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LOGO

DEMOCRACY M O D E L

“Examine connec t iv i t y Mass and E l i te”

Presented by |Junriana | 810058Raja Abumanshur Matridi | 810083Shahril Budiman | 810089

Elite

Pluralism

Polyarchy

DEMOCRACY

Democracy as "government of the people, by the people, for the people“ and individual participation in the decisions that affect one’s life.(Abraham Lincoln, Thomas R. Dye and Harmon Zeigler, 2000)

Democracy is a system of government where the government liable for their actions in the public region by citizens, acting indirectly through the competition and co-operation with the representatives of those who have been elected. (Philippe C. Schmitter and Terry Lynn Karl, 1991)

According Michel (1915), Mosca (1939), and Mills (1956) and Pareto (1976), on

Tansey and Jackson book (2008) focus on “who rules” (stess on alleged universal traits of of human nature).

Elites are the few who have power, the “masses are the many who do not”. (Thomas R. Dye and Harmon Zeigler, 2000)

The elite model of politics hold that society is governed by a group of political elites who have a disproportionate amount of political power. (Jeffrey D. Greene, 2005)

DEFINITION MODEL

The Iron Law of OligarchyRobert Michels

Social and political organization that is run by a few individuals, and the social organization and division of labor is the key.

Two power side of Oligarchy:

1. Arranged in order of power focuses on the control of a very small elite group

2. As an elite arrangements in small number capable to determine public policy

The Basic Principles of the Elitist

Model of Politics American society is divided into those who have political power

(the few) and those who do not have political power (the many).

Those who govern are not typical of the masses. Elites come from the upper echelons and upper socioeconomic strata of society.

Nonelites must slowly be elevated into higher positions to avoid revolution or social and political instability.

Elites share a basic consensus about the basic values of the social system and are committed to protecting and preserving the system (the status quo).

Public policy does not reflect demands made by the masses. Elites are subject to little direct influence from the apathetic

masses. Public policy is directed from the top downward.

P L U R A L I S M MO D E L

System in which all interest organize and compete freely and no one group is able to dominate.(Shiveley, 2012)

High Scale of Organization

Low on Direct Involvement of interest group in government

Patterns of Organized Interest-Group Activity

(Shiveley, p.293-294)

} How political decision

are made

(Tansey. Jackson, 2008)

Ideal Way

To Reach Commo

n Ground

of Society

The key concept of the pluralist model (Held:1987):

“Diversity; Interest groups; and Social movements”

The Basic Principles of the Pluralist Model (Greene:2005):1. Power is an attribute of individuals in their

relationships with other individual in the process of decision-making.

2. Power relationships are not permanent. 3. There is not a permanent distinction between the elites

and masses. 4. Leadership is fluid and mobile (flowing and moving). 5. There are multiple centers and bases of power in

society. No single group dominates decision making in all areas.

6. Considerable competition exists between interest groups.

7. Public policy reflects the bargains and compromises reached between competing groups.

P L U R A L I S M MO D E L I I

Polyarchy refers to modern representative democracies that have universal suffrage.

Focusing on two dimensions essential to these regimes, participation and contestation.

Specifies a limited number of institutions that together are necessary and sufficient for its existence.

Competitive Political System

Equal participation into political institution

POLYARCHY MODEL

8 Components, or institutional requirements of Polyarchy(Robert A. Dahl, 1971)

People have the right to vote.

People are eligible for public office.

Political leaders have the right to compete for votes.

Elections are free and fair.

All citizens are free to form and join political parties and other organizations.

All citizens are free to express themselves on all political issues.

Diverse sources of information about politics exist and are protected by law.

Government policies depend on votes and other expressions of preference.

POLYARCHY MODEL II

DEMOCRACY INDEX 2011Countries Rank Rank

Overallscore

I Electoral process

and pluralism

II Functioning

of government

III Political

participation

IV Political culture

V Civil

liberties

Thailand 58 6.55 7.83 6.07 5.56 6.25 7.06

Indonesia 60 6.53 6.92 7.50 5.56 5.63 7.06

Malaysia 71 6.19 6.50 6.79 5.56 6.25 5.88

Philippines 75 6.12 8.33 5.00 5.00 3.13 9.12

Singapore 81 5.89 4.33 7.50 2.78 7.50 7.35

Cambodia 101 4.87 6.08 6.07 2.78 5.00 4.41

Vietnam 143 2.96 0.00 4.29 2.78 6.25 1.47

Laos 156 2.10 0.00 3.21 1.11 5.00 1.18

Myanmar 161 1.77 0.00 1.79 0.56 5.63 0.88

Brunei Darussalam

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Where’s ASEAN Position?

Source: Economist Intelligence Unit (2011)

THANKS FOR YOUR AT T E N T I O N