison, WI 53706USAblowery@wisc.edu

Peggy MacaigneSoil and Water Management and Crop Nutrition SectionJoint FAO/IAEA DivisionInternational Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)Wagramer Strasse 5, P.O. Box 1001400 ViennaAustriap.macaigne@hotmail.frmacgyp@hotmail.com

Luís F. MachadoIBB – Institute for Biotechnology and BioengineeringCenter of Biological EngineeringUniversidade do MinhoCampus de Gualtar4710-057 BragaPortugalflaviomachado@deb.uminho.ptluis.flaviomachado@gmail.com

Engracia MadejónInstituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla(IRNAS-CSIC)P.O. Box 105241080 SevillaSpain

Basant MaheshwariSchool of Natural Sciences, Hawkesbury Campus,Building H3University of Western SydneyLocked Bag 1797Penrith South DC, NSW 1797Australiab.maheshwari@uws.edu.au

Alejandro G. MarangoniDepartment of Food ScienceUniversity of Guelph Food and Soft Materials Science50 Stone Road EastGuelph, ON N1G 2W1Canadaamarango@uoguelph.ca

Wibke MarkgrafInstitute for Plant Nutrition and Soil ScienceChristian-Albrechts-University zu KielHermann-Rodewald-Str. 224118 KielGermanyw.markgraf@soils.uni-kiel.de

Miguel Angel MartínDepartment of Applied Mathematics in AgriculturalEngineeringTechnical University of Madrid (UPM)Avd. de la Complutense28040 MadridSpainmiguelangel.martin@upm.es

Svatopluk MatulaDepartment of Water Resources, Food and NaturalResourcesCzech University of Life SciencesKamycka 129165 21 PragueCzech RepublicMatula@af.czu.cz

Blair M. McKenzieEnvironment–Plant InteractionsScottish Crop Research InstituteInvergowrieDundee DD2 5DAUKblair.mckenzie@scri.ac.uk

CONTRIBUTORS xxxiii

Leszek MieszkalskiDepartment of Agricultural Engineering and Natural RawMaterialsUniversity of Varmia and Mazury in OlsztynM. Oczapowskiego 1110-719 OlsztynPolandmieszko@poczta.fm

Fernando MigliaccioInstitute of Agro-Environmental and Forest Biology(IBAF)National Research CouncilVia Salaria Km 29,30000016 Monterotondo, RomeItalyfernando.migliaccio@ibaf.cnr.it

Budiman MinasnyFood & Natural ResourcesThe University of SydneySydney, NSW 2006Australiabudiman.minasny@sydney.edu.au

Waldemar MioduszewskiDepartment of Water ResourcesInstitute of Technology and Life SciencesAl. Hrabska 305-090 Raszyn FalentyPolandw.mioduszewski@itep.edu.pl

Andrzej MocekDepartment of Soil Sciences and Land ProtectionUniversity of Life SciencesSzydłowska 5060-656 PoznańPolandmoceka@up.poznan.pl

Md. Abdul MojidIrrigation and Water ManagementAgricultural University2202 MymensinghBangladeshma_mojid@yahoo.com

Marek MolendaInstitute of AgrophysicsPolish Academy of Sciencesul. Doświadczalna 420-290 LublinPolandmmolenda@ipan.lublin.pl

Toshihiko MomoseBavarian Environment AgencyHans-Högn-Straße 1295030 Hof/SaaleGermany

Verónica L. MoralesSoil and Water LaboratoryDepartment of Biological and Environmental EngineeringCornell University164 Riley Robb HallIthaca, NY 14853USAvlm8@cornell.edu

Chris J. MoranSustainable Minerals InstituteThe University of QueenslandCnr Staffhouse and College RoadsBrisbane, QLD 4075AustraliaChris.moran@uq.edu.au

Guillermo P. MoredaLaboratorio de Propiedades Físicas y TecnologíasAvanzadas en Agro-Alimentación (LPF-TAGRALIA)Universidad Politécnica de MadridAvda. Complutense, s/n28040 MadridSpainguillermo.moreda@upm.es

Félix MorenoInstituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla(IRNAS-CSIC)P.O. Box 105241080 SevillaSpainfmoreno@irnase.csic.es

Leszek MościckiDepartment of Food Process EngineeringUniversity of Life SciencesDoświadczalna str. 4420-280 LublinPolandleszek.moscicki@up.lublin.pl

Abdul Mounem MouazenNatural Resources DepartmentNatural Soil Resources InstituteCranfield UniversityCranfield, Bedfordshire MK43 0ALUKa.mouazen@cranfield.ac.uk

xxxiv CONTRIBUTORS

Lothar MüllerLeibniz – Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research(ZALF)Institute of Landscape HydrologyEberswalder Straße 8415374 MünchebergGermanylmueller@zalf.de

Miriam Muñoz-RojasInstituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla(CSIC)Avda. Reina Mercedes, 1041012 SevillaSpainmirmunroj@alum.us.es

José M. MurilloInstituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla(IRNAS-CSIC)P.O. Box 105241080 SevillaSpain

Kamila MyszkaDepartment of Biotechnology and Food MicrobiologyUniversity of Life Sciencesul. Wojska Polskiego 2860-637 PoznańPolandkmyszka@up.poznan.pl

Hiroshi NakashimaAgricultural Systems Engineering LaboratoryDivision of Environmental Science and TechnologyGraduate School of AgricultureKyoto UniversityOiwake-cho, Kitashirakawa, Sakyo-kuKyoto 606-8502Japanhiron@kais.kyoto-u.ac.jp

Susmitha NambuthiriDepartment of Plant and Soil SciencesCollege of AgricultureUniversity of KentuckyLexington, KY 40546USAsusmitha.agri@gmail.com

Agnieszka NawrockaInstitute of Agrophysicsul. Doświadczalna20-290 LublinPolanda.nawrocka@ipan.lublin.pl

Thomas NehlsDepartment Soil ConservationTechnische Universität BerlinSalzufer 12, Sekr BK-110587 BerlinGermanythomas.nehls@tu-berlin.de

Stuart O. NelsonU.S. Department of AgricultureAgricultural Research Service, Russell Research CenterP.O. Box 5677Athens, GA 30604-5677USAstuart.nelson@ars.usda.gov

Attila NemesCrop Systems and Global Change LaboratoryUSDA-ARS10300 Baltimore Avenue, Building 001, BARC-WestBeltsville, MD 20705USAAttila.Nemes@ars.usda.gov

Artur NosalewiczInstitute of AgrophysicsPolish Academy of Sciencesul. Doświadczalna 4, P.O. Box 20120-290 LublinPolanda.nosalewicz@ipan.lublin.pl

Viliam NovákInstitute of HydrologySlovak Academy of SciencesRacianska 75Bratislava 85101Slovakianovak@uh.savba.sk

Keith OpenshawFormerly Staff Member of the Food and AgriculturalOrganization (FAO) of the UNRomeItalyandFormerly Staff Member at the World BankWashington, DCUSAkopenshaw@cox.netopenshaw.keith@gmail.com

Janusz OstrowskiInstitute of Technology and Life SciencesAl. Hrabska 305-099 RaszynPolandj.ostrowski@imuz.edu.pl

CONTRIBUTORS xxxv

Wojciech OwczarzakDepartment of Soil Sciences and Land ProtectionUniversity of Life SciencesSzydłowska 5060-656 PoznańPoland

Yakov A. PachepskyEnvironmental Microbial and Food Safety LaboratoryAnimal and Natural Resource InstituteBeltsville Agricultural Research Center, USDA-ARS10300 Baltimore Ave, Bldg. 173, BARC-EASTBeltsville, MD 20705USAyakov.pachepsky@ars.usda.gov

Loïc PagèsINRA Centre d’AvignonUR 1115 PSH Site Agroparc84914 Avignon cedex 9FranceLoic.Pages@avignon.inra.fr

Marcello PagliaiAgricultural Research Council (CRA)Research Centre for Agrobiology andPedology (CRA-ABP)Piazza M. D’Azeglio, 3050121 FlorenceItalymarcello.pagliai@entecra.it

Apostolos PapadopoulosResearch and DevelopmentBranston LtdMere RoadBranston LN4 1NJUKapapadopoulos@branston.co.uk

Robert C. PearceDepartment of Plant and Soil SciencesCollege of AgricultureUniversity of KentuckyLexington, KY 40546USArpearce@email.uky.edu

Josef PecenDepartment of Sustainable TechnologiesInstitute of Tropics and SubtropicsUniversity of Life Sciences PragueKamýcká str. 129165 21 Prague 6 - SuchdolCzech Republicpecen@its.czu.cz

Xinhua PengInstitute of Soil ScienceChinese Academy of SciencesP.O. Box 821Nanjing 210008PR Chinaxhpeng@issas.ac.cn

Magnus PerssonDepartment of Water Resources EngineeringLund UniversityBox 22100LundSwedenmagnus.persson@tvrl.lth.se

Stephan PethInstitute for Plant Nutrition and Soil ScienceChristian-Albrechts-University zu KielOlshausenstr. 4024118 KielGermanys.peth@soils.uni-kiel.de

Fernanda PeyronelDepartment of Food ScienceUniversity of Guelph Food and Soft Materials Science50 Stone Road EastGuelph, ON N1G 2W1Canadafsvaikau@uoguelph.ca

A. PierretInstitut de Recherche pour le Developpement/International Water Management InstituteBan NongviengkhamVientianeLao PDR

Giacomo PietramellaraDipartimento Scienza del Suolo e Nutrizione della PiantaUniversità degli Studi di FirenzeP.le delle Cascine, 2850144 FirenzeItalygiacomo.pietramellara@unifi.it

Jacek PietrusiewiczDepartment of Plant Anatomy and CytologyMaria Curie-Skłodowska Universityul. Akademicka 1920-033 LublinPolandjacekp@poczta.umcs.lublin.pl

xxxvi CONTRIBUTORS

Stanisław PietruszewskiDepartment of PhysicsUniversity of Life SciencesAkademicka 1320-950 LublinPolandstanislaw.pietruszewski@up.lublin.pl

Wiktor PietrzykDepartment of Computer and Electrical EngineeringLublin University of TechnologyNadbystrzycka Street 38A20-618 LublinPolandw.pietrzyk@pollub.pl

David L. PinskiyInstitute of Physico-Chemical and Biological Problemsin Soil ScienceLaboratory of Physical-Chemistry of SoilsInstitutskaya 2, PushchinoMoscow Region 142290Russiapinsky@issp.serpukhov.su

David J. W. PiperGeological Survey of CanadaBedford Institute of OceanographyDartmouth, B2Y 4A2Canada

Alberto PistocchiGECOsistema srlViale G.Carducci, 1547023 Cesena (FC)Italyalberto.pistocchi@gecosistema.it

Grażyna PodolskaDepartment of Cereal Crop ProductionInstitute of Soil Science and Plant CultivationNational Research InstituteCzartoryskich 8 st24-100 PuławyPolandaga@iung.pulawy.pl

Andreas PohlmeierICG-4, Research CentreWilhelm Johnen Str52425 JülichGermanya.pohlmeier@fz-juelich.de

Valérie PotUMR 1091 INRA/AgroParisTech Environment andArable CropsAgroParisTechBP 0178850 Thiverval-GrignonFrancevpot@grignon.inra.fr

John N. QuintonLancaster Environment CentreLancaster UniversityBailriggLancaster LA1 4YQUKUKJ.Quinton@Lancaster.ac.uk

Sudhakar M. RaoDepartment of Civil EngineeringIndian Institute of ScienceBangalore 560012Indiamsrao@civil.iisc.ernet.in

Randy RaperU.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural ResearchServiceDale Bumpers Small Farm Research Center6883 South State Highway 23Booneville, AR 72927USArandy.raper@ars.usda.gov

Todd C. RasmussenWarnell School of Forestry & Natural ResourcesThe University of GeorgiaAthens, GA 30602-2152USAtrasmuss@uga.edu

Toshko RaytchevNikola Poushkarov Institute of Soil ScienceShosse Bankya 7Sofia 1080Bulgaria

Jerzy RejmanInstitute of AgrophysicsPolish Academy of Sciencesul. Doświadczalna 420-290 LublinPolandrejman@ipan.lublin.pl

CONTRIBUTORS xxxvii

Guy RichardInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)Unité de Science du Sol, Centre de Recherche d’OrléansBP 2061945166 Olivet cedex, OrléansFranceGuy.Richard@orleans.inra.fr

Edwin L. RitcheyDepartment of Plant and Soil SciencesCollege of AgricultureUniversity of KentuckyLexington, KY 40546USAelritc2@uky.edu

Karl RitzNatural Resources DepartmentNational Soil Resources InstituteSchool of Applied SciencesCranfield UniversityCranfield MK43 0ALUKk.ritz@cranfield.ac.uk

Tiina RooseSchool of MathematicsUniversity of SouthamptonUniversity RoadSouthampton SO17 1BJUKT.Roose@soton.ac.uk

Svetla RoussevaNikola Poushkarov Institute of Soil ScienceShosse Bankya 7Sofia 1080Bulgariasvetlarousseva@gmail.com

Renata RóżyłoDepartment of equipment operation and maintenancein the food industryUniversity of Life SciencesDoświadczalna 4420-280 LublinPolandrenata.rozylo@up.lublin.pl

Margarita Ruiz-AltisentLaboratorio de Propiedades Físicas y TecnologíasAvanzadas en Agro-Alimentación (LPF-TAGRALIA)Universidad Politécnica de MadridAvda. Complutense, s/n28040 MadridSpainmargarita.ruiz.altisent@upm.es

Juan M. Ruiz-LozanoDepartamento de Microbiología del Suelo y SistemasSimbióticosEstación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC)Prof. Albareda, 118008 Granada, AndalucíaSpainjuanmanuel.ruiz@eez.csic.es

Tomasz RusinMTS Systems CorporationElhys sp. z.o.o. ul. Naukowa 4502-463 WarsawPolandtrusin@elhys.com.pl

Rafał RybczyńskiInstitute of AgrophysicsPolish Academy of Sciences20-290 LublinPolandrryb@ipan.lublin.pl

Wojciech RybińskiInstitute of Plant GeneticsPolish Academy of SciencesStrzeszyńska 3460-479 PoznańPoland

Magdalena RyżakInstitute of AgrophysicsPolish Academy of SciencesDoświadczalna 420-290 LublinPolandmryzak@ipan.lublin.pl

Ramsis B. SalamaManaged Water Resources7 Fireball WayOcean Reef 6027Australiaramsis@managedwater.com

Anthony E. SalvucciSoil and Water LaboratoryDepartment of Biological and Environmental EngineeringCornell University164 Riley Robb HallIthaca, NY 14853USAaes84@cornell.edu

xxxviii CONTRIBUTORS

Fernando San José MartínezDepartment of Applied Mathematics in AgriculturalEngineeringTechnical University of Madrid (UPM)Avd. de la Complutense28040 MadridSpainfernando.sanjose@upm.es

Manuel Sánchez-MarañónDepartamento de Edafología y Química Agrícola,Facultad de CienciasUniversidad de GranadaCampus Fuentenueva18071 GranadaSpainmsm@ugr.es

Martin G. ScanlonDepartment of Food ScienceUniversity of ManitobaWinnipeg, R3T 2N2Canadascanlon@cc.umanitoba.ca

Gabriele E. SchaumannDepartment of Environmental and Soil ChemistryInstitute for Environmental SciencesUniversity Koblenz-LandauFortstr. 776829 LandauGermanyschaumann@uni-landau.de

Maud SégerInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)Unité de Science du Sol, Centre de Recherche d’OrléansBP 2061945166 Olivet cedex, OrléansFrance

H. M. SelimSchool of Plant, Environmental and Soil Sciences(SPESS)Agricultural CenterLouisiana State UniversityBaton Rouge, LA 70803-2110USAhselim@lsu.edu

Majda Sfiligoj SmoleDepartment of Textile Materials and DesignUniversity of MariborSmetanova 172000 MariborSloveniamajda.sfiligoj@uni-mb.si

Evgeny V. SheinDepartment of Soil PhysicsMoscow State UniversityMoscow 119992Russiae.v.shein@gmail.com

Bing Cheng SiDepartment of Soil ScienceUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoon, SK S7N 5A8Canadabing.si@usask.ca

Chandra B. SinghDepartement of Biosystems EngineeringUniversity of ManitobaE2-376 Engineering BuildingWinnipeg, MB R3T 5V6Canada

Stefan SkibaDepartment of Pedology and Soil GeographyInstitute of Geography and Spatial ManagementJagiellonian UniversityGronostajowa 730-387 CracowPolands.skiba@geo.uj.edu.pl

Wojciech M. SkieruchaInstitute of AgrophysicsPolish Academy of Sciencesul. Doświadczalna 420-290 LublinPolandw.skierucha@ipan.lublin.pl

Cezary SławińskiInstitute of AgrophysicsPolish Academy of Sciencesul. Doświadczalna 420-290 LublinPolandcslawin@ipan.lublin.pl

Zbigniew ŚlipekDepartment of Mechanical Engineering and AgrophysicsUniversity of Agricultureul. Balicka 12030-149 KrakówPolandZbigniew.Slipek@ur.krakow.pl

CONTRIBUTORS xxxix

Anna Słowińska-JurkiewiczInstitute of Soil Science and Environment ManagementUniversity of Life SciencesAkademicka 1320-950 LublinPolandanna.jurkiewicz@up.lublin.pl

Halina SmalInstitute of Soil Science and Environment ManagementUniversity of Life SciencesLeszczyńskiego 720-069 LublinPolandhalina.smal@up.lublin.pl

H. B. SoSchool of Land, Crop and Food SciencesThe University of QueenslandBrisbane, QLD 4072Australia

Henryk SobczukDepartment of Thermal TechniquesLublin University of Technologyul. Nadbystrzycka 40b20-618 LublinPolandh.sobczuk@pollub.pl

Zofia SokołowskaInstitute of AgrophysicsPolish Academy of SciencesDoświadczalna 420-290 LublinPolandzosia@maja.ipan.lublin.pl

Stefan SokołowskiDepartment for the Modelling of Physico-ChemicalProcessesMCS UniversityLublinPolandstefan.sokolowski@gmail.com

Søren J. SørensenSection of Microbiology, Department of BiologyUniversity of CopenhagenSølvgade 83H1307 Copenhagen KDenmark

Kurt A. SpokasUnited States Department of AgricultureAgricultural Research Service1991 Upper Buford Circle – 439 Borlaug HallSt. Paul, MN 55108USAkurt.spokas@ars.usda.gov

Joanna SposóbDepartment of HydrographyInstitute of Earth SciencesMaria Curie-Skłodowska University19 Akademicka Str.20-033 LublinPolandjoanna.sposob@poczta.umcs.lublin.pl

Tammo S. SteenhuisSoil and Water LaboratoryDepartment of Biological and Environmental EngineeringCornell University206 Riley Robb HallIthaca, NY 14853USAtss1@cornell.edu

Vlasta ŠtekauerováInstitute of HydrologySlovak Academy of SciencesRačianska 7583102 Bratislava 3Slovakiastekauer@uh.savba.sk

Zofia StępniewskaDepartment of Biochemistry & Environmental ChemistryThe John Paul II Catholic University of LublinKraśnicka 10220-718 LublinPolandstepz@kul.pl

Witold StępniewskiDepartment of Land Surface Protection EngineeringLublin University of TechnologyNadbystrzycka 40B20-712 LublinPolandw.stepniewski@pollub.pl

Lech Wojciech SzajdakDepartment of Environmental ChemistryInstitute for Agricultural and Forest EnvironmentPolish Academy of Sciencesul.Bukowska 1960-809 PoznańPolandszajlech@man.poznan.pl

xl CONTRIBUTORS

Jan SzatyłowiczDepartment of Environmental ImprovementUniversity of Life Sciences (SGGW)ul. Nowoursynowska 15902-776 WarsawPolandjan_szatylowicz@sggw.pl

Bogusław SzotInstitute of AgrophysicsPolish Academy of SciencesDoświadczalna 420-290 Lublin, LublinPolandb.szot@ipan.lublin.pl

Paweł SzotInstitute of Ornamental Plants and Architectureof LandscapeUniversity of Life SciencesLeszczyńskiego 5820-068 LublinPolandpszot@autograf.pl

Mieczysław SzpryngielUniversity of Life SciencesGłęboka 2820-612 LublinPoland

Miguel A. TaboadaINTA, CIRN – CONICETInstituto de SuelosLos Reseros y Las Cabañas S/N, (1688) HurlinghamVilla Udaondo-Castelar, Provincia de Buenos AiresArgentinaandCONICETAv. Rivadavia 1917 (C1033AAJ)Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos AiresArgentinaandUniversidad de Buenos AiresAv. San Martín 4453 (C1417DSE)Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos AiresArgentinamtaboada@cnia.inta.gov.ar

Josef TannyInstitute of Soil, Water, and Environmental SciencesAgricultural Research OrganizationThe Volcani CenterP.O. Box 6Bet Dagan 50250Israeltanai@volcani.agri.gov.il

Zdzisław TargońskiDepartment of BiotechnologyHuman Nutrition and Science of Food CommoditiesUniversity of Life SciencesSkromna 820-703 LublinPolandzdzislaw.targonski@up.lublin.pl

Vlodek R. TarnawskiDivision of EngineeringSaint Mary’s University923 Robbie St.Halifax, NS B3H 3C3Canadavlodek.tarnawski@smu.ca

Paola TassoneInstitute of Agro-Environmental and Forest Biology(IBAF)National Research CouncilVia Salaria Km 29,30000016 Monterotondo, RomeItaly

Judith M. TisdallDepartment of Agricultural SciencesLa Trobe UniversityBundoora, VIC 3086Australiaj.tisdall@latrobe.edu.au

Samir TrabelsiU.S. Department of AgricultureAgricultural Research Service, Russell Research CenterP.O. Box 5677Athens, GA 30604-5677USASamir.trabelsi@ars.usda.gov

T. P. TuongInternational Rice Research InstituteDAPO Box 7777Metro Manila 1301Philippinest.tuong@cgiar.org

Andrée J. TuzetUnité Mixte de Recherche, Environnement et GrandesCulturesInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)78850 Thiverval GrignonFrancetuzet@grignon.inra.fr

CONTRIBUTORS xli

Jerzy TysInstitute of AgrophysicsPolish Academy of SciencesDoświadczalna 420-290 Lublin, LublinPoland

F. D. UgeseDepartment of Crop ProductionUniversity of AgricultureMakurdi, Benue StateNigeriaf_ugese@yahoo.com

Danuta UrbanInstitute of Soil Science and Environment FormationUniversity of Life SciencesLeszczyńskiego 7 St.20-069 LublinPolanddanuta.urban@up.lublin.pl

Emilia UrbanekDepartment of GeographySwansea UniversitySingleton ParkSwansea SA2 8PPUKe.urbanek@swansea.ac.uk

Igor B. UskovAgrophysical Research InstituteRussian Academy of Agricultural ScienceGrazhdansky pr. 14195220 St. PetersburgRussiaoffice@agrophys.ru

Bogusław UsowiczInstitute of AgrophysicsPolish Academy of Sciencesul. Doświadczalna 420-290 LublinPolandb.usowicz@ipan.lublin.pl

Jerzy UsowiczTorun Centre for AstronomyNicolaus Copernicus UniversityGagarina 1187-100 TorunPolandju@astro.uni.torun.pl

L. P. H. van BeekDepartment of Physical GeographyUtrecht UniversityP.O. Box 80. 1153508 TC UtrechtThe Netherlandsr.vanbeek@geo.uu.nl

Martinus Th. van GenuchtenDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, COPPE/LTTCFederal University of Rio de Janeiro, UFRJRio de Janeiro RJ CEP 21945-970Brazilrvangenuchten@yahoo.com

Wendy H. VanceSchool of Environmental ScienceMurdoch UniversityMurdoch, WA 6150Australiaw.vance@murdoch.edu.au

Jan VanderborghtAgrosphere, ICG-4, Institute of Chemistry and Dynamicsof the GeosphereForschungszentrum Juelich GmbH52425 JuelichGermany

Karl VanderlindenCentro Las Torres-TomejilIFAPACtra. Sevilla-Cazalla, km 12.241200 Alcalá del Río (Seville)Spainkarl.vanderlinden@juntadeandalucia.es

Maria F. VarelaCONICETAv. Rivadavia 1917 (C1033AAJ)Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos AiresArgentinaandFacultad de AgronomíaUniversidad de Buenos AiresAv. San Martín 4453 (C1417DSE)Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos AiresArgentina

Leonid P. VelikanovLaboratory of Seed BiophysicsAgrophysical Research InstituteRussian Academy of Agricultural SciencesGrazdansky av. 14195220 St. PetersburgRussialeonidvelikanov@yandex.ru

xlii CONTRIBUTORS

Harry VereeckenAgrosphere, ICG-4, Institute of Chemistry and Dynamicsof the GeosphereForschungszentrum Juelich GmbH52425 JuelichGermany

António A. VicenteIBB – Institute for Biotechnology and BioengineeringCenter of Biological EngineeringUniversidade do MinhoCampus de Gualtar4710-057 BragaPortugalavicente@deb.uminho.pt

Raphael A. Viscarra RosselDivision of Land & Water Bruce E. Butler LaboratoryCommonwealth Scientific and Industrial ResearchOrganisation (CSIRO)GPO Box 1666Canberra, ACT 2601AustraliaRaphael.Viscarra-Rossel@csiro.au

Subramanian ViswanathanRequimte, Grupo de Reacções e Análises QuímicasInstituto Superior de Engenharia do PortoRua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 4314200-072 PortoPortugalrsviswa@gmail.com

Ole WendrothDepartment of Plant and Soil SciencesCollege of AgricultureUniversity of KentuckyLexington, KY 40546USAowendroth@uky.edu

Gerd WessolekDepartment Soil ConservationTechnische Universität BerlinSalzufer 12, Sekr BK-110587 BerlinGermanygerd.wessolek@tu-berlin.de

W. R. WhalleyDepartment of Soil ScienceRothamsted ResearchHarpenden, West Common, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQUKrichard.whalley@bbsrc.ac.uk

Marcin WidomskiDepartment of Land Surface Protection EngineeringLublin University of TechnologyNadbystrzycka 40B20-712 LublinPolandM.Widomski@wis.pol.lublin.pl

Barbara Witkowska-WalczakInstitute of AgrophysicsPolish Academy of SciencesDoświadczalna 420-290 LublinPolandbwitwal@ipan.lublin.pl

Teresa WłodarczykInstitute of AgrophysicsPolish Academy of Sciencesul. Doświadczalna 420-290 LublinPolandteresa@ipan.lublin.pl

Victor P. YakushevAgrophysical InstituteRussian Academy of Agricultural ScienceGrazhdansky pr. 14195220 St. PetersburgRussia

Maciej ZalewskiDepartment of Applied EcologyUniversity of LodzBanacha 12/1690-237 ŁódźPolandandInternational Institute of Polish Academy of SciencesEuropean Regional Centre for Ecohydrology under theauspices of UNESCOTylna 390-364ŁódźPolandmzal@biol.uni.lodz.pl

Lorena M. ZavalaMED_Soil Research GroupDepartamento de Cristalografía, Mineralogía y QuímicaAgrícolaUniversidad de SevillaCarretera de Utrera, km 141013 SevillaSpainlorena@us.es

CONTRIBUTORS xliii

Artur ZdunekInstitute of AgrophysicsPolish Academy of Sciencesul. Doświadczalna 420-290 LublinPolanda.zdunek@ipan.lublin.pl

Bin ZhangInstitute of Agricultural Resources and Regional PlanningChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing 100081PR Chinabzhang@caas.ac.cn

Jianhui ZhangInstitute of Mountain Hazards and EnvironmentChinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of WaterConservancyP.O. Box 417Chengdu, 610041 SichuanPR Chinazjh@imde.ac.cn

Wei ZhangSoil and Water LaboratoryDepartment of Biological and Environmental EngineeringCornell University164 Riley Robb HallIthaca, NY 14853USAwz47@cornell.edu

Adam ZsolnayGerman Research Helmholtz ZentrumCenter for Environmental HealthMünchenGermanyzsolnay-q@web.de

xliv CONTRIBUTORS

Preface

Agrophysics is the science that studies physical pro-cesses and properties affecting plant production. Thefundaments of agrophysical investigations are mass(water, air, nutrients) and energy (light, heat) transportin the soil–plant–atmosphere and soil–plant–machine–agricultural products–foods continuums and way of theirregulation to acquire biomass of high quantity and qualitywith sustainability to the environment. Agrophysics hasbeen developing dynamically over the past decades,filling the gap between disciplines like agrochemistry,agrobiology, agroecology, agroclimatology and linkingthem together. Unlike physics of individual objects likesoils, plants, agricultural products and food, agrophysicsprovides a physical basis to better understand interrela-tions between the objects.

Understanding physical processes in the agrophysicalobjects is a pre-requisite for applying new technologiesin sustainable land use and environment management,and in the production of healthy agricultural productsand food. The recognition of physical phenomena inthe agricultural environment allows more efficient useof water and chemicals in agriculture and decreasingbiomass losses during harvest, transport, storage andprocessing. These result in a growing interest in the appli-cation of physics for improving the quality of the abovementioned objects. It is therefore considered timely to pro-duce a key resource across the discipline providing a clearexplanation of present knowledge in modern agrophysicsinterfacing with the physical sciences and environmentaland food sciences.

The roots of agrophysics are based in Saint Petersburg(Russia) where A.F. Ioffe (1880–1960) founded the prin-ciples of a new branch of natural and agricultural sciencesand was the founder in 1932 of the Institute of Physics andAgriculture, later called the Institute of Agrophysics. Sub-sequently, the Institute of Agrophysics of the Polish Acad-emy of Sciences was created in 1968 in Lublin (Poland)

by B. Dobrzański (1908–1987), whose idea was to extendthe application of physics not only to soils, but also to agri-cultural plants and products. Initially the Institute playedan important role in the coordination of agrophysicalresearch in Poland and in European countries, and laterthe cooperation was broadened to numerous scientificinstitutions worldwide.

The Encyclopedia of Agrophysics has been writtento portray the agrophysical objects in terms of physicalprocesses and physical properties characterising them.Interactions between the objects are also included. Asagrophysical issues become more and more complicated,so will the knowledge and vocabulary required for theirclear understanding, discussion and study be extended.Due to the dynamic and rapid growth of agrophysicalknowledge, the Encyclopedia considers many new researchmethods and terms that did not even exist a decade ago.

The Encyclopedia can be helpful in evaluating andimproving the quality of soils and agricultural productsas well as the technological processes. Moreover,agrophysical terminology can be applied to soil science,agronomy, biophysics, agroecology, agricultural engi-neering, horticulture, plant science, food science, environ-mental science, landscape ecology and geography, andthereby it can help collaboration and the flow of informa-tion between the disciplines. The Encyclopedia can serveas a reference document for researchers, students of vari-ous levels, librarians, policy- and decision-makers, andinterested societies working and studying in a range ofdisciplines related to agrophysics.

The Encyclopedia of Agrophysics encloses 261 articlesand 400 glossary terms that are arranged in alphabeticalorder. Each article includes “cross-references” that directthe reader to one or more other articles that may shed morelight on the topic.

The Encyclopedia of Agrophysics is a result of theefforts of many contributors from throughout the world.

The Editors are very obliged to all Authors who kindlyaccepted the invitation to contribute andwho have inspiredthe Encyclopedia with their informative contributions.We appreciate the assistance of the many friends and col-leagues who have suggested new issues and terms, helpedwith definitions as well as provided valuable criticism.Particular thanks go to the Editorial Board of the Encyclo-pedia and to the anonymous reviewers for many helpful

advice and comments. We are indebted to the PublishingEditors of Springer for many suggestions and kindcooperation.

Jan GlińskiJózef HorabikJerzy Lipiec

(Editors-in-Chief)

xlvi PREFACE