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Simone Casadei Emission testing of Euro 6 b/c LPG passenger cars and perspectives Head of Mobile Sources Sector – Emission Laboratory TFEIP TransportExpert Panel 13 th May, 2020

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Page 1: Emission testing of Euro 6 b/c LPG passenger cars and ... · Automotive exhaust emissions reduction Both of these goals can be achieved only if new engine technologies are combined

Simone Casadei

Emission testing of Euro 6 b/c LPG passenger cars and

perspectives

Head of Mobile Sources Sector – Emission Laboratory

TFEIP Transport Expert Panel 13th May, 2020

Page 2: Emission testing of Euro 6 b/c LPG passenger cars and ... · Automotive exhaust emissions reduction Both of these goals can be achieved only if new engine technologies are combined

Innovhub – Stazioni Sperimentali per l’Industria srl

We are a national centre for applied research, innovation and technology transfer

offering testing services, technical consultancy and innovation support

10/05/20202

Accredited by the ltalian Agency for

Accreditation of Laboratories according

to UNI CEI EN ISO/IEC 17025:2005

• 4 technical Areas operating in the PAPER, TEXTILE, FUELS, OILS SECTORS through scientific labs

employing research and innovation experts

• 1 Innovation and Projects Area offering innovation services, transnational technology transfer,

assistance and consultancy on EU legislation and R&D programs

Partner of Enterprise Europe Network, to

support innovation, technology transfer and

internationalization of companies and

research centers

Mission: promote research and innovation in an increasingly sustainable direction

Page 3: Emission testing of Euro 6 b/c LPG passenger cars and ... · Automotive exhaust emissions reduction Both of these goals can be achieved only if new engine technologies are combined

Fuels Area

10/05/2020

3

• Environmental Monitoring gas emissions control;

evaluation of fuel characteristics

• Product and Process Safety tests on gas, vapour,

mist and dust; runaway reactions and thermal stability

FOCUS

Italian Ministry of Health: suitability to

perform physico-chemical tests in accordance

with Good Laboratory Practices.

CERTIFICATIONS

AREAS OF ACTION

• Traditional Fuels

• Alternative Energy Sources

ENERGY

• Product / Process

INDUSTRIAL SAFETY

ACTIVITY AND SERVICES

R&D AND

INNOVATION

INFORMATION

AND TRAINING

TECHNICAL

STANDARDS

ANALYTICAL

TESTING

Page 4: Emission testing of Euro 6 b/c LPG passenger cars and ... · Automotive exhaust emissions reduction Both of these goals can be achieved only if new engine technologies are combined

Automotive exhaust emissions reduction

Both of these

goals can be

achieved only if

new engine

technologies

are combined

with:

Emission reduction of NOx by diesel

engines and PN by GDI engines

Reduction of fuel consumption / CO2

emissions, according to Reg. 631/2019

• The application of new generation

aftertreatments for exhaust emissions

• The continuous improvement of the quality of

fossil fuels

• the use of biofuels (better if 2nd – 3rd

generation) blended with fossil fuels

• the use of new power modes as progressive

electrification (hybridization and electric

vehicles)

• the use of alternative fuels more

environmentally friendly

Values calculated as an average for the

fleet of each manufacturer:

95 g CO2/km (by 2021)

-15% by 2025 (~ 80 g CO2/km?)

-37,5% by 2030 (~ 60 g CO2/km?)

147 g CO2/km (by 2020)

-15% by 2025 (~ 125 g CO2/km?)

-31% by 2030 (~ 100 g CO2/km?)

PCs

LCVs

Main goals (problems) for Manufacturers to produce PCs and LCVs conform to the Euro 6 (2014) pollutants’ emission

standards and contemporarily to EC Reg. 631/2019 regarding CO2 emission levels

• the use of alternative fuels more

environmentally friendly LPG ?

10/05/20204

Page 5: Emission testing of Euro 6 b/c LPG passenger cars and ... · Automotive exhaust emissions reduction Both of these goals can be achieved only if new engine technologies are combined

Exhaust emissions testing of Euro 6b/c LPG passenger cars

Assogasliquidi Federchimica and AEGPL commissioned Innovhub-SSI

to conduct tests to detect regulated and unregulated exhaust

emissions and fuel consumption on a fleet of 5 Euro 6b/c bifuel LPG

passenger cars (PCs)

The aim of the testing program was to compare the gasoline vs the

LPG fueling emission and fuel consumption performances

The emission factors of a multitude of pollutants and greenhouse

gases by bifuel LPG modern cars - whose data were lacking in

scientific and technical literature - have been determined

The PCs have been tested according to a protocol defined with

Assogasliquidi Federchimica, shared and discussed with the ERMES

Group and ISPRA (Italian Institute for the Environmental Protection

and Research): both recognized it as appropriate to determine

emission factors suitable to feed European and Italian transport

emission inventories

10/05/20205

Page 6: Emission testing of Euro 6 b/c LPG passenger cars and ... · Automotive exhaust emissions reduction Both of these goals can be achieved only if new engine technologies are combined

Gaseous on-line analysis (CO, THC, NMHC, NOx, CO2), total PM.

PN - PMP compliant system for EURO 5/6 vehicles

Regulated and unregulated exhaust emissions detected in lab. (up) and on road (down)

Microsoot Sensor (MSS): particulate carbonaceous fraction emission

(soot)

ELPI – EEPS: emission modal profile and dimensional distribution of

fine, ultrafine, nanoparticles

FT-IR spectrophotometer: regulated, ammonia, nitrous oxide, VOCs,

aldehydes, …

PEMS on road

testing (RDE)

NOx, CO, THC + CH4, CO2

PN – Solid Particles Number

Urban Rural

Motorway

10/05/20206

Page 7: Emission testing of Euro 6 b/c LPG passenger cars and ... · Automotive exhaust emissions reduction Both of these goals can be achieved only if new engine technologies are combined

Euro 6b/c LPG tested fleet: 5 passenger cars, 4 Euro 6b and 1 Euro 6c

Motor vehicle id. 1 2 3 4 5

Homologation Emission

StandardEuro 6b Euro 6b Euro 6b Euro 6b Euro 6c

Mileage at test

start (km)6780 1966 6650 2000 1984

Engine displacement (cc) 1248 1598 1197 1590 1598

N. cylinder / N. valve/cyl 4 4 4 4 4

Max power (kW) 63 @ 6000 rpm 115 @ 6000 rpm 66 @ 4800 rpm 86 @ 6000 rpm 75 @ 5500

Max torque (Nm) 120 @ 4000 rpm 155 @ 3900 rpm 160 @ 1400 rpm 154 @ 4000 156 @ 4000

Power system Positive Ignition Positive IgnitionPositive Ignition -

GDIPositive Ignition Positive Ignition

Emission treatment

technologyTWC TWC TWC TWC TWC

10/05/20207

Page 8: Emission testing of Euro 6 b/c LPG passenger cars and ... · Automotive exhaust emissions reduction Both of these goals can be achieved only if new engine technologies are combined

Driving cycles sequence and their characteristics

NEDC + ERMES

UDC EUDC ERMESs 780 400 1320

km/h 50.0 120.0 135.3km/h 19.5 62.7 66.2km 4.1 7.0 24.2% 30.8 10.0 4.7

durationmaximum speedaverage speedlengthtime at idle

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400

spee

d [k

m/h

]

time [s]UDC EUDC ERMES

WLTC

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

0

33

66

99

13

2

16

5

19

8

23

1

26

4

29

7

33

0

36

3

39

6

42

9

46

2

49

5

52

8

56

1

59

4

62

7

66

0

69

3

72

6

75

9

79

2

82

5

85

8

89

1

92

4

95

7

99

0

10

23

10

56

10

89

11

22

11

55

11

88

12

21

12

54

12

87

13

20

13

53

13

86

14

19

14

52

14

85

15

18

15

51

15

84

16

17

16

50

16

83

17

16

17

49

17

82

Sp

ee

d [

km

/h

]

Time [s]LOW EXTRA-HIGHHIGHMIDDLE

LOW MIDDLE HIGH EXTRA-HIGH

Duration s 593 431 455 323

Average speed Km/h 18.8 39.7 56.5 92

Maximum speed Km/h 56.5 76.6 97.4 131.3

Length km 3.09 4.75 7.14 8.24

Time at idle % 25.3 10.7 6.6 2.2

10/05/20208

Page 9: Emission testing of Euro 6 b/c LPG passenger cars and ... · Automotive exhaust emissions reduction Both of these goals can be achieved only if new engine technologies are combined

MISSION

Main results: regulated emissions Vs limits, CO2 and fuel consumption

• All Euro 6 b/c emission limits Respected for both

LPG (blue) and gasoline (orange) feedings

• Statistically significant increases in CO emissions for

NEDC (4/5 PCs) and significant reductions for

ERMES with LPG feeding

• Statistically significant increases in HC and NMHC

emissions with LPG feeding in cold start phase, well

reduced by the catalyst once thermal regime

reached

• Statistically significant decreases in NOx emissions

with LPG feeding (3/5 PCs)

• Statistically significant decreases in CO2 emissions

with LPG feeding for alla cycles (- 8/9%)

• Statistically significant increases in fuel

consumption with LPG feeding for all cycles (+30%)

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

1 2 3 4 5

CO [mg/km]-NEDC

CO-NEDC gasoline CO-NEDC LPG

Euro 6b Limit

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

1 2 3 4 5

THC [mg/km]-NEDC

THC-NEDC gasoline THC-NEDC LPG

Euro 6b Limit

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

1 2 3 4 5

NMHC [mg/km]-NEDC

NMHC-NEDC gasoline NMHC-NEDC LPG

Euro 6b Limit

05

1015202530354045505560

1 2 3 4 5

NOx [mg/km]-NEDC

NOx-NEDC gasoline NOx-NEDC LPG

Euro 6b Limit

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

1 2 3 4 5

CO2 [g/km]-NEDC

CO2-NEDC gasoline CO2-NEDC LPG

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

1 2 3 4 5

fc [l/100km]-NEDC

fc-NEDC gasoline fc-NEDC LPG

10/05/20209

Page 10: Emission testing of Euro 6 b/c LPG passenger cars and ... · Automotive exhaust emissions reduction Both of these goals can be achieved only if new engine technologies are combined

Unregulated emissions main results: particles and gaseous pollutants

• Extremely limited emissions of PM and soot for

both LPG (blue) and gasoline (orange) feedings

• Low emissions of PN-PMP compliant (< 6*1011 #/km

except GDI PC fed with gasoline). Reduction with

LPG.

• Reduction of total particle number between 5,6 nm

and 10 µm aerodynamic diameter with LPG

• Statistically significant increase in NH3 emissions

with LPG feeding (3/5 PCs)

• Very low formaldehyde emissions, significant just in

cold start

• Statistically significant increases in N2O with LPG

feeding in ERMES cycle (2/5 PCs)

• To be investigated: NH3, N2O, NO2, 1,3-butadiene,

benzene

0,0E+00

2,0E+11

4,0E+11

6,0E+11

8,0E+11

1,0E+12

1,2E+12

1 2 3 4 5

PN-PMP compliant [#/km]-NEDC

PN_PMP compliant-NEDC gasoline PN-PMP compliant-NEDC LPG

Limite Euro 6b - GDI

0,0E+00

1,0E+11

2,0E+11

3,0E+11

4,0E+11

5,0E+11

6,0E+11

1 2 3 4 5

PN ELPI [#/km]-NEDC

PN ELPI-NEDC gasoline PN ELPI-NEDC LPG

0,0E+00

5,0E+12

1,0E+13

1,5E+13

2,0E+13

2,5E+13

3,0E+13

3,5E+13

4,0E+13

1 2 3 4 5

PN EEPS [#/km]-NEDC

PN EEPS-NEDC gasoline PN EEPS-NEDC LPG

05

1015202530354045505560

1 2 3 4 5

NH3 [mg/km]-NEDC

NH3-NEDC gasoline NH3-NEDC LPG

0,00

0,05

0,10

0,15

0,20

0,25

0,30

0,35

0,40

0,45

0,50

1 2 3 4 5

Formaldehyde [mg/km]-NEDC

Formaldehyde-NEDC gasoline Formaldehyde-NEDC LPG

0,0

0,5

1,0

1,5

2,0

2,5

3,0

3,5

4,0

4,5

5,0

1 2 3 4 5

N2O [mg/km]-ERMES

N2O-ERMES gasoline N2O-ERMES LPG

10/05/202010

Page 11: Emission testing of Euro 6 b/c LPG passenger cars and ... · Automotive exhaust emissions reduction Both of these goals can be achieved only if new engine technologies are combined

On road real driving emissions: main results Vs AEGPL research (on Euro 5/6 PCs)

• All Euro 6 d-Temp & D RDE limits Respected except

PN limit for the GDI PC fed with gasoline

• Significant decrease of PN emission with LPG,

according to the AEGPL research

• Very low NOX emissions for both fuels, according to

AEGPL research Absence of NOx diesel issue

• Significant decrease in CO2 emission with LPG

feeding for alla cycles (around - 10%), according to

the AEGPL research

• Very low differences on CO, HC emissions

comparing gasoline vs LPG feeding low

importance of cold start phase in RDE tests

• Also on road significant increase in fuel

consumption with LPG feeding (+30%)

Innovhub-SSI AEGPL

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

1 P

etr

ol

2 P

etr

ol

3 P

etr

ol

4 P

etr

ol

5 P

etr

ol

1 L

PG

2 L

PG

3 L

PG

4 L

PG

5 L

PG

NOx [mg/km]

NTE Limit

0,0E+00

2,0E+11

4,0E+11

6,0E+11

8,0E+11

1,0E+12

1,2E+12

PN [#/km]

NTE Limit

10/05/202011

Page 12: Emission testing of Euro 6 b/c LPG passenger cars and ... · Automotive exhaust emissions reduction Both of these goals can be achieved only if new engine technologies are combined

Milano, 4 novembre 2011

La nuova azienda speciale

With LPG all emission limits on regulated pollutants were respected both in laboratory (NEDC/WLTC)

and on-road (RDE by PEMS) Absence of NOx diesel issue

Significant reductions in particles emissions with LPG feeding, better than gasoline in respecting GDI

6*1011 #/km particles limit

Significant reductions in CO2 emissions, both in lab. and on road: LPG Vs gasoline reduction ~10%

More research and attention to the unregulated gaseous emissions are needed (NH3, N2O, …)

LPG, if well installed and managed, can be a good solution to reach pollution and CO2 targets

Main conclusions

10/05/202012

Page 13: Emission testing of Euro 6 b/c LPG passenger cars and ... · Automotive exhaust emissions reduction Both of these goals can be achieved only if new engine technologies are combined

Next steps regarding alternative fuels vehicles testing

Results shared with ISPRA for National Inventory Report 2020 submission: country specific hot

emission factors for Euro 6 Small and Medium LPG passenger cars have been applied for CO, NOX,

VOC, PM Exhaust, FC, CH4, NH3, N2O. Italian Greenhouse Gas Inventory 1990-2018 (2020)

All data have been shared within the ERMES group to be implemented in the data structure of HBEFA

4.2 and COPERT

Tank To Wheel public data availability for Life Cycle Analisys

Further developments: Euro 6 d LPG and Natural Gas vehicles

10/05/202013

Testing LPG/petrol and Natural Gas/petrol bifuel Euro 6 d passengers cars (standard in force from

1/1/2020 for new models, from 1/1/2021 for all models)

Target: contribute to the continuous update of emission factors at national and European level

Page 14: Emission testing of Euro 6 b/c LPG passenger cars and ... · Automotive exhaust emissions reduction Both of these goals can be achieved only if new engine technologies are combined

Contacts

10/05/2020

14

Simone Casadei

[email protected]

+39 02 8515.3509

Page 15: Emission testing of Euro 6 b/c LPG passenger cars and ... · Automotive exhaust emissions reduction Both of these goals can be achieved only if new engine technologies are combined

Innovation is our tradition