emerging solutions the who, why and how of acting on agricultural emissions
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Emerging solutions The who, why and how of acting on agricultural emissions. Suzi Kerr Motu Economic and Public Policy Research August 2012. Who acts? Government Non-government Why act? environment, efficiency, equity, perception, co-benefits What can we do? - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Emerging solutions
The who, why and how of acting on agricultural emissions
Suzi KerrMotu Economic and Public Policy ResearchAugust 2012
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Who acts?GovernmentNon-government
Why act? environment, efficiency, equity, perception, co-benefits
What can we do?Land use change, output reduction, emissions per unit
outputSolutions: how can we facilitate action?
Concern, trust, agencyCapability, technology, abilityRegulation, incentives, actions
TimingEvolution of cooperation and acceptanceGradual diffusion of technology and ideas
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Who acts?National
Central government IwiIndustry (Fonterra, Fed farmers, Beef+Lamb, MIA, Ballance...)Banks UniversitiesCRIs NGOs
Regional Local government Universities ITOsFed farmers Rural womenIwi Banks
CommunityFed Farmers Rural Women Cultural groupsIwi Schools Sports clubsUrban communities? Local firms
Individuals Farmers – Companies, corporations, and individualsManagersWorkersOwners
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Why act?1. Global climate effects: environment
Mitigate sustainablyLearning about policy and mitigationBuild integrity and trust
2. Country has target – mitigation allows the country as a whole to meet it at lower cost: efficiency
3. Country has target – if there is no policy, costs will fall on tax payers: equity
4. NZ wants to demonstrate its efforts to be clean-green: perception
5. Country has target and by mitigating we can also address water quality issues: co-benefits
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Things to watch forIf NZ wants to provide leadership on Ag
emissions we must show that we can mitigate while avoiding adverse consequences
• Food security• Farmers and rural communities• Agricultural sector – NZ economy• Tax payers• Leakage
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What can we do?• Change land use
• Forestry / Natives • Other food crops
• Reduce production intensity
• Reduce emissions per unit of output
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Land use change
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Net emissions fall from land use change~4% over 20 years from AgETS
Gg
CO
2
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Land use change• There is likely to be some land use
change
• It is mostly driven by changes in forest/native returns
• It is very slow
• There could also be change to other crops: e.g. oats, hazelnuts…
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Reduce Production Intensity
• Modeling is unclear
• Probable distortion toward intensity as a result of not having a capital gains tax
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Farmer uptake of existing mitigation optionsExisting options:
• Methane: Farm management– Productivity improvements– Manure management – plug-flow digesters and covered anaerobic
lagoons
• Nitrous oxide: also soil management– Nitrogen inhibitors: DCDs – significant relatively certain impact on
N2O; Urease inhibitors– Reduced fertiliser use– Effluent management– Grazing off poorly drained soils in winter (need to be careful to
account for animals elsewhere).– Feed pads
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Dairy: range of MS per tonne emissions
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 1600
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
GHG production efficiency (kg MS / T co2-eq)
Num
ber o
f far
ms
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Adjusted distribution – for physical heterogeneity among farms
-60 -40 -20 0 20 40 600
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Fitted( residuals)
GHG efficiency managed by farmers (residuals) (kg MS / T co2-eq)
Num
ber o
f far
ms
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2.4% reduction in emissions – small shift in distribution
-60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 800
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
Fitted Improved efficiency
Production efficiency (residuals) (kg MS / T co2-eq)
Num
ber o
f far
ms
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2.4% reduction in emissions – small shift in distribution
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 1600
20
40
60
80
100
Observed Improved efficiency
GHG production efficiency (kg MS / T co2-eq)
Num
ber o
f far
ms
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How can we act? 3 Cs1. Concern
changing attitudes and encouraging action 2. Capability
Knowledge, access to resources3. Contracting
legal agreements or regulation
Focusing really on government action
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3 Ts
Concern Capability Contracting
Trust Technical support Transparency
These are critical for building cooperation.Probably done best at a community level
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3 As
Concern Capability Contracting
Trust Technical support Transparency
Agency Abilities Action
Can be done working with individuals
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Matrix of actionsAction
GroupConcernTrustAgency
CapabilityAbilities
RegulationTransparencyAction
National
Regional
Community
Individual
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Future proofing farming- Graduated standards (eg gold standard)- Best practice- All environmental values + profit- Science based- Outcome based
Farmer accreditation
Extension-Community support-Expert input
Important groupsIncl Maori, formal training, local government (incl regulation), banking
Branding / appellation
Promotion
PublicInter-national
Local
Managing standards to develop, improve over time Financing of development and implementation
Future Proofing NZ Farming
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AgDialogue prototypes
1. Simplified Gold Standard2. Farmers working together locally & improved OVERSEER3. 100% Pure Food brand4. Alternative financing mechanisms5. Proactive banking6. Sustainable Cooking TV competition7. Kiwi farming game8. Infusing the syllabus (“farming academy”)9. Kapa Haka competition
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Key points
1. Many actors can take leadership on agricultural emissions
2. Objectives should drive action
3. A complex problem requires many different strategies for solution
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Time frames– International agreements and action will evolve– Domestic cooperation builds over time– New technologies will emerge– Existing technologies will gradually disseminate– Current actions will depend on current concern,
capability and incentives but also expectations of future incentives/regulation
Solutions need to be responsive to current situation while maintaining and building a long-term strategic vision
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(very) Long term visionInternational
Complete and stable (sufficiently stringent) international agreement
NZ policies and mitigation practices understood and used where appropriate: integrity and demonstration
Stable regulation in other countriesWithin NZ
Full climate cost imposed on marginal emissionsFair compensation for land value changes – or historical
grievance acceptedCommunities and workers have fully adjustedFarmers are knowledgeableOngoing research and dissemination of ideasOther key environmental resources well managed
This probably involves a farm-scale ETS.
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Short term• Don’t delay but don’t rush• Keep long term in mind• Create and maintain options• Focus on long-term efficiency• Focus on fair process• Experiment and learn• Integrity• High quality information• Broad set of actions on all three
components: concern, capability, contracting
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Short term package of actions‘Future proofing NZ farming’• 9 prototypes as seeds for many more by actors at
all levelsProcessor level ETS considered ineffective and
possibly damaging NZ Units required for N fertiliser sales
• rebate for use of N inhibitorsExplore use of capital gains tax on rural land
• lack of tax causes distortion that may increase emissions• could be used to contribute to NZ cost-bearing out of
future gains rather than past equity• could be used to fund standards, accreditation,
extension and promotion of NZ brand.
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www.motu.org.nzwww.climatechange.govt.nz