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Eminent People Interested in Psi A list of more than two hundred well-known intellectuals - scientists, thinkers, writers, and artists of various kinds - who took the possibility of psychical phenomena seriously. Introduction At a time when mainstream science doubts the reality of psi, it can be surprising to learn that some high-profile scientists nevertheless consider it to be real – or at least deserving of scientific study. In fact, many scientists have thought this - as have thinkers and artists of all kinds - especially in the decades since the 1880s, when research societies were first established to investigate psi phenomena. [1] If we believe psi to be real, perhaps persuaded by the scientific literature or by our own experiences, this list of more than two hundred intellectuals reminds us that we keep good company. Objections can be made to some of the inclusions. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, the creator of Sherlock Holmes, was as dogmatic in defending séance phenomena as sceptics often are in criticizing it. [2] The descriptions of personal psi experienced by the Swedish playwright August Strindberg would be of more interest to a clinical psychologist than to a parapsychological researcher. Some held obnoxious views: the pioneering French biologist Alexis Carrel favoured Nazi eugenics, for instance. But taken as a whole, the list overwhelmingly shows that women and men of genius in many areas of life – science, the arts, politics, invention – have shown a lively and at times professional interest in psi, and were irritated by those who tried to stifle it. It has long been fashionable to argue that psi is simply ruled out by scientific norms - the constraints imposed by physics for instance, or by a knowledge of how the nervous system works. But the belief in the possibility of psi that was held by Nobel prizewinners such as physicists Einstein and Planck, and brain scientists Eccles and Ramón y Cajal, suggests we should treat such claims with caution. Nor should we be distracted by claims that only a psychologist is qualified to detect the myriad ways - whether sensory or cognitive - in which information can be conveyed, considering the presence here of foundational figures in psychophysics, [3] experimental psychology, [4] behaviorism, [5] and dynamic psychology, and the fact that some scientists in these fields continue to support the study of psi. [6] In terms of qualifications for inclusion, the people in this list achieved a high degree of eminence in a field independent of parapsychology (although some achieved eminence in the latter also); lived lived during the past century and a half, the period when psi became a subject of scientific research: and, with the exception of two living Nobel prizewinners, are all deceased. Excluded are eminent individuals who displayed no knowledge or interest in psi phenomena while pursuing spiritual or occult concerns. Writers and artists are listed if they endorsed psi phenomena, but not if they merely referred to it in their works, or if events in their lives could be interpreted as psi, as in the case of the Spanish poet Federico García Lorca who seemed to precisely anticipate the date of his execution five years before the event in one of his plays, [7] but since nothing is known about his views about psi, he too is excluded. Doubts must also remain about the great stage magician and debunker Harry Houdini, who left a code as a means to ascertain whether he could contact his wife after his death, [8] but was vocally hostile to the idea of mediums talking with the dead. In general, the men and women listed here believed in psi phenomena for the same reasons as do most other people: personal experience (their own or of loved ones) or from reading the research literature. In the first category comes Mark Twain, who dreamed in detail about the future death of his brother, [9] and the visions experienced by Ted Hughes’s mother. [10] In the second category come Cesare Lombroso and founding members of the Society for Psychical Research such as Eleanor Sidgwick and Richard Hodgson, who took a lot of convincing by other researchers before they would endorse the validity of a phenomenon. [11] The people named here manifested their interest in psi in different, but not necessarily exclusive, ways. One of these can be termed a shift in central interest, in which the individual leaves behind a mainstream scientific activity in order to focus primarily on psi research. The French scientist Charles Richet is a good example of this: in later life he largely abandoned the studies of physiology that earned him a Nobel prize in order to concentrate on parapsychology and hypnosis, eventually becoming president of both the Society for Psychical Research and the Institut Métapsychique International. By contrast, a parallel central interest is exemplified by those who maintained their activity in a mainstream scientific

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Page 1: Eminent People Interested in Psi...Henri Bergson (1859-1941), philosopher, 1927 Nobel Prize in Literature, president of the Society for Psychical Research and theoretician of consciousness

EminentPeopleInterestedinPsiAlistofmorethantwohundredwell-knownintellectuals-scientists,thinkers,writers,andartistsofvariouskinds-whotookthepossibilityofpsychicalphenomenaseriously.

Introduction

Atatimewhenmainstreamsciencedoubtstherealityofpsi,itcanbesurprisingtolearnthatsomehigh-profilescientistsneverthelessconsiderittobereal–oratleastdeservingofscientificstudy.Infact,manyscientistshavethoughtthis-ashave thinkers and artists of all kinds - especially in the decades since the 1880s, when research societies were firstestablishedtoinvestigatepsiphenomena.[1]Ifwebelievepsitobereal,perhapspersuadedbythescientificliteratureorbyourownexperiences,thislistofmorethantwohundredintellectualsremindsusthatwekeepgoodcompany.

Objections can bemade to some of the inclusions. Sir ArthurConanDoyle, the creator of SherlockHolmes,was asdogmatic in defending séance phenomena as sceptics often are in criticizing it.[2] The descriptions of personal psiexperiencedbytheSwedishplaywrightAugustStrindbergwouldbeofmoreinteresttoaclinicalpsychologistthantoaparapsychologicalresearcher.Someheldobnoxiousviews:thepioneeringFrenchbiologistAlexisCarrelfavouredNazieugenics,forinstance.Buttakenasawhole,thelistoverwhelminglyshowsthatwomenandmenofgeniusinmanyareasof life–science,thearts,politics, invention–haveshowna livelyandattimesprofessional interest inpsi,andwereirritatedbythosewhotriedtostifleit.

Ithaslongbeenfashionabletoarguethatpsiissimplyruledoutbyscientificnorms-theconstraintsimposedbyphysicsforinstance,orbyaknowledgeofhowthenervoussystemworks.ButthebeliefinthepossibilityofpsithatwasheldbyNobelprizewinnerssuchasphysicistsEinsteinandPlanck,andbrainscientistsEcclesandRamónyCajal,suggestsweshouldtreatsuchclaimswithcaution.Norshouldwebedistractedbyclaimsthatonlyapsychologistisqualifiedtodetectthemyriadways-whethersensoryorcognitive-inwhichinformationcanbeconveyed,consideringthepresencehereoffoundationalfiguresinpsychophysics,[3]experimentalpsychology,[4]behaviorism,[5]anddynamicpsychology,andthefactthatsomescientistsinthesefieldscontinuetosupportthestudyofpsi.[6]

Intermsofqualificationsforinclusion,thepeopleinthislistachievedahighdegreeofeminenceinafieldindependentofparapsychology(althoughsomeachievedeminenceinthelatteralso);livedlivedduringthepastcenturyandahalf,theperiodwhenpsibecameasubjectofscientificresearch:and,withtheexceptionoftwolivingNobelprizewinners,arealldeceased.

Excludedareeminentindividualswhodisplayednoknowledgeorinterestinpsiphenomenawhilepursuingspiritualoroccultconcerns.Writersandartistsarelistediftheyendorsedpsiphenomena,butnotiftheymerelyreferredtoitintheirworks,orifeventsintheirlivescouldbeinterpretedaspsi,asinthecaseoftheSpanishpoetFedericoGarcíaLorcawhoseemedtopreciselyanticipatethedateofhisexecutionfiveyearsbeforetheeventinoneofhisplays,[7]butsincenothingisknownabouthisviewsaboutpsi,he too isexcluded.Doubtsmustalso remainabout thegreat stagemagiciananddebunkerHarryHoudini,wholeftacodeasameanstoascertainwhetherhecouldcontacthiswifeafterhisdeath,[8]butwasvocallyhostiletotheideaofmediumstalkingwiththedead.

Ingeneral, themenandwomenlistedherebelieved inpsiphenomenafor thesamereasonsasdomostotherpeople:personalexperience(theirownoroflovedones)orfromreadingtheresearchliterature.InthefirstcategorycomesMarkTwain,whodreamedindetailaboutthefuturedeathofhisbrother,[9]andthevisionsexperiencedbyTedHughes’smother.[10]InthesecondcategorycomeCesareLombrosoandfoundingmembersoftheSocietyforPsychicalResearchsuchasEleanorSidgwickandRichardHodgson,whotookalotofconvincingbyotherresearchersbeforetheywouldendorsethevalidityofaphenomenon.[11]

Thepeoplenamedheremanifestedtheirinterestinpsiindifferent,butnotnecessarilyexclusive,ways.Oneofthesecanbetermedashift in central interest, inwhichthe individual leavesbehindamainstreamscientificactivity inordertofocusprimarilyonpsi research.TheFrenchscientistCharlesRichet isagoodexampleof this: in later lifehe largelyabandoned the studies of physiology that earned him a Nobel prize in order to concentrate on parapsychology andhypnosis, eventually becoming president of both the Society for Psychical Research and the InstitutMétapsychiqueInternational.

Bycontrast,aparallelcentralinterestisexemplifiedbythosewhomaintainedtheiractivityinamainstreamscientific

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endeavorwhilealsopursuingpsi-research.GoodexamplesaretheSidgwicks.HenrySidgwick,oneofthegreatmodernethicalphilosophers,[12]wasthefirstpresidentoftheSocietyforPsychicalresearchbutwentoncontributingprofuselyonsubjects relatingtoethics,politicsandsciencewhileholdingaProfessorshipat theUniversityofCambridge.HiswifeEleanor (néeBalfour),a laterSPRpresident,wasamathematicianandeducatorwhoservedasPrincipalofNewnhamCollege,onlythesecondcollegeatCambridgetoacceptwomen,whilealsoapplyingherkeenmindtopsychicalresearch.

Forsomeofthefiguresinthelist,psiinterestsweresecondarytotheirotheractivities.TheseincludeNobelprizewinnersMarieandPierreCurie,whoattendedséanceswithEusapiaPalladinoandwroteabout the importanceof studyingpsiphenomena.[13]OthersareSantiagoRamónyCajal[14]andJohnCEccles.[15]

Some figures aimed to integrate psi with larger concerns. This applies to William James, a central figure in bothpsychology and philosophy, who not only participated in psi-research andwrote important papers –most famouslyregardingthemediumLeonoraPiper,whomheconsideredhis“whitecrow”–butsoughttointegratepsiwithinalargerframework. In physics, David Bohm[16] discussed how psi phenomena might be accommodated within his theory ofwholeness and implicate order, while Evans Harris Walker developed a quantum mechanics theory of psi.[17] ThephilosopherHenriBergsonconsideredpsiwithinhislargerdiscussionoftime,consciousness,andevolution.[18]

Psiphenomenahavealsoservedasinspirationforbothtechnologicalandartisticachievements.Amongscientiststhere’stheextraordinarycaseofHansBerger,inspiredbyanexperienceinwhichhissister,seventymilesaway,intuitivelyfelthisbrushwithdeathduring amilitary exercise and immediatelyhad their father sendhima telegram.WhenBerger laterinventedtheelectroencephalogram(EEG),itwaspartlytodiscoverifthemachinemightdetectpsi.[19]

Psiphenomenahavebeenusedasatopicforfiction-inthenovelsofPhilipKDick,theplaysofJBPriestley,orthefilmsofAndreiTarkovsky,amongmanyothers.Buttheyhavealsoservedasthereal-lifeinspirationsfortheworksthemselves.AndréBretondescribed anumberof ostensiblepsi phenomena inNadja,L’AmourFou and other books, as part of asurrealist exploration of alterations of consciousness and psi phenomena.[20] The poet JamesMerrill partly channeledthroughaOuijaboardhisPulitzerandNationalBookAwardswinnerTheChangingLightatSandover,provingthatnotonlymetaphysicalpapcomesfromautomaticwriting.[21]Butcanpsieliminatetheneedforaphysicalexpressionoftheartworkaltogether?ThisiswhatFrantišekKupkaandWassilyKandinskythoughtearlierinthe20thcentury,asdoesnowtheperformanceartistMarinaAbramović.[22]

Anothercategoryisofauthorswhoworkedaspsiresearcher-participants.ThisappliestotheAmericannovelistUptonSinclair,whosebookMentalRadio[23]describesalongseriesoftelepathyexperimentshecarriedouthimself,withhiswifeMaryCraigKimboroughactingastheperceivingsubject.AnotherinfluentialbookwasJWDunne’sAnExperimentwithTime[24]inwhichtheauthordiscussedindetailanumberofhisostensiblyprecognitivedreams.

Somehadaveiled interest inpsi.One is thepainterHilmaafKlint,who in addition tohermain activity of paintingportraits andplants conducted a decades-longprogramof other painterly activities, basedon either direct automaticwritingandpainting,oronanelaborationofmessagesthatshebelievedshereceivedfromhigherspiritualsources.

Intherealmofpoliticsatleasttwoprimeministers,Britain’sArthurBalfourandCanada’sWilliamLyonMackenzieKing,privatelyconsultedwithmediumswithoutthisimpactingontheirprofessionalwork.[25]

In the category of explicit acceptance can be cited a casual mention by the Russian dissident writer AleksandrSolzhenitsyninhisbookTheGulagArchipelagoofpsiabilitiespossessedbyoneofhisformercellmates:‘Thereisnodoubtthathehadthegiftofprecognition,’Solzhenitsynwrote.‘Morethanoncehewentaroundinthecellinthemorningandpointed:Todaytheyaregoingtocomeforyouandyou.Isawitinmydream.Andtheycameandgotthem.’[26]Thepioneering computer scientist Alan Turing[27] referred to the ‘overwhelming’ statistical evidence for telepathy in alandmarkpaperonartificialintelligence.AdifferentsortofexampleisOttoStern,whowassofearfulofthedamagingpsychokineticeffectsthatfellowphysicistWolfgangPauliseemedtoleaveinhiswakethathebarredPaulifromenteringhislaboratory.

Finallytherearethosewhocanbecharacterizedastrueskeptics,beingopentothepossibilityofpsiphenomenawithouthaving arrived at a definite conclusion.[28] In this category we find Albert Einstein, who in a sympathetic preface toSinclair’sMentalRadioconfessedthathisoriginaldisbeliefhadsoftenedashebecamemorefamiliarwithpsi.Similarly,MaxPlanckexpressedsupportofresearchbyfellowphysicistOliverLodge’sinvestigationsofpsiphenomena,consideringthemplausible.

Note: this listmay under-represent peoplewho fulfill the criteria, and tends to favour authors from theAmerican and

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Europeancontinents,forwhominformationwasmoreeasilyaccessible.Mostentriescontainasinglereference,althoughsomemademanycontributions.SomeofthisinformationappearedpreviouslyinanissueofMindfield,thebulletinoftheParapsychologicalAssociation.

EtzelCardeña

NobelPrizewinners

HenriBergson(1859-1941),philosopher,1927NobelPrizeinLiterature,presidentoftheSocietyforPsychicalResearchandtheoreticianofconsciousnessandpsi.[29]

BjørnstjerneBjørnson(1832-1910),1903NobelPrizeinLiterature,wroteanarticleaboutapersonsaidtobepsychic.[30]

PearlSBuck(1892-1973),1938NobelPrizeinLiterature,visitedJBRhine’sparapsychologymeetings.[31]

NicholasMurray Butler (1862-1947), 1931NobelPrize inPeace, President ofColumbiaUniversity, philosopher anddiplomat,wroteaboutpsi[32]andhelpedorganizetheAmericanSocietyforPsychicalResearch.

AlexisCarrel(1873-1944),1912NobelPrizeinPhysiologyorMedicine,discussedanomaloushealinginabook.[33]

ArthurHollyCompton(1892-1962),1927NobelPrizeinPhysics,wassupportiveofpsiinhiscorrespondencewithJBRhine.[34]

Marie Curie (1867-1934), 1903 Nobel Prize in Physics, 1911 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, participated in séances withEusapiaPalladinoandwroteoftheimportanceofresearchinparapsychology.[35]

PierreCurie(1859-1906),1903NobelPrizeinPhysics,participatedinséanceswithEusapiaPalladinoandwroteoftheimportanceofresearchinparapsychology.[36]

JohnEccles (1903-1997),1963NobelPrize inPhysiologyorMedicine,editedabookdiscussingpsiandparticipated inrelatedconferences.[37]

AlbertEinstein(1879-1955),1921NobelPrizeinPhysics,wrotetheprefacetoatelepathybook[38]andcommented,‘Wehavenorighttoruleoutapriorithepossibilityoftelepathy.Forthatthefoundationsofoursciencearetoouncertainandincomplete.’[39]

T.S.Eliot(1888-1965),1948NobelPrizeinLiterature,amajorfigureinpoetryandessay,'regardedhighly'thetheoryofprecognitionbyDunneandreprintedhisAnExperimentwithTimewhilehewasdirectorofFaberandFaber.HedescribedasimilarviewoftimeinhispoemBurntNorton.’[40]

BrianJosephson(1940-),1973NobelPrizeinPhysics,haswrittenaboutpsiandbeenastaunchadvocateofpsiresearchfordecades.[41]

MauriceMaeterlinck(1862-1949),1911NobelPrizeinLiterature,wroteonostensiblepsiphenomena.[42]

ThomasMann(1875-1955),1929NobelPrizeinLiterature,attendedandreportedonséances.[43]

KaryBanksMullis(1944-),1993NobelPrizeinChemistry,hasparticipatedinpsiresearchandspokeninsupportofit.[44]

WolfgangPauli(1900-1958),1945NobelPrizeinPhysics,discussedwithCarlJungthenotionofsynchronicityandwasbelieved,byhimselfandbycolleagues,tohaveaninterferingpsychokineticeffectonmachines.[45](SeeOttoStern,below)

JeanPerrin(1870-1942),1926NobelPrizeinPhysics,wasamemberoftheInstitutGénéralPsychologique’s(IGP)GroupofStudyofPsychicPhenomena.[46]

MaxPlanck(1858-1947),1918NobelPrizeinPhysicsandauthorofquantumtheory,expressedhisinterestinpsychicalresearchinhiscorrespondence.[47]

Sully Prudhomme (1839- 1907), 1901 Nobel Prize in Literature, participated in the Société de PsychologiePhysiologique'scommitteeforthestudyoftelepathy.[48]

Santiago Ramón y Cajal (1852-1934), 1906 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, researched hypnosis and psi

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phenomenaandwroteabookaboutthem(destroyedduringtheSpanishCivilWar).[49]

CharlesRichet(1850-1935),1913NobelPrizeinPhysiologyorMedicine,foundedtheAnnalesdesSciencesPsychiques,presidentoftheSocietyforPsychicalResearch(1905),andoftheInstitutMétapsychiqueInternational(1923).

GeorgeBernardShaw(1856-1950),1925NobelPrizeinLiterature,bestknownforhisveryinfluentialplays,includingPygmalionandArmsandtheMan.HeattendedwithpsiresearcherFrankPodmoremeetingsofthe(British)SocietyforPsychicalResearchandmentionedincidentsofostensiblepsi.[50]

AlbertSchweitzer(1875-1965),1925NobelPrizeinPeace,reportedtheparanormalphenomenaheobservedinAfricaandremarkedthathewouldliketocarryoutpsiresearch.[51]

GlennSeaborg(1912-1999),1951NobelPrizeinChemistryfortheinvestigationoftraunsuraniumelements,co-wrotewithMargaretMeadapraisingstatementaboutabookonparapsychology.[52]

AleksandrSolzhenitsyn(1908-2008),1970Nobelprizewinnerinliterature,mentionsprecognitionasafactinhiswork.[53]

Otto Stern (1888-1969), 1943Nobel Prize in Physics, is said to have bannedPauli fromhis lab, for fear that Pauli’sinvoluntaryPKeffectwouldinterferewiththemachinerythere.[54]

EugeneWigner(1902-1995),1963NobelPrizeinPhysics,encouragedresearchonphysicsandpsi.[55]

JohnWilliamStrutt,LordRayleigh(1842-1919),1904NobelPrizeinPhysics,presidentoftheSocietyforPsychicalResearch.[56]

JJThompson (1856-1940),1906NobelPrize inPhysics,memberofthegoverningcounciloftheSocietyforPsychicalResearchfor34years.[57]

WBYeats(1865-1939),1929NobelPrizeinLiterature,memberoftheSocietyforPsychicalResearch,wroteextensivelyaboutpsiandesoterism.[58]

OtherEminentFigures:Physics,Chemistry,Engineering,Invention

Jacques-Arsèned’Arsonval(1851-1940),physician,physicist,andinventor,ledtheIGPandcarriedoutresearchwithaspiritmedium.[59]

JohnLogieBaird(1888-1946),engineerandinventoroftelevision,attendedspiritistséancesandwaspersuadedbythem.[60]

SirWilliamBarrett(1845-1925):ChairofphysicsattheRoyalCollegeofScienceinDublin,FellowoftheRoyalSociety,andfounderandpresidentoftheSocietyforPsychicalResearch.[61]

OlivierCostadeBeauregard(1911-2007),quantumphysicist,publishedonparapsychology,firstunderthepseudonymE.Xodarap,andconsideredpsiphenomenaasto‘beexpectedasveryrational’.[62]

AlexanderGrahamBell(1847-1922),inventorofthetelephone,thoughtthatthedevicemightallowcommunicationwiththedead.[63]

JohnStewartBell(1928-1990),physicist,developeroftheBelltheorem,employeeoftheEuropeanCouncilforNuclearResearch(CERN),originatoroftheBelltheorem,wroteaboutkeepinganopenmindregardingpsi.[64]

DavidBohm(1917-1992),quantumtheoretician,soughttointegratehistheorywithpsi.[65]

ÉdouardBranly(1844-1940),physicist,inventorofacomponentofwirelesstelegraphy,memberoftheFrenchAcademyofSciences,wasamemberoftheIGP'sGroupofStudyofPsychicPhenomena.[66]

Alexander Butlerov (1828-1886), chemist, pioneer of the theory of chemical structure and discoverer of variouselements,researchedostensiblepsychicmanifestationsandwrotearticlesaboutthem.[67]

ChesterCarlson(1906-1968),physicistandinventorofelectrophotography,donatedmoneytoandwasinterestedinpsiresearch.[68]

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SirArthurC.Clarke(1917-2008),fictionandsciencewriterandinventor,discussedpsiinhisnovelsandnon-fiction,becomingincreasingly,butnotcompletelyskeptic,abouttheparanormal.[69]

GérardCordonnier(1907-1977),mathematician,engineer,winneroftheArts,SciencesandLetterSilverMedal,wroteonpsi.[70]

SirWilliam Crookes (1832-1919), chemist, physicist, and inventor, carried research on DD Home and spiritualism,presidentoftheSocietyforPsychicalResearch.[71]

JWDunne(1910-1949),aeronauticalengineer,wroteAnExperimentwithTime,abookaboutprecognition.[72]

ThomasAlvaEdison(1847-1931),inventorofelectriclightandsoundrecording,amongotherthings,wasconvincedbysomepsidemonstrationsandproposedthatinstrumentscouldbedevelopedtocommunicatewiththedeceased.[73]

HaroldEugeneEdgerton (1903-1990),professorofelectricalengineeringatMIT,participated in researchonremoteviewing.[74]

GeraldFeinberg(1933-1992),physicist,workedatColumbiaandPrincetonUniversities,consideredprecognitiontobeatthebaseofmost,orperhapsall,psiphenomena.[75]

CamilleFlammarion(1842-1925),astronomerandwriter,founderandfirstpresidentoftheSociétéAstronomiquedeFrance,wroteonpsiandmediumship.[76]

RichardBuckminsterFuller(1895-1983),systemstheorist,inventor,talkedabouttherealityoftelepathy.[77]

GeorgeGamow(1904-1968),physicist,wroteontheostensiblemacro-PKeffectcalledthePauliEffect.[78]

Arnaud deGramont (1861-1923),physicist,memberof theFrenchAcadémiedesSciences, foundingmemberof theInstitutMétapsychiqueInternational.[79]

HeinrichHertz(1857-1894),physicist,showedtheexistenceofelectromagneticwaves,wasamemberoftheSocietyforPsychicalResearch.[80]

Robert Jahn (1930-2017),deanofengineeringatPrincetonUniversity,pioneerofdeepspacepropulsion,foundedthePrincetonEngineeringAnomaliesResearchLabtostudymind-machineinteractionsandotherpsiphenomena.[81]

ErnstJordan(1902-1980),quantumphysicist,wroteonquantummechanismsandpsi.[82]

SirOliverLodge(1851-1940),physicistandmathematician,developerofwirelesstelegraphy,principalofBirminghamUniversity,presidentoftheSocietyforPsychicalResearch,wroteonmediumshipandsurvival.[83]

HenryMargenau (1901-1997), Higgins Professor of Physics at Yale and staff at Princeton andMIT, philosopher ofscience,wrotefavorablyaboutparapsychology.[84]

James Smith ‘Mac’ McDonnell (1899-1980), engineer and chair of the McDonnell-Douglas corporation, supportedresearchinparapsychology.[85]

EdgarDeanMitchell(1930-2016),aeronauticalengineer,6thpersontowalkonthemoon.HefoundedtheInstituteofNoeticSciences,inwhichresearchonpsiisconducted,andpublishedapsistudyhimself.[86]

EdwardPickering(1846-1919)astronomerandphysicist,directoroftheHarvardCollegeObservatory,wroteonpsi.[87]

Sir Alfred Pippard (1920-2008), Cavendish Professor of Physics, Cambridge, gave an address to a jointSPR/ParapsychologicalAssociationonhismother’stelepathicexperiences.[88]

ArchieE.Roy(1924-2012),ProfessorofAstronomy,UniversityofGlasgow,SPRpresident,wroteonpsychicalresearch.[89]

GiovanniSchiaparelli(1835-1910),astronomer,historianofscienceandsenator,researchedEusapiaPalladino.[90]

RichardShoup(1943-2015),computerscientists,innovatorindigitalanimationandwinnerofanEmmyandanAcademyAward,proposedatimesymmetrictheoryofpsi.[91]

BalfourStewart(1828-1887),physicist,memberoftheRoyalSociety,presidentoftheSocietyforPsychicalResearch.[92]

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FJMStratton(1881-1961),ProfessorofAstrophysicsandDirectorofSolarPhysicsObservatoryatCambridge,presidentoftheSocietyforPsychicalResearch.[93]

JulienThoulet(1843-1936).ProfessorofMineralogyattheUniversityofNancy,oceanographer[94],describedapsieventinalettertoCharlesRichet.[95]

EvanHarrisWalker(1935-2006),physicistandinventor,developedaquantumexplanationofpsi.[96]

ArthurMYoung(1905-1995),polymath,helicopterinventor,soughttointegrateparapsychologywithotherbranchesofscience.[97]

Mathematicians

BurtonHCamp (1880-1980), presidentof the InstituteofMathematical Sciences,wrote that the statistical analysesconductedbyRhineandhisteamwere‘essentiallyvalid’.[98]

AugustusdeMorgan(1806-1871),mathematicianandlogician,advancedthestudyofinduction.HiswifeSophia,underapseudonym,wroteabookreportingtheirinvestigationsonpsychicphenomena,withapseudonymousprefacebyDeMorgan, inwhich thesephenomenawerenot consideredper se precludedby science and a truly agnostic view aboutpsychicphenomenawasproposed.[99]

Sir Ronald A Fisher (1890-1962), statistician and geneticist, corresponded with JB Rhine and published articles onstatisticalanalysesinparapsychology.[100]

ThomasGreville(1910-1988),statistician,ProfessorattheUniversityofWisonsin-Madison,editoroftheJournaloftheSocietyforIndustrialandAppliedMathematics,developedstatisticaltechniquesforpsiexperiments.[101]

IrvingGood (1916-2009),statisticianandcryptologist,colleagueofAlanTuring,suggestedaphysiologicalmethodtostudynonconsciouspsi.[102]

Hans Hahn (1879-1934), mathematician and philosopher, was Vice-president of the Austrian Society for PsychicalResearchandcollaboratedinresearchonpsi.[103]

JohnLittlewood (1885-1977),BallProfessorofMathematics,Cambridge, fellowoftheRoyalSociety,conductedcardguessingexperimentsandwroteontheirstatistics.[104]

Eleanor Sidgwick (1845-1936),mathematician,principalofNewnhamCollege,presidentof theSociety forPsychicalResearch.[105]

Alan Turing (1912-1954), mathematician, pioneer of computer science and artificial intelligence, wrote of the‘overwhelming’statisticalevidencefortelepathy.[106]

PsychologistsandSocialScientists,Neuroscientists,Biologists,Physicians

RobertoAssagioli(1888-1974),psychiatrist,pioneerofhumanisticandtranspersonalpsychology,wroteabookonpsi.[107]

DavidBakan(1921-2004),professorofpsychologyattheUniversitiesofChicagoandYork,discussedBiblicalprophecyandcontemporarypsiresearchinhiscourses[108]

VladimirBekhterev(1856-1927),neurologistandreflexpsychologist,studiedpsiinhumansandanimals.[109]

HansBerger(1873-1941),neurologist,createdtheelectroencephalogram,inspiredbyatelepathiceventwithhissister.[110]

FilippoBottazzi(1867-1941),physiologist,biochemist,wroteabookonmediumisticphenomena.[111]

Henry Pickering Bowditch (1840-1911), physician, dean of the Harvard Medical School, founding member of theSocietyforPsychicalResearch,wroteonpsi.[112]

WilliamBrown (1881-1952),directorof the InstituteofExperimentalPsychologyatOxfordUniversity, supportedpsiresearch.[113]

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Luther Burbank (1849-1926), botanist, creator or developer of many species, founder of agricultural science. Hedescribedhisownandhisfamily'stelepathicabilitiesinhisautobiography.[114]

DorothyTiffanyBurlingham(1891-1979),pioneerofchildpsychoanalysisandco-founderoftheHampsteadClinicinLondon(currentlytheAnnaFreudCentre).Wroteapaperpositingpsiprocessesamongmothersandchildren.[115]

RémyChauvin(1913-2009),biologist,honoraryprofessoratLaSorbonne,researchedandwroteonanimalpsi.[116]

IrvinLChild(1915-2000),chairofpsychologyatYaleUniversity,wroteasupportivemeta-analysisoftheMaimonidesdreamresearchprogram.[117]

FrederikWillemvanEeden(1860-1932),psychiatrist,writer,andprogressivethinker,participatedinséancesandwroteaboutluciddreaming.[118]

HJEysenck(1916-1997),psychologist,researcherinpersonality,intelligence,andpsychotherapy,supportedthevalidityofsomepsiphenomenaandcriticizedscientisticdogmatism.[119]

Gustav Fechner (1801-1887),physicist,oneof the foundersofexperimentalpsychology,participated in séancesandwroteaboutthepossibilityofsurvivalafterdeath.[120]

SándorFerenczi(1873-1933),centraltheoristinpsychoanalysis,wroteonpsiphenomenaindevelopmentandtherapyandcommunicatedwithFreudaboutit.[121]

Théodore Flournoy (1854–1920), psychologist, professor at the University of Geneva, wrote important books ondissociationwithoutdiscardingthepossibilityofpsiprocesses.[122]

SigmundFreud(1856-1939),founderofpsychoanalysis,wroteanumberofpapersonpsiinpsychotherapy.[123]

Hans Driesch (1867-1941), biologist and philosopher, wrote a book on psi, president of the Society for PsychicalResearch.[124]

Sir Ronald A Fisher (1890-1962), statistician and geneticist, corresponded with JB Rhine and published articles onstatisticalanalysesinparapsychology.[125]

WilliamHewitt Gillespie (1905-2001),Presidentof the InternationalPsychoanalyticalAssociation,FreudMemorialProfessorofPsychoanalysisatUniversityCollege,London,wrotesupportivelyofpsiphenomena.[126]

KarlGruber(1881-1927),zoologist,professoratMunichPolytechnic,conductedpsiresearchonanimals.[127]

GuðmundurHannesson(1866-1946),physician,founderoftheIcelandicScientificSocietyandrectoroftheUniversityofIceland,investigatedthemediumIndriðiIndriðason.[128]

SirAlisterHardy (1896-1985),LinacreProfessorofZoologyatOxford, founderoftheReligiousExperienceResearchUnitatOxford,PresidentoftheSocietyforPsychicalResearch,wroteonpsiandreligion.[129]

RaúlHernández-Peón(1924-1968),neurophysiologistofsleep,soughttointegratepsiandneurophysiology[130]

JamesHillman(1926-2011),psychologist,Jungianauthor,wroteonpsianddepthpsychology.[131]

Sir JulianHuxley(1887-1975),evolutionarybiologistandfirstdirectorofUNESCO,mentionedpsisupportivelyinhiswriting.[132]

AnielaJaffé(1903-1991),psychologist,Jungianauthor,wroteonpsiandsynchronicity.[133]

WilliamJames(1842-1910),psychologistandphilosopher,presidentofboththeBritishandtheAmericanSocietiesforPsychicalResearch.[134]

PierreJanet(1859-1947),pioneerinthestudyofdissociation,hadsuccessonexperimentsonhypnosisandpsi(butlaterbecamecautiousaboutpsi).[135]

CGJung(1875-1961),founderofanalyticalpsychology,wroteonsynchronicityandostensiblepsiphenomena.[136]

Elizabeth Kübler-Ross (1926-2004), psychiatrist, proponent of the hospice care movement, wrote on near-death

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experiencesandthepossibilityofsurvival.[137]

ANLeontiev(1903-1979),headofthepsychologydepartmentatMoscowUniversity,investigatedremoteviewing.[138]

Jacques Jean Lhermitte (1877-1959), neurologist andneuropsychiatrist, clinical director at the Salpêtrièrehospital,memberoftheInstitutMétapsychiqueInternational.[139]

CesareLombroso(1835-1909),criminologistandphysician,wroteabookonspiritualismandpsi.[140]

AlexanderLuria(1902-1977),neuropsychologist,wroteaboutparapsychology.[141]

ElizabethLloydMayer (1947-2005),psychoanalyst,professorattheUniversityofCalifornia,investigatedpsiindepthafterapsychictracedavaluedstolenpossession.[142]

WilliamMcDougall(1871-1938),psychologyprofessoratHarvardandlateratDuke,presidentofboththeAmericanandtheBritishSocietiesforPsychicalResearch.[143]

MargaretMead (1901-1978),culturalanthropologist,helpedtheParapsychologicalAssociationbecomeamemberoftheAmericanAssociationfortheAdvancementofScienceandwroteasupportiveintroductiontoaremoteviewingbook.[144]

PaulMeehl(1920-2003),psychologistandphilosopherofscience,wroteonthelikelycompatibilityofscienceandESP.[145]

ThomasWalterMitchell (1869-1944),physician, formanyyearseditorof theBritish Journal ofMedicalPsychology,presidentoftheSocietyforPsychicalResearch.[146]

JohnMuir(1838-1914),geologistandnaturalist,recountedinaletterhavinganaccuratepremonitionofencounteringanunexpectedfriendinavalley.[147]

GardnerMurphy (1895-1979), presidentof theAmericanPsychologicalAssociationandof theSociety forPsychicalResearch,[148]wroteextensivelyonhumanpotentialsandonpsi.[149]

TraugottKonstantinOesterreich(1880-1949),psychologistandphilosopher,professorinTübingen,wroteonspiritpossessionandpsi.[150]

Sir Alan S Parkes (1900-1990), researcher at University College, London, on reproductive biology, organized andparticipatedinasymposiumonpsi.[151]

Candace Pert (1946-2013), neuropharmacologist, chief of the Section on Brain Biochemistry of the ClinicalNeuroscienceBranch,NationalInstituteofMentalHealth,wasinterestedinpsychokineticeffectsonlivingsystemsandsubtleenergies.[152]

Théodule-ArmandRibot (1839-1916), psychologist, professor at theCollège of France and La Sorbonne, publishedpapersonpsychicalresearchinhisjournalRevuePhilosophique.[153]

SantedeSanctis(1862-1935),doctor,psychologist,andpsychiatrist,investigatedostensiblepsiphenomena.[154]

Hans Schäfer (1906-2000), professor and director of the department of physiology at the University of Heidelberg,epidemiologist,wroteaboutpsi.[155]

Rocco Santoliquido (1854-1930), physician and Director General of Public Health, investigated amedium, and wasfounderandpresidentoftheInstitutMétapsychiqueInternational.[156]

PitirimSorokin(1889-1968),founderanddirectorofthedepartmentofsociologyatHarvard,wroteanintroductiontoabookonpsi.[157]

MabelStClairStobart(1862-1954),founderoftheWomen'sSickandWoundedConvoyCorps(1912)andtheWomen'sNationalServiceLeague(1914),wroteaboutspiritualism.[158]

WilhelmStekel(1868-1940),oneofthefirstassociatesofFreudandprolificwriter,authoredabookabouttelepathyindreams.[159]

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John R Swanton (1873-1958), president of the American Anthropological Association and editor of AmericanAnthropologist,endorsedparapsychology.[160]

Leonid I Vasiliev (1891-1966), professor of physiology at Leningrad University, researched extensively psi andsuggestionatadistance.[161]

Alfred Russel Wallace (1826-1923), co-creator of the theory of evolution, investigated and was a supporter ofspiritualism.[162]

WilliamGreyWalter(1910-1977),neurophysiologistandrobotinventor,wroteontheuseoftheEEGtoinvestigatepsi.[163]

Humanities,Philosophers

BhikhanLAtreya (1897-1967),professorofphilosophyatBanarasHinduUniversity,expertonHinduism,carriedoutresearchandwroteonparapsychology.[164]

SamuelBergman(1883-1975),philosopherofphysics,deanoftheHebrewUniversity,wroteabookontelepathy.[165]

ÉmileBoirac(1851-1917),philosopher,presidentoftheGrenobleandDijonuniversities,researchedEusapiaPalladino,wroteabookonpsychicalresearch.[166]

KennethEBoulding(1910-1993),economist,systemsscientist,philosopher,presidentoftheAmericanAssociationfortheAdvancementofSciences,declaredtotheWashingtonStar in1979:‘Theevidenceofparapsychologycan’t justbedismissedoutofhand’.[167]

CDBroad(1887-1971),KnightsbridgeProfessorofMoralPhilosophyatCambridge,presidentoftheSocietyforPsychicalResearch.[168]

KennethBurke(1897-1993),literarytheorist,discussedpsiphenomenainthecontextofcreativity.[169]

RudolfCarnap(1891-1970),philosopherandmemberoftheViennaCircle,wroteontheimportanceofresearchingpsi.[170]

PierreTeilharddeChardin(1881-1955),philosopherandpalentologist,wroteontheevolutionofpsiabilities.[171]

CTKChari (1909-1993), head of the department of philosophy atMadras Christian College, wrote on philosophy ofphysicsandpsi.[172]

Ernesto deMartino (1908-1965), historian of religion and anthropologist,wrote on the link between ethnology andparapsychology.[173]

Jacques Derrida (1930-2004), philosopher, founder of deconstructionism, wrote an essay discussing the nature oftelepathyanditsrelationtopsychoanalysis.[174]

MaxDessoir(1867-1947),philosopher,psychologist,professorattheUniversityofBerlin,coined‘parapsychology’andotherpsiterms.[175]

ER Dodds (1893-1979), classical scholar, Regius Professor of Greek (Oxford), president of the Society for PsychicalResearch.[176]

CJDucasse(1881-1969),professorofphilosophyatWashingtonandBrownUniversities,wroteonparapsychologyandwasamemberoftheAmericanSocietyforPsychicalResearch.[177]

MirceaEliade(1907-1986),ProfessorattheUniversityofChicago,historianofreligionandfictionwriter,assertedthatrealparanormalphenomenawereatthebaseofsomereligiousbeliefs.[178]

Antony Flew (1923-2010),philosopherof religion,whilenot convincedaboutpsiphenomena,opined that therewas‘muchinterestingandsuggestiveevidence’.[179]

IsaacKFunk(1839-1912),lexicographer,editor,founderofFunk&Wagnallis,wroteonpsiphenomena.[180]

MauriceGarçon(1889-1967),lawyer,writer,conjurer,memberoftheAcadémieFrançaise,researchedpsiphenomena.

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[181]

JamesHHyslop,(1854-1920),philosopher,psychologist,professoratColumbiaUniversity,wroteextensiveonpsi.[182]

LPJacks(1860-1955),professorofphilosophyandprincipalatManchesterCollege,Oxford,presidentoftheSocietyforPsychicalResearch.[183]

AndrewLang(1844-1912),writerandanthropologist,presidentoftheSocietyforPsychicalResearch.[184]

Gabriel Marcel (1889-1973), philosopher, member of the Académie des Sciences Morales et Politiques, honorarypresidentofInstitutMétapsychiqueInternational.[185]

GilbertMurray (1866-1957), classicist, professor atOxford andHarvarduniversities, vice president of the LeagueofNationsSocietyafterWorldWarI,presidentoftheSocietyforPsychicalResearch.[186]

Frederic Myers (1843-1901), classical scholar and poet, president and one of the main authors of the Society forPsychicalResearch.[187]

HaraldurNíelsson (1868-1928), theologianand spiritualist, first rector of theUniversityof Iceland, investigated themediumIndriðiIndriðason.[188]

HH Price (1899-1984), philosopher, Wykeham Professor of Logic at Oxford, president of the Society for PsychicalResearch.[189]

Adolf Reinach (1883-1917), pioneerphenomenologist and language and law theoretician, documented anddiscussedinstancesofsoldiers'foreboding(precognition)inWWIoftheirimpendingdeath.[190]

JosiahRoyce(1855-1916),philosopher,professorattheUniversityofCaliforniaandHarvard,memberoftheAmericanSocietyforPsychicalResearch,wroteonpsi.[191]

Ferdinand de Saussure (1857-1913), linguist and semiotician, attended séances of Hélène Smith (Catherine-EliseMüller)andanalyzedhercreatedlanguages.[192]

FCS Schiller (1864-1937), professor of philosophy at the Universities of Oxford, Cornell, and Southern California,presidentoftheSocietyforPsychicalResearch,supportedtheepistemologicalfoundationofparapsychology.[193]

HenrySidgwick (1838-1900),KnightsbridgeProfessorofMoralPhilosophyatCambridge,Presidentof theSociety forPsychicalResearch.[194]

KeesvanPeursen(1920-1996),philosopherandtheologian,professorofphilosophyatGroningenandLeidenU,wroteonpsi.[195]

AWVerrall(1851-1912),classicsscholarandfirstKingEdwardVIIChairofEnglish,wasinterestedinpsialongwithmanyothersinhisimmediatefamily.[196]

JohannesMariaVerweyen(1883-1945),philosopher,anti-Naziresistancefighter,poet,wroteonparapsychologyandoccultism.[197]

Gerda Walther (1897-1977), philosopher, pioneer phenomenologist with important contributions as well toparapsychologyandthestudyofschizophrenia.[198]

AloysWenzl(1887-1967),philosopher,deanandpresidentatLudwig-Maximilians-UniversitätMünchen,wasanofficialobserverata1954conferenceonpsi.[199]

Writers,Artists

Jellyd'Arányi(1893-1966),violinist,participatedinséancesandchanelledvariousmessages.SisterofAdilaFachiri.[200]

LFrankBaum(1856-1919),writer,creatoroftheOzseries,attendedspiritistséancesandwroteaboutthem.[201]

Ingmar Bergman (1918-2007), film and theatre director and author, recounted autobiographical ostensible psiphenomena(2005).

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AlgernonBlackwood(1869-1951),writer,declaredthathisinterestinpsychicmatterswas'inquestionsofextendedorexpanded consciousness' and saw 'the rapprochement betweenModern Physics and so-called psychical andmysticalphenomena'.[202]

Jorge Luis Borges (1899-1986), writer, published an appreciative foreword to a Spanish version of JW Dunne’sAnExperimentwithTime.[203]

VictorBrauner(1903-1966),surrealistpainter,consideredhimselfalsoavisionary.[204]

AndréBreton(1896-1966),founderofsurrealismandknowledgeableofthepsiliterature,researchedexperientiallyandwroteextensivelyonpsiandautomatisms,oftenincollaborationwithothersurrealists.[205]

JohnW. Campbell, Jr. (1910-1971),writerof science-fiction (SF)andeditorofAstoundingScienceFictionduring theGolden Age of Science Fiction. He discussed psi phenomena in his magazine and encouraged its inclusion into SFliterature[206]

GilbertKeith(GK)Chesterton(1874-1936),writer,bestknownperhapsforhisFatherBrownseries,advocatedanopeninvestigationandconsiderationofpsiphenomena.[207]

SamuelClemens(MarkTwain)(1835-1910),writer,memberoftheAmericanSocietyforPsychicalResearch,describedvariousautobiographicalpsievents.[208]

MichaelCrichton(1942-2008),writer,physician,andfilmmaker,wroteabouthispersonalexperienceswithpsi.[209]

RobertDesnos (1900-1945), surrealistpoet andautomatist, claimed tohavebeen in telepathic contactwith anotherartist,MarcelDuchampandtoseeintootherpeople'sfuture.[210]

PhilipKDick(1928-1982),writer,describedvariousostensiblepsiphenomenainhisautobiographicalworks,includingxenoglossyandanaccuratediagnosisofhisson’shernia.[211]

CharlesDickens(1812-1870),writer,memberofTheGhostClub,organizationdevotedtopsychicalresearch.[212]

CharlesDodgson(LewisCarroll)(1832-1898),authorofAliceinWonderland,mathematician,memberoftheSocietyforPsychicalResearch.[213]

SirArthurConanDoyle (1859-1930),creatorofSherlockHomes,unflinchingdefenderofostensiblepsiphenomenaandspiritualism.[214]

TheodorDreiser(1871-1945),writerandjournalist,correspondedwithpsiresearcherHerewardCarrington.[215]

GeorgeEliot(MaryAnnEvans)(1819-1880),writer,correspondedwithpsychicalresearchersandpremisedherTheLiftedVeilonpsi.ShewrotetoGeorgeCombein1852,'Butindicationsofclairvoyancewitnessedbyacompetentobserverareofthrillinginterestandgivemearestlessdesiretogetmoreextensiveandsatisfactoryevidence.'[216]

AdilaFachiri(1886-1962),violinist,participatedinséancesandchanelledvariousmessages.SisterofJellyd'Arányi.[217]

Anne Francis (1930-2011), actress,winner of aGoldenGlobe andnominated for anEmmy, describedher interest inpsychicphenomenainherautobiography.[218]

MaximGorky(1868-1936),writer,wasconvincedoftheexistenceoftelepathy.[219]

GrahamGreene(1904-1991),novelistshortlistedfortheNobelPrize,wasconvincedthatDunne'sviewofprecognitionwascorrectandexplainedsomeofhisvision.[220]

AlecGuiness(1914-2000),actor,wrotethatheprecognizedthefatalaccidentofJamesDean.[221]

ThomasHardy(1840-1928),writer,claimedtohavehadatelepathicandotherpsiexperiences.[222]

Victor Hugo (1802-1885), writer, creator of Les Misérables, experimented with automatic writing and drawing,participatedinséances.[223]

TedHughes(1930-1998),BritishPoetLaureate,describedpsiphenomenainhislife.[224]

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AldousHuxley(1894-1963),writer,proponentofaMindatLarge,advisortotheParapsychologyFoundation.[225]

JamesJoyce(1882-1941),writer,hissisterclaimedthatsheandhehadseentheghostoftheirmother.HereadandwasinfluencedbyMyers'sHumanPersonality,anditsSurvivalofBodilyDeath.[226]

WassilyKandinsky(1866-1944),painterandarttheoretician,wroteaboutdirecttransmissionofart.[227]

HilmaafKlint(1862-1944),painter,pioneerofabstractionism,workedasamediumwithautomaticwriting,drawing,andpainting.[228]

ArthurKoestler(1905-1983),author,providedfundsforwhatbecametheKoestlerUnitforthestudyofparapsychologyattheUniversityofEdinburgh,wroteonpsi.[229]

StanleyKubrick(1928-1999),filmdirector,screenwriter,producer,etc.,discussedpsipositivelyasaninspirationforhisfilmTheShining.[230]

EinarHjörleifssonKvaran (1859-1938),writer, editor, and spiritualist,participated in the investigationsof IcelandicmediumsincludingIndriðiIndriðasonandHafsteinBjörnsson.[231]

FrantišekKupka(1871-1957),oneofthefoundersofabstractionistart,proposedadirectmind-to-mindtransmissionoftheartist’sinnerworld.[232]

JamesMerrill(1926-1995),poet,winnerofthePulitzeramongotherprices,someofhisworksderivesfromsessionswithaouijaboardduringmorethantwodecades.[233]

RobertMusil(1880-1942),writer,authorofoneoftheforemostnovelsofthe20thcentury,TheManwithoutQualities,mentionedthepossibilityofpsiphenomenaduringséances.[234]

VladimirNabokov(1899-1977),writer,authorofLolitaandotherproseclassics,keptadiarytotestwhetherhisdreamscouldanticipatefutureevents,inspiredbyDunn'sAnExperimentwithTime.[235]

JBPriestley(1894-1984),writer,supportedthenotionofprecognitioninhisessaysandplays.[236]

Marguerite Radclyffe-Hall (1880-1943), writer, pioneer of lesbian literature with The Well of Loneliness. She co-authoredanimportantstudyofthemediumMrs.Leonard.[237]

RainerMariaRilke(1875-1926),oneoftheforemostpoetinGermanlanguage,attendedséancesandexperimentedwithautomaticwriting.[238]

GeorgeRochberg(1918-2005),composer,discussedpsiphenomenainthecontextofhiscreativework.[239]

GeneRodenberry(1921-1991),writerandStarTrekcreator,wasconvincedoftherealityofpsiphenomena.[240]

Jules Romains (Louis Farigoule) (1885-1972), writer,member of La Académie Française, wrote a book on sightlessvision.[241]

JohnRuskin(1819-1900),influentialartcritic,memberoftheSocietyforPsychicalResearch.[242]

GeorgeWilliam(AE)Russell(1867–1935),writer,painter,activist,claimedhewasclairvoyant.[243]

SigfriedSassoon(1886-1967),WWIpoet,memberofTheGhostClub.[244]

VictorienSardou (1831-1908),writer,best-knownforthelibrettotoTosca,experimentedwithautomaticwritinganddrawing.[245]

AlvinSchwartz(1916-2011),fictionwriterandessayist,discussedostensiblepsiphenomenainhislife.[246]

UptonSinclair, Jr.(1878-1968),Pulitzerprizewinner,wroteadetailedaccountofpsiexperimentswithhiswifeinhisbookMentalRadio.[247]

DameEdithLouisaSitwell(1887-1964),poetandcritic,helpeddirectsomeresearchwithmediums.[248]

Olaf Stapledon (1886-1950), writer and philosopher, was interested in and recommended the scientific study of psi

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phenomena.[249]

Rudolf Steiner (1861–1925), philosopher, theoretical founder of the Waldorf education, wrote about personal psiexperiences.[250]

Robert Louis Stevenson (1850-1894), author of Treasure Island, member of the Society for Psychical Research,correspondedwithFWHMyers.[251]

Karlheinz Stockhausen (1928-2007), one of the most influential classical electronic and avant-garde music, in aninterviewhementioned"telepathyandtelekinesis”asfacts.[252]

August Strindberg (1849-1912),writer,painterandplaywright,discussedpersonalexperiences thathe interpretedasparapsychologicalinhiswritings.[253]

AndreiTarkovsky(1932-1986),filmandtheatredirectorandwriter,discussedostensiblepsiphenomenaassourcesforhisfilms.[254]

Alfred,LordTennyson (1809-1892),PoetLaureateofGreatBritainand Ireland,memberof theSociety forPsychicalResearch.[255]

JacquesTourneur(1904-1977),directorofvariousacclaimedhorrorfilms,includingCatPeople.Hewasconsideredtobeapsychichimself.[256]

KurtVonnegut,Jr.(1922-2007),authorofSlaughterhouseFive,artist,describedostensiblepsiphenomenathatoccurredinhislife.[257]

Florizel von Reuter (1890-1985), violinist and composer, professor at the Vienna Musical Academy, wrote on hisexperienceasamedium.[258]

Politicians,Explorers,Others

AlexanderAksakov(1832-1893),RussianStateCouncilor,writer,researched,contributedtoandeditedpublicationsonpsi.[259]

ArthurBalfour(1848-1930),philosopher,Britishprimeminister,presidentoftheSocietyforPsychicalResearch.[260]

GeraldBalfour(1853-1945),scholar,ChiefSecretaryforIreland,presidentoftheSocietyforPsychicalResearch.[261]

DonaldCampbellCBE(1921-1967),speedrecordbreakerinlandandwater,memberoftheGhostClub.[262]

AirChiefMarshalHughDowding(1882-1970),commanderoftheRAFduringtheBattleofBritain,authorofvariousbooksonsurvivalandmemberoftheGhostClub.[263]

WinifredCoombeTennant(1874-1956),suffragette,politician,representativeattheLeagueofNations,practisedasamedium.[264]

Alexandra David-Néel (1868-1969), explorer, writer, expert on Tibet, declared that psychic phenomena should bestudied‘justlikeanyotherscience’.[265]

Willliam Gladstone (1809-1898), served as British prime minister four different terms, member of the Society forPsychicalResearch,commentedthatpsiresearch‘isthemostimportantworkintheworld’.[266]

ClaibornedeBordaPell(1918-2009),six-termUSSenator,headoftheSenateForeignRelationCommittee,supportedpsiresearch.[267]

WilliamLyonMackenzieKing(1874-1950),longestservingprimeministerofCanada,spiritualist.[268]

LorenMcIntyre(1917-2003),photojournalist,discovererofthesourceofthesourceoftheAmazonRiver.HedescribedcommunicatingtelepathicallywiththechiefshamanofaMajorunatribe.[269]

Dame Edith Lyttelton (1865-1948), British delegate to the League of Nations, author, president of the Society forPsychicalResearch,wroteonpsi.[270]

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Francisco I Madero (1873-1913), provided the intellectual basis to the Mexican revolution and became its firstdemocraticallyelectedpresident,practisedautomaticwritingandmediumship.[271]

ErikKulePalmstierna(1877-1959),Swedishpoliticiananddiplomat,wrotebooksbasedonchanelledmaterial.[272]

SirHenryMortonStanley(1841-1904),explorerandjournalist,wroteaboutpsiphenomenainhisautobiography.[273]

CortvanderLinden(1846-1935),progressivePrimeMinisterofTheNetherlands,wasamemberofthe(British)SocietyforPsychicalResearch.[274]

Henry A.Wallace (1888-1965), progressive Vice President of the United States, besides occupying other importantposts.HewasasponsoroftheRoundTableFoundation,whichsponsoredresearchonparapsychology.[275]

EtzelCardeña

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Alvarado, C.S., & Evrard, R. (2013). Nineteenth century psychical research in mainstream journals: The RevuePhilosophiquedelaFranceetdel’Etranger.JournalofScientificExploration,27,655-689.

Anonymous (1957). Proceedings of four conferences of parapsychological studies. New York, NY: ParapsychologyFoundation.

Anonymous(1990).NewsletteroftheAmericanSocietyforPsychicalResearch16(2),19-20.

Asprem, E. (2010). A nice arrangement of heterodoxies:WilliamMcDougall and the professionalization of psychicalresearch.JournaloftheHistoryoftheBehavioralSciences,46,123-143.

Assagioli,R.(1958).Parapsychologicalfacultiesandpsychologicaldisturbances.London.UK:MedicalSocietyforStudyofRadiesthesia.

Atreya,B.L.(1952).Anintroductiontoparapsychology:Collectedpapersonpsychicalresearch.Banaras,India:Kumar.

Bakan,D.,Merkur,D.,&Weiss,D.S.(2009).Maimonides’cureofsouls:Medievalprecursorofpsychoanalysis.Albany,NY:SUNYpress.

Barnard,G.W.(2012).Livingconsciousness:ThemetaphysicalvisionofHenriBergson.Albany,NY:SUNYPress.

Barz,C. (2010).Scientificspirit,spirituality,andspiritedwriting:Spiritualismbetweenscience,religionandliterature.TijdschriftvoorSkandinavistiek,31(1).Retrievedfromhttp://dpc.uba.uva.nl/tvs/vol31/nr01/art06

Beauregard,O.C.de(1975).QuantumparadoxesandAristotle’stwofoldinformationconcept.InL.Oteri(Ed.),Quantumphysicsandparapsychology(pp.91-108).NewYork,NY:ParapsychologyFoundation.

Bekhterev,V.(1962).Telepathywithdogs.JournaloftheAmericanSocietyofPsychicalResearch,41,351–353.

Berger,H.(1940).Psyche.Jena,Germany:GustavFischer.

Bergman, I. (2005). Ingmar Bergman: Samtal på Fårö (Ingmar Bergman: Conversation in Fårö). Sveriges Radio(http://sverigesradio.se/sida/artikel.aspx?programid=1602&artikel=1684877).

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Blackwood,A.(1973).Introductionto1938edition.Bestghoststories.NewYork:Dover.(Originallypublished1938).

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References

Footnotes

1.ˆCardeña,E.(2014).Acallforanopen,informed,studyofallaspectsofconsciousness.FrontiersinHumanNeuroscience,doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00017;Gauld,A.(1968).Thefoundersofpsychicalresearch.NewYork,NY:Schoken.

2.ˆTruzzi,M.(1987).OnPseudo-Skepticism,ZeteticScholar,12/13,3-.4.

3.ˆFechner,G.T.(1904).TheLittleBookofLifeAfterDeath.Kessinger.Boston,MA:Little,Brown,&Company(https://archive.org/details/littlebookoflife00fech).(Originallypublished1836)

4.ˆEysenck,H.J.,&Sargent,C.(1993).ExplainingtheUnexplained.MysteriesoftheParanormal.London,UK:Prion.

5.ˆBekhterev,V.(1962).TelepathywithDogs.JournaloftheAmericanSocietyofPsychicalResearch,41,351–353.

6.ˆe.g.,Cardeña,E.(2014).Acallforanopen,informed,studyofallaspectsofconsciousness.FrontiersinHumanNeuroscience,doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00017.

7.ˆCardeña,E.,Iribas,A.,&Reijman,S.(2012).Artandpsi.JournalofParapsychology,76,3-25.

8.ˆEbon,M.(1971).TheyKnewtheUnknown.NewYork,NY:Signet.

9.ˆIbid.

10.ˆHughes,T.(1995).DifficultiesofaBridegroom.NewYork,NY:PicadorUSA.

11.ˆGauld,A.(1968).TheFoundersofPsychicalResearch.NewYork,NY:Schoken.

12.ˆFreeman,S.(2012).‘Whybegood?’(reviewofOnWhatMattersbyDerekParfitt).NewYorkReviewofBooks,59(7),52-54.

13.ˆEvrard,R.(2011).‘PierreCurie,afootinparapsychology?’Mindfield,3(3),14-18.

14.ˆSala,J.,Cardeña,E.,Holgado,M.C.,Añez,C.,Pérez,P.,Periñán,R.,&Capafons,A.(2008).ThecontributionsofRamónyCajalandotherSpanishauthorstohypnosis.InternationalJournalofClinicalandExperimentalHypnosis,56,361-372.

15.ˆEccles,SirJ.C.(1982),Mind&Brain:Themanyfacetedproblems.NewYork,NY:Paragon.

16.ˆBohm,D.(1986).Anewtheoryofmindandmatter.JournaloftheAmericanSocietyforPsychicalResearch,80,

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113-135.

17.ˆWalker,E.H.(1979).Thequantumtheoryofpsiphenomena.PsychoenergeticSystems,3,259–299.

18.ˆBarnard,G.W.(2012).Livingconsciousness:ThemetaphysicalvisionofHenriBergson.Albany,NY:SUNYPress.

19.ˆBerger,H.(1940).Psyche.Jena,Germany:GustavFischer.

20.ˆDupplessis,Y.(2002).Surréalismeetparanormal.L’aspectexperimentaldusurréalisme.Agnières,France:JMG.

21.ˆseealsoHastings,A.(1991).Withthetonguesofmenandangels.Astudyofchanneling.FortWorth,TX:Holt,RinehartandWinston.

22.ˆCardeña,E.,Iribas,A.,&Reijman,S.(2012).Artandpsi.JournalofParapsychology,76,3-25.

23.ˆSinclair,U.(2001).MentalRadio.Charlottesville,VA:HamptonRoads.(Originallypublished1930)

24.ˆDunne,J.W.(1934/1981).AnExperimentWithTime.London,UK:Papermac.

25.ˆEbon,M.(1971).TheyKnewtheUnknown.NewYork,NY:Signet.

26.ˆSolzhenitsyn,A.(1973).TheGulagArchipelago1918-1956.Anexperimentinliteraryinvestigation.NewYork,NY:Harper&Row.

27.ˆTuring,A.M.(1950).I.Computingmachineryandintelligence.Mind,59,433-460.

28.ˆCardeña,E.(2011).Onwolverinesandepistemologicaltotalitarianism.(Guesteditorial).JournalofScientificExploration,25,539-551;Truzzi,M.(1987).OnPseudo-Skepticism,ZeteticScholar,12/13,3-.4.

29.ˆBarnard,G.W.(2012).Livingconsciousness:ThemetaphysicalvisionofHenriBergson.Albany,NY:SUNYPress.

30.ˆBjørnson,B.(1909).Wise-Knut.NewYork,NY:Brandu’s(eversionhttp://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=loc.ark:/13960/t3zs3xm9z;view=1up;seq=13).

31.ˆHorn,S.(2009).Unbelievable:Investigationsintoghosts,poltergeists,telepathy,andotherunseenphenomena,fromtheDukeparapsychologylaboratory.NewYork,NY:Ecco.

32.ˆButler,N.M.(1886).TheProgressofPsychicalResearch.PopularScienceMonthly,29.

33.ˆCarrel,A.(1939).TheVoyagetoLourdes.NewYork:Harper&Row.

34.ˆhttp://www.echonyc.com/~horn/unbelievable/?p=861

35.ˆEvrard,R.(2011).PierreCurie,aFootinParapsychology?Mindfield,3(3),14-18.

36.ˆIbid.

37.ˆEccles,J.C.,Mind&Brain:

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