electron linacs for cargo inspection and other industrial … · 2009-06-11 · overview a new...
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Electron Linacs for Cargo Inspection and Other Industrial Applications
Chuanxiang Tang1, Huaibi Chen1
,Yaohong Liu2
1Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua U., Beijing 100084, China2 NUCTECH Company Limited, Beijing 100084, China
International Topical Meeting on Nuclear Research Applications and Utilization of AcceleratorsVienna, Austria, 4–8 May 2009
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Modulator Pulse transformer
Magnetron
Electron Accelerator TubeTarget
380V AC
10kV Electron
gun
44kV
11kV
MicrowavepulseX-ray
Electron bunch
1. A low energy linac system
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Standing Wave Accelerating Structures
OnOn--axis magnetic coupled axis magnetic coupled bibi--period structures used period structures used in Tsinghua university.in Tsinghua university.
Side coupled structures Side coupled structures used in BMEIused in BMEI
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SW accelerating tubes6MeV accelerating tubes6MeV accelerating tubes
9MeV accelerating tubes9MeV accelerating tubes
More than 300 SW 6MeV accelerating tubes has been More than 300 SW 6MeV accelerating tubes has been produced by Tsinghua U. for medical therapy and NDT linacs.produced by Tsinghua U. for medical therapy and NDT linacs.
Electron Gun
Target
Window
Ion Pump
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S-band Linacs for X-ray Imaging
1.5 MeVSW Linac 2 MeV
SW Linac
4 MeVSW Linac
6 MeVSW Linac
9 MeVSW Linac
15 MeVSW Linac
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Traveling Wave Accelerating Structures
Bunching sectionBunching section Main accelerating sectionMain accelerating section•• Constant impedanceConstant impedance
A 9 MeV traveling -wave linac developed for cargo inspection systemsLength: 2.4 mLength: 2.4 mRF source: 5MW klystronElectron Energy: 9MeVDose Rate: 30 Gy/min-m
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SW vs TWSW TW
Gradient: ~10MeV/m ~5MeV/mEfficiency: 30~60% 20~50%Capture: 20~30% ~80%Gun voltage: 5~20kV ~40kVBand: ~200kHz ~2MHzAFC: Required not needSize: small and simple largeStability: good can be good
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X-band, C-band , S-band or L-band?• Mainly depends on:
– Requirement of different applications– Commercial microwave power source available– The knowledge and technology
• Most of the low energy linacs are s-band– The microwave power source are common and cheaper– Size and weight are medium– Technologies are easy now– Electron parameters are enough for most applications
• X-band is used for mini-systems or portable systems– Cybernife and Mobitron for radiotherapy– Mobile cargo inspections
• L-band and C-band used not common– For L-band power source can deliver more than 1MW average power,
suitable for high power electron linac used in irradiation– C-band less of commercial power source
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X Band Accelerating Structure
X BandX BandX BandX Band
S BandS BandS BandS Band
X-band 6MeV Accelerating tube
X-band 2.5MeV Accelerating tube
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X-band Magnetron is one of the main bottleneck for x-band linac’s application
BVERI X-band magnetron: 9300MHz, 1.~1.5MW, 4µs, 250Hz
E2V X-band magnetron: 9300MHz, 1.~1.5MW, 4µs, 250Hz
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What’s important for developing a linac of industrial applications?
• Reliability and Stability– Modulator– Cooling System
• Performance meeting the requirement• The simpler, the better• Easy for operating and maintenance
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A typical x-ray energy spectrum from an electron beam hitting a target
characteristic x-rays
bremsstrahlung x-rays
2. X-ray Sources
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Photons absorbed by materials
1 100.10.01Photon energy (MeV)
0.01
0.1
1
10
100Ma
ss att
enua
tion c
oeffi
cient
(cm2 /g
)
K-shell binding energy ~88 keV
L-shell binding energy ~15 keV
leadwater 3 MeV
~50 MeV
Compton Effect
Photoelectric Effect
Pair Production
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X-ray Imaging
• X-ray Photography
• Real-time Imaging
• CT imaging
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Attenuation of X-rayJ = J0 e- µx
whereJ ——intensity of the x-ray after the materials
J 0——The initial intensity of the x-ray µ——the attenuation factor , cm - 1
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3 Cargo Inspection Systems
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Cargo Inspection Systems and Their Linacs
RF source: 5MW klystronElectron Energy: 9MeVDose Rate: 30 Gy/min-m
Electron energy 6MeVElectron energy 6MeVDose rate ~12cGy/minDose rate ~12cGy/minRF Source: 2.6MW RF Source: 2.6MW MagnetronMagnetron
XX--band 2.5MeV band 2.5MeV SW Tube SW Tube Powered by a Powered by a 1MW 9300MHz 1MW 9300MHz magnetronmagnetron
SS--band 2.5MeV band 2.5MeV SW Tube SW Tube Powered by a Powered by a MG5125 MG5125 magnetronmagnetron
Fixed Relocatable mobile
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Low Target Mobile System-III with An S-band 2.5 MeV electron linac as x-ray
source
Ground Base
Normal Position of the target
Low targetCargo
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Railcar Inspection Systems
RF9066 RF9010
RF6010 RF4010
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Typical Pictures
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Smuggling Cars
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Stowaway
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Railcar Inspection with speed of 40km/h
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New Challenges• Material Identification
– Dual Energy X-rays are the most prospected technology
– Neutron technology is still under way– CT is hard to be used for large container inspection
• High throughput– Cargo driven through the inspection area– Integrate the inspection to the container transfer
process
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10 -1 100 10110 -2
10 -1
100
101
E-MeV
µ/ρ-cm
2 /gPb
Fe
AlCB
82Pb
26Fe13Al6C5B
3MeV 6MeV 9MeV
200keV::::Luggage Inspection Systems
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Dual Energy Linac
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Dual Energy Linac
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Dual Energy Linac
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Dual Energy Linac
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Dual Energy Linac
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Dual Energy Linac
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Material Discrimination Coordinate
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Organic Material
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Light Metal
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Inorganic Material
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Heavy Metal
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X-ray Source-The Dual Energy Linac• Interlaced Dual Energy
= ⋅ − ⋅V a P b I
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Dual Energy X-ray Spectra
High Energy XHigh Energy X--rayrayLow Energy XLow Energy X--rayray
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The Dual Energy Linac• Magnetron MG5193: 2.6MW, 2998MHz, 4~5ms, 300pps• Low-energy: 6-7MV and High-energy:9-10MV • Maximum doserate(un-filter):
– 6MV non-interlaced: 1000cGy/min@1m– 9MV non-interlaced: 3000cGy/min@1m– 6/9MV interlaced: 1500cGy/min@1m(500 of 6MV & 1000 of 9MV)
• 300pps in non-interlaced mode, and 150pps+150pps in interlaced mode • X-ray focal spot size: smaller than 2 mm diameter at FWHM
t
E
……
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Material Discrimination
� Unknown material
� High-energy image
� Low-energy image
� Dual-energy image
� Unveil the scanned object
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Image Example and Photo Grey Image of a Van with Different Tested Samples
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Image Example and Photo Dual-Energy Color Image of a Van with Different Tested Samples
Dual-Energy Color Image: obtained by processing of dual-energy material discrimination algorithm according to effective atomic number
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A Simplified Gantry Type System with Electron Energy 3/6MeV
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High Throughput Fast Scant Systems
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Overview� A new system especially designed for high throughput
and 100% inspection� A LINAC of 2.5MeV or 4MeV as its X-ray source � Avoiding scanning the driver cab automatically, the
vehicles pass through the scanning tunnel directly� Small footprint fits for seaports, border crossings, airports
and so on� Suitable for cargo container, empty container and
container truck inspection
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Feature-High throughput�The driver drives the vehicle through the scanning tunnel directly without stopping� The system could avoid scanning the driver cab automatically�The X-ray will be shut off as soon as the scanning finishes�Scanning speed:1m/s~4m/s (3.6km/h~15km/h) �Throughput: 200-400 units of 40ft containers per hour
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Feature-Excellent image quality�New generation of accelerator and detector enhances the system’s capability
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Feature-Non-distortion scanning images � The frequency of X-ray pulse adjusted automatically according
to the speed of the scanned vehicles, ensures the scanning images non-distortion.
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New Challenges of The Linac for Fast-Scan System
• Fast Beam On:– Normal Linac needs about 5s to have a stable beam– Cargo moving at 1m/s~4m/s means the cargo will be scanned
at an unstable beam.– We designed a linac which needs less than 5 pulses ( about
0.1s)– This is very important for driver’s safety and image quality
• Variable Repeat Frequency– The repeat frequency of the linac must change according to
the cargo’s speed
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Combined Fast Scan with Dual Energy
• At Speed of 15km/h
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4 Other Applications of Low Energy LinacsCT imaging with 9MeV Linacs in Tsinghua U.
2.5 lp/mm2.0 lp/mm
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Electron LinacHigh StabilityHigh Dose Rate Small X-ray Spot
Electron Energy 15MeVRepetition Rate 230ppsDose rate 200Gy/min@1mSpot size 1.5mm
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Linac for sterilization• Frequency:
– 2998MHz• Electron Energy:
– 5MeV• Beam Power:
– >2kW• Macro-pulse width:
– 4.7ms• Repetition rate:
– 250Hz
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Mobile Sterilization System
• Frequency: – 2998MHz
• Electron Energy:– 2.5MeV
• Beam Power:– >1kW
• Macro-pulse width:– 4.7ms
• Repetition rate:– 250Hz
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Low Energy Electron Linacs for Medical Applications
SW 6MeV Linac WDVE-6
SW 14MeV Medical Linac
SW 20MeV Linac with ES
TW 10MeV Linac BJ-10
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