Elements and Examples of

References in APA Style

Pages ( 255-281)

"Print" type of work referenced

“Audiovisual “type of work referenced

“Electronic Media “type of work referenced

Other Electronic Sources

A. "Print" type of work referenced

1. Technical and Research Reports Elements of a reference to a report* Report authors * Date of Publication * Report Title * Publication information

Mazzeo, J., Druesne, B., Raffeld, P.C., Checketts, K. T., & Muhlstein, A. (1991). Comparability of computer and paper-and-pencil scores for two CLEP general examinations (College Board Rep. No. 91-5). Princeton, NJ:

Educational Testing Service.

Notes on reporting technical and research reports● If the issuing organization assigned a number (e.g., report number, contract number, monograph number) to the report, give that number in parentheses immediately after the title.

● Don't * Use a period between the report title and the

parenthetical material.* italicize the parenthetical material .* Capitalize the initial letters of the report.

● If the report carries two numbers, give the number that best aids identification and retrieval.

*Give the name, exactly as it appears on the publication, of the specific department, office,agency, of institute that published or produced the report. Also give the higherdepartment , office , agency, or institute only if the office that produce the report is not well known.*If you include the higher department, give the higher department first, then the specific department .*For reports from a document deposit service (e.g., NTIS or ERIC), enclose the document number in parentheses at the end of the entry.

Don't :Use a period after the document number.

Examples of references to reports

41. Report available from the Government Printing Office (GPO), government institute as group author

Basic form: -Government institute. (Date of publication).

Report title (report no.). Place of publication: name of the Government Printing Office (GPO).

National Institute of Mental Health. (1990). Clinical training in serious mental illness (DHHS Publication No.ADM 90-1679). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

* Government documents available from GPO should show GPO as the publisher.

42. Report available from the National Technical Information Service (NTIS)

Basic form: -Author(s), I. (date of publication). Report

title. Place of publication: Publisher. (NTIS document no.)

Osgood, D. W., & Wilson, J. K. (1990). Covariation of adolescent health problems. Lincoln : University of Nebraska. (NTIS No. PB 91-154 377/AS)

* Give the NTIS number in parentheses at the end of the entry without a period .

43. Report available from the Educational Resources Information Center (ERIC) Basic form: -

Author (s), I. (date of Publication). Report title (Report No.). Place of publication: publisher. (ERIC document no.)

Mead, J. V. (1992). Looking at old photographs : Investigating the teacher tales that novice teachers bring with them ( Report No. NCRTL-RR-92-4).East Lansing, MI : National Center for Research on Teacher Learning . (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 346 082)

* Give the ERIC number in parentheses at the end of entry without a period after the document number.

44. Government report not available from GPO or a document deposit service such as the NTIS or ERIC

Basic form: - Name of the Department. (Date of publication). Report title

(Report Publication no.). Place of Publication: Publisher.

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (1992). Pressure ulcers in adults : Prediction and prevention (AHCPR Publication No. 92-0047). Rockville, MD: Author.

45. Government report not available from GPO or a document deposit service such as the NTIS or ERIC, article or chapter in an edited collection

Basic form: -

Authors), I. (date of publication). Report title. Edition, title

of the collection (report publication no. , inclusive page numbers of the article or chapter). Place of Publication : Publisher.

Mattews, K. A. (1985). Assessment of Type A behavior , anger, and hostility in epidemiologic studies of cardiovascular disease . In A. M. Ostfield & E. D. Eaker (Eds.), Measuring psychological variables in epidemiologic studies of cardiovascular disease (NIH Publication No. 85-2270, pp. 153-183). Washington, DC : U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. * Give the inclusive page numbers of the article or chapter, and the number the report both in parentheses immediately after the title of the collection.

46. Report from a university Basic form: -

Author(s), I .(date of Publication). Report title (report publication no.). Place of publication: name of the university, name of the specific department or organization that produced the report.

Broadhurst , R. G., & Maller , R. A. (1991). Sex offending and recidivism (Tech. Rep. No. 3). Nedlands, Western Australia : University of Western Australia, Crime Research Centre.

If the name of the state is included in the name of the university , do not repeat the name of the state in the publisher location.

Give:

1. The name of the University

2. The name of the specific department of organization within the university that produced the report.

47. Report from a university, edited report, monograph

Basic form: -Authors), I. (date of publication). Report title (name of

the monograph no. ) . State or Province, City: Name of the University, name of the specific department or organization that produced the report.

Shuker, R., Openshaw, R., & Soler, J. (Eds.). (1990). Youth, media, and moral panic in New Zealand : From Hooligans to video nasties (Delta Research Monograph No. 11). Palmerston North, New Zealand : Massey University , Department of Education.

48. Report from a private organization, issue briefs, working papers and other corporate documents

Basic form: -Name of the private organization. (Year, month of publication).

Report title (type of document no. ) . Place of publication: Author.

Employee Benefit Research Institute.(1992, February). Sources health insurance and characteristics of the uninsured (Issue Brief No. 123). Washington , DC: Author.

2. Proceedings of Meetings and Symposia

2. Proceedings of Meetings and Symposia

49. Published proceedings, published contribution to a symposium , article of chapter in an edited bookBasic form: -

Author(s), I. (date of Publication).Name of the book. (Ed), Name of the Symposium: Vol. Title of the article (page numbers. ). Place of Publication: Publisher.

Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1991). A motivational approach to self:

Integration in personality. In R. Dienstbier (Ed.), Nebraska Symposium on

Motivation : Vol. 38. Perspectives on motivation (pp. 237-288). Lincoln: University of Nebraska press.

* Capitalize the name of the symposium, which is a proper noun.* If the name of the state, province, or country is included in the name of the university, do not repeat the state, or country in the publisher location.

50. Proceedings published regularly

Basic form: -Author(s), I .( date of publication ). Article title. Name of the

Proceedings, Place of the proceedings, No of the proceedings, paging.

Cynx, J., Williams, H., & Nottebohm, F. (1992). Hemispheric differences in avian song discrimination . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 89, 1372-1375.

* Treat regularly published proceedings as periodicals.* Indicate after the article title and before the period if only an abstract of the article appears in the proceedings. Use brackets to show that the material is a description of form, not a title.

e.g. The article title [abstract]

51. Unpublished contribution to a symposium

Basic form: -Author(s) ,I. (date, month of the symposium). Name of the

Symposium. Title of the contribution. Symposium conducted at the name of the meeting or conference, state, city .

Lichstein, K. L., Johnson, R. S., Womack, T.D., Dean, J.E., & Childers,

C.K. (1990, June). Relaxation therapy for polypharmacy use in elderly insomniacs and noninsomniacs . In T. L. Rosenthal (Chair), Reducing medication in geriatric populations. Symposium conducted at the meeting of the First International Congress of Behavioral Medicine, Uppsala, Sweden.

* Give the month of the symposium if it is available.

52. Unpublished paper presented at a meeting Basic form: -

Author(s), I. (date, month of the meeting). Title of the paper. Paper presented at the name of the meeting, state, city.

Lanktree , C., & Briere, J. (1991, January). Early data on the Trauma Symptom Checklist for Children (TSC-C). Paper presented at the meeting of the American Professional Society on the Abuse of Children, San Diego, CA.

53. Poster session

Basic form: -Author (s) , I. (date , month of the meeting .). Title

of the poster. Poster session Presented at the name of the meeting, state, city.

Ruby, J., & Fulton, C. (1993, June) . Beyond redlining : Editing software that works. Poster session presented at the annual meeting of the Society for Scholarly Publishing , Washington, DC.

* Give the month of the meeting if it is available.* Give the state name if the city may not be well known.

3. Doctoral Dissertations and Master's Theses

* Prior to Volume 30,the title of DAI Dissertation Abstracts.

* Beginning with the volume 27,DAI paginates in to 2 series:A- Humanities and Social Sciences.B- The physical Sciences and Engineering.

* In 1976,section C “ European abstract” was changed to Worldwide.

*Prior to volume 24, the title of Master Abstracts International Master Abstracts.

54. Doctoral dissertation and master's thesis abstracted in DAI-MAI and obtained from UMI

Basic form : - Author, I. (date of publication).Title of the doctoral

dissertation. Dissertation Abstracts International, Vol (issue), page number of DAI. (UMI no.)

Bower, D. L. (1993). Employee assistant programs supervisory referrals : Characteristics of referring and nonreferring supervisors. Dissertation Abstracts International, 54 (01), 534B. (UMI No. 9315947)

55. Doctoral dissertation abstracted in Dissertation Abstracts International (DAI) and obtained from the universityBasic form : -

Author , I. (Year of the dissertation ). Title of the dissertation (Doctoral dissertation, name of the university , year of the dissertation ). Dissertation Abstracts International , Vol, Page numbers of DAI.

Ross, D. F. (1990). Unconscious transference and mistaken identity: When a witness misidentifies a familiar but innocent person from a lineup (Doctoral dissertation, Cornell University, 1990). Dissertation Abstracts International, 51, 417.

* For a master's thesis abstracted in Masters Abstracts International and obtained from the university , use the format shown here and give as Publication information the title, volume, and page number of Masters Abstracts International as well as the university and year of the thesis.* Give the university and year of the dissertation as well as the volume and page numbers of DAI.

56. Unpublished doctoral dissertation

Basic form: -Author , I. ( Year of the dissertation ).

Title of the dissertation. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, name of the university, city.

Wilfley, D. E. (1989). Interpersonal analyses of bulimia : Normal-weight and obese . Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Missouri, Columbia.

* If a dissertation does not appear in DAI use this format .

57. Unpublished master's thesis, university outside the United States

Basic form: -Author, I. (Year of the dissertation).

Title of the dissertation. Unpublished master’s thesis, name of the university, city, state, country outside United States.

Almeida , D. M. (1990). Fathers' participation in family work: Consequences for fathers' stress and father-child relations. Unpublished master's thesis , University of Victoria, Victoria, British Colombia, Canada.

* Give the name of the city (if it not be well known, give also the name of the state). Do not give the name of the state if it is included in

the name of the university.

* Give the city (and country if the city may not be well known) of a university outside the United States.

* Remember the following locations can be listed without a state abbreviation or country because they are major cities that are well

known for publishing :

Baltimore New yorkAmsterdam Paris

Boston Philadelphia JerusalemRome

Chicago San Francisco StockholmLos Angeles Moscow Milan Tokyo

London Vienna

4. Unpublished Work and & Publication of Limited Circulation

58. Unpublished manuscript not submitted for publication

Basic form. -Author (s), I . (Year of the manuscript).

Title of the manuscript. Unpublished manuscript.

Stinson , C., Milbrath, C. , Reidbord, S., & Bucci, W. (1992). Thematic segmentation of psychotherapy transcripts for convergent analyses. Unpublished manuscript.

59. Unpublished manuscript with a university cited

Basic formAuthor (s), I .( Year of the

manuscript ). Title of the manuscript. Unpublished manuscript, Name of the University at the name of the state or province if the city is not well known.

Depret , E. F., & Fiske, S. T. (1993). Perceiving the powerful: Intriguing individuals versus threatening groups. Unpublished manuscript, University of Massachusetts at Amherst.

* Give the name of the city and, if the city is not well known, the name of the state. Do not give the name of the state if it is included in the name of the university.* If the University is located outside the United States, identify the country as well.

60.Manuscript in progress of submitted for publication but not yet acceptedBasic form: -

Author (s), I, (year of the manuscript) . Title of the manuscript. Manuscript submitted for publication.

McIntosh, D. N. (1993). Religion as schema, with implications for the relation between religion and coping. Manuscript submitted for publication.

* Do not give the name of the journal or publisher to which the manuscript has been submitted.

* Use the same format for a draft or work in progress , but substitute the words Manuscript in preparation for the final sentence.

* In Text Use the year of the draft you read (not "in preparation").

* Give the university if available.

61. Unpublished raw data from study, untitled work

Author (s) , I. ( Year of the raw data ). [Description of content]. Unpublished raw data.

Bordi, F., & LeDoux, J. E. (1993). [Auditory response latencies in rat auditory cortex]. Unpublished raw data.

* Do no italicize the topic; use brackets to indicate that the material is a description of content, not a title.

62. Publication of limited circulation

Basic form: - Author (s) , I. (Year, month of

publication). Title of the publication. (Name and address from which the publication can be obtained)

Klombers, N. (Ed.). (1993, Spring). ADAA Reporter. (Available from the Anxiety Disorders Association of America, 6000 Executive Boulevard, Suite 513, Rockville, MD 20852)

* If a Publication can be obtained via the Web, a Web address may be given in place of or in addition to a mailing address.

* For a publication of limited circulation ,give in parentheses immediately after the title a name and address from which the publication can be obtained.

5. Reviews

General Basic form: -

Review Author. (Date of publication). Review title [medium being reviewed : work being reviewed]. Periodical title and publication information.

Mroczek, D.K (2000). The emerging study of midlife [Review of the book Life in the middle : Psychological and Social development in middle age ] .Contemporary psychology: APA Review of Books, 45,482, 485.

63. Review of a book

Basic form: -Review author. (Date of

publication). Review title [Review of the work being reviewed]. Periodical title, vol. page (s).

Schatz , B. R. (2000) .Learning by text or context? [Review of the book The Social life of information ] . Science , 290, 1304.

* If the review is untitled , use the material in brackets as the title.* Identify the type of medium in brackets (motion picture, book, television program, etc.).

64. Review of a motion picture

Basic form: -

Review author (Date of publication). Review title [medium being reviewed works being reviewed]. Periodical title, vol. Page (s).

Kraus, S.J. (1992). Visions of Psychology : A videotext of classic studies [Review of the motion picture Discovering Psychology]. Contemporary Psychology, 37, 1146-1147.

لقد أخذنا في الحصة السابقة.. بعض التنسيقات التي تجرى على الحروف

واألرقام فما هي

التباعد بين األسطر

محاذاة الفقرة

تعيين المسافات البادئة

انشاء قوائم التعداد

ولكن..

كيف أقوم بتنسيق فقرة

Introduction

First

second

Third

The End

Presented by :

AlFadda,N.A.(2004).Elements and Examples of references in APA style. Saudi Arabia: King Saud

University.

التباعد بين األسطر

محاذاة الفقرة

تعيين المسافات البادئة

انشاء قوائم التعداد