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Empower Learners by Improving Memory Raven Stromek, MA DHH Behavior Coach and Reading Specialist Illinois Service Resource Center www.isrc.us DeafEduc8or@comcast.net Slide 2 Illinois Service Resource Center A Service and Resource Center of the Illinois State Board of Education Supporting deaf/hard of hearing student behavioral needs Schools/ Educators Individual student observations Data collection support DHH Behavior Team training and support School-wide positive behavior support Online training modules Mentoring Parents/ Families Individual student home visits for behavior support Library materials mailed with return postage Speakers for parent support groups Locate needed resources Parent Facilitators Newsletter www.isrc.us 800-550-4772 Slide 3 Illinois Service Resource Center A Service and Resource Center of the Illinois State Board of Education Supporting deaf/hard of hearing student behavioral needs Students Deaf Student Network Leadership Day Deaf Can Do It Day Deaf Teen Saturday in the City How I Advocate For Others Essay Contest www.isrc.us 800-550-4772 Slide 4 To accomplish today: Gain insight into Harley Hamiltons research about memory abilities of deaf learners. Understand four specific areas of memory difficulty in deaf learners. Make connections between the areas of memory difficulty and common academic demands. Explore fun, engaging, and interactive ways to improve memory skills in deaf learners. Slide 5 THE RESEARCH HARLEY HAMILTON http://www.cats.gatech.edu/cats/articles/Hamilton%202011-%20WM%20skills.pdf Slide 6 WM and STM Working Memory Actively processes information How much info the students can use Short Term Memory Passively holds information How long students can hold the info Working memory and short term memory predict academic success in: Reading Language Comprehension Mathematics Science Slide 7 Deaf specific strengths and needs Weaknesses Sequential recall Processing speed Attention Memory load Strengths Free recall Visuospatial recall Imagery Dual encoding Can be strengths when used: Phonological encoding Rehearsal Slide 8 AREAS OF WEAKNESS Slide 9 Sequential Memory Recall a list in the same order it was presented Digits Printed words Pictures ASL signs Fingerspelling Slide 10 Processing Speed How quickly students can perform a task Oral and written language Math abilities Word recognitionthus, fluency & comprehension Language development and processing Strong native language base Slide 11 Attention Focus on one stimuli DoD: 14.1% ADHD; DoH: 38.7% ADHD Deaf better at peripheral than hearing Directing and sustaining attention is difficult Deaf attend to signing peers in class discussion 30% Deaf attend to signing teacher 44%, 1:1 attention 50% Slide 12 Memory Load How difficult a task is cognitive complexity Harder the task = decrease in performance Hearing example 8 word sentence harder than 3 word sentence 8 word tongue twister harder than simple control Deaf example Cherological: sign-based formational features Comprehension down for formationally similar I ate apples at home yesterdayATE APPLES HOME YESTERDAY Memory load increase problematic for Deaf sooner than hearing Slide 13 AREAS OF STRENGTH Slide 14 Free recall Recalling a list, any order Equivalent recall for: printed words ASL/spoken words Line drawings Sequentially presented shapes Helpful for names of states, parts of body, etc. Slide 15 Visuospatial Recall Objects presented in visual array Blocks on a table, objects in a grid Superior to hearing: Recall info presented in static format for linguistic and nonlinguistic Touch blocks in same order random or straight arrangements Everyday objects on a grid Slide 16 Visuospatial Recall contd. Same/similar as hearing Simon game Recall series of geometric shapes (draw) - simple or complex Line of shapes all at once (But not shapes presented one at a time that disappear before next is shown) Slide 17 Imagery Make, sustain, and manipulate visual image Enhanced over hearing: Imagery: creating a picture in his/her head Mental rotation Slide 18 Dual Encoding Use both sign and speech (SimCom) Better than hearing: List of words Problem is skill level of SimCom users Slide 19 Memory strengths if strategy is taught and used - Phonological encoding (speech based) Speech reading, articulatory gesture (cue, VP) = phonological signal in brain Some deaf develop/use, some not Less likely than hearing to use for phonological encoding, reading, spelling When used helps: sequential recall reading comp Slide 20 Memory strengths if strategy is taught and used - Rehearsal: Overt or covert repetition of items to remember Deaf need overt to show benefit: Printed words Images Signed phrases Deaf do not naturally use as early as hearing D 10 yrs. H 7-8 yrs. Slide 21 IMPLICATIONS Slide 22 Implications All related to skills needed to comprehend and learn language Attention: acquire language in environment Processing speed: encode and manipulate Memory load: stressed from lack of automatization reduces processing speed Sequential linguistic info needed for cognition Slide 23 Implications Strengths can be used to improve instruction for DHH students Can be used to improve deficiencies Need specific strategy instruction Slide 24 INTERVENTIONS AND STRATEGIES Early Childhood through age 15 yield best results Slide 25 Early Childhood Early exposure to fluent language models Slow, clear, short sentences Videos, videogames Rehearsal Nursery rhymes, songs, chants, actions Household tasks routines, sequencing, simple directions, ASL mechanism of referencing items on a list Free recall items on shopping list Slide 26 Watch signed sentence, sequence pictures to depict meaning Formationally similar signs increase memory load, dissimilar decrease difficulty Print, static stimuli Sequencing and retelling stories Slide 27 Imagery and comprehension generate a sentence, draw it, switch out nouns, repeat Automaticity drill vocabulary PPT on set timer, white board and cover/erase Processing speed captioning Online dictionaries SMARTSign-Dictionary, google images Phonological development speechreading, articulation practice, [cued speech?]w/print Slide 28 Build automatized schemas Low error exposure through scaffolding Simple Sentence Lab www.cats.gatech.edu/cats/CatSoft/SSL.htm www.cats.gatech.edu/cats/CatSoft/SSL.htm Sequential memory, sentence production, spelling, chunking English phrases, rehearsal, and schema building for written English Slide 29 Visual images with rehearsal Rehearsal Chunking Fairview method: look up, jump over, get on SimCom for word lists Slide 30 Visual imagery Displays for reference [Visual Information Plan] Static sequential visuospatial presentation 2+4=6 Fact tables Slide 31 Drill for automaticity to increase processing speed and attention white board, PPT, paper Dictating problems Mental math ASL feature of referring to objects in a place Calculators Slide 32 Free recall Labeling: states, body parts Categorizing: habitat, culture, states of matter Rehearsal and repetition Variety of practice materials Flowcharts, boxes, diagrams Thinking maps or graphic organizers www.free-mind.en.softonic.com www.free-mind.en.softonic.com www.xmind.net www.xmind.net Slide 33 General Attention Peripheral information is STRONG with deaf Problematic for attending/language learning Intervention: Stand near screen with predictable movement Short, simple directionsthen build Teach and practice sustained attention With and without distractions Slide 34 Memory Load Simple, structured, redundant language Eliminate multitasking Repeated exposure to new material Processing and rehearsal time Apply memory strategies Repetition External supports visuals, checklists, prompts Scaffolding and errorless learning, minimize failure ASL Slide 35 Working Memory Brief Focus on one strategy - well spaced Practice strategies Connect success to strategies Allow students to overlearn Positive Reinforcement Teach when and how metacognition Strategy instruction needs to be aligned with student needs and growth Slide 36 Neurologist Recommended Destress - enjoyable rituals Grab attention - "advertising" or giving hints Color - colored pens color code notes or words Novelty - funny hat, put a scarf on the dog Personal meaning - interests http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/radical-teaching/200904/top-10-list-improve-your-childs-memory Slide 37 Neurologist contd. Relational memories - connects with experiences Patterning - Charts, mnemonics, same/different Mental manipulation - do something with it Practice makes permanent - Review material using multiple sensory activities Syn-naps = brain-breaks (depleted after as little as ten minutes) Slide 38 General Strategies Get the details Im going on a picnic and Im bringing Routines/steps daily, recipes, chores Practice remembering Visualization silly image of what or where Chaining story of a list Chunking phone or CC numbers in set of 3 or 4 Acrostics My Very Educated Mother Just Served Us Nine Pizzas Slide 39 General contd. Music, rhythm, chant Illustrations, pictures, mind maps Develop interest Study most important to remember first Teach someone else Slide 40 Web resources http://staff.washington.edu/chudler/chmemory.h tml http://staff.washington.edu/chudler/chmemory.h tml Short Term Memory Test. Short Term Memory Test Short Term Memory Picture Game Play SIMON SAYS Game 1 Play SIMON SAYS Game 2 Face Memory Test - Version 1 Face Memory Test - Version 2 Slide 41 http://www.learninggamesforkids.com/memo ry_games/memory_games_simon.html http://www.learninggamesforkids.com/memo ry_games/memory_games_simon.html http://www.brainmetrix.com/color-game/ http://www.exploratorium.edu/listen/activitie s/memory_game/deploy/activity_memoryga me.php http://www.exploratorium.edu/listen/activitie s/memory_game/deploy/activity_memoryga me.php Slide 42 FUN STRATEGIES Slide 43 Percussion Tools and resources: ISRC Drum Kit Developmental Community Music (DCM) Together in Rhythm: A Facilitators Guide to Drum Circle Music (Book & DVD)--Kalani (Aug 1, 2004) Body Percussion Make your own: rain sticks, shakers, drums http://www.pinterest.com/ravenstromek/make-your-own-percussion/ Follow the Leader Leader makes up a pattern of four beats and others repeat back. Gradually increase number of beats to remember. Pass the Percussion First person does a pattern of three beats. The next person does that pattern and adds on. Continue. Slide 44 Percussion contd. Generate a pattern using graphics (circle, square, triangle) that represent musical movements. Students perform the piece using the graphics; slowly remove the visual support to increase reliance on memory. Students stand/sit facing each otherone person creates a rhythm and the other repeats the rhythm and then creates a rhythm of his/her own that their partner must then repeat and create a new rhythm of his/her own repeat. Slide 45 Now You See It, Now You Don't Tray or a large plate. (cookie sheet, cafeteria tray). Put 10 to 20 objects on the tray, and cover. Explain: objects on the tray, want them to remember as many as possible, one minute. Use a timer. Cover, Write down all they can remember. Could they remember all of the items? Are there any items that were forgotten by all the students? Teach some of the memory techniques and repeat the experiment. Slide 46 What's Missing Variation of the previous experiment to test short term memory. Get your tray and items and cloth ready again. This time have you students view the items for 1 minute. Then cover the tray again. Without the students seeing, REMOVE 1 item from the tray. Show the tray and remaining items to your students again. Ask them, "What is missing?". Can they guess what you removed? Further variations: more time/less time to view More/less objects on the tray. Try it with fewer objects, identify the missing object by feel Try it again, but this time remove 3-4 objects. Slide 47 Whos Missing Have one student leave the room. While this student is out of the room, have another student hide. Then bring the first student back into the room. Can this student name the student who is missing? Slide 48 Classroom Mix-up Tell everyone to take a good look around the classroom to remember where objects are located in the room. Send a few students out of the room while you change the location of various objects in the class. Make sure YOU keep a list of all the things that you have changed! When the students come back into the classroom, ask them to write down or take turns telling all of the things that have changed. Slide 49 Everyday Memory Go to the Exploratorium to see if you remember what this common everyday object really looks like. What can it be? What can it be?Exploratorium This experiment is based on a study by Nickerson, R.S. and Adams, M.J. titled "Long-term memory for a common object," Cognitive Psychology, 11:297-307, 1979. Slide 50 Eye Witness Plan to have someone (a teacher or a student) come into your class. Let's call this person, "X". X should plan on doing several things in class such as: Change the time on the clock Take a book and put it in a bag Erase the chalkboard Close a window Talk to someone Before X comes into the room, have all of the students working or reading at their desks. When X comes into the room, most of the students will be curious about what he or she is doing. After X leaves the room, have the students write down or tell all the things that happened. What details do they recall? What did X wear? How long was X in the room? What book did X take? Who did X talk to? What did X say? You may even ask some leading questions to influence memory. For example, if X was not wearing a hat, ask, "What color hat was X wearing?". Compare how everyone's memory was the same and different. Slide 51 False Memories Sometimes your brain makes up its own memories. Try to "implant" a memory by asking people to remember the words on list 1. Wait about five minutes, then probe their memory by asking them which words on list 2 they remember. List 1: read, pages, letters, school, study, reading, stories, sheets, cover, pen, pencil, magazine, paper, words List 2: house, pencil, apple, shoe, book, flag, rock, train, ocean, hill, music, water, glass, school Did they say that "book" was on list 1? Only pencil and school were on list 1. Try these words: List 1: sheets, pillow, mattress, blanket, comfortable, room, dream, lay, chair, rest, tired, night, dark, time List 2: door, tree, eye, song, pillow, juice, orange, radio, rain, car, sleep, cat, dream, eat Did they say that "sleep" was on list 1? Only pillow and dream were on list 1. Make up your own lists and see if you can create a false memory. Slide 52 Concentration Traditional: Deck of any cards or matching sets of pictures/shapes/letters/etc laid in a grid. Match. PLAY BRAIN CONCENTRATION PLAY SENSORY CONCENTRATION Slide 53 Memory Click the link to see 25 different objects. Look at them for 30 seconds, then click on the "Back" button to return to this page. Write down all the objects that you can remember. Here are the 25 objects. Here are the 25 objects Slide 54 A-maze-ing [Maze 1 - easy] [Maze 2 - harder] [Maze 3 - hardest] (Click on the maze, then "save" the big maze or just print it out). [Or use other mazes you have.] Get at least 3 copies of each maze. Time it takes you to complete the maze...from "START" to "FINISH" Record the amount of time it takes you. Then, do the SAME maze over again on a new copy. Record the amount of time it takes you to complete it. Then do it a third time and even a fourth time if you want. Slide 55 iPad Games Flow Free Just Find It My First Games: Spot the Difference Labyrinth 2 HD Lite TanZen HD Lite My First Puzzles Crazy Copy Games HD Free Lite Air Hockey Gold (Mazes but any good ones are $$) Search memory Slide 56 Board Games and Puzzles Tribond Memory Concentration Sequence Uno Blink Battleship Connect 4 Checkers (chess) Brick by Brick Mind Trap Dot to Dot Mazes Word search Sudoku Crossword Word Search Jig saw puzzles Think Fun Games: Visual Brain Storms, Rush Hour, Swish, Roll and Play, Amaze, Distraction Slide 57 References http://www.parents.com/toddlers- preschoolers/development/intellectual/enhance- childs-memory/ http://www.parents.com/toddlers- preschoolers/development/intellectual/enhance- childs-memory/ http://www.parents.com/kids/development/intel lectual/improve-kids-memory-skills/ http://www.parents.com/kids/development/intel lectual/improve-kids-memory-skills/ http://www.cyh.com/HealthTopics/HealthTopicD etailsKids.aspx?p=335&np=152&id=2431 http://www.cyh.com/HealthTopics/HealthTopicD etailsKids.aspx?p=335&np=152&id=2431 http://www.oxfordlearning.com/2006/05/16/10- ways-to-build-your-childs-memory/ http://www.oxfordlearning.com/2006/05/16/10- ways-to-build-your-childs-memory/ https://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/chmemo ry.html https://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/chmemo ry.html Slide 58 Raven Stromek DHH Behavior Coach and Reading Specialist Illinois Service Resource Center www.isrc.us DeafEduc8or@comcast.net