electromagnetic waves he predicted electromagnetic wave … · 2003-02-27 · em waves carry energy...
TRANSCRIPT
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Electromagnetic waves
James Clerk Maxwell(1831-1879)
He predicted electromagnetic wave propagation
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Electromagnetic waves
James Clerk Maxwell(1831-1879)
He predicted electromagnetic wave propagation
A singular theoretical achievement of the 19th century
![Page 3: Electromagnetic waves He predicted electromagnetic wave … · 2003-02-27 · EM waves carry energy and linear momentum Because E and B fields store energy in them. In fact, energies](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042405/5f1e03238b14e30aeb330f04/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Electromagnetic waves
James Clerk Maxwell(1831-1879)
He predicted electromagnetic wave propagation
A singular theoretical achievement of the 19th century
It was know that time changing B induced E (Faraday’s law)
![Page 4: Electromagnetic waves He predicted electromagnetic wave … · 2003-02-27 · EM waves carry energy and linear momentum Because E and B fields store energy in them. In fact, energies](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042405/5f1e03238b14e30aeb330f04/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Electromagnetic waves
James Clerk Maxwell(1831-1879)
He predicted electromagnetic wave propagation
A singular theoretical achievement of the 19th century
It was know that time changing B induced E (Faraday’s law)
Another symmetry argument
![Page 5: Electromagnetic waves He predicted electromagnetic wave … · 2003-02-27 · EM waves carry energy and linear momentum Because E and B fields store energy in them. In fact, energies](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042405/5f1e03238b14e30aeb330f04/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Electromagnetic waves
James Clerk Maxwell(1831-1879)
He predicted electromagnetic wave propagation
A singular theoretical achievement of the 19th century
It was know that time changing B induced E (Faraday’s law)
Another symmetry argument
Maxwell hypothesized: a time changing E must induce B
![Page 6: Electromagnetic waves He predicted electromagnetic wave … · 2003-02-27 · EM waves carry energy and linear momentum Because E and B fields store energy in them. In fact, energies](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042405/5f1e03238b14e30aeb330f04/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Electromagnetic waves
James Clerk Maxwell(1831-1879)
He predicted electromagnetic wave propagation
A singular theoretical achievement of the 19th century
It was know that time changing B induced E (Faraday’s law)
Another symmetry argument
Maxwell hypothesized: a time changing E must induce B
and there was light
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Heinrich Hertz (1857-1894) in 1887 generated & detected electromagnetic (EM) waves in lab
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Hertz apparatus
Heinrich Hertz (1857-1894) in 1887 generated & detected electromagnetic (EM) waves in lab
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“L”
Hertz apparatus
Heinrich Hertz (1857-1894) in 1887 generated & detected electromagnetic (EM) waves in lab
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“L”
“C”
Hertz apparatus
Heinrich Hertz (1857-1894) in 1887 generated & detected electromagnetic (EM) waves in lab
![Page 11: Electromagnetic waves He predicted electromagnetic wave … · 2003-02-27 · EM waves carry energy and linear momentum Because E and B fields store energy in them. In fact, energies](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042405/5f1e03238b14e30aeb330f04/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
“L”
“C”
“L*”
“C*”
Hertz apparatus
Heinrich Hertz (1857-1894) in 1887 generated & detected electromagnetic (EM) waves in lab
![Page 12: Electromagnetic waves He predicted electromagnetic wave … · 2003-02-27 · EM waves carry energy and linear momentum Because E and B fields store energy in them. In fact, energies](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042405/5f1e03238b14e30aeb330f04/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
“L”
“C”
“L*”
“C*”
MHz1000 ≈f
Hertz apparatus
Heinrich Hertz (1857-1894) in 1887 generated & detected electromagnetic (EM) waves in lab
**0CL2
1LC2
1
π=
π=f
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EM wave
Hertz apparatus
Heinrich Hertz (1857-1894) in 1887 generated & detected electromagnetic (EM) waves in lab
![Page 14: Electromagnetic waves He predicted electromagnetic wave … · 2003-02-27 · EM waves carry energy and linear momentum Because E and B fields store energy in them. In fact, energies](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042405/5f1e03238b14e30aeb330f04/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
EM wave
Hertz apparatus
Heinrich Hertz (1857-1894) in 1887 generated & detected electromagnetic (EM) waves in lab
EM waves are generated because charges are accelerating
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Moving charges produce currents which in turn produce B
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Moving charges produce currents which in turn produce B
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E and B at right angles to each other and both are transverse to wave propagation direction
Transverse wave
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E and B at right angles to each other and both are transverse to wave propagation direction
Transverse wave
00
1c
εµ=
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00
1c
εµ=λ
wavelength
Transverse wave
E and B at right angles to each other and both are transverse to wave propagation direction
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00
1c
εµ=λ
wavelength
Transverse wave
E and B at right angles to each other and both are transverse to wave propagation direction
c=λ⋅f
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Properties of electromagnetic waves
Speed = c = 3.00×108 m/s
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Properties of electromagnetic waves
Speed = c = 3.00×108 m/s
Maxwell proved: cBE
=
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Properties of electromagnetic waves
Speed = c = 3.00×108 m/s
Maxwell proved: cBE
=
EM waves carry energy and linear momentum
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Properties of electromagnetic waves
Speed = c = 3.00×108 m/s
Maxwell proved: cBE
=
EM waves carry energy and linear momentum
Because E and B fields store energy in them. In fact, energies stored in E & B fields are equal.
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Let S = “intensity” = average rate at which EM-wave energy passes through a unit area perpendicular to direction of wave = W/m2.
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( ) ( )2max00
2max
0
maxmax B2
cc2
E2
BES
µ=
µ=
µ=
Let S = “intensity” = average rate at which EM-wave energy passes through a unit area perpendicular to direction of wave = W/m2.
![Page 31: Electromagnetic waves He predicted electromagnetic wave … · 2003-02-27 · EM waves carry energy and linear momentum Because E and B fields store energy in them. In fact, energies](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042405/5f1e03238b14e30aeb330f04/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
( ) ( )2max00
2max
0
maxmax B2
cc2
E2
BES
µ=
µ=
µ=
Let S = “intensity” = average rate at which EM-wave energy passes through a unit area perpendicular to direction of wave = W/m2.
Radio station with total power P: what is S at distance r from station?
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( ) ( )2max00
2max
0
maxmax B2
cc2
E2
BES
µ=
µ=
µ=
Let S = “intensity” = average rate at which EM-wave energy passes through a unit area perpendicular to direction of wave = W/m2.
Radio station with total power P: what is S at distance r from station?
2r4P
Sπ
=
![Page 33: Electromagnetic waves He predicted electromagnetic wave … · 2003-02-27 · EM waves carry energy and linear momentum Because E and B fields store energy in them. In fact, energies](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042405/5f1e03238b14e30aeb330f04/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
( ) ( )2max00
2max
0
maxmax B2
cc2
E2
BES
µ=
µ=
µ=
Let S = “intensity” = average rate at which EM-wave energy passes through a unit area perpendicular to direction of wave = W/m2.
Radio station with total power P: what is S at distance r from station?
2r4P
Sπ
=
Once you know S, you can find Emax and Bmax
![Page 34: Electromagnetic waves He predicted electromagnetic wave … · 2003-02-27 · EM waves carry energy and linear momentum Because E and B fields store energy in them. In fact, energies](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042405/5f1e03238b14e30aeb330f04/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Since the sun delivers at the surface of the earth S = ~1 kW/m2, find Emax and Bmax.
![Page 35: Electromagnetic waves He predicted electromagnetic wave … · 2003-02-27 · EM waves carry energy and linear momentum Because E and B fields store energy in them. In fact, energies](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042405/5f1e03238b14e30aeb330f04/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Since the sun delivers at the surface of the earth S = ~1 kW/m2, find Emax and Bmax.
( ) ( ) cS2E cS2E c2
ES 0max0
2max
0
2max µ=⇒µ=⇒µ
=
![Page 36: Electromagnetic waves He predicted electromagnetic wave … · 2003-02-27 · EM waves carry energy and linear momentum Because E and B fields store energy in them. In fact, energies](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042405/5f1e03238b14e30aeb330f04/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Since the sun delivers at the surface of the earth S = ~1 kW/m2, find Emax and Bmax.
( ) ( ) cS2E cS2E c2
ES 0max0
2max
0
2max µ=⇒µ=⇒µ
=
![Page 37: Electromagnetic waves He predicted electromagnetic wave … · 2003-02-27 · EM waves carry energy and linear momentum Because E and B fields store energy in them. In fact, energies](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042405/5f1e03238b14e30aeb330f04/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Since the sun delivers at the surface of the earth S = ~1 kW/m2, find Emax and Bmax.
( ) ( ) cS2E cS2E c2
ES 0max0
2max
0
2max µ=⇒µ=⇒µ
=
![Page 38: Electromagnetic waves He predicted electromagnetic wave … · 2003-02-27 · EM waves carry energy and linear momentum Because E and B fields store energy in them. In fact, energies](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042405/5f1e03238b14e30aeb330f04/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Since the sun delivers at the surface of the earth S = ~1 kW/m2, find Emax and Bmax.
( ) ( ) cS2E cS2E c2
ES 0max0
2max
0
2max µ=⇒µ=⇒µ
=
m/V 870Emax ≈
![Page 39: Electromagnetic waves He predicted electromagnetic wave … · 2003-02-27 · EM waves carry energy and linear momentum Because E and B fields store energy in them. In fact, energies](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042405/5f1e03238b14e30aeb330f04/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Since the sun delivers at the surface of the earth S = ~1 kW/m2, find Emax and Bmax.
( ) ( ) cS2E cS2E c2
ES 0max0
2max
0
2max µ=⇒µ=⇒µ
=
T 109.2c
EB 6max
max−×==m/V 870Emax ≈
![Page 40: Electromagnetic waves He predicted electromagnetic wave … · 2003-02-27 · EM waves carry energy and linear momentum Because E and B fields store energy in them. In fact, energies](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042405/5f1e03238b14e30aeb330f04/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Detecting EM waves
Detecting E-field part E
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Detecting EM waves
Detecting E-field part
C L
Antenna
E
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Detecting EM waves
Detecting E-field part
C L
Antenna
E
Detecting B-field part
•×B•
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Detecting EM waves
Detecting E-field part
C L
Antenna
E
Detecting B-field part
C L
•×B•
Loop antenna
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Detecting EM waves
Detecting E-field part
C L
Antenna
E
Detecting B-field part
C L
Inducedemf due to changing B-flux in antenna
•×B•
Loop antenna
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Linear momentum carried by EM wave
“light pressure” P (N/m2)
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Linear momentum carried by EM wave
“light pressure” P (N/m2)
Complete absorption: cS
=P
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Linear momentum carried by EM wave
“light pressure” P (N/m2)
=⋅⋅
=⋅== 2
222
mN
smmsmN
smmsJ
s/mm/W
cS
Complete absorption: cS
=P
![Page 48: Electromagnetic waves He predicted electromagnetic wave … · 2003-02-27 · EM waves carry energy and linear momentum Because E and B fields store energy in them. In fact, energies](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042405/5f1e03238b14e30aeb330f04/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Linear momentum carried by EM wave
“light pressure” P (N/m2)
=⋅⋅
=⋅== 2
222
mN
smmsmN
smmsJ
s/mm/W
cS
Complete absorption: cS
=P
Complete reflection:cS2 ⋅
=P
![Page 49: Electromagnetic waves He predicted electromagnetic wave … · 2003-02-27 · EM waves carry energy and linear momentum Because E and B fields store energy in them. In fact, energies](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042405/5f1e03238b14e30aeb330f04/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Linear momentum carried by EM wave
“light pressure” P (N/m2)
=⋅⋅
=⋅== 2
222
mN
smmsmN
smmsJ
s/mm/W
cS
Complete absorption: cS
=P
Complete reflection:cS2 ⋅
=P
Light bouncing off mirror imparts 2× more momentum to mirror
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The effect of sunlight pressure on dust in our solar system(Applying Physics 21.2, p. 672)
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dust particle of radius r and mass min orbit around sun
Sun
R
The effect of sunlight pressure on dust in our solar system(Applying Physics 21.2, p. 672)
![Page 52: Electromagnetic waves He predicted electromagnetic wave … · 2003-02-27 · EM waves carry energy and linear momentum Because E and B fields store energy in them. In fact, energies](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042405/5f1e03238b14e30aeb330f04/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
dust particle of radius r and mass min orbit around sun
Sun
R
The effect of sunlight pressure on dust in our solar system
cR4rP
cr
R4P
rcS
rF
2
2sun
2
2sun
22light
⋅=
ππ
=
π=π⋅= P
(Applying Physics 21.2, p. 672)
![Page 53: Electromagnetic waves He predicted electromagnetic wave … · 2003-02-27 · EM waves carry energy and linear momentum Because E and B fields store energy in them. In fact, energies](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042405/5f1e03238b14e30aeb330f04/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
dust particle of radius r and mass min orbit around sun
Sun
R
The effect of sunlight pressure on dust in our solar system
cR4rP
cr
R4P
rcS
rF
2
2sun
2
2sun
22light
⋅=
ππ
=
π=π⋅= P
(Applying Physics 21.2, p. 672)
Light not reflected
![Page 54: Electromagnetic waves He predicted electromagnetic wave … · 2003-02-27 · EM waves carry energy and linear momentum Because E and B fields store energy in them. In fact, energies](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042405/5f1e03238b14e30aeb330f04/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
dust particle of radius r and mass min orbit around sun
Sun
R
The effect of sunlight pressure on dust in our solar system
cR4rP
cr
R4P
rcS
rF
2
2sun
2
2sun
22light
⋅=
ππ
=
π=π⋅= P
(Applying Physics 21.2, p. 672)
Light not reflected
![Page 55: Electromagnetic waves He predicted electromagnetic wave … · 2003-02-27 · EM waves carry energy and linear momentum Because E and B fields store energy in them. In fact, energies](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042405/5f1e03238b14e30aeb330f04/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
dust particle of radius r and mass min orbit around sun
Sun
R
The effect of sunlight pressure on dust in our solar system
cR4rP
cr
R4P
rcS
rF
2
2sun
2
2sun
22light
⋅=
ππ
=
π=π⋅= P
Light not reflected
Light output power of sun
(Applying Physics 21.2, p. 672)
![Page 56: Electromagnetic waves He predicted electromagnetic wave … · 2003-02-27 · EM waves carry energy and linear momentum Because E and B fields store energy in them. In fact, energies](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042405/5f1e03238b14e30aeb330f04/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
dust particle of radius r and mass min orbit around sun
Sun
R
The effect of sunlight pressure on dust in our solar system
cR4rP
cr
R4P
rcS
rF
2
2sun
2
2sun
22light
⋅=
ππ
=
π=π⋅= P
2
3sun
2sun
gravR
r34
MG
RmMG
F
π⋅ρ⋅⋅
=⋅⋅
=
Light not reflected
Light output power of sun
(Applying Physics 21.2, p. 672)
![Page 57: Electromagnetic waves He predicted electromagnetic wave … · 2003-02-27 · EM waves carry energy and linear momentum Because E and B fields store energy in them. In fact, energies](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042405/5f1e03238b14e30aeb330f04/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
dust particle of radius r and mass min orbit around sun
Sun
R
The effect of sunlight pressure on dust in our solar system
cR4rP
cr
R4P
rcS
rF
2
2sun
2
2sun
22light
⋅=
ππ
=
π=π⋅= P
2
3sun
2sun
gravR
r34
MG
RmMG
F
π⋅ρ⋅⋅
=⋅⋅
=
Light not reflected
Light output power of sun
(Applying Physics 21.2, p. 672)
![Page 58: Electromagnetic waves He predicted electromagnetic wave … · 2003-02-27 · EM waves carry energy and linear momentum Because E and B fields store energy in them. In fact, energies](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042405/5f1e03238b14e30aeb330f04/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
dust particle of radius r and mass min orbit around sun
Sun
R
The effect of sunlight pressure on dust in our solar system
cR4rP
cr
R4P
rcS
rF
2
2sun
2
2sun
22light
⋅=
ππ
=
π=π⋅= P
2
3sun
2sun
gravR
r34
MG
RmMG
F
π⋅ρ⋅⋅
=⋅⋅
= density ofdust particle
Light not reflected
Light output power of sun
(Applying Physics 21.2, p. 672)
![Page 59: Electromagnetic waves He predicted electromagnetic wave … · 2003-02-27 · EM waves carry energy and linear momentum Because E and B fields store energy in them. In fact, energies](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042405/5f1e03238b14e30aeb330f04/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
ComputeFlight/Fgrav
ratio
![Page 60: Electromagnetic waves He predicted electromagnetic wave … · 2003-02-27 · EM waves carry energy and linear momentum Because E and B fields store energy in them. In fact, energies](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042405/5f1e03238b14e30aeb330f04/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
cR4rP
F 2
2sun
light⋅
=2
3sun
gravR
r34
MGF
π⋅ρ⋅⋅
=ComputeFlight/Fgrav
ratio
![Page 61: Electromagnetic waves He predicted electromagnetic wave … · 2003-02-27 · EM waves carry energy and linear momentum Because E and B fields store energy in them. In fact, energies](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042405/5f1e03238b14e30aeb330f04/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
cR4rP
F 2
2sun
light⋅
=2
3sun
gravR
r34
MGF
π⋅ρ⋅⋅
=
ρπ
=ρπ
=r1
c16GMP3
R3r4GMcR4rP
F
F
sun
sun23
sun
22sun
grav
light
ComputeFlight/Fgrav
ratio
![Page 62: Electromagnetic waves He predicted electromagnetic wave … · 2003-02-27 · EM waves carry energy and linear momentum Because E and B fields store energy in them. In fact, energies](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042405/5f1e03238b14e30aeb330f04/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
cR4rP
F 2
2sun
light⋅
=2
3sun
gravR
r34
MGF
π⋅ρ⋅⋅
=
ρπ
=ρπ
=r1
c16GMP3
R3r4GMcR4rP
F
F
sun
sun23
sun
22sun
grav
light
ComputeFlight/Fgrav
ratio
![Page 63: Electromagnetic waves He predicted electromagnetic wave … · 2003-02-27 · EM waves carry energy and linear momentum Because E and B fields store energy in them. In fact, energies](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042405/5f1e03238b14e30aeb330f04/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
cR4rP
F 2
2sun
light⋅
=2
3sun
gravR
r34
MGF
π⋅ρ⋅⋅
=
ρπ
=ρπ
=r1
c16GMP3
R3r4GMcR4rP
F
F
sun
sun23
sun
22sun
grav
light
ComputeFlight/Fgrav
ratio
![Page 64: Electromagnetic waves He predicted electromagnetic wave … · 2003-02-27 · EM waves carry energy and linear momentum Because E and B fields store energy in them. In fact, energies](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042405/5f1e03238b14e30aeb330f04/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
cR4rP
F 2
2sun
light⋅
=2
3sun
gravR
r34
MGF
π⋅ρ⋅⋅
=
ρπ
=ρπ
=r1
c16GMP3
R3r4GMcR4rP
F
F
sun
sun23
sun
22sun
grav
light
2
21126
sun30
sunkg
mN 108.6G W; 107.3P kg; 100.2M
⋅×=×=×= −
ComputeFlight/Fgrav
ratio
![Page 65: Electromagnetic waves He predicted electromagnetic wave … · 2003-02-27 · EM waves carry energy and linear momentum Because E and B fields store energy in them. In fact, energies](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042405/5f1e03238b14e30aeb330f04/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
cR4rP
F 2
2sun
light⋅
=2
3sun
gravR
r34
MGF
π⋅ρ⋅⋅
=
ρπ
=ρπ
=r1
c16GMP3
R3r4GMcR4rP
F
F
sun
sun23
sun
22sun
grav
light
2
21126
sun30
sunkg
mN 108.6G W; 107.3P kg; 100.2M
⋅×=×=×= −
33 kg/m 103 g/cc 3 ×=≈ρFor dust particle
ComputeFlight/Fgrav
ratio
![Page 66: Electromagnetic waves He predicted electromagnetic wave … · 2003-02-27 · EM waves carry energy and linear momentum Because E and B fields store energy in them. In fact, energies](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042405/5f1e03238b14e30aeb330f04/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
cR4rP
F 2
2sun
light⋅
=2
3sun
gravR
r34
MGF
π⋅ρ⋅⋅
=
ρπ
=ρπ
=r1
c16GMP3
R3r4GMcR4rP
F
F
sun
sun23
sun
22sun
grav
light
2
21126
sun30
sunkg
mN 108.6G W; 107.3P kg; 100.2M
⋅×=×=×= −
µ
µ=
m)(rm 18.0
F
F
grav
light
ComputeFlight/Fgrav
ratio
33 kg/m 103 g/cc 3 ×=≈ρFor dust particle
![Page 67: Electromagnetic waves He predicted electromagnetic wave … · 2003-02-27 · EM waves carry energy and linear momentum Because E and B fields store energy in them. In fact, energies](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022042405/5f1e03238b14e30aeb330f04/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
cR4rP
F 2
2sun
light⋅
=2
3sun
gravR
r34
MGF
π⋅ρ⋅⋅
=
ρπ
=ρπ
=r1
c16GMP3
R3r4GMcR4rP
F
F
sun
sun23
sun
22sun
grav
light
2
21126
sun30
sunkg
mN 108.6G W; 107.3P kg; 100.2M
⋅×=×=×= −
µ
µ=
m)(rm 18.0
F
F
grav
light
ComputeFlight/Fgrav
ratio
⇒ For r < 0.18 µm, dust particle will pushed out of solar system!
33 kg/m 103 g/cc 3 ×=≈ρFor dust particle