elements and compounds in their solid form make up… · solid form make up … what is a mineral...
TRANSCRIPT
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Elements and Compounds in their
solid form make up…
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What is a Mineral?
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A Mineral is a naturally
occurring Inorganic Solid with a
definite chemical composition and
a crystalline structure.
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That means that…
•It can’t be organic in
origin
•It can’t be a liquid
and..
•It has to have a crystal
structure
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Lets put that in a list format.
1. Minerals are a naturally occurring
substance.
2. Minerals are solids.
3. Minerals have a definite
chemical composition.
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4. The atoms that make up minerals
are arranged in an orderly pattern
(They form crystals).
5. Minerals are inorganic. (They
were never alive.)
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How many different minerals are
there on Earth???
Answer:About 4,000
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More than 90% of all of the
minerals in the Earth’s Crust,
however, are made up of
compounds containing Silicon
and Oxygen, the two most
abundant elements on Earth.
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Silicates
• Chemical Compounds of Oxygen and
Silicon
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And…..
The percent composition of Silicate
Minerals in an igneous rock determine a
lot of the characteristics of that rock and
the magma that formed it.
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High Silica content forms light-
colored rocks.
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While lower (but only by about
25%) Silica content forms
darker-colored rocks.
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How do Minerals Form???
1. Minerals form in cooling magma chambers
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Different types of minerals
crystallize at different temperatures
Decreasing temperature
Mineral formation in a Magma Chamber
Bowen’s Reaction Series
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Olivine
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Pyroxene
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Peridotite- Mostly Olivine
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Gabbro- Pyroxene and Olivine
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Andesite- Hornblend and Biotite? and
Plagioclase Feldspar
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Potassium Feldspar
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Quartz
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Pink Granite
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Mineral Fractionalization in a Magma Chamber
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2. Metamorphic Minerals:
Some minerals occur as the
result of Recrystallisation and
Reaction within existing rocks
which produces new minerals
in response to changes in
and
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3. Some types of minerals form
as water containing dissolved
ions slowly evaporates.Salt deposits
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How long does it take for
minerals to form??• Minerals in solution in water can form
relatively quickly when the water
evaporates.
• Minerals in magma can form as quickly as
the magma/lava can crystallize (lava can
cool in minutes, while magma can take
thousands of years).
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A Crystal is….
A regular geometric solid with
smooth surfaces called….
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The orderly arrangement of ions,
molecules, or atoms, in any
mineral determines the shape of
its crystals.
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Although there are thousands of
different types of minerals, their
crystals come in six basic types
of shapes
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Cubic
• Looks like a cube or one die/dice
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Orthorhombic
• The sides A, B, and C all have to be
different
simple base-centered body-centered face-centered
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Tetragonal
• A is not equal to C
• It is basically a stretched out cube
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Triclinic
• Similar to Orthorhombic but no angles are equal
• Like a prism with unequal angles
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Hexagonal
• Looks like a hexagon
• All sides are equal and all angles are equal
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Monoclinic
• Opposite angles do not measure 90 degrees
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List properties of this mineral
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Minerals are identified and
classified by visual inspection, and
by performing simple tests to
determine their physical properties
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Only 30 of the 4,000 known
minerals are common.
These 30 minerals are known
as the rock-forming minerals
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Most rock-forming minerals
are…
The percent composition
of Silicate minerals in a
rock determines the type
of rock it is.
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Rocks that have a high percentage
of Silicates are light in color, and
are called Felsic rocks.
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Rocks that have a low
percentage of Silicates are dark
in color, and are called
Mafic rocks.
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Rocks are often made of several
different minerals.
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Minerals are most often
identified by inspecting their
Physical and Chemical
properties.
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Color is the most easily observed, but least
reliable property of a mineral for
identification.
This is because the color of many minerals
varies with the kind of impurities in the
mineral.
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Luster is the way in which a mineral shines in the light.
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Types of Luster
Metallic Non-Metallic
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Streak is the color of the powder left
on a streak plate when a mineral is
rubbed on it.
Streak is much more reliable than
color because, although the color
of a mineral changes, its streak
does not.
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Cleavage is the tendency of a mineral
to split in a particular direction.
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“Sheety” Cleavage
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Feldspars always cleave readily at or near right angles.
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Fracture is the tendency of a
mineral to break in directions other
than along crystal faces or cleavage
surfaces.
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Conchoidal or shell-like fracture
Fibrous facture
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Hardness is the resistance of a mineral to
being scratched.
The Mohs Hardness Scale is one of the
most effective tool for identifying
minerals.
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