embodiment vs.memetics - universiteit utrechtevidence for memetics • real memetics: full theory of...
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Embodiment vs.Memetics
Joanna J. BrysonArtificial models of natural Intelligence
University of Bathhttp://www.cs.bath.ac.uk/~jjb
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Really:Embodiment and Memetics
Where do word meanings come from?
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Quick Definitions
• Embodiment: human intelligence is based on categories derived from our physical existence and experience. Language understanding requires sharing these categories.
• Memetics: language (and other cultural behavior) evolves independently of human understanding.
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Outline
Where do word meanings come from?
• Why is this a question?
• Who believes in Embodiment?
• What evidence is there for Memetics?
• Ramifications for development.
• Ramifications for language evolution.
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Outline
Where do word meanings come from?
• Why is this a question?
• Who believes in Embodiment?
• What evidence is there for Memetics?
• Ramifications for development.
• Ramifications for language evolution.
![Page 6: Embodiment vs.Memetics - Universiteit UtrechtEvidence for Memetics • Real memetics: full theory of culture evolving (requires replicators, selection, etc.) • In this talk/paper:](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042022/5e79d89a64a30226791de923/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Only semantics?
• Both Embodiment and Memetics are theories in opposition to “the Logical hypothesis.” (help wanted!)
• Intelligence must be bounded (Gigerenzer and Todd 2000, Chapman 1987, Simon...), but how?
• Implications for the nature of human reasoning, behavior, and development.
• Therefore implications for AI.
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A Brief History of AI
• Founded in the 1950s.
• Funded in the 1960s by promising machine translation (esp. Russian). --- Theory: Solve syntax as a program, lookup semantics in dictionary.
• By 1980s, funders restless. --- Theory: Semantics requires grounding in an embodied system (Harnad 1990, Brooks 1991).
• 1990s: Robots for Language.
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The Practical Question
Will embodiment solve natural language?
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Outline
Where do word meanings come from?
• Why is this a question?
• Who believes in Embodiment?
• What evidence is there for Memetics?
• Ramifications for development.
• Ramifications for language evolution.
![Page 10: Embodiment vs.Memetics - Universiteit UtrechtEvidence for Memetics • Real memetics: full theory of culture evolving (requires replicators, selection, etc.) • In this talk/paper:](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042022/5e79d89a64a30226791de923/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Experiments in Embodied Cognition• Cog: MIT AI lab / CSAIL 1993-present.
• Build human 2-year-old in 5 years (Brooks & Stein 1993; Bryson 2006 Minds & Machines).
• RobotCub: EU (Genoa+15 others) €8.2M 2005-2010.
• Build 12 human 2-year-olds in 3 years, give to psychologists to do science in 2 years.
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Other Believers
• George Lakoff and Mark Johnson Metaphors We Live By 1980; Philosophy in the Flesh: The embodied mind and its challenge to Western thought 1999.
• And evidence!
Michael Ramscar (e.g. Boroditsky & Ramscar 2002). Arthur Glenberg (e.g. Glenberg & Robertson 2000).
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Outline
Where do word meanings come from?
• Why is this a question?
• Who believes in Embodiment?
• What evidence is there for Memetics?
• Ramifications for development.
• Ramifications for language evolution.
![Page 13: Embodiment vs.Memetics - Universiteit UtrechtEvidence for Memetics • Real memetics: full theory of culture evolving (requires replicators, selection, etc.) • In this talk/paper:](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042022/5e79d89a64a30226791de923/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Evidence for Memetics
• Real memetics: full theory of culture evolving (requires replicators, selection, etc.)
• In this talk/paper: “meaning” acquired as it would be in a memetic process.
• Neither through embodied experience nor through reasoning, but by automatic perception of the social environment.
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Memetic Semantics
• Human semantics can be replicated by statistical learning on large corpra (Finch 1993, Landauer & Dumais 1997, McDonald & Lowe 1998, Bilovich (and I) 2006).
• Only information gathered on each word’s ‘meaning’ is what words occur in a small window before and after it.
• Normally just choose 75 fairly frequent words to watch out for.
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thunder
lightning
white
black
brother
sister
square
circle
dog
cat
gold
silver
king
queen
latin
greek
lettuce
cabbage
soldier
sailor
measles
mumps
month
year
moon
star
salt
McDonald & Lowe (1997) replication
of Moss et al (1995)
semantic priming results.
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Is this enough?
• Possible both reaction times and clustering give only a “shadow” of real semantics (Lowe’s belief.)
• Bilovich & Bryson set out for further tests.
• Goal: replicating Banaji implicit language bias data. RTs show implicit correlation between black, left, bad, violence, etc.
• Prejudice in a corpus-based agent?
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Avri Bivolich May 2006 UG dissertation
text: British National Corpus
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Avri Bivolich May 2006
dissertation
text: bible
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Avri Bivolich May 2006
dissertation
text: Shakespeare
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Implications
• Analysis not done, but...
• Strong indication you can track conceptual change through memetic-like analysis of text.
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Semantics is how a word is used?
• Statistical acquisition of associative regularities (see further Quine, Wittgenstien).
• Great news for ‘New AI’ — semantics just like the rest of perception (not logic).
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Outline
Where do word meanings come from?
• Why is this a question?
• Who believes in Embodiment?
• What evidence is there for Memetics?
• Ramifications for development.
• Ramifications for language evolution.
![Page 23: Embodiment vs.Memetics - Universiteit UtrechtEvidence for Memetics • Real memetics: full theory of culture evolving (requires replicators, selection, etc.) • In this talk/paper:](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042022/5e79d89a64a30226791de923/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Deacon’s (1997) Theory of Semantics
chairtable
run
justice
phobia
chairtable
run
justice
phobia
i ii iii
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Bryson’s (2006) Theory of Semantics
chairtable
run
justice
phobia
i ii
chairtable
run
justice
phobia
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Bryson’s Theory of Semantics (1of 2)
• semantics: how a word is used.
• plant: any part of an agent that might directly impact or be impacted upon by the agent’s environment.
• expressed behaviour: behaviour that impacts the environment; externally observable.
• grounded: linked to, part of, or associated with a representation that determines an expressed behaviour.
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Semantics (2 of 2)
• understand: connect a semantic term to a grounded concept.
• embodiment: having a plant. (Note: could be virtual.)
• By these definitions, you can’t understand something if you aren’t embodied, because understanding requires grounding.
• But you can talk sensibly about things you don’t understand. (e.g. justice, semantics.)
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Outline
Where do word meanings come from?
• Why is this a question?
• Who believes in Embodiment?
• What evidence is there for Memetics?
• Ramifications for development.
• Ramifications for language evolution.
![Page 28: Embodiment vs.Memetics - Universiteit UtrechtEvidence for Memetics • Real memetics: full theory of culture evolving (requires replicators, selection, etc.) • In this talk/paper:](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042022/5e79d89a64a30226791de923/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Evolutionary Psychology
• If memes look out for themselves, why do only humans have language? (c.f. Čače at 4pm, on the adaptive advantage of sharing knowledge.)
• Culture: everything you get from conspecifics non-genetically (what’s missing if you’re raised by wolves.)
• Why do only humans have escalating culture?
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• Exists.
• Chimps (Whiten, Goodall, McGew, Nishida, Reynolds, Sugiyama, Tutin, Wrangham, & Boesch 1999, p . 684).
• Macaques (de Waal & Johanowicz 1993).
Culture in non-human primates
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Why is ours better?
• Humans are the only species who can do precise vocal imitation (Fitch 2000). Other primates do program-level imitation. (Byrne & Russon 1992, Bryson & Wood 2005).
• Vocal imitation includes volume, pitch, timbre and (possibly most importantly) time. Humans can precisely imitate temporal sequence events of up to 3 seconds — length of phrases? (Pöppel 1994).
Warning: Speculation starts here.
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Why should temporal imitation matter?
• More information contained in the ‘genetic’ substrate.
• Allows for more variation while providing redundancy, robustness .
• See further Wray (2000) on the evolution of language from phrases; Baluja (1992), Weicker & Weicker (2001), Miglino & Walker (2002) on need for diversity and redundancy in a genetic algorithm’s genome.
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Why Don’t Birds Talk?
• They can’t hold 2nd order representations!
• Primates have uniquely complicated social organisations. (Harcourt 1992).
• Almost all species remember how group-mates behave with respect to themselves (tit-for-tat).
• But only primates behave as if they keep track of each other’s social behaviour.
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egoRoy 5
Thelma 2Eunice 7Harry -1
Roy Thelma Eunice HarryRoy - 5 2 -4
Thelma 7 - 8 4Eunice -3 8 - 4Harry -1 3 5 -
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Why Don’t Birds Talk?
• They can’t hold 2nd order representations!
• Primates have uniquely complicated social organisations. (Harcourt 1992).
• Almost all species remember how group-mates behave with respect to themselves (tit-for-tat).
• But only primates behave as if they keep track of each other’s social behaviour.
Hypothesis: These 2nd order representations are the basis of compositionality in language.
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Outline
Where do word meanings come from?
• Why is this a question?
• Who believes in Embodiment?
• What evidence is there for Memetics?
• Ramifications for development.
• Ramifications for language evolution.
![Page 36: Embodiment vs.Memetics - Universiteit UtrechtEvidence for Memetics • Real memetics: full theory of culture evolving (requires replicators, selection, etc.) • In this talk/paper:](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042022/5e79d89a64a30226791de923/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Conclusions
• Human semantics can be replicated without embodiment.
• May explain some of the hard questions of language learning.
• Memetics may provide useful intelligence without understanding.
• Humans may be uniquely well-adapted memetic hosts.
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Thanks!
Ivana Čače, Avri Bilovich, Mark Wood, Will Lowe, Mark Johnson, Andy Whiten, many Evolution of Language people.
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Embodiment vs.Memetics
Joanna J. BrysonArtificial models of natural Intelligence
University of Bathhttp://www.cs.bath.ac.uk/~jjb
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Why is Social Learning Interesting?
• It provides information to the agents faster than they can get it themselves.
• It is a second evolutionary system (besides genetics) that determines where behaviour comes from.
• A culture can learn far faster than the average individual.
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Learning from Past Mistakes
• Logic is not the language of thought.
• Intelligence without representation can’t learn.
• Representation is just the means of storing information you retain when you learn something.
• Embodiment?