A Workshop on Public Transport Terminals and Support Facilities

Vehicles and Fuels

BengaluruFebruary 16, 2012

Umang Jain

Associate-Urban Transport

Aim of the Project

To develop a decision framework that guides the evaluation and selection of bus fleet vehicle technologies and fuels by comparing different options’ life cycle costs and life cycle emissions of greenhouse gases and air pollutants.

Evolution of Vehicular Emission Norms In India The first Indian emission regulations were “idle emission”

limits (1989)

Idle emission limits replaced by mass emission limits for petrol and diesel vehicles(1991-92)

Since year 2000,India started adopting European emission and fuel regulations for 4 wheeled light and heavy duty vehicles

For 2 wheelers and 3 wheelers Indian emission regulations apply

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Indian StandardEquivalent European Standard

Date of Implementation

Applicable Region

India 2000 Euro 1 2000 Nationwide

Bharat Stage II(BS II)

Euro 2

2001 NCR, Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai

April 2003 NCR, 12 Cities†

April 2005 Nationwide

Bharat Stage III(BS III)

Euro 3April2005 NCR, 12 Cities†

April 2010 Nationwide

Bharat Stage IV(BS IV)

Euro 4 April2010 NCR*, 12 Cities†

Evolution of Vehicular Emission Norms In India The National Auto Fuel Policy(2003) laid down a phased program for introduction of Euro emissions and fuel regulations as under:

† Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Bengaluru, Hyderabad, Ahmedabad, Pune, Surat, Kanpur, Lucknow, Sholapur, Agra

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Evolution of Bus Emission Norms in India

The Emission standards for Bus engines(g/kWh) are as under:

Year Reference CO HC NOx PM

1992 - 17.3-32.6 2.7-3.7 - -

1996 - 11.20 2.40 14.4 -

2000 Euro I 4.5 1.1 8.0 0.36

2005 Euro II 4.0 1.1 7.0 0.15

2010 Euro III 2.1 0.66 5.0 0.10

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Evolution of Vehicular Emission Norms In India In 2007, ARAI developed emission factors for Bus (>600cc) as under:

Fuel used in Urban Buses in India

Diesel with varying degrees of sulphur content(50-350ppm) is used in many Indian cities

In 1998, The Supreme Court of India passed a judgment to convert entire bus fleet of Delhi to CNG which paved the way for some other cities to convert to CNG as well

There is a perception that CNG is the cleanest fuel and is the way to go as far as fuel for public transport is concerned

There is not enough research into aspects of life cycle emissions and costs of the different alternative fuels

Life Cycle Costs

Capital cost of bus purchase

Cost of modifications in depots and terminals

Cost of infrastructure including terminals, fuelling infrastructure

Operation and Maintenance costs including fuel costs, periodic and preventive maintenance, periodic bus overhaul cost.

Life Cycle Emissions

Carbon Monoxide(CO)

Oxides of Nitrogen(NOX)

Particulate Matter(PM)

Hydrocarbons(HC)

Green House gases(GHG)

Upstream Emissions are also an important factor to consider

Criteria Pollutants

CO,HC,NOX and PM are the criteria pollutants, but NOX and PM are the most important

NOX leads to pulmonary diseases, impairment of eyes, lungs and also leads to acidification

PM(<1NM) are the most dangerous as they cause maximum damage to respiratory system

CNG vs Diesel

Technical experts have estimated CNG, to be environment friendly and cost effective.

Critics opine that ULSD is as good in terms of emissions and ecology and better in terms of feasibility and economics.

While some tests have shown that ULSD, when used with complementing engines, gives lesser emissions than CNG, others have shown just the opposite.

In many studies vehicles of different ages, condition and technologies have been compared leading to biased results

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CNG vs DieselARAI study concluded that:Diesel buses fitted with advanced emission control devices and very low sulphur fuel-emissions are comparable to Euro II CNG busNOX emissions from TWC equipped CNG bus are lower than DCO+CRT equipped diesel bus, however the gap is lower for NOX than PM

CNG vs Diesel

1. ULSD is a clean fuel

If no special measures are taken NOX emissions of CNG are higher than diesel

ARB study in USA proves that

CNG gives lower NOX than dieselCNG and diesel with CRT have same PM emissionsMutagenicity of CNG is higherCNG gives more PM(less than 50nm)

CNG vs Diesel

CNG vs Diesel

2.CNG emits more ultrafine particles than diesel

CNG vs Diesel

3.CNG is more carcinogenic than diesel, while research proves that diesel is fare more carcinogenic than CNG

CNG vs Diesel

3.Cancer potency of CNG is 12 times more than baseline diesel

CNG vs Diesel

The PM value for CNG is 5 times the value of DPF equipped diesel CNG also gives highest NOX values

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CNG Vs Diesel

CNG buses produced 63&84% lower NOX and PM emissions than diesel bus according to a study in Washington Metropolitan Area

CNG also exhibited 9% better fuel economy than diesel

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CNG Vs Diesel

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CNG Vs Diesel

Conclusions on CNG vs Diesel Debate

There are great variations in the results of different studies therefore it is very difficult to suggest which is the better fuel

PM emissions from CNG is low independent of technology

CNG, depending on the technology produces from very low to very high levels of NOX

DPF reduces the PM emissions in diesel in some cases to below CNG, but increases the NO2 emissions significantly

In terms of scale of operation, a study in India estimated 8000 cum per day of CNG needs to be sold to make operations viable.

It is observed that Diesel can be adulterated, while CNG cannot be adulterated

Other Alternate Fuels-Ethanol

Although ethanol is a clean fuel, it is much more expensive in terms of costs

Based on demonstrations in SaoPaulo, the fuel related operations cost is 20-40%higher than diesel

The fuel economy of diesel is higher by 60%

The maintenance costs is the same

The costs related with ethanol are bound to come down with increase in size of operations

Other Alternate Fuels-Hydrogen Fuel Cell

Based on a study in US, there are savings of 60-80 CO2 EMT per year on 8,000 miles travelled per year

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Other Alternate Fuels-Hybrid

According to a study based in Seattle, Hybrid performs better in terms of all criteria pollutants

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Other Alternate Fuels-Hybrid

Diesel hybrid offers:

27% higher fuel economy than diesel4% lower maintenance cost than diesel15% lower operation cost than diesel

Conclusion

Decision of selection of fuel needs to be made by conducting a life cycle emission and costs analysis of different fuels

Trade off needs to be made in fuel selection as no fuel is an ideal fuel in terms of all emissions as well as costs

Upstream emissions is an important parameter to be included in making fuel choices

Research and investment are needed in alternate fuels

EMBARQ, The WRI Center for Sustainable Transport, catalyzes and helps implement sustainable transport solutions that enhance quality of life and the environment

email: ujain@embarqindia.org

web: EMBARQ.ORG

blog: THECITYFIX.COM

Thank you!

Bloomberg Philanthropies

Global Strategic Partners

FedExThe British High Commission