emission testing of euro 6 b/c lpg passenger cars and ... · automotive exhaust emissions reduction...
TRANSCRIPT
Simone Casadei
Emission testing of Euro 6 b/c LPG passenger cars and
perspectives
Head of Mobile Sources Sector – Emission Laboratory
TFEIP Transport Expert Panel 13th May, 2020
Innovhub – Stazioni Sperimentali per l’Industria srl
We are a national centre for applied research, innovation and technology transfer
offering testing services, technical consultancy and innovation support
10/05/20202
Accredited by the ltalian Agency for
Accreditation of Laboratories according
to UNI CEI EN ISO/IEC 17025:2005
• 4 technical Areas operating in the PAPER, TEXTILE, FUELS, OILS SECTORS through scientific labs
employing research and innovation experts
• 1 Innovation and Projects Area offering innovation services, transnational technology transfer,
assistance and consultancy on EU legislation and R&D programs
Partner of Enterprise Europe Network, to
support innovation, technology transfer and
internationalization of companies and
research centers
Mission: promote research and innovation in an increasingly sustainable direction
Fuels Area
10/05/2020
3
• Environmental Monitoring gas emissions control;
evaluation of fuel characteristics
• Product and Process Safety tests on gas, vapour,
mist and dust; runaway reactions and thermal stability
FOCUS
Italian Ministry of Health: suitability to
perform physico-chemical tests in accordance
with Good Laboratory Practices.
CERTIFICATIONS
AREAS OF ACTION
• Traditional Fuels
• Alternative Energy Sources
ENERGY
• Product / Process
INDUSTRIAL SAFETY
ACTIVITY AND SERVICES
R&D AND
INNOVATION
INFORMATION
AND TRAINING
TECHNICAL
STANDARDS
ANALYTICAL
TESTING
Automotive exhaust emissions reduction
Both of these
goals can be
achieved only if
new engine
technologies
are combined
with:
Emission reduction of NOx by diesel
engines and PN by GDI engines
Reduction of fuel consumption / CO2
emissions, according to Reg. 631/2019
• The application of new generation
aftertreatments for exhaust emissions
• The continuous improvement of the quality of
fossil fuels
• the use of biofuels (better if 2nd – 3rd
generation) blended with fossil fuels
• the use of new power modes as progressive
electrification (hybridization and electric
vehicles)
• the use of alternative fuels more
environmentally friendly
Values calculated as an average for the
fleet of each manufacturer:
95 g CO2/km (by 2021)
-15% by 2025 (~ 80 g CO2/km?)
-37,5% by 2030 (~ 60 g CO2/km?)
147 g CO2/km (by 2020)
-15% by 2025 (~ 125 g CO2/km?)
-31% by 2030 (~ 100 g CO2/km?)
PCs
LCVs
Main goals (problems) for Manufacturers to produce PCs and LCVs conform to the Euro 6 (2014) pollutants’ emission
standards and contemporarily to EC Reg. 631/2019 regarding CO2 emission levels
• the use of alternative fuels more
environmentally friendly LPG ?
10/05/20204
Exhaust emissions testing of Euro 6b/c LPG passenger cars
Assogasliquidi Federchimica and AEGPL commissioned Innovhub-SSI
to conduct tests to detect regulated and unregulated exhaust
emissions and fuel consumption on a fleet of 5 Euro 6b/c bifuel LPG
passenger cars (PCs)
The aim of the testing program was to compare the gasoline vs the
LPG fueling emission and fuel consumption performances
The emission factors of a multitude of pollutants and greenhouse
gases by bifuel LPG modern cars - whose data were lacking in
scientific and technical literature - have been determined
The PCs have been tested according to a protocol defined with
Assogasliquidi Federchimica, shared and discussed with the ERMES
Group and ISPRA (Italian Institute for the Environmental Protection
and Research): both recognized it as appropriate to determine
emission factors suitable to feed European and Italian transport
emission inventories
10/05/20205
Gaseous on-line analysis (CO, THC, NMHC, NOx, CO2), total PM.
PN - PMP compliant system for EURO 5/6 vehicles
Regulated and unregulated exhaust emissions detected in lab. (up) and on road (down)
Microsoot Sensor (MSS): particulate carbonaceous fraction emission
(soot)
ELPI – EEPS: emission modal profile and dimensional distribution of
fine, ultrafine, nanoparticles
FT-IR spectrophotometer: regulated, ammonia, nitrous oxide, VOCs,
aldehydes, …
PEMS on road
testing (RDE)
NOx, CO, THC + CH4, CO2
PN – Solid Particles Number
Urban Rural
Motorway
10/05/20206
Euro 6b/c LPG tested fleet: 5 passenger cars, 4 Euro 6b and 1 Euro 6c
Motor vehicle id. 1 2 3 4 5
Homologation Emission
StandardEuro 6b Euro 6b Euro 6b Euro 6b Euro 6c
Mileage at test
start (km)6780 1966 6650 2000 1984
Engine displacement (cc) 1248 1598 1197 1590 1598
N. cylinder / N. valve/cyl 4 4 4 4 4
Max power (kW) 63 @ 6000 rpm 115 @ 6000 rpm 66 @ 4800 rpm 86 @ 6000 rpm 75 @ 5500
Max torque (Nm) 120 @ 4000 rpm 155 @ 3900 rpm 160 @ 1400 rpm 154 @ 4000 156 @ 4000
Power system Positive Ignition Positive IgnitionPositive Ignition -
GDIPositive Ignition Positive Ignition
Emission treatment
technologyTWC TWC TWC TWC TWC
10/05/20207
Driving cycles sequence and their characteristics
NEDC + ERMES
UDC EUDC ERMESs 780 400 1320
km/h 50.0 120.0 135.3km/h 19.5 62.7 66.2km 4.1 7.0 24.2% 30.8 10.0 4.7
durationmaximum speedaverage speedlengthtime at idle
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400
spee
d [k
m/h
]
time [s]UDC EUDC ERMES
WLTC
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
0
33
66
99
13
2
16
5
19
8
23
1
26
4
29
7
33
0
36
3
39
6
42
9
46
2
49
5
52
8
56
1
59
4
62
7
66
0
69
3
72
6
75
9
79
2
82
5
85
8
89
1
92
4
95
7
99
0
10
23
10
56
10
89
11
22
11
55
11
88
12
21
12
54
12
87
13
20
13
53
13
86
14
19
14
52
14
85
15
18
15
51
15
84
16
17
16
50
16
83
17
16
17
49
17
82
Sp
ee
d [
km
/h
]
Time [s]LOW EXTRA-HIGHHIGHMIDDLE
LOW MIDDLE HIGH EXTRA-HIGH
Duration s 593 431 455 323
Average speed Km/h 18.8 39.7 56.5 92
Maximum speed Km/h 56.5 76.6 97.4 131.3
Length km 3.09 4.75 7.14 8.24
Time at idle % 25.3 10.7 6.6 2.2
10/05/20208
MISSION
Main results: regulated emissions Vs limits, CO2 and fuel consumption
• All Euro 6 b/c emission limits Respected for both
LPG (blue) and gasoline (orange) feedings
• Statistically significant increases in CO emissions for
NEDC (4/5 PCs) and significant reductions for
ERMES with LPG feeding
• Statistically significant increases in HC and NMHC
emissions with LPG feeding in cold start phase, well
reduced by the catalyst once thermal regime
reached
• Statistically significant decreases in NOx emissions
with LPG feeding (3/5 PCs)
• Statistically significant decreases in CO2 emissions
with LPG feeding for alla cycles (- 8/9%)
• Statistically significant increases in fuel
consumption with LPG feeding for all cycles (+30%)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1 2 3 4 5
CO [mg/km]-NEDC
CO-NEDC gasoline CO-NEDC LPG
Euro 6b Limit
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1 2 3 4 5
THC [mg/km]-NEDC
THC-NEDC gasoline THC-NEDC LPG
Euro 6b Limit
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
1 2 3 4 5
NMHC [mg/km]-NEDC
NMHC-NEDC gasoline NMHC-NEDC LPG
Euro 6b Limit
05
1015202530354045505560
1 2 3 4 5
NOx [mg/km]-NEDC
NOx-NEDC gasoline NOx-NEDC LPG
Euro 6b Limit
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
1 2 3 4 5
CO2 [g/km]-NEDC
CO2-NEDC gasoline CO2-NEDC LPG
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
1 2 3 4 5
fc [l/100km]-NEDC
fc-NEDC gasoline fc-NEDC LPG
10/05/20209
Unregulated emissions main results: particles and gaseous pollutants
• Extremely limited emissions of PM and soot for
both LPG (blue) and gasoline (orange) feedings
• Low emissions of PN-PMP compliant (< 6*1011 #/km
except GDI PC fed with gasoline). Reduction with
LPG.
• Reduction of total particle number between 5,6 nm
and 10 µm aerodynamic diameter with LPG
• Statistically significant increase in NH3 emissions
with LPG feeding (3/5 PCs)
• Very low formaldehyde emissions, significant just in
cold start
• Statistically significant increases in N2O with LPG
feeding in ERMES cycle (2/5 PCs)
• To be investigated: NH3, N2O, NO2, 1,3-butadiene,
benzene
0,0E+00
2,0E+11
4,0E+11
6,0E+11
8,0E+11
1,0E+12
1,2E+12
1 2 3 4 5
PN-PMP compliant [#/km]-NEDC
PN_PMP compliant-NEDC gasoline PN-PMP compliant-NEDC LPG
Limite Euro 6b - GDI
0,0E+00
1,0E+11
2,0E+11
3,0E+11
4,0E+11
5,0E+11
6,0E+11
1 2 3 4 5
PN ELPI [#/km]-NEDC
PN ELPI-NEDC gasoline PN ELPI-NEDC LPG
0,0E+00
5,0E+12
1,0E+13
1,5E+13
2,0E+13
2,5E+13
3,0E+13
3,5E+13
4,0E+13
1 2 3 4 5
PN EEPS [#/km]-NEDC
PN EEPS-NEDC gasoline PN EEPS-NEDC LPG
05
1015202530354045505560
1 2 3 4 5
NH3 [mg/km]-NEDC
NH3-NEDC gasoline NH3-NEDC LPG
0,00
0,05
0,10
0,15
0,20
0,25
0,30
0,35
0,40
0,45
0,50
1 2 3 4 5
Formaldehyde [mg/km]-NEDC
Formaldehyde-NEDC gasoline Formaldehyde-NEDC LPG
0,0
0,5
1,0
1,5
2,0
2,5
3,0
3,5
4,0
4,5
5,0
1 2 3 4 5
N2O [mg/km]-ERMES
N2O-ERMES gasoline N2O-ERMES LPG
10/05/202010
On road real driving emissions: main results Vs AEGPL research (on Euro 5/6 PCs)
• All Euro 6 d-Temp & D RDE limits Respected except
PN limit for the GDI PC fed with gasoline
• Significant decrease of PN emission with LPG,
according to the AEGPL research
• Very low NOX emissions for both fuels, according to
AEGPL research Absence of NOx diesel issue
• Significant decrease in CO2 emission with LPG
feeding for alla cycles (around - 10%), according to
the AEGPL research
• Very low differences on CO, HC emissions
comparing gasoline vs LPG feeding low
importance of cold start phase in RDE tests
• Also on road significant increase in fuel
consumption with LPG feeding (+30%)
Innovhub-SSI AEGPL
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
1 P
etr
ol
2 P
etr
ol
3 P
etr
ol
4 P
etr
ol
5 P
etr
ol
1 L
PG
2 L
PG
3 L
PG
4 L
PG
5 L
PG
NOx [mg/km]
NTE Limit
0,0E+00
2,0E+11
4,0E+11
6,0E+11
8,0E+11
1,0E+12
1,2E+12
PN [#/km]
NTE Limit
10/05/202011
Milano, 4 novembre 2011
La nuova azienda speciale
With LPG all emission limits on regulated pollutants were respected both in laboratory (NEDC/WLTC)
and on-road (RDE by PEMS) Absence of NOx diesel issue
Significant reductions in particles emissions with LPG feeding, better than gasoline in respecting GDI
6*1011 #/km particles limit
Significant reductions in CO2 emissions, both in lab. and on road: LPG Vs gasoline reduction ~10%
More research and attention to the unregulated gaseous emissions are needed (NH3, N2O, …)
LPG, if well installed and managed, can be a good solution to reach pollution and CO2 targets
Main conclusions
10/05/202012
Next steps regarding alternative fuels vehicles testing
Results shared with ISPRA for National Inventory Report 2020 submission: country specific hot
emission factors for Euro 6 Small and Medium LPG passenger cars have been applied for CO, NOX,
VOC, PM Exhaust, FC, CH4, NH3, N2O. Italian Greenhouse Gas Inventory 1990-2018 (2020)
All data have been shared within the ERMES group to be implemented in the data structure of HBEFA
4.2 and COPERT
Tank To Wheel public data availability for Life Cycle Analisys
Further developments: Euro 6 d LPG and Natural Gas vehicles
10/05/202013
Testing LPG/petrol and Natural Gas/petrol bifuel Euro 6 d passengers cars (standard in force from
1/1/2020 for new models, from 1/1/2021 for all models)
Target: contribute to the continuous update of emission factors at national and European level
Innovation is our tradition