emily clausen advances in mining stewardship...advances in mining stewardship wetlands, native...
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Advances in Mining Stewardship Wetlands, Native Prairie and Rare Plants
1
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1. Coal Mining 101 2. Wetlands 3. Native Prairie - Case Study 4. Rare Plants
Agenda
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Poplar River Mine utilizes draglines to uncover coal Approximately 3.4 million tonnes per year are produced for the
Poplar River Power Generating Station
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The coal is loaded out of the pits by loaders
150 tonne coal haulers transport the coal to the loadout facility where it is loaded in to rail cars
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Reclamation
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Environmental Approval
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The mining process leaves depressions to create wetlands and wildlife habitat
Wetlands
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Westmoreland Coal Company and Ducks Unlimited Canada have partnered to re-establish wetlands within the Missouri Coteau
Photo: Ducks Unlimited Missouri Coteau Priority Landscape Photo: Ducks Unlimited
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Ditch Plug Construction
Ducks Unlimited re-establish wetlands with ditch plug construction Areas drained for agricultural purposes are plugged and re-
contoured back to their natural shape The areas fill with natural runoff and plants and animals return to
the wetland
Typical ditch plug Construction Photo: Ducks Unlimited Restored wetland after 1 year Photo: Ducks Unlimited
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Ditch Plug Construction
Ducks Unlimited Canada is committed to monitoring the progress of the wetland
Land is sold back with a perpetual conservation easement on the re-established wetland
Restored wetland after 3 years Photo: Ducks Unlimited Aerial view of newly constructed wetlands
Photo: Ducks Unlimited
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Native prairie is crucial for biodiversity Regulations have been developed for native prairie areas
Native Prairie
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Native Prairie – Case Study
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Native Prairie – Case Study
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Native Prairie – Case Study
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Native Prairie – Case Study
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Native Prairie – Case Study
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Native Prairie – Case Study
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Native Prairie – Case Study
80 acres at Poplar River North Mine were seeded in 2009 with native species
Additional areas will be seeded using native species in the future
Case Study Area in 2007 after leveling and topsoil Case Study Area in 2010 after native species were planted
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Location – Pit 5 3
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Goal 3
Site dominated by native species
Variation in vegetation structure
Minimal establishment of weed and non-native species
Reclamation and Approvals Guidelines for Saskatchewan Strip Mined Coal Lands
Photo courtesy of Stantec
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Background 3 Site Preparation:
§ 2006 – cover soil (November/December) § 2007 – seed bed prepared and seeded oats § 2008 – seeded oats § 2009 – 1st herbicide application
Seeding: § 2009 – 6 native grass
cultivar mix and 2nd herbicide application
Reclamation Monitoring: § 2010 to 2014 (5 years)
Vegetation Management: § 2014 - mowing
Photo courtesy of Stantec
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Monitoring 3 Includes: § 19 Transect § 145 quadrats
Method: § July monitoring § Record all species § Record ground cover (%)
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Results 3 Species Categories
Photo courtesy of Stantec
e.g. Moss Phlox (Phlox hoodii ssp. hoodii)
Photo courtesy of Stantec
e.g. Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense)
Native Weed Non-native
e.g. Crested Wheatgrass (Agropyron cristatum ssp. pectinatum)
Photo courtesy of Stantec
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Results 3 Number of Species
31 24
48 45 64
17 13
16 13
20
8 8
6 6
7
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
100
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
# Sp
ecie
s
Monitoring Year
# Weed species # Non-native species # Native species
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Results 3 Percent Ground Cover
21
62 38 33 36
38
6
2 2
11
30 17
8 9 9
11 16
3 1
2
50 55 46
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Gro
und
Cov
er (%
)
Monitoring Year
% Litter % Bare Ground % Weed species % Non-native species % Native Species
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Results 3 Species Highest Percent Ground Cover 2014
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
green needlegrass northern wheatgrass western wheatgrass wild oats Canada thistle
Gro
und
Cov
er (%
)
Species
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Results 3 Percent Ground Cover for Seeded Species
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
green needlegrass needle-and-thread grass
northern wheatgrass
slender wheatgrass June grass western wheatgrass
Gro
und
Cov
er (%
)
Seeded Grass Species
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
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Results 3 Weed Percent Ground Cover
0
5
10
15
20
Canada thistle narrow-leaved hawk's-beard
creeping wild rye fox-tail barley kochia prickly lettuce dandelion
Gro
und
Cov
er (%
)
Seeded Grass Species
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
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Conclusion 3 Native Species
§ 2014 results suggest continued increasing in variability in species diversity
Seeded Species § There appears to be a shift to western wheatgrass as
the dominant seeded species Weeds
§ Canada thistle Vegetation Management
§ Mowing? § Grazing? § Burning?
Photo courtesy of Stantec
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Rare Plants Photo courtesy of Stantec
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Rare Plant for Mitigation 4 SKCDC ranked S1 (extremely rare) or S2 (rare)
The Wildlife Act, provincially listed as a Wild Species at Risk
SARA identified schedules 1, 2 or 3 species
COSEWIC recognized as being at risk
Photo courtesy of Stantec Photo courtesy of Stantec Photo courtesy of Stantec
Least Mousetail (Myosurus minimus)
S2S3
Blue Wild Phlox (Phlox alyssifolia ssp. alyssifolia)
S2
Prairie Dunewort (Botrychium campestre)
S1
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Location – Pit 8 4
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Goal 4 Abide by Mineral Industry Environmental
Protection Regulations, 1996 § Section 12
o Decommissioning and Reclamation Plan
Follow Reclamation and Approvals Guidelines for Saskatchewan Strip Mined Coal Lands
§ Establish rare species present prior to mining o Create rare plant mitigation plan
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Rare Plant Mitigation Plan 4 Sod Transplant
§ trial blue wild phlox § prairie dunewort
Seed Bank Collection § least mousetail
Seed Collection/Plug Planting § blue wild phlox
Photo courtesy of Stantec
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Sod Transplants Blue Wild Phlox Completed 2011 Excavated 13 patches (~3.3 m x 3.7 m and 12 cm deep) Recipient site: Native prairie reclamation site (cover soil)
4
Photo courtesy of Stantec Photo courtesy of Stantec TP1 TP2
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Sod Transplants Blue Wild Phlox
4
Photo courtesy of Stantec
Photo courtesy of Stantec
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Sod Transplants Prairie Dunewort Complete mid to late May 2015 Recipient site: native prairie grassland Sod must maintain specific mychorrhizal soil Monitoring up to 20 years
4
Photo courtesy of Stantec
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Seed Bank Collection Least Mousetail Originally focused on seed collection Complete mid to late May 2015 Recipient site: Pit 5 native prairie reclamation wetland
4
Photo courtesy of Stantec Photo courtesy of Stantec
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Seed Collection
Blue Wild Phlox Annual June surveys 2012 to 2014
4
Photo courtesy of Stantec
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Plug Planting Blue Wild Phlox Completed 2013 and 2014 Plots ~ 9 to 10 plugs Spacing ~10 to 30 cm Watered
4
Photo courtesy of Stantec
Photo courtesy of Stantec
Photo courtesy of Stantec
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Plug Planting Recipient Site 1(Native Prairie) 2013 - Planted 243 plugs 2014 – Planted 60 plugs
4
Photo courtesy of Stantec
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Plug Planting Recipient Site 2 (Pit 5) 2013 - Planted 38 plugs 2014 – Planted 477 plugs
4
South Facing Slope
West Facing Slope
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Results 4 Blue Wild Phlox Plug Observed 2014
Recipient Site
Planting Year Aspect
Percent Survival
(%)
Average Plant
Stem(s)
Average Plant Width (cm)
Percent Plants with
Seeds (%)
1 2013 East to Southeast 73 4 4 17
1 2014 South 8 1 2 0
2 2013 South 92 9 7 0
2 2014 West 80 2 3 0
2 2014 South 68 2 3 0
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Lessons Learned Sod transplants Recipient site preparation Mark transplant boundary Develop standard monitoring program Know your plants/sod transplant
4
Photo courtesy of Stantec
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Lessons Learned Prairie Dunewort Sod transplant only potential mitigation option
Least Mousetail Seed collection challenge Seed bank salvage
4
Photo courtesy of Stantec
Photo courtesy of Stantec
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Lessons Learned Seed Collection Monitor flowering
Plug Planting Recipient site selection Mark plot boundary Develop standard monitoring program
4
Photo courtesy of Stantec
Photo courtesy of Stantec
Photo courtesy of Stantec
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Questions? Photo courtesy of Stantec