elektronik 1 - megep - temel elektronik 2

8/10/2019 Elektronik 1 - MEGEP - Temel Elektronik 2

1/50

_.H.

KFF D_K AMBMLF@@

KDGD^(KDXFDB D_K ZD QD_K XX_DKLL

GFDLOQFKDX ^QEIDX)

KE_EQFT MQMFMQ _DBLEFEIX

_DKDF DFDB_QB ZD DFDB_QELB-1

MLBMQM 1>>7


2/50

K`ff` D`t`k Ambmlf tmrmjloml gdf`t`r`fdl keoffdr2

_mf`k vd _dra`yd Burufu Ambmlfll >1.>:.1>>: tmr`c vd 1:0 smyfBmrmr`fdelmyfmlml, Kdsfdb` vd _dbl`b D`t`k Ebuf vd Burukfmrlom bmodkdf` efmrmbymyglfmtrfml ?1 mfml vd =01 omfm m t drdvd rdt`k pregrmkfmrlommkmfmlml kdsfdb` ydtdrf bfdr` bmzmlorkmym yldf`b gdf`t`r`fk` rdt`kkmtdrymffdr`o`r(Odrs Letfmror).

Keoffdr, a`rdyfdrd kdsfdb` ydtdrf`b bmzmlorkmb vd a`rdysdf rdlkdydrdcadrf`b dtkdb mkmhyfm rdlkd kmtdrymf` efmrmb cmzrfmlk, odldlkdb vdgdf`t`r fkdb zdrd Kdsfdb` vd _dbl`b D`t k Ebuf vd Burukfmrlomuygufmlkmym amfmlktr.

Keoffdr tdblefei b gdf`kdfdrd pmrmfdf efmrmb, mkmfmlml ydtdrf `bmzmlorkmb beufu `fd d`t`k rdt`k srmslom gdf`t`r`fda`f`r vd ympfkmsldr`fdl od``bf`bfdrAmbmlfbtm `fg`f` a`r`kd a`fo`r`f`r.

rgl vd ymygl d`t`k burukfmr, `fdtkdfdr vd bdlo` bdlo`ld kdsfdb` ydtdrf`bbmzmlkmb `stdydl a`rdyfdr keoffdrd `ltdrldt zdr`lodl ufmfma`f`rfdr.

Amsfkkeoffdr, d`t`k burukfmrlom rdlh`fdrd hrdts`z efmrmb omtfr.

Keoffdr c`a`r db`fod t`hmr` mkmfm buffmlfmkmz vd hrdt bmrflomsmtfmkmz.


3/50

`

M@BFMKMFMQ ....................................................................................................................``GQ .......................................................................................................................................=QDLKD JMMFPD_-=.....................................................................................................8=. DFDB_QELB ODZQD DFDKMLFMQ@ ...........................................................................8

=.=. O`rdlfdr.......................................................................................................................8=.1. O`yetfmr ........................................................................................................................7=.8. Belomlsmtrfdr........................................................................................................... ===.?. _rmls`strfdr ...............................................................................................................=4=.4. _rmlsjerkmtrfdr ........................................................................................................=3=.:. Qefdfdr ........................................................................................................................ 1=

=.7. _r`strfdr.....................................................................................................................1?=.3. Dltdgrd (_kfd`b) Odvrd.......................................................................................... 1:TPGTFMKM JMMFPD_..............................................................................................17FKD ZD ODDQFDLOQKD....................................................................................8>

QDLKD JMMFPD_-1................................................................................................... 8=1. D_FDFDB_QELB ODZQDFDQ.............................................................................8=

1.=. Jfmr Odvrds` ............................................................................................................8=1.1. Prydl @b Odvrds` ................................................................................................. 811.8. X`rdl Odvrds`..............................................................................................................881.?. ^mrb Xdlsr...............................................................................................................881.4. Gdr` Z`tds Tymr Odvrds`............................................................................................ 84

1.:. Ymkml Mymrf_mvml FmkamsOdvrds` ( Myolfmtkm Ymkmlfmyhs) ....................8:1.7. Mfmrk Odvrdfdr` .........................................................................................................831.7.=. @bf bmz X`stdk` vd Buffmlfml Dfdkmlfmr.......................................................831.7.1. Crsz Mfmrk...................................................................................................... 80

1.3. Qdgftr Odvrdfdr`.................................................................................................... ?>1.3.=. Ams`t, Mymrf Qdgftr....................................................................................... ?>1.3.1. Xma`t Qdgftr (F1>>)....................................................................................... ?>1.3.8. 73>:fd : Zeftfub Qdgftr..............................................................................?=

TPGTFMKM JMMFPD_..............................................................................................?1KEOF ODDQFDLOQKD ..............................................................................................?8BMPLMBM .........................................................................................................................?:

LODBFDQ


4/50

``

M@BFMKMFMQBEO 411DD>>>0

MFML Keterfu Mrmfmr _dblefei`s` Mfml

OMF/KDXFDB Eteket`v Mfml_k Omffmr

KEOFL MO@ _dkdf Dfdbtr b vd Dfdbtrel`b1

KEOFL _ML@K@Dfdbtrel`b odvrd vd odvrd dfdkmlfmrll ympsl,zdff`bfdr`l`, grdvfdr`l` vd beltreffdr l` `drdl rdt`kkmtdrymffdr`o`r.

XQD ?>/81

L BETF _dkdf Dfdbtr`b vd Dfdbtrel`b = keofl ammrkefkmb

PD_DQFB _dkdf dfdbtr`b vd dfdbtrel`b `fdkfdr`l` ympkmb

KEOFL MKMH@

Gdldf Mkm_dkdf dfdbtr`b a`fg`fdr`ld smc`p efmhmb vd mrm zdr`loddfdbtr`b odvrdfdr`l`l mrzmfmrl tdc`s dtkdod gdrdbf mftympybmzmlmhmbslz.Mkmfmr=. Dfdbtrel`b odvrd dfdkmlfmrll beltrefl dfdbtr`b vd

dfdbtrel`b odvrd dfdkmlfmr bmtmfegfmrlm vd stmlomrtoddrfdr`ld uygul ympma`fdhdbs`l`z.

1. d`t f dfdbtrel`b odvrdfdr`, odvrd dfdkmlfmrlbmtmfegfmrlm vd stmlomrt oddrfdr`ld uygulburma`fdhdbs`l`z.

D_K QD_K

EQ_MKFMQ@ ZDOELML@KFMQ@

Dfdbtr`b vd dfdbtrel`b odvrd dfdkmlfmr, odldy pmlefmr,

mvekdtrd vd fmaermtumr.

FKD ZDODDQFDLOQKD

Cdr jmmf ydt selulom fkd vd oddrfdlo`rkd serufmruygufmlmrmb rdlh` bdlo`l` beltref dodhdbt`r.

M@BFMKMFMQ


5/50

=

GQXdvg`f` rdlh`,

Gdf``k vd od``k a`fg` vd d`t`kfd efkmbtmor.`lod aufulouukuz yzyf a`f`k`lvd tdblefei`l`l c` ourkmoml `fdrfdo`` vd gdf`t`` a`r yzyfor. Cdr tdblefei`b gdf`kd tk`lsmlfm rdjmc beljer vd cz bmzmlorktr.

Pmmkl cdr mfmllm vd cdr ylld g`rk` efml tdblefei`, `lsmlefulm sulufkuldkf` a`rdr l`kdtt`r. Xmfb sdbtrlodl ufmk sdbtrld, `fdt``k sdbtrlodl smvulkmsmlmy` vd eteket`v sdbtr efkmb zdrd a`reb sdbtrl dl ldkf` ulsuru ourukulomor.

Eteket`v tdblefei`s` sel yffmrom eb ayb gdf`kdfdr gstdrk`t`r. zdff`bfd dfdbtr`bvd dfdbtrel`b mfmlfmrlomb` `fdrfdkdfdr, tk dlostr`od vd eteket`v sdbtrlod od dfdbtr`b vddfdbtrel`b odvrd dfdkmlfmrll buffmlfkmslzerulfu bfktr.

Eteket`vod zdff`bfd beljer vd gvdlf`b s`tdkfdr`l` vd keter pdrjerkmlsl mrtrhjmmf`ydtfdrod aufulufkms vd au belufmrom dfdbtr`b vd dfdbtrel``l ayb befmyfbfmrsmfmkms, au kdsfdb omflmyrhmfbfa`r belukm gdt`rk`t`r.

Au keofod amcsdo fdl belufmr, o`rdlfdr, o`yetfmr, belomlsmtrfdr, trmls`sterfmr,trmlsjerkmtrfdr, rfdfdr, tr`strfdr, dltdgrdfdr vd aulfmrl buffmlfkmsyfm dfod do`fdlodvrdfdr dfdbtr`bfd vd dfdbtrel`bfd mfml tk h`cmzfmrom eb s b buffmlfkmbtmor. Au om`lsml ymmkleb befmyfmtrml, `fdkfdr` czfmlorml, zmkml bmzmlorml a`r efmyor.

zdff`bfd sel yffmrom rdt`fdl mrmfmrom vd rdt`k kdrbdzfdr lod reaetfmrlbuffmlfkms, tk `fdr`l a`fg`smymr odstdbf` ympfkmsvd rdt`fdl eteket`vod tk s`stdkfdr`l(c`oref b-plkmt`b, kdbml`b vs.) dfdbtr b vd dfdbtrel`b beltreff efkms ldodl` `fd aukeof,`ko` vd gdfdhdb yffmr ``l eb ldkf` efmhmbtr.

X`zfdr gdfdhd`l tdk`lmt vd _H odvfdt`l`l odvmkf fl smfmymhmb lds`ffdr efmrmbmrmtrhefmhmb, a`fg` vd tdblefei`y` dfod dodhdb elu `lsmlfm sulmhmb a`rdr a`rdyfdr efmrmbbdlo`l`z` ydt`t`rkdf`s`l`z.

A`r fbdl`l df`lodb` dl ldkf` bmylmb vd tdk`lmt elul smc`p efouu mbff, ydtdldbf`,a`f`lf` vd mfbml gdl lds`ffdro`r. Gdf``k`l vd od``k`l yfkmz adb`fdr` efmrmb `fdr`yd,tdblefei`yd vd a`f`kd oeru

GQ


6/50

1


7/50

8

QDLKD JMMFPD_-=

MKM

Dfdbtrel`b odvrd dfdkmlfmrll beltrefl, bmtmfegfmrlom adf`rt`fdl stmlomrtoddrfdr`ld uygul efmrmb ympma`fdhdbt`r.

MQM_@QKM

Dfdbtrel`b odvrd dfdkmlfmrll d`tfdr`l`, ebufuluzom aufulml dfdbtr`b vddfdbtrel`b afkfdr lodl vdym dfdbtrel`b pmrmfmr smtfml ydrfdrodl tdk`ldodrdb `lhdfdy`p ymps cmbblom a fg` do`l`l`z. Mrmtrkmll selufmrlmrbmomfmrlzfm pmyfmlz.

=. DFDB_QELB ODZQD DFDKMLFMQ@

=.=. O`rdlfdr

Grdv` 9 Dfdbtr`b vd dfdbtrel`b odvrdfdr`lod, odvrdodl gddl mbk slrfmkmb vd a`rgdr`f`k okds` kdyomlm gdt rkdb zdrd `kmf do fk` efml dfdkmlfmrm odl`r. O`rdlfdr

ayb "Q" cmrj` `fd gstdr`f`r vd Q;T / @ jerkf `fd cdsmpfmlr. A`r`k` eckour. Dfdbtrel`bodvrdfdrod o`rdl buffmlrbdl o`rdlh`l eck efmrmb oddr`ld vd wmtt efmrmb ghld o`bbmtdo fkdf`o r. O`rdlfdr MH vdym OH gdr f`kfdrod myl` zdff`` gstdr`rfdr. A`r dfdbtrel`bodvrdod buffmlfml o`rdlfdr`l grlkld rldbdb`f =.= od gstdr`fk`t`r.

db`f =.=

Pmps9O`rdlfdr ympfobfmrkmoodfdrd grd

=.Bmrael o`rdlfdr9 Bmrael vd pfmst`b rd`ldodl ymp fr.

1._dff` o`rdlfdr9 ^ersdfdl zdr`ld tdf smrfmrmb ympfr. Pbsdb mbk `fdtdl ydrfdrodbuffmlfr

8.J`fk o`rdlfdr9b` t`ptd ympfr. Aulfmr2 bmrael j`fk vd kdtmf j`fko`r.

?.Hdrkdt o`rdlfdr9Xdrmk`b gvodl`l eb ybsdb shmbfbtm bmraelfmlkms `fd dfoddo`f`r.

O`rdl d`tfdr`9Xma`t vd mymrf efkmb zdrd `b` gruam myrfr.

QDLKD JMMFPD_=

MKM

MQM_@QKM


8/50

?

Xdkaeffdr`9Mmomb`db`f =.1 od d`tf` o`rdl sdkaeffdr` grfkdbtdo`r.

Xma`t Od bdl êtmls`ydkdtrddb`f =.1

O`rdlfdr`l Bmrmbtdr`st``9 O`rdlfdr l `b` ldkf` bmrmbtdr`st ` vmror. Aulfmroml a`rò`rdlh`l ek`b oddr`, o`dr` `sd o`rdlh`l gh efmrmb tmlkfmlr.

^`ymsmom eb gdlà`r ydfpmzdod d`tf` ek`b oddrfdrd smc`p o`rdlfdr aufulkmbtmor.A`r o`rdlh`l ek`b oddr`, e o`rdlh`l dfdbtr`b mbklm gstdro`` zerfub odkdbt`r. Dfdbtr`bvdym dfdbtrel`b odvrdfdr`lod >.>= eck'oml a`rbm kdgm eckm bmomr o`rdlfdrbuffmlfma`fkdbtdo`r.

O`rdlh`l Ek`b Oddr`l`l Bmtfmr

= B`fe eck (= b) ; =>>>

= Kdgm eck (= K) ; =>>> b; = >>> >>>

O`rdl Qdlb Beofmr

O`rdlfdr`l `b` ldkf` bmrmbtdr`st`` efouu omcm lhd adf`rt`fk`t`.

Au bmrmbtdr`st bfdr9

O`rdlh`l ek`b oddr`,

O`rdlh`l gh, efmrmb tmlkfmlr vd odvrdod buffmlfmhmb o`rdlfdr`lsd`k`lod au aybfbfdr o`bbmtd mflr. `ko` au aybfbfdrodl ek`boddr` `lhdfdydf`k.

O`rdlh`l ek`b oddr` ym zdrfdr`lod oeruoml oeruym rmbmkfm ymzfr.db`f =.8 tdgrfo gà` ym om rdlb beofmrmrmhfyfm adf`rt`f`r.

db`f =.8

O`dr a`r grup o`rdlfdrod `sd (gdldff`bfd >.=14 vd >.14 wmttfb o`rdlfdrod), ek`boddr, o`rdlh`l zdr`lodb` rdlb amltfmryfm `jmod do`f`r. Gdldff`bfd, o`rdlfdr`l zdr`lod ?tmld rdlb amlo aufulur. Au amltfmrl sefoml tmlds` o`rdlh`l ek`b oddr`l`, dl smomb`

amlt `sd o`rdlh`l tefdrmlsl vdr`r. Mmomb` db`f =.? td o`rdlh`l zdr`lod aufulml rdlbamltfmrvddb`f =.4 td od rdlb amltfmrll bmrfbfmr efml smyfmrgrfkdbtdo`r.


9/50

4

O`rdl zdr`lodb` rdlb amltfmr9

db`f =.?

db`f =.4


10/50

:

Let9 O`rdltd tefdrmls oddr` % `fd `jmod do`f`r. O`rdlh`l ek`b oddr`l`l dvrd mrtfmrlm

grd mrtkmsvdym mzmfkmsodkdbt`r.rldb9 A`r o`rdl zdr`lodb` rdlb omfk brkz-brkz-bmcvdrdlg`-gkefml o`rdlh`ltdks`f dtt`` o`rdl oddr` ldo`r5

Hdvmp9 Brkz(1), Brkz(1), Bmcvdrdlg`(=) efouu ``l2 11x=>;11> eckour. Xel rdlbbeoulul om gkefouu ``l tefdrmls%=> efur. Xelu efmrmb 11> %=>our.

O`rdl Beltref9Mlmfeg Mvekdtrd `fd o`rdl beltref ympmrbdl9

=. ffdhdb o`rdlh l tmck`l` oddr`ld grd mvekdtrdl`l sbmfmssd`f`r.

1. Mvekdtrdl`l bmafesulul ufmr a`rfdt`r`fdrdb f mfdt`l`l sjrfmkm mymrympfr.

8. Mvekdtrdl`l bmafesulul ufmr db`f =.: omb` gà` o`rdlh`l ufmrlmodo`r`fdrdb sbmfmoml oddr ebulur (Ebulml au oddr o`rdl zdr`lodb` oddrvdym rdlb amltfmrll smysmf oddr `fd bmrfmtrfp oerufuu beltrefdo`fda`f`r.).

Mlmfeg f mfdtfdr`lod sbmfm zdr`lod o`rdl oddr` ebulurbdl àrdl`l sm tmrmjtmbàfgdod efkmslm o`bbmt do f`r. mydt Mvekdtrdl`l bmafesu o`rdl ufmrlm odo`r`fo``zmkml àrd sef tmrmjtm bmfyer vd eb mz cmrdbdt do`yer `sd Mvekdtrdod uygul sbmfmsd`fkdkòdkdbt`r.

db`f =.:


11/50

7

=.1. O`yetfmr

O`yetfmr9 O`yet tdb yld dfdbtr`b mbkl `fdtdl a`rodvrd dfdkmlor. O`yetul ^ butaulm "Mlet", L butaulm

om "Bmtet" mo vdr`f`r. Gdldff`bfd M.H. mbk OH mbkmoltrkdb ``l Oeruftkm odvrdfdr`lod buffmlfr.O`yet L t`p` kmood `fd ^ t`p` kmoodl`l a`rfd`k`lodlefuur. Au kmoodfdr `fb a`rfdt`r`fo``lod ^ t`p` kmoododbèyubfmrfm L t`p` kmoododb` dfdbtrelfmr `b` kmoodl`l

a`rfd`k lebtmslom aufumrmb a`ra`rfdr`l` ltrfdr vdaurmom "Ltr" a`r afgd efuturufur. Au ltr afgd, bmfmlo`dr dfdbtrel vd eyubfmrl a rfdkds`ld dlgdf efur.Pmlomb` db`f =.7od o`yetul sdkaef vd ltr afgdgstdr`fk`t`r.

db`f =.7

O`yetul Oeru vd _drs êfmr`zmsyelu

Oeru êfmrkm9Mlet uhulm g bmylmllpez`t`j butau, bmtet uhulm om g bmylmll ldgmt jbutau amfmlolom ^ t`p` kmoododb` eyubfmr gbmylmll pez`t`j butau tmrmjloml, L t`p`kmoododb` dfdbtrelfmr om g bmylmll ldgmt`jbutau tmrmjloml `t`f`r. Au smydod mrmomb` ltr afgdybfk efur vd bmylml ldgmt`j butauloml pez`t`jbutaulm oeru a`r dfdbtrel mbamfmr. Pml` o`yet`fdt`kd gdk`t`r. Jmbmt o`yet ltr afkl mkmb``l o`yet zdr`lod >.: Zeftfub a`r gdr`f`k okkdyomlm gdf`r. Au gdr f`k ok X`f`syukfuo`yetfmrom >.: Zeft, Gdrkmlyuk o`yetfmrom `sd >.1Zefttur. Au gdr`f`kd o`yetul "D`b Gdr`f`k`" movdr`f r. O`yet zdr`lod jmzfm mbk gd`r fo``lodo`yet zmrmr grp aezufma`f r. Au ldodlfd o`yetzdr`lodl gddl mbkl orfkds` ``l db`f=.3odb` odvrdyd a`r od sdr` o`rdl amfmlktr. odmfo`yettm au gdr`f`k ok vd szltmbkyebtur.

db`f =.3


12/50

3

_drs êfmrkm9 O`yetul bmtet uhulm gbmylmll pez`t`j butau, mlet uhulm om g bmylmllldgmt`j butau amfmlolom `sd L t`p` kmoododb`dfdbtrelfmr g bmylmll ldgmt`j butau tmrmjloml ^t`p` kmoododb` eyubfmrom g bmylmll pez`t`j butautmrmjlom db f`r. Au ourukom ertmomb` ltr afgdgdl`fdr, yml` o`yet ymftkm gdkèfur.

db`f =.0

d`tfdr` vd Xdkaeffdr`

= - Ydldr O`yet9 Ydldr o`yetfmr lerkmfo`yetfmrl odf`lkd gdr`f`k` lebtms loml jmyomfmlfmrmbympfktr. Ydldr o`yet oeru pefmrkmom lerkmf o`yetgà`, tdrs pefmrkmom `sd Ydldr o`yetm uygufmlml gdr`f`k"Ydldr Zeftmi" 'll mftlom `sd ymf tkm gddr. Jmbmt auveftmil zdr ld bfolom Ydldr o`yetul zdr`ld

odl gdr`f`k zdldr veftmilom sma`t bmfr. zdr`lodlgddl mbk od`bdl efma`f`r. Ydldrodl mrtm bmfmlgdr`f k `sd zdldrd sdr` amf efml o`rdlh`l zdr`ldodr. Ydldr o`yetfmr veftmi adff` a`r oddrod sma`ttutkmb ``l yml` rdgfd odvrdfdr`lod buffmlfr.Pmlomb` db`f =.=>om zdldr o`yetul s`kgds` vd tdrs

pefmrkmym bmrtdpb`s` grfkdbtdo`r.

db`f =.=>

1 - _uldf O`yet9 Xmj s`f`syuk vd Gdrkmlyukkmoodfdr`ld omcm jmzfm bmtb kmoods` bmtfmrmb `kmf

do fkdbtdo`r. _uldf o`yetfmr tdrs pefmrkm mftlommfr. zdr`ld uygufmlml gdr`f`k adff` a`r sdv`ydydufmmlm bmomr mbk sdv`yds` mrtmrmb `fdrfdr. Gdr f`k

adff` a`r sdv`ydyd ufmtbtml selrmom zdr`lodl gddlmbkom o grfr. _uldf o`yetfmr au ogstdro`` afgd ``lod, ybsdb jrdbmlsf odvrdfdrod vdes`fmtrfdrod buffmlfrfmr. _uldf o`yetul sdkaefdb`f=.==od grfkdbtdo`r.

db`f =.==


13/50

0

8 - Zmr`bmp O`yet9 Zmr`bmp o`yet, ufmrlm

vdr`fdl gdr`f`kd ermlfm bmpms`td od`t`rdl a`r mymrfbelomlsmtror vd tdrs pefmrkm mftlom mfr. Audfdkml tdfdv`zyel vd rmoyefmrl etekmt`bmrmkmfmrlom buffmlfr.

db`f =.=1

? -etb` (Xhcettby) O`yet9 Lerkmf o`yetfmreb ybsdb jrdbmlsfmrom zdr`ld uygufmlmlgdr`f`k`l yl od`t`rkds`ld bmrfb vdrdkdz. Pml``fdtbdl ourukoml ymftbml ourukm vdym ymftbml

ourukoml `fdtbdl ourukm gddkdz. Au czfod``kfdrd hdvmp vdrda fkds` ``l etb` o`yetfmr`kmf do`fk`t`r.etb` o`yetfmr lerkmf o`yetul l vd pkmoodfdr`l`l a`rfd`k yzdy`l`l pfmt`lfdbmpfmlkmsloml kdyomlm gdfk`t`r. A`rfd`kyzdy` pfmt`lfd bmpfmlmrmb ertmomb` ltr afgd`lhdft`fk` vd mb kl ltr afgdy` mkmsbefmyfmtrfktr.

db`f =.=8

4 - Fdo O`yet9 Fdo, b ymyml a`r o`yettror. Pd`f, brkz, smr vd kmv` efkmb zdrd ?

d`t rdlb sddld` vmror.

db`f =.=?

: - Jete O`yet9 Jete o`yetfmr tdrs pefmrkmmftlom buffmlfr. Oeru pefmrkmom lerkmf o`yetfmrg`a` `fdtbdl, tdrs pefmrkmom `sd l vd p kmoodfdr`l`l

a`rfd`k yzdy`ld b odld bmomr ymftbmlor.Jete o`yet tdfdv`zyel vdym kz`b sdtfdr`l`lbukmlom mfhfmrlom buffmlfr.

db`f =.=4

O`yet Beltref9 Mvekdtrd `fd vdym a`r amtmrym vd a`r fmkamoml jmyomfml fmrmbympfr. A`f`lo`` g`a` o`yetfmr tdb ylod mbk gd`rdl odvrd dfdkmlfmror. Amtmrym vd fmkam`fd ymp fml o`yet beltrefll ympf mmomb` db`f =.=:omb` odvrd dkmslomgstdr`fk`t`r. Mmomb` odvrd amfmltsympfozmkml odvrdodb` fmkam ymlyer vd o`yetufmrtdrs dvr`fo``lod od fmkam slyer `sd o`yet smfmkor.mydt fmkam ymlkmym odvmkdo`yer `sd o`yet mrzmfor. Myrhm amfmlt ympfrbdl o`yet zdr`lodb` dr`t, a`zd e uhulldgmt`j u efouu cmbblom a`fg` vdr`r.


14/50

=>

db`f =.=:Mvekdtrd `fd O`yet Beltref9 O`yetul kumydlds`, dsmstm Mvekdtrdl`l ``lodb` p`fveftmi loml ymrmrfmlmrmb oeru pefmrkmom `fdt k`, tdrs pefmrkmom bds`k` smfmypsmfmymkmoll adf`rfdlkdsò`r. Kumydld Mvekdtrdl`l bmodkds`lod vd mmom `fdkstululom gstdr`fdl amsmkmbfmr tmb`p do`fdrdb ympfr. Ertmym bml selufmr a`zd e o`yetulouruku cmbblom a`fg` vdr`r.

Let9 fk ympkmoml lhd, f mfdt`l`l àrds` sjrm mymrfmlkmfor. f mfdt`l`l ufmro`yetm amfmlrbdl f mfdt `dr s`lodb` p f`l cmlg` butaulul cmlg` uhm gdfo``

adf`rfdlkdfò`r. Mlmfeg (àrdf`) f mfdtfdr`lod buffmlfml p`f`l dbs`(-) uhulul, brkzrdlbf`mrt(+) uhm amfefouu ulutufkmkmfor.

FDK FFDL () XELT

MLE_ (+) ,BM_E_ (-) Q Xmfmk

MLE_ (-) ,BM_E_ (+) Xmfmk

MLE_ (+) ,BM_E_ (-) E B sm Odvrd(mrzmf)

MLE_ (+) ,BM_E_ (-) Mb Odvrd(mrzmf)


15/50

==

db`f =.=7

=.8. Belomlsmtrfdr_mlk9 Bmrfbf `b` `fdtbdl vd aulfmrl mrmslom aufulml a`r ymf tbml kmoododl

efuml vd dfdbtr`b yb odpe doda`fkd ydtdld`ld smc`p odvrd dfdkmlfmrlm belomlsmtrodl`r. Belomlsmtrl dfdbtr`b yb odpe doda`fkd ydtdld` "bmpms`td" efmrmb mofmlorfr vd

au yb odpe doda`fkds` ``l cmr`h` a`r gdr`f`k bmylm tmrmjloml adsfdlkds` gdrdb`r.

Belomlsmtrl Pmpsvd Xdkaeffdr`

db`f =.=39 Belomlsmtrl ymps

db`f=.=3od grfo g`a` belomlsmtr, `b` `fdtbdl pfmbm vd aulfmrl mrmslom

aufulml a`r ymftbml tmambmoml efukmbtmor. Pmftbml kmoodydODFDB_QBkmood ododl`fkdbtdo`r.

db`f =.=0om dfdbtrel`b odvrdfdrod buffmlfml belomlsmtrfdrodl amz rldbfdrgrfkdbtdo`r.


16/50

=1

db`f =.=09 Od``b belomlsmtr rldbfdr`

Belomlsmtrfdrod bmpms`td a`r`k` Jmrmo' or. A`r belomlsmtr ufmrlm = veftfub gdr`f`kuygufmlolom e belomlsmtr zdr lod = bufelfub a`r dfdbtr b yb efuuyersmbelomlsmtrl bmpms`tds` = Jmrmo odkdbt`r.

Jmrmo, eb ayb a`r a`r`k efouu ``l uygufmkmom Jmrmo'l msbmtfmrefml k`bre jmrmo(J), lmle jmrmo (lJ) vd p`be jmrmo (pJ) buffmlfr. Mmom Jmrmo'l msbmtfmr grfkdbtdo`r.

= Jmrmo ; =.>>>.>>> J ; =>:J ; =>0 lJ; =>=1pJ

= J ; =>8 lJ ; =>:pJ; =>8pJ

Belomlsmtr Xdkaeffdr`9 Mmomb` db`f =.1>od od``b t`p belomlsmtrfdrd m`tsdkaeffdr grfkdbtdo`r.

db`f =.1>9 Belomlsmtr sdkaeffdr`Belomlsmtr d`tfdr`

m- K`bm Belomlsmtrfdr9 K`bm belomlsmtrfdrod, eb `lhd `b` `fdtbdl fdvcm vdaulfmrl mrmslom ymftbml efmrmb k`bm buffmlfktr. K`bm belomlsmtrfdr gdldff`bfd 4> p`bejmrmo `fd 4>> p`be jmrmo mrmslom bb bmpms`tdfdr` dfod dtkdb ``l `kmf do`f`r.

a- Bmt Belomlsmtrfdr9 Bmt belomlsmtrfdrod `b` `fdtbdl pfmbm vd aulfmrlmrmslom ymftbml efmrmb bmt buffmlfktr. fdtbdl kmoodfdr vd aulfmrl mrmslomb` bteb `lhd efup a r s f`lo`r`b ymp efuturkmb zdrd a`ra`r` zdr`ld smrfktr. Btbelomlsmtrfdrod obma efmrmb gdldff`bfd pfmst`b buffmlfr. Bt belomlsmtrfdr gdldff`bfdertm aybfbtd bmpms`tdfdr`l dfod do`fkds`lod buffmlfr. rld`l2 >.>>4 `fd= k`bre jmrmo

mrmslomb` bmpms`tdfdr, bt belomlsmtrfdrfd dfod do`f`r.


17/50

=8

h- Xdrmk`b Belomlsmtrfdr9 Au belomlsmtrfdrod o`dfdbtr`b kmood efmrmb sdrmk`b

buffmlfr. Mylk`btmr bmpms`td sdrmk`b belomlsmtrfdrod, bt belomlsmtrd grd eb omcmbb aeyutfmrom dfod do fda`f r. Xdrmk`b belomlsmtrfdr, j`z`b` efmrmb tp vdym o`sba``k`lod `kmf do`f`r. O`sb a``k`lodb` sdrmk`b belomlsmtrfdr "kdrh`kdb belomlsmtr"efmrmb om mofmlorfkmbtmor.

o- Od`bdl Belomlsmtrfdr9 Od`bdl belomlsmtrfdrod, sma`t kdtmf pfmbmfmrreteru, olda`fdl a``kod ymtmbfmlkkdtmf pfmbmfmr `sd stmteru efuturur. A`r k`f tmrmjlomlolorfdl stmter, reteru efuturml pfmbmfmrl mrmslm tmrmb a``k`lod gddrdb bmpms`tdy`efuturur. Od`bdl belomlsmtrfdrod bmrfbf pfmbmfmr mrmslomb` cmvm, o`dfdbtr`b kmoodefmrmb grdv ympmr.

Od`bdl belomlsmtrod stmter `fd reteru efuturml fdvcmfmr tmk `` `d gdt`bfdr`lod

belomlsmtrl bmpms tds` kmx`kuk oddr`ld ufmr, fdvcmfmr a`ra`rfdr lodl tmkmkdlmyrfolom `sd belomlsmtrl bmpms`tds` k`l`kuk oddr`ld `ldr.

Dfdbtref`t`b Belomlsmtrfdr9 Dfdbtref`t b belomlsmtrfdrod ms`t dr`y``ld adlzdydl a`rdfdbtref`t`b kmoodl`l dko`r`fo`` adz, ymftbml kmood efmrmb buffmlfr. Au ymftbmll `b`ymllomb` mfk`lyuk pfmbmfmr om belomlsmtrl `fdtbdl bskfmror. Au pfmbmfmroml a`rtmlds` oeruoml oeruym belomlsmtrl o bmalm amfor. Dfdbtref`t`b belomlsmtrfdr

ayb bmpms`td oddrfdr`l` smfmkmb zdrd `kmf do`f`r. _`p`b bmpms`td oddrfdr` = k`bre jmrmo`fd 1>>> k`bre jmrmo mrmslomor.

Dfdbtref`t`b belomlsmtrfdrod bmpms`td vd belomlsmtrd uygufmlma`fdhdb kmbs`kukgdr`f`k` oddr` ymzfor. Belomlsmtrd zdr`lod ymzf gdr f`k oddr`lodl omcm ayb

gdr`f`k uygufmlkmkmfor.

db`f =.1=


18/50

=?

Belomlsmtrl Oddr`l`l Ebulkms

db`f =.11O`sb a``k`lodb` amz sdrmk`b belomlsmtrfdrod zdrfdr`lodb` `fb `b` rmbmk bmpms`td

oddr`l`l `fb `b` rmbmkl, lh rmbmk `sd `fb `b` rmbmkl ymllm belufmhmb sjr k`btmrlvdr`r. Au belomlsmtrfdrod selu p`be jmrmo efmrmb aufulur.

db`f =.18

Belomlsmtrl Xmfmkfb Beltref9 Belomlsmtrfdr`l gvdl`rf`f`b kumydlds`Mvekdtrdl`l bmodkds`lod ymp fr. Pmpfml `fdk dsmstm, f mfdt`l`l ``lodb` p`f veftmi`fd, belomlsmtrl mri do`f`p do`fkdo``l`l tdsp`t`o`r. Kumydldodl lhd belomlsmtrl aeefouuloml dk`l efulkmfor.

db`f =.1?

ffdl9

Xelu 9

E Bsm Odvrd (Mrzmf)

Mb Odvrd (Mrzmf)

Q mri efma`f`yer

(Lerkmf)


19/50

=4

=.?. _rmls`strfdr

_rmls`str ymr `fdtbdl kmfzdkdodl ympfk dfdbtrel`b odvrd dfdkmlor. Cdr ldbmomr o`yetul ymp slm adlzdsd od mfkms vd jelbs`yelfmr o`yettml eb jmrbfor._rmls`str `b` dbfdkf` afgdf` a`r odvrd dfdkml efup `b` t`pt`r. Aulfmr2 ^L^ vd L^L t`p`trmlstrfdrò`r.

m) ^L^ _`p` _rmls`str9 ^L^ t`p`trmls strfdr ^, L vd ^ t`p` ymr `fdtbdlfdr`l`l

a`rfdkds`lodl kdyomlm gdfk`t`r. db f =.14odgrfo gà` = lefu bmylml (+) butaulombèyubfmr dk`tdrodb` eyubfmr adyzd oeru `tdr vd aueyubfmrl ymbfmb %= '` adyz zdr`lodl = lefubmylml (-) butaulm, gdr` bmfml `sd beffdbtrzdr`lodl 1 lefu bmylml (-) butaulm oerucmrdbdt dodrfdr. Adyz `fd dk`tdr mrmsloml oefmmlmbk eb bb, beffdbtr `fd dk`tdr mrmslomloefmml mbk `sd aybtr.

db`f =.14td ^L^ t`p` trmls`strl sdkaefvd `ympsgrfkdbtdo`r db`f =.14

a) L^L _`p` _rmls`str9 L^L t`p`

trmls strfdr L, ^ vd L t`p` ymr `fdtbdlfdr`l`la`rfdkds`lodl kdyomlm gdfk`t`r. db`f =.1:omgrfo gà` = lefu bmylml (-) butaulomb`dfdbtrelfmr dk`tdrodb` dfdbtrelfmr adyzd oeru `tdrvd au dfdbtrelfmrl ymbfmb %= '` adyz zdr`lodl =lefu bmylml (+) butaulm, gdr` bmfml`sd beffdbtrzdr`lodl 1 lefu bmylml (+) butaulm oerucmrdbdt dodr. Adyz `fd dk`tdr mrmsloml oefmmlmbk eb bb, beffdbtr `fd dk`tdr mrmslomloefmml mbk `sd aybtr. db`f =.1:om L^L t`p`trmls`strl sdkaef vd `ymps , db`f =.17, 13,

10om om trmls`strfdrd m`t o grlkfdrvdr`fk`t`r. db`f =.1:

db`f =.17

db`f =.13 db`f =.10


20/50

=:

_rmls`strl oeru mfma`fkds` ym om `fdt`kd gdda`fkds` ``l oeru ylod (pefmrkm)

gdr`f`k uygufmlkms gdrdb`r. Aulul ``l trmls`strl dk`tdr vd adyz` oeru, befdbtr `sdtdrs pefmrkm ympfkmfor.

db`f =.8>

_rmls`strl Xmfmkfb Beltref vd _`p`l`l Beltreff

Gdrdb h`ls`l`l adf rfdlkds`lod gdrdbsd kumydlds`lod dsms, a`r Mvekdtrdl`l bmodkds`lod, ``lodb` p`f veftmiloml ymrmrfmlmrmb trmls`strl dk`tdr, adyz vd beffdbtrufmrlm oeru vdym tdrs pefmrkm uygufmkmb, oeru pefmrkmom ob a`r o`rdl tdrs

pefmrkmom `sd eb ybsdb a`r o`rdl gzfdldhd`l` a`fkdbt`r.

_`p` vd ufmrll ld efouu a`f`lkdydl a`r trmls`strl lhd adyz uhulul adf`rfdlkds`gdrdb`r.

db`f =.8=

Mvekdtrd gdrkmlyuk o`yetfmr ``l QS=, s f`syuk trmls`strfdr` ``l QS=>bmodkds`lod bmf`ard do`fkdf`o`r.

LE_9 Mlmfeg Mvekdtrdl`l brkz tdst uhu dbs`, s`ymc tdst uhu mrt butup ourukulom

efouu ulutufkmkmfor.


21/50

=7

_rmls`strl uuhuloml a`r`s`ld Mvekdtrdl`l brkzuhu, o`dr `b`s`ld s`ymc uhu srm `fd

odo`r`f`r.mydt brkzu sma`t tutufurbdl o`dr ufmrl cdr `b`s`lod od àrd mfmb o`rdlgstdr`yersm sma`t tutufml u adyz uhuour. Myl zmkmlom adyz`l ldgmt`j o`dr ufmrlpez`t`j efouulu, oefmysyfm trmls`ster l ^L^ t`p` efouu tdsp`t do`fkèfulur.

Mvekdtrdl`l brkzuhu cdrcmlg` a`r utm sma`t tutufup o` dr uhu trmls`strl o`dr `bùhulm srm `fd odo`r`fo``lod f mfdt`l`l àrds` mfmb o`rdl tmrmjlm smpyersm fmfdt`l`l s`ymc uhulu trmls`strl cdrcmlg` a`r uhulm sma`t tutup o`dr `b` uhm brkztdstbmafesu srm `fd odo`r`f`r. b` uhm odo`r`fo``lod àrdod smpkm efkuyer `sd2 f mfdt`l`ls`ymc uhulu trmls`strl o`dr a`r uhulm sma`tfdy`p brkzy o`dr `b` uhm srm `fdodo`r`fdrdb cdr `b` utm om mfmb o`rdl gstdrdhdb ouruk mrml r. X`ymc bmafe a`r utmsma t, brkz o`dr ufmrm odo`r`fo``lod mfmb o`rdl ebuluyersm s`ymcl sma ttutufouu u adyz vd trmls`str L^L t`p` trmls`stror.

_rmls`strl Dk`tdr vd Befdbtr Tfmrl_dsp`t Dtkdb9 _rmls`strl adyz uhulu tdsp`tdodrbdl sma`t tutufml uhul cmr`h`lodb` ufmrm mvekdtrdl`l o`dr uhu srm `fd odo`r`f`yer vdcdr `b` utm om mfmb o`rdl mrmlyerou. Au `fdk ympfrbdl `b` uhul cmlg`s`lod omcm mz a`ro`rdl oddr` ebuluyersm befdbtr uhu au u efkmbtmor. O`dr u `sd dk`tdr efmhmbtr.

_rmls`strl ufmr tdsp`t do`fo`btdl selrm mmom tmafeomb` `fdk amsmkmbfmr tmb`pdo`fdrdb trmls`strl smfmk efup efkmocmbblom a`fg` do`l`f`r.

FFDL ODDQFDQAMFML_@

L^L ^L^

(+)ADPY, (-)DK_DQ

(+)ADPY,(-)BEFFDB_Q

A`r bm yz

A`r bm yz

A`r bm yz a`l

A`r bm yz a`l

(-)ADPY, (+)DK_DQ

(-)ADPY,(+)BEFFDB_Q

A`r bm yz a`l

A`r bm yz a`l

A`r bm yz

A`r bm yz

XMFMK

_rmls`strl h`ls`ld grd hdtvdfodb` oddrfdr` tdsp`t do`f`rsd, smfmk efouuseluhulm vmrfr. fkfdr`l cdrcmlg` a`r`lod > dfod do`f`rsd bsm odvrd, `sd mbodvrdy` adf`rfdr.


22/50

=3

Amz _rmls`strfdr`l Bmtmfeg Oddrfdr`l` Gstdrdl rldb _mafe

DFDKMLLTKMQMX@

_Q ^kmx

(kW)Tkmx

(Z)@kmx(kM)

@hodbmzmlK`l Kmx kM

ToeyTh @hZ kM

Grft

(oA)

Jkmx(Kcz)

Bfj

AH=>7AH=>7MAH=>7AAH=>3AH=>3MAH=>3AAH=>3HAH=:>

AH=:>-:AH=:>-=>AH=:>-=:

L^LL^LL^LL^LL^LL^LL^L^L^

^L^^L^^L^

8>>8>>8>>8>>8>>8>>8>>74>

74>74>74>

?4?4?41>1>1>1>?>

?>?>?>

1>>1>>1>>1>>1>>1>>1>>

=>>>

=>>>=>>>=>>>

=14 4>>=14 4>>1?> 4>>=14 0>>=14 1:>1?> 4>>?4> 0>>?> ?>>

?> =>>:8 =:>=>> 14>

1111111

=>>

=>>=>>=>>

>,1 =>>,1 =>>,1 =>>,1 =>>,1 =>>,1 =>>,1 =>

6= =>>>

6= =>>>6= =>>>6= =>>>

=>=>=>=>=>=>=>-

---

=4>=4>=4>=4>=4>=4>=4>4>

4>4>4>

@@@@@@@@@

@@@@@@

=.4. _rmlsjerkmtrfdrPmpfmr

_rmlsjerkmtrfdr `lhd, zdf s`f`sf` smmfmroml efuml bmpmf a`r kmlydt`b gvod `fdaulul zdr`ld ymftfk `fdtbdlfdrd smrfml smrgfmroml efuur. Dl ams t db`fod `b` smrgaufulur. Au smrgfmroml a`r`ld ^QKDQ (a`r`lh` odvrd) o`dr`ld `sd XDBELODQ ( `b`lhòdvrd) mo vdr f`r. ^r`kdr vd sdbelodr smrgfmrll a`ra`rfdr ld dfdbtr`bsdf a`r amfmlts

yebtur.mfkm ^rdlsà`

_rmlsjerkmtrl pr`kdr smrgslm mftdrlmt`j a`r gdr f`k uygufmlolom, au smrgod`bdl a`r kmlydt`b mfml efuturur. Au mfml, zdr`lod sdbelodr smrgsll om aufulouukmlydt`b odk`r lvd zdr`lod odvrds`l` tmkmkfmr. ^r`kdrd uygufmlml mftdrlmt`j gdr`f`k`lzmkmlm amf efmrmb cdr ml yl vd òodt` od`t``lodl efuturouu kmlydt`b mfmllom cdrml yl vd òodt` od``r. Au mfmll sdbelodr smrgfmrlbdskds` `fd smrgfmrom mftdrlmt`j a`rgdr`f`k `lobfdl`r.

_rmlsjerkmtrfdr`l pr`kdr smrgfmrlm oeru gdr`f`k uygufmlolom gdld a`r kmlydt`bmfml kdyomlm gdf`r. Mlhmb au kmlydt`b mfml, sma`t a`r mfmlor.Au mfmll yl vd òodtòd`kdydhd`lodl sdbelodr smrgfmrlom a`r (dfdbtre keter buvvdt`) dkb `lobfdkds` szbelusu efkmz.

db`f =.81


23/50

=0

_rmlsjerkmtrfdr`l Xljfmlorfkms=. mfkm prdlsà`ld grd

m. Xma t mbkfa. Xma`t gdr`f`kf`

1. Xmrg ourukfmrlm grdm. Pmft fksmrgf

a. Ete trmlsjerkmtrfdr8. Xeutuhu h`ls`ld grd

m. Cmvm fd seutkma. Pm`fd seutkm

h. Xu fd seutkm?. Xmrg t`pfdr`ld grdm. X`f lo`r`b smrg

a. O`f`kf` smrg4. Buffmlmkmfmrlm grd

m. G trmlsjerkmtrfdrà. f trmlsjerkmtrfdr`h. d`tf` mygt vd kmb`ldfdrod buffml fml trmlsjerkmtrfdr

:. Xeutkmdbf`ld grdm. Buru trmlsjerkmtrfdr

a. Pmftrmlsjerkmtrfdr

7. mfkm prdlsà`ld grdm. Xma t mbkfa. Xma`t gdr`f`kf`

3. Xmrg ourukfmrlm grdm. Pmft fksmrgf

a. Ete trmlsjerkmtrfdr0. Xeutuhu h`ls`ld grd

m. Cmvm fd seutkma. Pm`fd seutkmh. Xu fd seutkm

=>. Xmrg t`pfdr`ld grd

m. X`f lo`r`b smrga. O`f`kf` smrg==. Buffmlmkmfmrlm grd

m. G trmlsjerkmtrfdrà. f trmlsjerkmtrfdr`h. d`tf` mygt vd kmb`ldfdrod buffml fml trmlsjerkmtrfdr

=1. Xeutkmdbf`ld grdm. Buru trmlsjerkmtrfdr

a. Pmftrmlsjerkmtrfdr

_rmlsjerkmtrl Tfmr9 dadbd vdym dfod aufulml dldri` tmrmjlm amfmlml smrgfmrmpr`kdr, buffml fmhmb tmrmjl smrgfmrlm om sdbelodr smrgfmr odl`r.


24/50

1>

^r`kdr smrgfmrom adff` a`r jrdbmlsfm od`dl mftdrlmt`j mbk, gvod zdr`lod od`dl

a`r kmlydt`b mfml kdyomlm gdt`r`r. Au mfml dtb`s` `fd sdbelodr smrgfmrom smrk smys vd`fdtbdl`l bds`t mfml lm amfefml a`r dfdbtr`b mbk`lobfdlkds`ld sdadp efur.

^r`kdrod MH l`l a`r mftdrlmlsll mbk ylll tmk tdrs` efmhmb ylod sdbelodrsmrgslom mbk yl adf r`r.

db`f =.88

_rmlsjerkmtrfdr`l Beltreffdr`9 _rmlsjerkmtrl smfmo bmylmb `fd mfml mfhllvdr`ks`z mfkms vdym c` mfkmkms trmlsjerkmtr yllodl a`r mrzmll efouupcds`l` oeurursmu srmytmb`p dodrdb trmlsjerkmtrl beltref ympfkmsgdrdb`r.

=. _rmlsjerkmtrl sdbelodr ufmrlomb` MH gdr f k`l MH veftkdtrd `fd fkympfkmfor.mydt cà`r oddrod gdr`f`k ebulkuyersm trmlsjerkmtrl dfdbtr`b mbk`fd `fg`s` bds`fkdf` vd smrgfmrl bepubfub beltref ympfkmfor.

db`f =.8?

1. ^r`kdr Xmrgfmrl Bepubfub Beltref9 Eck kdtrdy` Q x => ourukulom `bdl pr`kdrufmrm amf efml j` vdym amfmlt bmafefmrloml oddr` ffr. f mfdt`lod cà`roddr ebulkuyersm j` vd bmafe trmlsjerkmtr uhulm bmomr beltref do`fkdfò`r. Xmrg `fdgvod mrmslom kutfmbm selsuz o`rdl grfkdfò`r.

8. _rmlsjerkmtr Xdbelodr Odvrd Beltref9

Eck kdtrd Q x = belukulom `bdlsdbelodr smrgufmrlm odo`r`p oddr ebulur.


25/50

1=

Au beltreffdrod vd fkdfdrod `stdldl oddrfdr l eb mftlom ebulml oddrfdrd

rmstfmlyersm smrgfmrl bsm odvrd efouulu mlfmkmb kkblor. Gdrd`lodl eb ybsdbvdym selsuz oddrfdr `sd smrgfmrom bepubfub vdym tdkmsszfb efouulu gstdr`r. Mrzmftrmlsjerkmtrfdr ydl`fdr`yfd od`t`r`fkds` gdrdb`r.

=.:. Qefdfdr

Qfdfdr dfdbtrekdbml`b odvrd dfdkmlfmr efup dfdbtrel``l yml srm dfdbtr b`fdrtmrmjloml om eb buffmlfkmbtmor. Qefdfdr ob a`r veftmi vd mbk buffmlmrmb omcm ybsdb

a`r veftmi vd mbkbeltref dtkdk`z` smfmr

mfkm rdlsà`9 Dfdbtre kblmts zdff``lodljmyomfmlmrmb ympfktr. Kmlydt`b a`r kdtmf lvdl`l

dvrds`ld tdf smrfmrmb dfdbtre kblmts dfod do`f`r(db`f=.84).

db`f =.84

u tdfd aea`l odr`z.Lvdl`l dvrds`lodbàea`ld a`r dldri` bmylmamfmyp dldri` vdr`rsdb,aea`l`l ``lodb` lvdkblmts gà` kmlydt`bmfml efuturur db`f=.87).

db`f =.8: db`f =.87

Qfdfdr od au prdls`pfd mfrfmr.Lvdl`l bmrslm a`r beltmb keltd do`fk`t`r.

fdl`l aea`l` dldri fdlo`` zmkml lvdodefuml kmlydt`b mfml beltmdbdr vd beltmb

mpmlr. Ayfdhd aea`ld uygufmokz bb`r mbk `fd rfdl`l beltmlm amfmymhmkz

ayb a`r yb mftrp ourourma`f`r`z(db`f=.83).

Mmomdb`f =.80om rldb a`r rfdfdr`logrl grfkdbtdo`r.

db`f =.83


26/50

11

db`f =.80

fdfdr buffmlfobfmr mkmhm grd od``b mbk bmpms tds`lod vd od``b beltmbsmyslom rdt`f`rfdr. eb od``b bfjtm rfd kdvhuttur. Buffmlfomkmhm grd rfd ``lod

a`rodl jmzfm beltmb efma`f`r. Aea`l dldri`fdl`lhd beltmbfmrl cdps` a`rodl dbdr.

Qfdfdrdkmt`b efmrmb gdldfod mmomb`db`fod grfo gà` gstdr`f`r. Cdr rfd `b`bskoml efuur. Aulfmr9

Qfdl`l aea`l`

Qfdl`l beltmbfmr

"H" beltml ertmb uhu "LH" beltml rfd dbkdodl lhd oddl uhu,"LE"beltml dbt`btdl selrm oddl uhulu `jmod dodr.

Qfdl`l fkfdr`Qfd, o`rdl tdsp`t` ympfmrmb vdym rfd dldri` adsfdkd ufmrlm veftmi uygufmlmrmb

beltref do`fda`f`r.

Qfdfdr od beltmb ufmrloml zmkml `dr`s`lod mr mbk db`fo``lod kdkd ympkmvdym ebs`tfdlkd gà` ourukfmr ertmym bma`f`r. Au ouruk rfdl`l `fdv`k ydr`ld gdt`rkds`l`dlgdffdr.

O`rdl _dsp`t` Pmpfmrmb fk

=. f mfdt` eck kdtrd bmodkds`ld mflr.

1. f mfdt`l`l prepfmr rfdl`l aea`l ufmrlmdb`fodb` gà` amfmlr.


27/50

18

db`f =.?>8. Aurmom o`rdl od``k` gzfdl`r.

?. Xmfmk efmll rfdl`l adff` a`r oddrod o`rdl gstdrkds` gdrdb`r. Mlhmb rfdl`lh`ls`ld grd au oddrfdr jmrbfefma`f`r.

4. Ddr f mfdt`lod rfdl`l o`rdlh` eb ybsdb o`rdl gstdr`yersm (Kdgm eckkdrtdads`lod) yml` f mfdt`lodl selsuz oddr grfrsd rfd mb odvrd

efkutur.

:. Ddr f mfdt`lod sjr eck ebulursm, rfd aea`lfdr`lod bsm odvrd lmror.

7. Pubmromb` `fdkfdr seluhulom rfd mrzmf efouu mlfmfrsm, rfd ydl`s` `fd

od`t`r`fkdf`o`r.

Gdr`f`k Tygufmymrmb Pmpfml fk

=. Qfdl`l h`ls`ld amf efmrmb rfdl`l aea`l ufmrlm MH vdym OH gdr f kuygufmlma`f`r.

1. Ddr veftmi uygufmlolom rfdl`l beltmbfmr bmpmlyersm rfd smfmkor.

Qfdl`l beltmbfmrll bmpmlp bmpmlkmo, ouymhmlz kdbml`b a`r sds `fd

vdym beltmb ufmrlm amfmlmhmb a`r f mfdt`yfd mlfmfma`f`r.

8. Beltmbfmr bmpmlkyersm rfd mrzmfor. Pdl`s` `fd od`t`r`fkdf`o`r.


28/50

1?

=.7. _r`strfdr

^L^L yzdy a`rfdkdf` ymr `fdtbdldfdkmlfmror. eb bb tdt`bfdkd mbk vd gdr`f`kfdr``fd beltref do`fda`f`r. _db ylf mbk gd``ld `z`lvdr`rfdr. Beltreff o`yet om odl`fda`f`r. Mlmctmrfmkmsrds`l`l eb bsm (sml`ydl`l =/=>>>'` bmomr) efkms,srdbf` beltref gdr`f`k`ld `ct`ym ouykmkms efukfuzdff`bfdro`r.

db`f =.?=

Mlet uhulm pez`t`j, bmtet uhulm ldgmt`j gdr`f`k gdfo``lod `fdt`kd gdkdyd cmzror.Gdyt uhulm uygufmlml bb a`r pez`t`j omrad gdr`f`k` vdym OH gdr`f`k `fd `fdtbdl efur. OHgdr`f`k`lod `fdtbdl efoubfmrlom gdyt gdr`f`kfdr` bds`fsd omc` `fdt`kod bmfkmym odvmk dodr.Ourourkmb ``l `sd mlet mbkl bdskd, mlet-bmtet ufmrl bsm odvrd dtkd vd mlet- bmtetufmrlm tdrs pefmrkm vdrdrdb ourourkm yltdkfdr` buffmlfr.

Mvekdtrd `fd _r`str l Xmfmkfb Beltref9 Xmfmk a`r tr`strl M-B ufmr vd G-Mufmr mrmscdr `b` ylod od f mfdt` zdr`lod selsuz o`rdl gstdrkds` gdrdb`r.

db`f =.?19 _r`strl M-B ufmrmrmscdr `b` ylodl od selsuz o`rdl gstdrkds`

db`f =.?8


29/50

14

_r`strl G-B ufmroeru pefmr`zd do`fo``lod bb o`rdl, tdrs pefmrkm do`fo``lod

`sd selsuz o`rdl gstdrkds` gdrdb`r.

db`f =.??_r`strl T _dsp`t`

f mfdt`l`l s`ymc preau tr`str mymbfmrloml a`r`ld sma`t tutufur. O`dr prea tr`strlcdr `b` mymlm odo`r`f`r. Xmpkm efmlm bmomr, sma`t tutufml u od`t`r`fdrdb f tdbrmrfmlr.Xmpkm efouu mlom s`ymc prea tr`strl gdyt uhulu, brkz prea `sd bmtet uhulu gstdr`r.Aetm bmfml u `sd tr`strl mlet uhuour.

db`f =.?4

_`p_drs

Gdr`f`k

Z

Ertmfmkmfdt`kMbk

M

Kmx_dpd

Mbk

M

_utkmMbk

kM

_dt`bfdkdMbk

kM

OeyukGdr`f`k`

Z M

^mbdt

AQS??AQS?4AQS?:AQS?7AQS?3AQS?0A_=4=

_@H=>1O

8>:>

=>>1>>8>>?>>?>>?>>

>,?>,?>,?>,?>,?>,?7,48,1

::::::

=>>8>

888888

1>3

1>1>1>1>1>1>=44

=.4=.4=.4=.4=.4=.4

=.74=.7

======

184

@@@@@@@@@@

Amz _r`strfdr`l Bmtmfeg Oddrfdr`l` Gstdrdl rldb _mafe


30/50

1:

=.3. Dltdgrd (_kfd`b) Odvrd

_mlk9 A`r ymr `fdtbdl kmoodl`l ``ld vdym zdr`ld, bmt vd gzdldbs`z ourukomb`,eb bb dfdkmlfmrl, a`r grup cmf`lod a``kfdlo`r`f`p uygul a`r db`fod a`ra`r ld

amfmlkmssurdt`yfd efuturufkutkfd`b a`r odvrdo`r.

Odvrdl`l mlm ymps efuturufoubtml selrm, cmr`h` amfmlt ufmr omrom bmfmhmbdb fod, ^MHBMGD (^db`h) odl fdl beruyuhu kmcjmzm ``ld ydrfdt`r f`r. Mmom a rdltdgrdl`l otml grl grfkdbtdo`r (db`f =.?:).

db`f =.?:Kucmjmzmfmr, eulfubfm o`bortgdl vdym s`f`lo`r`b a``kf` efup kdtmf, sdrmk`b vdym

pfmst`b kmfzdkdodl ympfr vd dltdgrdyd m`t a`fg` aurmom `jmod do`f`r. Am fmlt ufmr ymsebdtd g`rdhdb a``kod vd p`l efmrmb tml kfmlml db`fod ozdlfdl`r vdym fdc`kf` amfmltympfmhmb a`r a``kod tdfdbf`lodo`r.

db`f =.?7od 444 o`yd a`f`ldl dltdgrdl`l mymb am fmltsgrfkdbtdo`r.

Dltdgrd zdr`lod aufulml eyub, lebtm `mrdt` vdym oz `zg` std gdfdhdb db`foddltdgrd tutufouu zmkml sef tmrmjtml amfmkmb zdrd mymb lukmrmfmr smmt`l tdrs ylldoeru srmfmlkmbtmor (db`f =.?7). Au burmf atl dltdgrdfdr ``l gddrf`o`r.

db`f =.?79 Ld 444 Dltdgrdl`l mymb amfmltfmr


31/50

17

TPGTFMKM JMMFPD_fdk Amsmkmbfmr ldr`fdr

O`rdlfdr

O`rdl rdlb beofmr lyerukfmylz vd a`r`kfdr`l`

adf`rt`l`z.

Ebufuluzul dfdbt`b vd dfdbtrel`b afkfmaermtumrfmrloml vdym dfdbtrel`b pmrmsmtml ydrfdrodl d`tf` o`rdlfdr tdk`ldo`l`z.

Qdlb betfmrlm ambmrmb o`rdlfdr`l bm eckefouulu smptmylz.

Mvekdtrd `fd d`tf` o rdloddrfdr`l` ebuyuluz.

Fmaermtumroml Mvekdtrdy` tdk`l do`l`z. f mfdt`l` uygul sbmfmym mflz vd prep

ufmrlodo`rdrdb sjrfmkm mymrlymplz.O`rdlh`l ufmrlm odo`rdrdb fkgdrdbfdt`r`r`l`z.

Au oddrfdr` bmyododrdb vd o`rdl zdr`lodaufulml rdlb betfmr `fd bmrfmtrmrmbfk oddr`l` oerufmylz.

_rmlsjerkmtr

_rmlsjerkmtrl sdkaefl

adf`rfdy`p `ct`ymhm grd trmjesd`k` ymplz.

_rmlsjerkmtrl sdkaefl Jmmf`ydt-=odb`a`fg` smyjmslm ambmrmb adf`rfdy`l`z vd`z`l`z.

_rmje sd`k` ``l a`fg` smyjmslomb`trmlsjerkmtrfdr`l sljfmlorfkmsa`fg`fdrodl ymrmrfmlmrmb tdsp`t do`l`z.

_rmlsjerkmtr ufmr ladf`rfdy`l`z.

Dfdbtr`b vd dfdbtrel`b pmrmfmr smtml `ydrfdr`lodl a`r trmlsjerkmtr tdk`l dodrdbvd a`fg` smyjmslomb` a fg`fdrodljmyomfmlmrmb ufmrltdsp`t dtkdd mflz.Gdrdb`rsd au beluom rdtkdl`l`zodlymrok mflz.

Mvekdtrd `fd pr`kdr vdsdbelodr odvrd fkfdr`l`

ymplz.

_rmlsjerkmtrl ufmrltdsp`t do`l`z Eck kdtrdy` eck bmodkds`ld mfmrmb

bepubfub beltrefl ymplz.Qfdfdr

Mvekdtrd `fd rfdfdr`l odvrdbeltreffdr`l` ympp aea`loddr`l` flz.

Ebufuluzul dfdbtrel`b afklodlrdtkdl`l`z mrmhf`fd a`r modt refd tdk`ldo`l`z. Mvekdtrd `fd odvrd beltrefl vd

aea`l oddr`l` Jmmf`ydt =odb` a`fg`smyjmslom b` fkd `fd `fg`f` a fg`fdrodljmyomfmlmrmb ymplz.

Belomlsmtrfdr Belomlsmtrfdr`l sdkaeffdr`l`

vd a`r`kfdr`l` adf`rt`l`z.

A`fg` smyjmslomb` belufmr lomljmyomfmlmrmb belomlsmtrl a`r`k`l`, mst vdst bmtfmrlymzlz vd sdkaeffl `z`l`z.

Belomlsmtrfdr`l

sljfmlorfkmsl ymplz(`mrdt vd sdkaeffdrd grd).

Jmmf`ydt =odb` a`fg fdrodl ymrmrfmlmrmb

belomlsmtrfdr`l `mrdt vd sdkaeffdr`ld grdsljfmlor fkmslymplz.

TPGTFMKM JMMFPD_


32/50

13

Mvekdtrd `fd belomlsmtrfdr`loddrfdr`l` fp mrzmf efup

efkmoladf`rfdy`l`z.

Mtfydl`zodb` fmaermtumroml Mvekdtrdy`

tdk`l do`l`z vd belomlsmtrl oddr`là`fg` smyjmslm oldrdb fk ``l db`fodlvd tmafeoml ymrmrfmlmrmb tdsp`t do`l`z vdseluhu rdtkdl`zd ymzmrmb rmper do`l`z.

O`yetfmr O`yetfmrl sdkaeffdr`l`

adf`rfdy`l`z.

Jmmf ydt =odb` db`f =.7 yd ambmrmbo`yetul sdkaefl `z`l`z.

Mvekdtrd ymrok `fd o`yetfmrlufmrladf`rfdy`l`z.

Mvekdtrd `fd o`yetul ufmrl adf`rfdkdb`l Jmmf ydt =odb` a fg` smyjmslomb`

tmafeomb` `fdk amsmkmbfmrl tmb`p dodrdbsmptmylz vd selufmra`r ydrd bmyodo`l`z..

O`yetfmrl mrzmf efupefkmoladf`rfdy`l`z.

fk selufmrlm ambmrmb o`yetul smfmkefup efkmoltdsp`t do`l`z.

_rmls`sterfmr

_rmls`sterfmrl t`p`l`,sdkaeffl adf`rfdy`l`z.

Dfdbtr`b vd dfdbtrel`b pmrmfmr smtmlydrfdrodl a`r modt trmls`str mflz. A`fg`smyjmslomb` belufmrloml jmyomfmlmrmbtrmls`strl t`p`l` tdsp`t do`l`z. _rmls`strlsdkaefl db`f =.141: ym ambmrmb`z`l`z.

_rmls`strfdr` bmtmfegombòddrfdr` `fd bmrfmtrlz.

Dfmkml lukmrms AH=>7 efml a`r trmls`strtdk`l do`l`z vd au trmls`str zdr`lodfkfdr`l`z` a fg` smyjmslom aufulml

db`fodl vd tmafeoml ymrmrfmlmrmb fklymplz. Xelufmra`r ydrd bmyododrdb aulu

a`fg` smyjmslomb` tmafe oddrfdr` `fdbmrfmtrlz vd seluhu yerukfmylz.

_rmls`sterfmrl mvekdtrd `fdmrzmf efup efkmol

adf`rfdy`l`z.

_rmls`strfdr`l beltreffdr belusulomb` `fdkamsmkmbfmrl tmb`p dodrdb tdk`l dtkèfouuluz trmls`strfdr`l mrzmf efupefkmobfmrltdsp`t do`l`z.

_r`strfdr

_r`strfdr`l sdkaeffdr`l` vdmymbufmrladf`rfdy`l`z.

A`fg` smyjmslom vdr fdl tr strfdrfd `fg`f`db`ffdrd vd `fdk amsmkmbfmrlm grdtr`strl sdkaefl `z`l`z.

Mvekdtrd ymrokyfm db`f =.?4tdlymrmfmlmrmb mymbufmrl tdsp`t do`l`z.

Bmtmfeg oddr`l` adf`rfdy`l`z.

Mvekdtrd `fd fkfdr`l`ymplz.

AQS?? t`p` a r tr str tdk`l do`l`z vdMvekdtrdl`l eck bmodkds`ld mfmrmbjmmf`ydt =od vdr`fdl belu `fd `fg`f` `fdkfdr`tmb`p dodrdb fklz ymplz oddrfdr`

a`r ydrd bmyodo`l`z.

Mvekdtrd `fd mr zmf efupefkmoltdst do`l`z.

fk selufmrl a`fg` smyjmslom vdr`fdlbmtmfeg oddrfdr` `fd bmrfmtrmrmb mrzmfefup efkmoltdsp`t do`l`z.


33/50

10

Dltdgrdfdr d`tf` dltdgrdfdr`l t`p`l`

adf`rfdy`l`z.

Dfdbtrel`b kmfzdkd smtml cdrcmlg` a`rydrodl dltdgrd lukmrms 444 efml a`r

dltdgrd mflz. Mfolz dltdgrdl`lzdr`lodb` cmrj vd rmbmkfmrm ambmrmbdltdgrdl`l mymb amfmltufmrtdsp`t do`l`z.

d`tf` dltdgrdfdr`l fkfdr`l`ymplz.

d`tf` dltdgrdfdr`l mr zmtdsp`tfdr`l` ymplz.

Dltdgrdfdrod fk ympmrbdl myl beofuydl` a`r dltdgrd `fd byms do`fdrdb smfmkfbbeltrefl ymplz.

Xeluhm ufmmkmoysmlz ydl`s` `fdod`t`r`l`z.


34/50

8>

FKD ZD ODDQFDLOQKDEAIDB_J _DX_FDQ (FKD XEQTFMQ@)

=. Dfdbtrel mblm bmr gstdr`fdl zerfum ld odl`r5M) O`rdlA) MbkH) Gdr`f`kO) rdtd

1. O`rdlfdr ympfobfmrkmoodfdrd grd lmsf sljfmlorfkmfor5 Pmzlz.M)A)H)O)

Pmlomb` rds`k ldy`l sdkaefor5M) _r`strA) _ldf o`yetH) Ydldr o`yetO) FDO

8. Pmpfml beltref seluhulom o`yet a`r ylod mbk gd`r`yer o`dr ylod gd`rk`yer `sd auo`yet ``l ld syfdlda`f`r5

M) AeA) LtrH) MrzmfO) Xmfmk

?. Bmrfbf`b` `fdtbdl vd aulfmrl mrmslom aufulml a`r ymf tbmloml efuml vd dfdbtr`b ybodpe doda`fkd ydtdld`ld smc`p odvrd dfdkmlfmrlm ld odl`r5

M) BelomlsmtrA) O`yetH) O`rdlO) zo`rdl

4. Mmomb`fdrodl cmlg`s` belomlsmtrl a`r`kò`r5

M) EckA) JmrmoH) BmferÒ) @s

:. Mmomb`fdrodl cmlg`s` a`r belomlsmtr dò` od`fo`r5M) Xdrmk`bA) BtH) _mctmO) K`bm

ODDQFDLOQKD

Hdvmpfmrlz hdvmp mlmctmrfmryfm bmrfmtrlz. Pmlf hdvmpfmrlz ``l jmmf`ydt`l`fg`f` belufmrltdbrmr do`l`z.

FKD ZD ODDQFDLOQKD


35/50

8=

QDLKD JMMFPD_-1

d`tf` dfdbtrel`b odvrdfdr` dfdbtrel`b odvrd dfdkmlfmrl bmtmfegfmrlm vd stmlomrtoddrfdr`ld uygul burma`fdhdbs`l`z.

trel`b odvrd dfdkmlfmrlbmtmfegfmrlm vd stmlomrt

Dfdbtr`b vd Dfdbtrel`b _dblefei fdr` =? lefu Fdc`kfdkd vd Amsb Odvrdfdr`Mfml ertmb =>. s lj keoflodb` a`fg` smyjmslom jmyomfmlmrmb vd burkmb`stdo``l`z odvrd ``l gdrdbf dfdkmlfmr tdk`l dodrdb odvrdl`z` buruluz.Xeluhulu mrbmomfmrlzm vd rdtkdl`l`zd gstdr`l`l`z.

1. D_FDFDB_QELB ODZQDFDQ

1.=. Jfmr Odvrds`

Odvrddkms

db`f 1.=

Odvrdl`l mfkms

Odvrdyd 0 veft gdr`f`k uygufmlolom odvrdodb` _= vd _1 trmls`strfdr`l`l mylefkmslm lmzmrml ympsmf jmrbff ldodl`yfd a`r` o`dr`lodl lhd `fdt`kd gddhdbt`r.rld`l _= `fdt`kod efouulom H1 belomlsmtr _= `l befdbtr dk`tdr`lodl odmri efurbdl

H= od Q8 zdr`lodlmri efur. Au ourukom fdob vdrkdkdbtdo`r. H1 l`l odmria`tt``lod

QDLKD JMMFPD_1

MKM

MQM_@QKM


36/50

81

H= belomlsmtr _1 y` `fdt`kd gd`r r. Au ourukom Q? d sdr` amffdo o`yet vdym 1 veftfub

a`r mkpuf _1 l`l zdr`lodl odvrds`l` tmkmkfmymrmb ymlkmym amfmr.Odvrdod Buffmlfml Mrm vd Gdrdfdr1 Modt AH 4?4 _rmls`str vdym Doddr` _=-_1=Modt Fdo vdym 1 Zeftfub Mkpuf=Modt =K eb _urfu ^etms`ydkdtrd ==Modt ?.7B =/?W O`rd Q=1Modt =>B =/?W O`rd-Q1-Q8=Modt =1> =/?W O`rd- Q?=Modt =>J/=:Z Belomlsmtr-H==Modt >.11J Belomlsmtr-H1=Modt =>>J/=:Z Belomlsmtr-H8

1.1. Prydl @b Odvrds`Odvrddkms vd mfkms

db`f 1.1


37/50

88

?>=7 smyhdltdgrds`l`l, smyk ympma`fkds` ``l =8 lefu mym(Hfehb Dlmafd) `fd =4

lefu mymll (Qdsdt) adsfdkd gdr`f`k`l`lmsd uhulm amfefkmsgdrdb`r. Odvrdod, cdr a`rhfehb pmfs`lod bfmroml a`r` srm `fd mbt`j cmfd gdf`r. Dl sel pmfs odvrdy` amfmlgbelukulm gdt`rdrdb smyktdbrmr fb FDO odl amfmt r.

1.8. X`rdl Odvrds`

Odvrddkms vd mfkms

db`f 1.8

db`fodb` odvrdod a`r`lh` 444, jrdbmlsybsdb a`r es`fmtror. blom efuml s`lymf,`b`lh` 444'`l beltref gdr`f k`l` mymrfmr. X`lymf odvmkf `l`p bt``l odvrd blom s`rdlsds` ouyufur.

1.?. ^mrb Xdlsr

Odvrddkms vd mfkms

^mrb sdlsr tmt gdr` v`tdsd tmbfo mloml `t`amrdl etekmt`b efmrmb mf kmym amfmr.Dbe sds s`lymf` prdls`a`ld grd mfml uftrmsel`b sdlsrfdr dlgdffdrodl ymlsyml dbe sds

omfgmfmrl mfg fmr vd aulfmr beltref l`tds` vmstmsyfm oddrfdlo`r`r. Dlgdfd efml uzmbfbuymrfmrcdk grsdf cdkod ``tsdf efmrmb srhyd `fdt`f`r.


38/50

8?

db`f 1.?

Mrm zdr`lod mrbm tmkpelm keltd do`fk`efml pmrb p`fet, tmtl gvdlf` pmrb dtkds```l ? modt uftrmsel`b sdlsrodl adsfdl`r. ^mrb p`fet s`stdk`l`l sdlsrfdr`, gzd mrpkmymhmb

a`rdb`fod tmkpelm keltd do`fk`t`r. Mmomdb`f 1.4 td a`r pmrb sdlsrld m`t pmrmfmrltmkmkgrfkdbtdo`r.

db`f 1.4


39/50

84

A`r ^mrb Xdlsrld M`t Amfmlt Odvrddkms

db`f 1.:

1.4. Gdr` Z`tds TymrOdvrds`

Odvrddkms vd mfkms

mfkms9 Beltmb mlmctmr mb vd mrm gdr` v`tdsd tmbfo zmkml dfdbtr`b mbkamtmrymoml gdf`r, beltmb mlmctmrzdr`lodl vd s`gertm pmldf`lodb` s`gertmoml gddrdb k `rdufmr. Z`tds belukulul gdr` ourukom efkms, v`tds butusulomb` k`r`l beltmbfmrll

a`rfdkds`ld vd oefmysyfm dfdbtr`b mbkll gdr` v`tds fmkamfmrm ufmkmsl smfmymhmbtr.

Ayfdhd gdr` v`tds fmkamfmr ymlmhmbtr. Ddr `stdl`rsd gdr` v`tds fmkamfmrlom pmrmfdf efmrmbsdsf` `bmz (auzzdr) od tmbfma`f r. Mmom ayfd a`r s`stdk`l ams`tfdt`r`fk`a`r odvrd dkmsdb`f 1.7 od grfkdbtdo`r.


40/50

8:

Odvrdl`l Ams`tdkmsvd Odvrdod Aufulml Dfdkmlfmr

db`f 1.7

1.:. Ymkml Mymrf _mvml Fmkams Odvrds` ( MyolfmtkmYmkmlfmyhs)

Odvrddkms vd mfkms

Etekea`ffdrod aufulml ` myolfmtkm fmkamfmr (tmvml fmkams) mrmhl bmpfmrlomla`r`l`l mfkms cmf`lod ymlmr. Bmpll mfkmsyfm bmp mftdr`, tmvml fmkamsll msdydtdkmslsmfmkmbtmor. _mvml fmkamfmrmrmhl tk bmpfmrbmpmllhm sldr.

Gdhd bmrmlflom mrm bmpfmrll bmpmtfkmsloml selrm a`r srd ` myolfmtkmllymlb bmfkms, srhll beltmb mlmctmrl ydrfdt`rkds`l`, jmr mftdr l` grda`fkds`l`befmyfmtrr.

myolfmtkm zmkmlfmyh odvrds`, bmpfmrl bmpmtfkmsloml selrm ymbfmb efmrmb => =4 sml`yd bmomr ` myolfmtkmll mfkmsl, au srdl`l selulom om bdlo`f``lodl

ourkmslsmfmkmbtmor.


41/50

87

db`f 1.3

Odvrdl`l mfkm ^rdls`a`

Mrmhl bmpfmrloml a`r` mfolom, e bmpym m t bmp mftdr` bmpmlmrmb tmvmlfmkamsll msdyd `rt`amtfmlmrmb ymlkmslm sdadp efur. Myl zmkmlom H=belomlsmtr Q=o`rdlh` zdr`lodl eb bsm a`r srdod (8 sml`yd bmomr) odmri efur.

Mrmhl bmpsbmpmtfolom, bmp mftdr` mfr vd H=, Q=o`rdlh` vd _Q='`l Dk`tdr-adyzuhulm sdr` amfmlml Q1 o`rdlh` zdr`lodl mri efur. _Q='`l dk`tdr-adyz mrms mbk mb,_Q='`l Dk`tdr-beffdbtr'l odl omcm ayb a`r mbk gd``ld `z`l vdr`r, au mbk _Q1'l`l

adyz uhulu pez`t`j efmrmb pefmr`zd dodr. _Q1l`l adyz-dk`tdr`lodl mbk gd`` efuyersm autrmls`strod `fdt`kd g`rdr vd tmvml fmkamsll zdr`lodlms`fddrdb ymlkmym odvmk dtkds`l`smfmr. H=oefulhm, _Q=dk`tdr-adyz mbk bds`f`r, _Q=ymftkm g`rdr. Oefmysyfm _Q1adyz`

pefmr`zds` bmfkmz. Au trmls`ster od ymftkm g`rdrdb tmvml fmkamsll slkds`ld sdadp efur.Fmkamll ymlb bmfkm srds`, belomlsmtr bmpms`tds`, Q= vd Q1 o`rdlfdr`l`l oddrfdr`ld

amfor.

Odvrdodb` Dfdkmlfmrl Grdvfdr`

Q=O`rdl9 Belomlsmtrl odmrill mrb'fefkmkmslsmfmkmb,mri srds`l` beltrefdtkdb (1,1B =/?W).

Q1O`rdl9 _Q= dk`tdr-adyz mbkk beltref dtkdb, mri srds`l` beltref dtkdb (=,4B =/?W).

H=Belomlsmtr9 Bmp mftdr beltmbfmrll mfkmsyfm _Q= dk`tdr- adyz` zdr`lodlvd Q= yefu `fd mri efkmb (?7J =:Z. Dfdbtref`t`b).

_Q=_rmls`ster9_Q1 l`l adyz uulu pefmr`zd dtkdb.

_Q1_rmls`ster9 Mrm bmpsbmpmlolom ` myolfmtkm fmkamsll dk`tdr-beffdbtrzdr`lodl mfkmslymlkmsl) smfmkmb.


42/50

83

1.7. Mfmrk Odvrdfdr`

Odvrddkms vd mfkms

Gdldff bfd @bf vd sdsf` `bmz s`stdkfdr` efmrmb buffmlfkmbtmor. _mt dkl`ydts`stdkfdr`lod buffmlfml `fb ldkf` smvulkm yltdk`, tm ttm mfmrk s`stdk`l`l aufulouulu`bmz dodl vd bsm mrmfbfmrfm ymlp sldl a`r FDO o`yettur. Ayfd a`r s`stdk crszm bmrhmyorh efkmbtm, crszl tmtm komcmfds`l` adf rf fod dlgdffdkdbtdo r. Ayfd a`rdfdbtrel`b odvrdl`ldkms db`f 1.0 om vdr`fk`t`r.

1.7.=. @bf bmz X`stdk` vd Buffmlfml Dfdkmlfmr

db`f 1.09 Dltdgrdl`l sttdl grl

Odvrdl`l mfkms

Odvrdyd _f trmls`sterul dbfdlkds`yfd zmkmlfmyh dltdgrd LD444, beltmb mlmctmrmbbdl mfkmz cmfd gdt`r`fda`fkdbtdo`r.

LD444 dltdgrds`, 1 o`yet, =4 trmls`ster, 18 o`rdl vd eb smyom belomlsmtrodlefukutur. Dltdgrd ?.4 Zeft `fd =: Zeft mrmslom mfma`fkdbtdo r. 8 Lukmrmf b


43/50

80

uuloml 1>> k`f` mkpdrd bmomr mbk db`fda`fkdbtdo`r. Dltdgrd `dr`s`lod `b` modt gdr`f`k

bmrfmtrkms ympml `fdksdf ybsdft`h`, a`r jf`p-jfep `fd a`r tmld mfmb gf b bmtaufulkmbtmor. Dltdgrd ufmrlm db`fod grfo gà` o`rdl vd belomlsmtr amfmlmrmbod`t`r`fda`fdl srdfdrfd a`r fdo o`yet ymbp slorfda`fkdbtdo`r.

Beltmb mlmctmr mfo zmkml amtmrymoml gdfdl +=1 veftfub gdr`f`k O1 o`yeou vd88Bfub o`rdl zdr`lodl _= trmls`strll adyz`ld dtb` dodrdb elu `fdt`kd gd`r`r._=`l`fdt kd gdkds`, dltdgrdl`l ? lukmrmf rdsdt uhulu ms`fdydrdb dltdgrdy` mfkmz cmfdgdt`r`r. Beltmb mlmctmr bmpmtfo zmkml( keter mfkmzbdl) _= ymftkomor. ? lukmrmfums`fdldkdo`` ``l dltdgrd mfkmym amfmr. Brkzrdlbf` fdo o`yet srdbf` efmrmb ymlpsldrdb mfmrk s`stdk`l`l mfkmym cmzr efouulu `bmz dodr.

Odvrdl`l ympfma`fkds` ``l 444 dltdgrds`l`l mymbfmrll a f`lkds` gdrdb r. db`f

1.0od dltdgrdl`l stdl grl vdr`fk`t`r. = lukmrmf myml c`zmslom lebtm `mrdt`, a`reyub vdym a`r `zg` aufulur. Au bsk std gdfdhdbdb`fod tutufouu zmkml mymb lukmrmfmrsmmt àrds`l`l tdrs`ld oeru srmfmlr.

Odvrdod buffmlfml fdo `l `b` uhu vmror. Bsm efml uhu dbs`, uzul efml uhu `sd mrtor.

1.7.1. Crsz Mfmrk

Odvrddkms

db`f 1.=>

Odvrdl`l mfkms9Odvrdl`l b sdlsr FOQ a`r eomym g`zfdl`r. Eoml l fmkamsmfo zmkml vdym df jdldr` gà` h`cmzfmrl FOQ' yd gdfo` ` zmkml FM_HC bfei b-= sdv`yds`ld ybsdf`r. ^mfs rdtdh`l`l rdtt`` s`lymf `fd au fei`b-= sdv`yds , ZDbmpsll mfkmsl vd bm bmrd omfgm s`lymf`l ufmkmsl smfmr. Au s`lymf trmlsousdr``fdt`kd sebmrmb auzzdr'`l bds`b bds`b mfkmslm sdadp efur. bm rfd amfmlmrmb ybsdbgf s`rdl, fmkam vs. l`l mfkmssmfmlma f`r. Odvrd rdsdt tuu `fd susturufur.


44/50

?>

1.3. Qdgftr Odvrdfdr`

1.3.=. Ams`t, MymrfQdgftr

Odvrddkms vd mfkms

db`f 1.==

FK8=7 Dltdgrds`, b gdr f`k` =,1Z.. 8:Z mrmslom mymrfmlma fdl rdgfddltdgrds`o`r. Pubmromb` odvrdod Q1 petmls`yekdtrds` `fd o`rdl oddr` od`t`r`fdrdb FK8=7

dltdgrds`l`l bgdr`f`k` od`t`r`f`r.

1.3.1. Xma`t Qdgftr (F1>>)

Odvrddkms vd mfkms

db`f 1.=1

F1>>, b gdr`f`k` 1,34Z 8:Z mrmslom mymrfmlma`fdl, pez t`j bm smc`p 4tdrk`lmff` rdgfd dltdgrds`o`r. Kmbs`kuk 1M bvdrda`f`r.


45/50

?=

1.3.8. 73>:fd : Zeftfub Qdgftr

Odvrddkms vd mfkms

db`f 1.=8

73>: sdr`s` rdgfmtr dltdgrds` `fd ymp fml : veftfub bvdrdl rdgfmtr odvrds` db`f1.=8td grfkdbtdo`r. Odvrdl`l g`r`gdr`f`k` efml 3veft dltdgrdl`l g`r``ld uygufmlolomertm utml(GLO) 1 veftfub gdr`f kmsd do`f`r. btml tmk : veftfub a`r gdr`f`k dfod do`f`r.73SS dltdgrdfdr` SS oddr` bmomr bgdr`f`k` vdr`r. Mlhmb g`r` oddr` b oddr`lodlybsdb efkmfor.


46/50

?1

TPGTFMKM JMMFPD_

fdk Amsmkmbfmr ldr`fdr

Dfdbtrel`b amsbfodvrdy` cmzrfmylz.

Dfdbtrel`b kmfzdkd smtml cdrcmlg` a`rydrodl ympmhmlz odvrd dò`l` odgz lld mfmrmb ambrf pdrt`lmbs,

pr`lt bmfdk, pdròref, tuz rucu vd =kkbmflflom a`r kmtbmp uhu vd kmtbmp

tdk`l do`l`z. Dfdbtr b vd dfdbtrel`b _dblefei`fdr` =?

Lefu Fdc`kfdkd vd Amsb Odvrdfdr`Mfml ertmb =>. slj keoflodb` amsbodvrdfdr` cmzrfmkm belusu `fd `fg f`

a`fg`fdrodl ymrmfmllz. Au beluom gdrdb rsd ebufuluzul

Dfdbtr b vd Dfdbtrel`b afkrdtkdlfdr`lodl ymrok mflz.

Dfdbtrel`b odvrd dfdkmlfmr ladf`rfdy`l`z.

Pmpkmb `stdo``l`z odvrdl`ldfdkmlfmrl rdlkd Jmmf`ydtfdr`

1odb` odvrdfdrd ambmrmb bmrtlz.

Dfdbtrel`b odvrdy` fdc`kfdy`l`z.

Mtfydl`zod aufulml fdc`ktmamlhmsl, fdc`k tdf`l` vd fdc`k

pmstmsltdk`l do`l`z. Dfdbtrel`b amsb odvrds`l`

mfma`fdhd`l`z a`r kmsmymydrfdt`r`l`z.

Mb dkmym grd odvrd dfdkmlfmrlydrfdt`rdrdb tdb tdb fdc`kfdy`l`z.

Dfdbtrel`b odvrdy` mft rlz.

Mb dkmslm grd fdc`kfdkd `à`tk` a`r odvrdyd uygul efmhmb

db`fod a`r rdtd amfmylz. Odvrd mfyersm serul yebtur. mydt

mfkyer `sd odvrd dfdkmlfmrl mbdkmym grd tdb tdb vd amfmltufmrl om o`bbmtd mfmrmb beltrefdo`l`z.

Ddr mfkyersm rdtkdl`l`zodlymrok mflz.

TPGTFMKM JMMFPD_


47/50

?8

KEOF ODDQFDLOQKDEAIDB_J _DX_FDQ (FKD XEQTFMQ@)

=. Mmomb`fdrodl cmlg`s` a`r o`rdl a`r`k`o`r5M) Zeft A) Wmtt H) Mkpdr O) Eck

1. Bmcvdrdlg`-smr-brkz-gkrdlb betfmr efml a`r o`rdlh`l smysmf oddr`l` aufuluz5M) =? %=> A) =?? %=>> H) =?>> %=> O) ?=>>>>> %4

8. Pubmrom vdr`fdl o`rdlh`l ek`b oddr`l` rdlb amltfmrlm ambmrmb tdsp`t do`l`z.

M) 11>> A) =1>> H) 1>>1 O) 11

?. Mmomb`fdrodl cmlg`s` o`yeoul sdkaefor5

4. Mmomb`fdrodl cmlg`s` o`yetul butupfmrll `s`kfdr lodlo`r5

M) Dk`tdr, Adyz A) Mlet, Bmtet H) Dk`tdr, Befdbtr O)Mbk. Gdr`f`k

:. Pubmromb` sdkaef ldy` `jmod dodr5

M) Dltdgrd A) _rmlsjerkmtr H) O`yet O) _rmls`str

7. Mmomb`fdrodl cmlg`s` trmlsjerkmtrod aufulml smrgfmrl `s`kfdr`o`r5

M) Dlov` smrgs A) Beffdbtr smrgsH) ^r`kdr vd Xdbelodr smrg O) Qufe smrg

KEOF ODDQFDLOQKD


48/50

??

3. Pubmromb` sdkaef ldy` `jmod dodr5

M) _rmlsjerkmtr A) Mby H) _r`str O) O`rdlh`

0. Ob a`r veftmi vd mbk buffmlmrmb omcm ybsdb a`r veftmi vd mbkbeltref dtkdk`z`smfmyml odvrd dfdkmllm ld odl`r5

M) Qefd A) Pbsdft`h` H) Qdgftr O) Dltdgrd

=>. Pubmromb` sdkaef ldy` `jmod dodr5

M) Ydldr o`yetu A) Fdo o`yetu H) Belomlsmtr O)_r str

==. A`r ymr `fdtbdl kmoodl`l ``ld vdym zdr`ld, bmt vd gzdldbs`z ourukomb`, eb bb

dfdkmlfmrl, a`r grup cmf lod a``kfdlo`r f`p uygul a`r db fod a`ra`r ld amfmlkmssurdt`yfd efuturufkutkfd`b a`r odvrdyd ld odl`r5

M) Odvrd A) Dltdgrd H) Bmpms`tr O) _rmls`str

=1. = Jmrmo bm k`bre jmrmo dodr5

M) =>:J A) =>0J H) =>3J O) =>=1J

=8. 73SS dltdgrds`lod SS ldy` `jmod dtkdbtdo`r5

M) G`r`gdr`f`k`l` A) bgdr`f`k`l`H) G`r`-bgdr`f`k`l` O) Dltdgrdl`l sdkaefl

=?. A`r trmls`strl vd efkmb zdrd `b` t`p d`o` vmror.

=4. Gdr` v`tds k`r lodl mbk mrm . tmbfozmkml gdkdbtdo`r.

ODDQFDLOQKDHdvmpfmrlz hdvmp mlmctmrfmryfm bmrfmtrlz. Pmlf hdvmpfmrlz ``l jmmf`ydt`l

`fg`f` belufmrltdbrmr do`l`z.


49/50

?4

HDZM^ MLMC_MQFMQ@

QDLKD JMMFPD_ = HDZM^ MLMC_MQ@

= M

1

Bmrael_dff`J`fk

Hdrkdt8 H

? O

4 M: A7 H

KEOF ODDQFDLOQKD HDZM^ MLMC_MQ@

= O

1 H8 M

? H

4 A

: O

7 H

3 M

0 M

=> O== A

=1 M

=8 A

=? ^L^-L^L

=4 Gdr` v`tdsd

HDZM^ MLMC_MQFMQ@


50/50

BMPLMBM MXFML Kuzmjjdr, Dyp Drsml XFL,Dfdbtrel`b Odvrd Bukmlomfmr, @.

Amsk, Cmz`rml, =007.

DQXEP Cmsml,Dfdbtr`b vd Ete Dfdbtrel``,=00>.

XMFKML K. Xmc`r, Mt`ffm BEHM, Qdhdp MF_@L, Kdckdt FBDQ, EteDfdbtr`b Dfdbtrel``, K`ff` D`t`k Ams k Dv`,stmlauf, 1>>>.

PMQH@ Bdkmf, fcml PTQ_BTFT, Ete Dfdbtrel``, PHD Pmylfmr,stmlauf, =00:.

_DBYGDL Droeml,Dfdbtrel`b Odldyfdr vd ^reidfdr,stmlauf, =001.

www.ea`tdt.gmz`.dou.tr

ddk.oukfup`lmr.dou.tr

cttp9//mr`.hmlbmym.dou.tr www.dfdbtrel`bolyms .hek

www.smldf.hek.tr

cttp9//mm.aeshc.od

BMPLMBM

elektronik 1 - megep - temel elektronik 2

Documents