electronics 1 lab manual.pdf

7/25/2019 Electronics 1 lab manual.pdf

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EENG 3265/EGTG 2265Electronics I

Laboratory Manual

Dr. Zhiwei Mao

September 2013Revised: August 2014


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Experiment 1Voltage Comparators

Noninverting and Inverting Amplifiers

Experiment Summing and Difference Amplifiers

Experiment Differential and Instrumentation Amplifiers

Bandpass Filter Design

Experiment 6Timers and Oscillators

Experiment 7Phase-Locked Loop

Appendix -Coded Bands of Resistors

Appendix C


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Electronics I Lab Manual 1

EXPERIM ENT 1

Voltage Comparators

PurposeUpon completion of this experiment, you will be able to: test a

noninverting zero-crossing detector; design a bipolar voltage reference;

and test noninverting voltage-level detectors.

Equipment2!DC power supply: (0 to 15 V)

Signal generator: 0 to 1kHz, (0 to 15 V)

Multimeter

Oscilloscope

Breadboard

0.5W Resistors:

General purpose Op-Amp: 741

Introduction

Fig. 1-1 shows the pin configuration of the Op-Amp used in thisexperiment, the 741. This type of Op-Amp is an integrated circuit (IC) in

a mini DIP (dual line package). V (pin 2) and V+ (pin 3) are the

inverting and non-inverting inputs, respectively. VOUT (pin 6) is the

output. +Vcc (pin 7) andVcc (pin 4) are the two power supplies needed

to power the Op-Amp. For the 741, +Vcc is +15 V andVcc is15 V.

VOUT

V-

V+

+VCC

-VCC Offset Null

Offset Null 1

2

3

45

6

7

8

741

Fig. 1-1


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Procedure1. Noninverting Zero-Crossing Detector

1-1) Construct the noninverting zero-crossing detector shown in

Fig. 1-2. Use 15 V power supplies. Set Eito a 10 V (peak)

triangle wave at a frequency of 50 Hz.+V

-V

RL

10kVo

+

-

Ei

1-2)

Switch the i and Vo

on the oscilloscope. Print the curves and label V ref and the

upper and lower saturation voltages Vsat.

1-3) Connect the signal generator to the x input of the scope and V o

of the noninverting zero-crossing detector to the y input. Set

the scope to x-y display mode. You should now see a plot of the

voltage transfer function of the noninverting zero-crossing

detector. Print this curve and label the upper and lower

saturation voltages Vsat.

2. Noninverting Voltage-Level Detector2-1)

Design a practical voltage reference circuit as in Fig. 1-3, so

that VA= +5V, VB=5V, and VCis adjustable between 5V.+V=+15V

-V=-15V

RLVo

+

-

Ei

R2

R1

R3

VA

VB Vref

+

-

VC

Fig. 1-2

Fig. 1-3


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2-2) Construct the noninverting voltage-level detector shown in Fig.

1-3. Adjust R2to set Vrefat +4V. Adjust Eito 10V peak at 50

Hz triangular wave. Display Ei and Vo on the oscilloscope.

Print the curves and label Vref and the upper and lower

saturation voltages Vsat.2-3)

Repeat Procedure 2-2 for Vref = +2.5V.

2-4) Repeat Procedure 2-2 for Vref =2.5V.

Connect the signal generator to the x input of the scope and V o

of the noninverting zero-crossing detector to the y input. Set

the scope to x-y display mode. You should now see a plot of the

voltage transfer function of the non-inverting zerocrossing

detector. Print this curve and label the upper and lower

saturation voltages Vsat.

Analysis and DiscussionExplain and compare the results obtained.


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EXPERIM ENT 2

Noninverting and Inverting Amplifiers

PurposeOne of the most important uses of the operational amplifier (Op-Amp) is

in linear negative feedback amplifiers with resistors in the feedback loop.

In this experiment, three linear Op-Amp circuits, non-inverting amplifier,

inverting amplifier and voltage follower will be studied.


Signal generator: 0 to 1kHz, (0 to 15 V)

Multimeter

Oscilloscope

Breadboard

0.25W Resistors:


Introduction

An operational amplifier (Op-Amp), shown symbolically in Fig. 2-1,provides an output voltage, referenced to ground, which is proportional

to the difference between two input voltages.

VOUTV-

V+

+VCC

-VEE

Two of the most important characteristics of the Op-Amp shown in Fig.

2-1 are:

a)

An extremely high open-loop voltage gain0

A defined by

Fig. 2-1


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CCOUTEEOUT VvVvvAv for)(0 (2-1)

b)

0 II . (2-2)

If the gain is sufficiently high, and the Op-Amp operates in its linearregion, then

00

A

vvv OUT . (2-3)

The features describe an ideal Op-Amp, which we will use as our model

in this experiment. Two additional properties of the ideal Op-Amp are

extremely high input resistance and essentially zero output resistance.

The non-inverting and inverting amplifiers are shown in Fig. 2-2.

Rf

R1

VOUT

VIN

VOUTRf

R1VIN

Note that using (2-2) and (2-3), we can show that

1

1R

R

v

v f

IN

OUT for the non-inverting amplifier (2-4)

1R

R

v

v f

IN

OUT for the inverting amplifier (2-5)

Procedure1.

Noninverting Amplifier1-1)

Construct the non-inverting amplifier in Fig. 2-2. Use 15 V

power supplies. Choose fR and 1R

range so that the voltage gain of the non-inverting amplifier is

about 20.

1-2) Adjust signal generator for a sine wave of 0.2 Vp-p at 1 kHz.

Non-Inverting Amplifier

Fig. 2-2

Inverting Amplifier


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Connect the signal generator to the input terminal of the non-

inverting amplifier. DisplayINv and OUTv on the oscilloscope,

and measure the p-p amplitudes of both waveforms.

1-3) Increase the amplitude of the input sine signal to 0.5 Vp-p, 1

Vp-p, 1.5 Vp-p and 2 Vp-p respectively and repeat Procedure1-2.

1-4)

Adjust signal generator for a sine wave of 2 Vp-p at 1 kHz.

Connect the signal generator to the input terminal of the non-

inverting amplifier. Connect the signal generator to the x input

of the scope and OUTv of the non-inverting amplifier to the y

input. Set the scope to x-y display mode, with an x sensitivity

of about 0.5 V/div. You should now see a plot of the voltage

transfer function of the non-inverting amplifier.

Print this curve and label the upper and lower saturation

voltages. The central part of the curve is the linear voltage gain

operating region. The slope of this portion is the voltage gain.

Determine the slope, INOUT dvdv / , of the line in the linear

central region.

2.

Inverting Amplifier2-1) Construct the inverting amplifier in Fig. 2-2. Use 15 V power

supplies. Choosef

R and1

R

that the voltage gain of the inverting amplifier is about -20.

2-2) Repeat Procedures 1-2 to 1-3.

2-3) Repeat Procedure 1-4.

2-4) Connect a 1 V dc input to the inverting amplifier and measure

the output voltage.

2-5)

Connect a load resistorL

R

and the ground, and then measure the output voltage.

2-6) nd measure the

output voltages.

3.

Voltage Follower3-1) Construct the voltage follower in Fig. 2-4. Use 15 V power

supplies.


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VOUT

VIN

3-2) Repeat Procedures 1-2 and 1-3 with input sine wave amplitudes

as 0.2 Vp-p, 2 Vp-p, 5 Vp-p, 10 Vp-p and 15 Vp-p respectively.

3-3) Repeat Procedure 1-4 with input sine wave amplitude as 15

Vp-p.

Prelab Work1.

Calculate theoretically the non-inverting amplifier closed-loop

voltage gain in Procedures 1-2 and 1-3.

2. Estimate the results that will be obtained in Procedure 1-4.

3. Calculate theoretically the inverting amplifier closed-loop voltage

gain in Procedure 2-2.

4.

Estimate the results that will be obtained in Procedure 2-3.

5.

Calculate theoretically the voltage follower closed-loop voltage gain

in Procedure 3-2.

Analysis and Discussion1. Calculate the non-inverting amplifier closed-loop voltage gain from

the measurements made in Procedures 1-2 and 1-3. Compare this

result with the one from theoretical analysis and discuss.

2.

Describe and explain the results obtained in Procedure 1-4.

3. Calculate the inverting amplifier closed-loop voltage gain from the

measurements made in Procedure 2-2. Compare this result with the

one from theoretical analysis. Describe and explain the results

obtained in Procedures 2-2.

4.

Describe and explain the results obtained in Procedure 2-3.

5.

Compare and explain the results obtained in Procedures 2-4 to 2-6.

Fig. 2-4


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6. Calculate the voltage follower closed-loop voltage gain from the

measurements made in Procedure 3-2. Compare this result with the

one from theoretical analysis and discuss.


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Record Sheet

Procedure 1-2 & 1-3 input: f=1 kHz

INv (Vp-p) 0.2 0.5 1 1.5 2

OUTv (Vp-p)

Procedure 2-2 input: f=1 kHz

INv (Vp-p) 0.2 0.5 1 1.5 2

OUTv (Vp-p)

Procedure 2-4 to 2-6 input: 1 V dc

LR 100 51 10

OUTv (V)

Procedure 3-2 input: f=1 kHz

INv (Vp-p) 0.2 2 5 10 15

OUTv (Vp-p)


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EXPERIM ENT 3

Summing and Difference Amplifiers

PurposeIn this experiment, two linear Op-Amp circuits, summing amplifier and

difference amplifier will be studied.


2!DC power supply: (0 to 5 V)

Multimeter

Breadboard


IntroductionThe summing and difference amplifiers are shown in Figs. 3-1 and 3-2,

respectively.

VOUTR3

R1V1

R2V2

Fig. 3-1 Summing Amplifier


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R2

R1

VOUT

V1

R3

R4

V2

We can show that

2

2

31

1

3 v

R

Rv

R

RvOUT for the summing amplifier (3-1)

2

43

4

1

211

1

2 vRR

R

R

RRv

R

RvOUT

for the difference amplifier (3-2)

Procedure1.Summing Amplifier

1-1)

Construct the summing amplifier in Fig. 3-3. Use 15 V power

supplies. Choose kRR 1021 and kR 473 .

1-2)

Adjust the dc input voltage sources to provide the input voltagelevels listed on the experiment record sheet. Record the

corresponding output voltage for each input voltage

combination.

1-3) Remove the unity-gain input buffers and then repeat Procedure

1-2.

VOUTR3

R1V1

R2

V2

Fig. 3-2 Difference Amplifier

Fig. 3-3


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2. Difference Amplifier2-1) Construct the difference amplifier in Fig. 3-2. Use 15 V power

supplies. Choose kRR 1021 and kRR 4743 .

2-2)

Adjust the dc input voltage sources to provide the input voltagelevels listed on the experiment record sheet. Record the

corresponding output voltage for each input voltage

combination.

2-3)

Connect a single voltage source to the two inputs, as shown in

Fig. 3-4. Adjust the (common-mode) input voltage to +10 V.

Measure and record the dc output voltage.

R2

R1

VOUT

VIN

R3

R4

Prelab Work1.

Calculate theoretically the sum of the input voltages applied to the

summing amplifier in Procedures 1-2 and 1-3.

2. Calculate theoretically the difference of the input voltages applied to

the difference amplifier in Procedures 2-2.

3.

Calculate theoretically the common-mode voltage gain for the

difference amplifier in Procedure 2-3.

Discussion1.

Compare the results obtained from the experimental measurements in

Procedures 1-2 and 1-3 with those calculation results, and discuss.

2.

Compare the results obtained from the experimental measurements in

Procedure 2-2 with those calculation results, and discuss.

3. From the measurement result of Procedure 2-3, calculate the

common-mode voltage gain for the difference amplifier.

Fig. 3-4


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Record Sheet

Procedure 1-2

1v (V) +0.5 -0.5 +0.5 +1 -1 +1

2v (V) +0.5 -0.5 -0.5 +1 -1 -1OUTv (V)

Procedure 1-3

1v (V) +0.5 -0.5 +0.5 +1 -1 +1

2v (V) +0.5 -0.5 -0.5 +1 -1 -1

OUTv (V)

Procedure 2-2

1v (V) +0.5 -0.5 +0.5 +1 -1 +1

2v (V) +0.5 -0.5 -0.5 +1 -1 -1

OUTv (V)

Procedure 2-3 common-mode input voltage=10 V

OUTv =


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EXPERIM ENT 4

Differential and Instrumentation Amplifiers

PurposeUpon completion of this experiment, you will be able to: measure A DIFF

for a basic differential amplifier; measure ACMand calculate CMRR for a

basic differential amplifier; test the characteristics of an AD620

instrumentation amplifier.


Digital Multimeter (DMM)

Oscilloscope

Breadboard

Resistors: 10

OP-177

Instrumentation Amplifier: AD620

Procedure1.Measure ADIFFof A Basic Differential Amplifier

1-1)

Construct the basic differential amplifier in Fig. 4-1. From

theory, calculate the differential voltage gain, ADIFF, for the

circuit shown.

1-2) With a DMM, measure both E1and E2with respect to ground

and record the values.

1-3)

Measure and record the value of Vousing a DMM.

1-4)

Calculate the differential voltage gain based on themeasurement results using the equation

21 EE

VA oDIFF


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10

15k

470

E1

E2

mR

100k

R

20k

R

20kmR

100k

+15V

-15V

VoOP-177

+15V

2. Measure ACMand CMRR of A Basic Differential Amplifier2-1)

Modify the circuit in Fig. 4-1 to include a common-mode

adjustment as shown in Fig. 4-2.

10

15k

470

E2

mR

100k

R

20k

R20k

+15V

-15V

VoCMOP-177

+15V

82k

50k

potentiometer

{mR

2-2)

Connect both inputs (+ input and - input) together to E2, whichis now the common-mode voltage ECM. Measure and record

ECM.

2-3)

possible, which is measured using a DMM. Record this value

as VoCM.

2-4) Calculate the common-mode voltage gain based on the

Fig. 4-1

Fig. 4-2


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measurement results using the equation

CM

oCMCM

E

VA

2-5)

Determine the CMRR using the equation

CM

DIFF

AACMRR

3. Instrumentation Amplifier AD620

+15V

-15V

VoAD620

4 5

6

71

8

3

2

+

-

10kpotentiometer10

15k

470

E1

E2

+15V

3-1) Construct the instrumentation amplifier as shown in Fig. 4-3.

3-2)

Set the differential gain to 10 by adjusting the 10kpotentiometer.

3-3) With a DMM, measure both E1and E2with respect to ground

and record the values. Measure and record the value of V o

using a DMM. Calculate the differential voltage gain based on

the measurement. Compare this result with the setting value of

10.

3-4) To measure the common-mode voltage gain of the AD620

instrumentation amplifier, as shown in Fig. 4-4, connect both

inputs together to E2, which is now the common-mode voltageECM. Measure and record ECM. Measure and record the output

voltage VoCMusing a DMM.

3-5) Calculate the common-mode voltage gain based on the

measurement results using the equation

CM

oCMCM

E

VA

Fig. 4-3


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Determine the CMRR using the equation

CM

DIFF

A

ACMRR

+15V

-15V

Vo

AD620

4 5

6

71

8

3

2

+

-

10k

potentiometer10

15k

470

E2

+15V

3-6)

Set the differential gain to 100 b

potentiometer. Repeat Procedures 3-3 to 3-5.

Analysis and DiscussionExplain and compare the results obtained.

Fig. 4-4


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Record Sheets

Procedure 1E1 (V) E2 (V) Vo (V)

ADIFF=

Procedure 2ECM (V) VoCM (V)

ACM=

CMRR =


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Procedure 3Setting differential gain=10

E1 (V) E2 (V) Vo (V)

ADIFF=

ECM (V) VoCM (V)

ACM=

CMRR =

Setting differential gain=100

E1 (V) E2 (V) Vo (V)

ADIFF=

ECM (V) VoCM (V)

ACM=

CMRR =


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EXPERIM ENT 5

Bandpass Filter Design

Prelab Work1.

Design a low pass filter with a cutoff frequency of 5 kHz.

2.

Design a high pass filter with a cutoff frequency of 500 Hz.

3. Cascade the two filters designed in Steps 1 and 2 to produce a

bandpass filter.

Please plot your design circuit and indicate the component values in your

designed circuit. Please also indicate the actual cutoff and resonant

frequencies and Q value of the bandpass filter.

Procedure1. Test and revise, if necessary, your design using Multisim software.2.

Test your design in the lab using breadboard and appropriate electric

components.

Note

1.

Please provide all assumptions and all details in your design.2.

Submit a lab report including all your design procedures, Multisim

simulation results, and measurement results.

3.

In your report, please address the following realistic constraintsasthey apply to your design. Explain how each of the listed constraints

impacted your selection of design strategy and your implementation

of the design. The constraints are:

Economics (cost)

Environmental

Sustainability Manufacturability

Ethical

Health and safety

Social and political


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Analysis and DiscussionCompare the results you obtained from theoretical calculation, Multisim

simulation and hardware test.


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EXPERIM ENT 6

Timers and Oscillators

PurposeUpon completion of this experiment, you will be able to design and build

oscillator circuit using a 555 timer IC.

EquipmentDC power supply: (0 to 15 V)

Digital Multimeter (DMM)

Oscilloscope

Breadboard

Capacitors: 2!0.01F, 0.05 F

555

Procedure1. Build the circuit in Fig. 6-1 with kRA 10 . Observe and print out

the waveforms for Vo and Vc. Measure tlow, thigh, and period T.

Calculate oscillation frequency f.

84

+15V

1

0.01uF

5

7

3

Vo2

6

Discharge

Output

Trigger

Threshold

ResetRA

RB

10k

C

0.01uF

Vc

Fig. 6-1


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2. Repeat Step 1 changing AR to 1k

3.

Repeat Step 1 changing C to 0.05F.

Analysis and Discussion1. Explain the operation of 555 timer when it is configured as an astablemultivibrator.

2. Compare the results you obtained in Steps 1 to 3.

3.

Compare your experiment results with theoretical calculation results.


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Record Sheet

Procedure 1

AR C tlow thigh T f

0.01 F 0.01 F

0.05 F


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EXPERIM ENT 7

Phase-Locked Loop

PurposeTo study the operation of NE565 PLL.

Equipment2!DC power supply

Signal generator

Oscilloscope

Breadboard

Resistors

Capacitors

2

NE565

Procedure1. Construct the circuit of Fig. 7-1.


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R1

2k

C1

0.001uF

2

3

5

4

8

9 1

7

6

10

+6V

-6V

C2

1uF

reference input Demod output

Ref output

0.001uF

VCO output

R2

20k

2. Set the free-running frequency of the VCO by applying power to the

circuit, but not applying a reference signal yet. Adjust 2R

until theoutput frequency of the VCO on pin 4 is 1 KHz.

3. Apply the reference signal of 1Vpp square wave to pin 2. Connect the

scope two channels to the reference input and the VCO output,

respectively.

4.

Set the reference signal to 600 Hz, approximately. Observe the two

scope traces, and record what you see. Does the loop appear to be in

lock, or out of lock at this point? Why? Provide this information in

your report.

5.

Slowly increase the frequency of the reference signal until the PLL

just locks, when the two traces will appear stable on the scope and a

phase shift will be present between the VCO and reference frequency.

This frequency is the bottom of the capture range, mincapturef . Record

Fig. 7-1


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what you see and mincapturef .

6. Slowly increase the frequency until the PLL again drops out of lock.

This frequency is the top of the lock range, maxlockf . Record what you

see and maxlockf .

7.

Slowly decrease the frequency of the reference signal until the PLL

locks again; this is maxcapturef . Finally, slowly decrease the reference

frequency until the PLL drops out of lock again; this is minlockf .

Record what you seen and these values.

8. -pass filter on pin 7, to see what

happens when the reference frequency is steady. We know it is

supposed to be smooth DC, so we will need to use the DC setting ofthe scope to see the DC component. We also know that no filter is

perfect, so some AC ripple will be present on top of the DC. Set the

reference frequency to 1 KHz, and record the oscilloscope reading of

the low-pass filter output on pin 7 of the IC. Include this graph in

Analysis and Discussion

1.

With the four frequency measurements you made, find out thecapture and lock ranges.

2. Calculate the capture and lock ranges based on the formulas

provided on data sheet, and compare them with your results from

measurements obtained in the above.

3.

Comment on the results you obtained in step 8.


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Record Sheet

mincapturef =

maxlockf =

maxcapturef =

minlockf =

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