Empires, Colonization, and the Fall of Empires, Colonization, and the Fall of Empires Empires

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Name this Name this country . . .country . . .

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• Richest in the world

• Largest military

• Center of world business and finance

• Strongest education system

• World center of innovation and invention

• Currency the world standard of value

• Highest standard of living

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EnglandEngland

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in in 1900.1900.

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Historical Empires and Historical Empires and ImperialismImperialism

imperialism   [im-peer-ee-uh-liz-uhm] 1. the policy of extending the rule or authority of an empire or nation over foreign countries, or of acquiring and holding colonies and dependencies.

colonialism   (kə-lō nē-ə-lĭz′əm)1. The policy or practice of a wealthy or powerful nation's maintaining or extending its control over other countries, especially in establishing settlements or exploiting resources.

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The Roman Empire, 27 B.C. to 476 C.E.

Economic basis: farming of wheat, olives, & grapes, mining, fishing, raiding, and tradingLasting influences: language, architecture, engineering, law, politics, values (duty, piety, justice, gravitas, brutality), spread of Christianity after 313 AD.

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The Decline of the Roman Empire (400-500 AD)

Germanic mercenaries revolt and others invade Roman Empire.

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Muhammad and the Rise of Islam

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Islamic World circa A.D. 1500Islamic World circa A.D. 1500

Lasting influences and geographic effects: Slave trade, Trade Routes, Spread of Islam, Growth of Cities, Mathematics,

Engineering (e.g., waterwheel).

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Lasting influences: Armenian Genocide (1915) was one of the first modern systematic genocides, Islam, Islamic architecture, Turkic language, food.

Ottoman Empire (1299-1923)Ottoman Empire (1299-1923)• One of the longest lasting empires in history

• Islam, Jihad and state power intertwined in one man, the Sultan, as “protector of Islam”

• State-run education, law, and judicial system

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► New Turkish nation in 1920s with New Turkish nation in 1920s with collapse of Ottoman Turkish Empirecollapse of Ottoman Turkish Empire

► Ethnic violence and Armenian Ethnic violence and Armenian Genocide as the empire collapsesGenocide as the empire collapses

► After fall of Turkish Empire the After fall of Turkish Empire the Middle East divided between Middle East divided between France and BritainFrance and Britain Israel – Jewish homelandIsrael – Jewish homeland Arabs loyal to clans, tribes, families Arabs loyal to clans, tribes, families

or Pan-Arabismor Pan-Arabism Continued border disputesContinued border disputes

Vestiges (influences) of Vestiges (influences) of Ottoman rule Ottoman rule

Middle east conflict, Middle east conflict, Turkish language, food, Turkish language, food, dress, Islam.dress, Islam.

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The Mongol EmpireThe Mongol Empire

Economic basis: shepherding goats & sheep, horse-based raiding and tradingLasting influences: religious tolerance, reestablished trade routes like Silk Road, horse-based warfare, diplomatic immunity, free trade, and paper currency

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Economic basis: farming of wheat in north, rice in south, trade in silk.

Lasting influences:

Chinese Dynasties Chinese Dynasties (1500 BC – 1912 CE)(1500 BC – 1912 CE)

Economic basis: farming of wheat in north, rice in south, trade in silk.

Lasting influences: language, architecture, food, Confucian values (honor, duty to family and state, education of bureaucrats), law, spread of Buddhism, invention of gunpowder, gun, and compass.

Ming Dynasty - The Forbidden City (1420)

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Niger-Congo (Bantu) Diffusion• proto-Bantu peoples originated in Cameroon-Nigeria in west Africa.

• They spread throughout southern Africa 1 – 1000 CE

• Bantu peoples were agriculturalists who used metal tools.

• 19th Century Zulu Kingdom was part of final Bantu expansion

Economic basis: farming of bananas and, later, millet and sorghumLasting influences: Niger-Congo language family, how Africa became “black”, spread of farming.

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Age of European Discovery, Exploration, and Colonization

1492 - 1771: 1492 - 1771: Bartholomew Dias (Portugal), 1488Bartholomew Dias (Portugal), 1488 - rounds - rounds

Cape of Good HopeCape of Good Hope Columbus, 1492 (Spanish/Italian)Columbus, 1492 (Spanish/Italian) - first of four - first of four

voyages to “New World”voyages to “New World” Vasco De Gama (Portugal), 1498Vasco De Gama (Portugal), 1498 - reaches - reaches

IndiaIndia Magellan (Portugal), 1519Magellan (Portugal), 1519 - First - First

CircumnavigationCircumnavigation James Cook (England), 1768-1771James Cook (England), 1768-1771 - voyages in - voyages in

Pacific / Polynesia; end of era of DiscoveryPacific / Polynesia; end of era of DiscoveryThe geographical knowledge acquired was crucial to the expansion of European political and economic power in the 16th Century.

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European Colonization Affected Huge European Colonization Affected Huge Swaths of the World (1492-20Swaths of the World (1492-20thth Century) Century)

1936

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► British Empire (roughly from 1570-1970)British Empire (roughly from 1570-1970) 1900 peak with ¼ of Earth’s land surface!1900 peak with ¼ of Earth’s land surface!

► The Commonwealth of NationsThe Commonwealth of Nations 54 members – all formerly part of the British Empire54 members – all formerly part of the British Empire Queen Elizabeth head of state in 16 countries includingQueen Elizabeth head of state in 16 countries including

► UK, Canada, New Zealand, JamaicaUK, Canada, New Zealand, Jamaica Northern IrelandNorthern Ireland

► 26 of 32 counties independent in 192126 of 32 counties independent in 1921► Ulster remains provinceUlster remains province

► Vestiges of British cultureVestiges of British culture Legal system, Anglican (Episcopalian) Church, language, education, Cricket, beer.Legal system, Anglican (Episcopalian) Church, language, education, Cricket, beer.

1921

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The Spanish Empire, 1770

•Economic basis: naval technology, resource extraction, religion

•Lasting influences:

language, law, wine, Roman Catholicism, land ownership in large estates.

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French EmpireFrench Empire

► Vestiges of French ruleVestiges of French rule Language in Africa, Canada, and Pacific Islands; wine, Roman Language in Africa, Canada, and Pacific Islands; wine, Roman

Catholicism, Napoleonic legal system, art, cuisine.Catholicism, Napoleonic legal system, art, cuisine.

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European Colonization Replaced Indigenous Agriculture European Colonization Replaced Indigenous Agriculture and and

Spread Cash Crop ProductionSpread Cash Crop Production

Indian Tea Plantation Source: NGS

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European Colonization Replaced European Colonization Replaced Indigenous Agriculture and Indigenous Agriculture and Spread Cash Crop ProductionSpread Cash Crop Production

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Russian EmpireRussian Empire► Russian Empire across Asia and Russian Empire across Asia and

into N. America (1721-1917)into N. America (1721-1917)► Vladimir Lenin (1870-1924)Vladimir Lenin (1870-1924)

Communist leaderCommunist leader Control in 1917Control in 1917 Union of Soviet Socialist Union of Soviet Socialist

Republics (1922)Republics (1922)► 1990 1990

““Collapse of Soviet Union” Collapse of Soviet Union” - USSR subdivided into 15 union - USSR subdivided into 15 union republicsrepublics

33rdrd most populous state, 17% of most populous state, 17% of Earth’s land areaEarth’s land area

Russia = largest republicRussia = largest republic Russian acculturationRussian acculturation

► Vestiges of Russian ruleVestiges of Russian rule Language, food, tendency to Language, food, tendency to

autocratic leaders and autocratic leaders and government control.government control.

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Soviet Economic GeographySoviet Economic Geography► Economic self-sufficiencyEconomic self-sufficiency

Collectivized agricultureCollectivized agriculture Heavy industry advancesHeavy industry advances Lagging light industry, consumer goods, high-tech Lagging light industry, consumer goods, high-tech

productsproducts► Centralized state controlCentralized state control

Little private propertyLittle private property Natural resourcesNatural resources ““Means of production”Means of production”

► Environmental protection less important than Environmental protection less important than industrializationindustrialization

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Breakup of Soviet UnionBreakup of Soviet Union► GorbachevGorbachev

19851985► GlasnostGlasnost

Freedom of speech and pressFreedom of speech and press► PerestroikaPerestroika

Restructuring of economy and politicsRestructuring of economy and politics► Events and policies could not be controlledEvents and policies could not be controlled► 15 new countries15 new countries► Economic strugglesEconomic struggles

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Developments in RussiaDevelopments in Russia► Economic challengesEconomic challenges► Putin 2000 and 2012Putin 2000 and 2012► Regional Independence Battles (Chechnya)Regional Independence Battles (Chechnya)► Privatization of state-owned economyPrivatization of state-owned economy► Slow progressSlow progress► AdvantagesAdvantages

Educated workforceEducated workforce Natural resourcesNatural resources

- oil, natural gas- oil, natural gas Scientific institutesScientific institutes

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American (U.S.) Empire?American (U.S.) Empire?► 1959 all territories granted 1959 all territories granted

statehood (Hawaii, Alaska)statehood (Hawaii, Alaska)► CubaCuba► PanamaPanama

Canal surrendered in 1999Canal surrendered in 1999 1989 invasion1989 invasion

► IslandsIslands► Puerto RicoPuerto Rico

1952 free commonwealth1952 free commonwealth Resource poor, densely Resource poor, densely

populated, low per capita populated, low per capita income, no U.S. voting rights.income, no U.S. voting rights.

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U.S. MilitaryU.S. MilitaryWorldwide U.S. Military Operations (700+ bases in 50+ countries)

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The biggest military The biggest military spenders?spenders?

Defence costsJun 8th 2011, 14:00 by The Economist online

ON JUNE 8th China's top military brass confirmed that the country's first aircraft carrier, a refurbishment of an old Russian carrier, will be ready shortly. Only a handful of nations operate carriers, which are costly to build and maintain. Indeed, Britain has recently decommissioned its sole carrier because of budget pressures. China's defence spending has risen by nearly 200% since 2001 to reach an estimated $119 billion in 2010—though it has remained fairly constant in terms of its share of GDP. America's own budget crisis is prompting tough discussions about its defence spending, which, at nearly $700 billion, is bigger than that of the next 17 countries combined.

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Cultural ImperialismCultural Imperialism► Systematic eradication of native cultureSystematic eradication of native culture

was deliberate and sometimes violentwas deliberate and sometimes violent elimination of native languages, styles of dress, lawselimination of native languages, styles of dress, laws

► Imposition of Western cultureImposition of Western culture Elites, both native and colonial, elevate status of Elites, both native and colonial, elevate status of

Western colonizing culture, including language, Western colonizing culture, including language, manners, and food.manners, and food.

► Self-WesternizationSelf-Westernization Japan, China, TurkeyJapan, China, Turkey

► Internal colonialismInternal colonialism Tibet in China, Siberia in Russia, Western Provinces of Tibet in China, Siberia in Russia, Western Provinces of

ChinaChina

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Westernization TodayWesternization Today► Western dress and lifestyle as status symbolsWestern dress and lifestyle as status symbols► Role of mediaRole of media

Implanting Western valuesImplanting Western values► TV programs, news coverage, movies, videos, etc.TV programs, news coverage, movies, videos, etc.

► TourismTourism Elite “globals” move freely from West throughout Elite “globals” move freely from West throughout

the world for pleasure and recreation.the world for pleasure and recreation.► EducationEducation

Elite generally attend top Western Universities in Elite generally attend top Western Universities in Europe and the U.S. Take home Western attitudes.Europe and the U.S. Take home Western attitudes.

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America’s Role TodayAmerica’s Role Today► Military powerMilitary power

Role of global peacekeeperRole of global peacekeeper Sole superpowerSole superpower

► Economic powerEconomic power One quarter of world economyOne quarter of world economy

► Popular culturePopular culture Most recognized brandsMost recognized brands Challenging local traditionsChallenging local traditions Baseball in Japan, Cuba, Dominican RepublicBaseball in Japan, Cuba, Dominican Republic

► Political influencePolitical influence Trade Agreements, U.N. Security CouncilTrade Agreements, U.N. Security Council

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