electrolyser market outlook green hydrogen and power-to-x … · 2020. 9. 3. · 03/09/2020 vtt –...
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Electrolyser market outlookGreen Hydrogen and Power-to-X projects overview03/09/2020 VTT – beyond the obvious
03/09/2020 VTT – beyond the obvious
300 €/kW
By 2024 at least 6 GW of electrolyser capacity installedBy 2030 at least 40 GW of electrolyser capacity installed
Green hydrogen business is taking big steps
03/09/2020 VTT – beyond the obvious
Why hydrogen?
Review on Power-to-X projects
Hydrogen strategies and scale-up to GW-size hydrogen plants
Why hydrogen?
03/09/2020 VTT – beyond the obvious
Hydrogen production and applications
03/09/2020 VTT – beyond the obvious
The Future of Hydrogen, IEA, 2019
Hydrogen comes in many colours
03/09/2020 VTT – beyond the obvious
Hydrogen production sources are often described in colours:• Green: H2 produced from renewable electricity
• Blue: H2 produced from fossil fuels combined with CCUS
• Grey: H2 produced from natural gas
• Black: H2 produced from coal
• Brown: H2 produced from lignite
• Pink: H2 produced from nuclear power
03/09/2020 VTT – beyond the obvious
Hydrogen production via waterelectrolysis needs largeamounts of renewable energycapacity to produce greenhydrogen
Current electricity grid mixesmay result in higher GHG footprint than fossil-basedroutes
How green is green hydrogen?
328
691
11726
0
200
400
600
800
gCO
2/kW
h H2
GHG footprint of different hydrogen productionroutes
Grey hydrogen Electrolysis German mix 2018
Electrolysis Finnish mix 2019 - 2020 Green hydrogen
Hydrogen safety and use for energy storage
03/09/2020 VTT – beyond the obvious
https://hydrogeneurope.eu/hydrogen-storage
Safety concerns• Non-toxic• Highly flammable• Protocols for safe handling already
exists as a result of many decadesindustrial use
• Incidents have happened on hydrogenfuelling stations in South Korea and Norway
03/09/2020 VTT – beyond the obvious
Scale-up the whole hydrogen value chain• Demand for green hydrogen must be created to scale-up production,
transportation and storage Comprehensive policies and regulations to support investements
• Reduce market uncertainty CO2 pricing
• Even with policy and scale-up measures, high CO2 emission allowanceprices for fossil production are likely to be needed
Additional revenue from by-products• Oxygen• Grid services• Waste heat
Ways to make green hydrogen feasible
What to do with the by-product oxygen?
03/09/2020 VTT – beyond the obvious
For 1 kg of generated hydrogen, 8 kg of oxygenis produced.
Oxygen has the largest global industrial gasmarket with estimated demand of $19.2 billion in 2017 and expected to grow to $22.7 billion in 2023.
The price for oxygen varies significantlydepending on end-use application.
Electrolysers can play an important role in grid balancing
03/09/2020 VTT – beyond the obvious
System-wide oversupply and limitedelectricity grid causes renewableelectricity curtailment.
Hydrogen production via electrolysiscould help to reduce curtailment.
Electrolysers can quickly ramp up and down the production. According to Energiepark Mainz report, the fastresponse times are well achievablealso in large (MW scale) systems.
https://hydrogeneurope.eu/integrate-more-renewables
Waste heat is not currently utilised properly
03/09/2020 VTT – beyond the obvious
Particularly interesting revenue source in Nordic countries Alkaline and PEM electrolysis systems operate around 45 – 80 °C
temperature range, usually 50 °C. Waste heat generated from theoperation could be utilized in suitable applications. Higher operationtemperatures are challenging due to material issues.
Some electrolyser manufacturers offer possibility for heat utilization in theirsystems• H-TEC Systems, heat extraction max 65 °C and return temperature 55 °C• ITM Power
View on recent Power-to-X projects
03/09/2020 VTT – beyond the obvious
03/09/2020 VTT – beyond the obvious
Installed capacity by commisioningyear and intented hydrogen use• As megawatts of electricity input
(MWe)
Year 2020 values based on publicly stated commisioningestimates in 2020
Over 600 MW could becommissioned through 2021
10 years of "warm-up" and now the racehas begun
World Energy Investment 2020, IEA, 2020
03/09/2020 VTT – beyond the obvious
Installed capacity by year and region• As megawatts of electricity input
(MWe)
Year 2020 values based on publicly stated commisioningestimates in 2020
Over 600 MW could becommissioned through 2021
10 years of "warm-up" and now the race has begun
World Energy Investment 2020, IEA, 2020
03/09/2020 VTT – beyond the obvious
Number of projects by electrolyser technology (IRENA 2019).
Average size of project (MW)
10 years of "warm-up" and now the race has begun
https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2019/Sep/IRENA_Hydrogen_2019.pdf
03/09/2020 VTT – beyond the obvious
Alkaline PEM SOEC
Electrical efficiency(%, LHV) 63 – 70 56 – 63 74 – 811
Stack lifetime (h) 50 000 – 90 000 30 000 – 90 000 10 000 – 30 000
Operating pressure(bar) 1 – 30 30 – 80 1
Operating temperature (°C) 60 – 80 50 – 80 650 – 1 000
CAPEX(M€2019/MWH2out)2 0.9 – 1.8 1.6 – 3.0 2.1 – 3.8
Electrolyser technology options
1 Electrical efficiency does not include steam generation energy2 Average for 2020 from (Jan Cihlar et al. 2020)
Alkaline electrolyser system cost projections
03/09/2020 VTT – beyond the obvious
CAPEX decrease of alkalineelectrolysis will benefit fromdeveloping and increasingmanufacturing volumes
https://www.agora-energiewende.de/fileadmin2/Blog/2019/Electrolysis_manufacturing_Europe/2019-11-08_Background_paper_Hydrogen_cost.pdf
PEM electrolyser system cost projections
03/09/2020 VTT – beyond the obvious
PEM electolysers can benefitfrom steep learning curve and like alkaline technology, fromdeveloping and increasingmanufacturing volumes
ITM POWER Graham Cooley, World energy council 19.5.2020 presentation
Electrolyser manufacturing capacity is increasing
03/09/2020 VTT – beyond the obvious
Water electrolysis technology productionis currently positioned in Europe and in North America
China is competing with cheapersystems
Also Japan and South Korea havestrong commitment to implementhydrogen technologies in theireconomies
https://fuelcellmaterials.com/tokyo-2020-the-first-hydrogen-olympic-games/
Electrolyser products from differentmanufaturers
03/09/2020 VTT – beyond the obvious
Green Hydrogen for a European Green Deal A 2x40 GW Initiative
Company Technology
NEL1 Alkaline (PEM)
McPhy Alkaline
ThyssenKrupp Alkaline
Hydrogenics (Cummins) Alkaline/PEM
ITM Power2 PEM
AREVA H2Gen3 PEM
Siemens PEM
Giner ELX (Plug Power) PEM
Sunfire SOEC
1 Production capacity 360 MW/year, potential to grow to 1 GW/year2 Production capacity of 300 MW/year and 1 GW/year by 20243 Production capacity of 30 electrolysers/year
Project examples 1/7
03/09/2020 VTT – beyond the obvious
Bécancour Green Hydrogen plant, 20 MW, Canada• Construction of 20 MW PEM electrolyser plant has started in Air Liquide’s
Bécancour plant site. The electrolyser is planned to be in commercial use bythe end of 2020 with hydrogen output of 3 000 tn/year.
• Project will reduce CO2 emissions by 27 000 tn/year Refhyne, 10 MW, Germany
• Shell and ITM Power will build 10 MW PEM electrolysis plant at Rhinelandrefinery for processing and upgrading the products.
• Project’s total investment is estimated to be €20 million including integration to the refinery and the plant is scheduled to be in operation in 2020
• Refinery currently uses annually 180 000 tn of hydrogen which is produced by steam methane reforming. New plant will produce hydrogen 1 300 tn/year
Nikola Corporation purchased from Nel Hydrogen Inc.• 85 MW alkaline electrolysers (40 tnH2/day) with order value of $30 million• Hydrogen for five large-scale hydrogen fueling stations (8 tn/day)
Fukushima Hydrogen Energy Research Field, Japan • Solar energy powered 10 MW electrolysis system, (Toshiba, 2020)• Balancing power grid adjusting hydrogen production• Hydrogen will be mainly transported via tube trailers for mobility and industrial
use
Project examples 2/7
03/09/2020 VTT – beyond the obvious
HySynergy, Fredericia, Denmark• Partnership between Everfuel and Shell to establish PtX plant with approximate
cost of €20 million• First phase consists of building an electrolyser capacity of 20 MW by 2022-2023• Possibility to expand facility capacity to 1 GW
Yara Pilbara renewable ammonia feasibility study, Australia• Feasibility study to investigate opportunity for multi-megawatt green hydrogen
production (50 – 60 MW)• Plant’s ammonia production capacity is 840 000 tn/year (5 % of global ammonia
market) and facility uses currently steam methane reforming process for hydrogen
• The investigated electrolysis capacity would produce enough hydrogen for 28 000 tn/year ammonia production and operation would start earliest in 2021
Project examples 3/7
03/09/2020 VTT – beyond the obvious
Project examples 4/7
03/09/2020 VTT – beyond the obvious
Nordic Blue Crude, Norway• Industrial scale Power-to-Liquid project aims to build ”E-Fuel 1” plant in
Herøya industrial park with capacity of 10 million liters of synthetichydrocarbons by 2022. Expansion potential to 100 million liters.
• Product mix consists of kerosene, diesel, wax and naphtha• Electrolyser planned to be SOEC type
Hydrogen Hub Mo., Norway• Aim to study a 2 – 4 tn/day capacity electrolyser to replace fossil fuels in
Celsa’s steel production process• Electrolysis facility would also have capacity to produce hydrogen for other
companies in the industrial park
Project examples 5/7
03/09/2020 VTT – beyond the obvious
Nouryon and Gasunie, 20 MW, the Netherlands• 30 bar high pressure alkaline electrolysis with hydrogen production
capacity of 3 000 tn/year• Hydrogen for biomethanol production to reduce CO2 emissions by up
to 27 000 tn/year Hybrit, Sweden/Finland
• Massive project to decarbonise steel industry. 10 % CO2 reduction in Sweden and 7 % in Finland
• First pilot stage alkaline electrolysis hydrogen production capacity 4.5 MW to operate 2021 - 2024
• Demonstration phase in 2025, electrolyser capacity around 400 MW
Project examples 6/7
03/09/2020 VTT – beyond the obvious
Multiplhy, The Netherlands• First high temperature electrolysis project (SOEC) in MW-scale (2.6 MW) for
industrial refining process• Hydrogen production 60 kg/h, with 20% higher efficiency than conventional low-
temperature electrolyser
GRINHY2.0, Germany • Sunfire’s 720 kW SOEC for low CO2 steel production• Expected operation time 13 000 hours by 2022 with at least 100 tons of green
hydrogen produced from renewable energy
Project examples 7/7
03/09/2020 VTT – beyond the obvious
$5 billion renewable hydrogen to ammonia project, Saudi Arabia• Air Products signed a $5 billion agreement with ACWA Power and NEOM to
build renewable hydrogen based ammonia prodcution facility.• Green ammonia is exported to global markets.• 4 GW of renewable energy (solar, wind) is converted to 650 tonnes of
hydrogen/day with Thyssenkrupp’s high-efficiency alkaline water electrolysis.• The green ammonia for global market exportion should be on produced in 2025.
5 MW PEM electrolyzer, Washington, USA • Cummins Inc. will provide 5 MW electrolyser to produce green H2• Electrolzer is powered by hydrelectricity and is expected to be operational by
2021.
Future cost of green hydrogen? Expert-views range from evangelical to
very cautious
Differences arise from differentexpectations related to• Improvements in electrolysis technology• Reduction in the cost of renewable electricity• Value of by-products (heat and oxygen)
Cost of electricity (€/MWh) is the key, butnot only, factor to determine the economics• Capacity factors play major role!
3.9.2020 VTT – beyond the obvious
2 is used for oil refining then this is tax-free!
a 35 MW H2 tehon ylittyessä, koska pienemmät laitokset eivät kuulu päästökauppaan
2 is used for oil refining then this is tax-free!
1.92 2.56 2.94 3.01 3.78 €/kgCommon variables Electolyser I variables Electolyser II variables
Economic lifetime, a 20 years Spot electricity 30 30 €/MWhWACC 7 % Transm.&tax 15 15 €/MWh
CO2 emission allowance, €/t 25 €/t Capacity 10 10 MWH2 (LHV)CO2 transp&storage, €/t 40 €/t Efficiency 67 % 67 % LHV
Spot electricity price, €/MWh 30 €/MWh CAPEX 900 900 €/kWe (@9MWe)Electricity transm. & net tax, €/MWh 15 €/MWh Full load hours 8000 4000 h/a
Natural gas, €/MWh 27.5 €/MWh Heat 0 0 €/MWhNatural gas tax, €/MWh 20.7 €/MWh Oxygen 0 0 €/t
Full load hours, h/a 8000 h/a
58
7788 90
113
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
SMR(300 MW)
SMR w/ CCS(300 MW)
Small-scale SMR(10 MW)
Electrolysis I(10 MW)
Electrolysis II(10 MW)
H 2pr
oduc
tion
cost
, €/M
Wh L
HV
CO2
Electricity
Fuel (+tax)
Other O&M
CAPEX
O2
Heat
TOTAL
03/09/2020 VTT – beyond the obvious
Future cost of green hydrogen?
2 is used for oil refining then this is tax-free!
a 35 MW H2 tehon ylittyessä, koska pienemmät laitokset eivät kuulu päästökauppaan
2 is used for oil refining then this is tax-free!
1.92 2.56 2.94 3.01 2.75 €/kgCommon variables Electolyser I variables Electolyser II variables
Economic lifetime, a 20 years Spot electricity 30 30 €/MWhWACC 7 % Transm.&tax 15 15 €/MWh
CO2 emission allowance, €/t 25 €/t Capacity 10 10 MWH2 (LHV)CO2 transp&storage, €/t 40 €/t Efficiency 67 % 67 % LHV
Spot electricity price, €/MWh 30 €/MWh CAPEX 900 300 €/kWe (@9MWe)Electricity transm. & net tax, €/MWh 15 €/MWh Full load hours 8000 4000 h/a
Natural gas, €/MWh 27.5 €/MWh Heat 0 0 €/MWhNatural gas tax, €/MWh 20.7 €/MWh Oxygen 0 0 €/t
Full load hours, h/a 8000 h/a
58
7788 90
83
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
SMR(300 MW)
SMR w/ CCS(300 MW)
Small-scale SMR(10 MW)
Electrolysis I(10 MW)
Electrolysis II(10 MW)
H 2pr
oduc
tion
cost
, €/M
Wh L
HV
CO2
Electricity
Fuel (+tax)
Other O&M
CAPEX
O2
Heat
TOTAL
03/09/2020 VTT – beyond the obvious
Future cost of green hydrogen?
2 is used for oil refining then this is tax-free!
a 35 MW H2 tehon ylittyessä, koska pienemmät laitokset eivät kuulu päästökauppaan
2 is used for oil refining then this is tax-free!
1.92 2.56 2.94 3.01 2.12 €/kgCommon variables Electolyser I variables Electolyser II variables
Economic lifetime, a 20 years Spot electricity 30 30 €/MWhWACC 7 % Transm.&tax 15 15 €/MWh
CO2 emission allowance, €/t 25 €/t Capacity 10 10 MWH2 (LHV)CO2 transp&storage, €/t 40 €/t Efficiency 67 % 67 % LHV
Spot electricity price, €/MWh 30 €/MWh CAPEX 900 300 €/kWe (@9MWe)Electricity transm. & net tax, €/MWh 15 €/MWh Full load hours 8000 4000 h/a
Natural gas, €/MWh 27.5 €/MWh Heat 0 30 €/MWhNatural gas tax, €/MWh 20.7 €/MWh Oxygen 0 30 €/t
Full load hours, h/a 8000 h/a
58
7788 90
64
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
SMR(300 MW)
SMR w/ CCS(300 MW)
Small-scale SMR(10 MW)
Electrolysis I(10 MW)
Electrolysis II(10 MW)
H 2pr
oduc
tion
cost
, €/M
Wh L
HV
CO2
Electricity
Fuel (+tax)
Other O&M
CAPEX
O2
Heat
TOTAL
03/09/2020 VTT – beyond the obvious
Future cost of green hydrogen?
2 is used for oil refining then this is tax-free!
a 35 MW H2 tehon ylittyessä, koska pienemmät laitokset eivät kuulu päästökauppaan
2 is used for oil refining then this is tax-free!
1.92 2.56 2.94 3.01 1.86 €/kgCommon variables Electolyser I variables Electolyser II variables
Economic lifetime, a 20 years Spot electricity 30 30 €/MWhWACC 7 % Transm.&tax 15 15 €/MWh
CO2 emission allowance, €/t 25 €/t Capacity 10 10 MWH2 (LHV)CO2 transp&storage, €/t 40 €/t Efficiency 67 % 67 % LHV
Spot electricity price, €/MWh 30 €/MWh CAPEX 900 300 €/kWe (@9MWe)Electricity transm. & net tax, €/MWh 15 €/MWh Full load hours 8000 8000 h/a
Natural gas, €/MWh 27.5 €/MWh Heat 0 30 €/MWhNatural gas tax, €/MWh 20.7 €/MWh Oxygen 0 30 €/t
Full load hours, h/a 8000 h/a
58
7788 90
56
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
SMR(300 MW)
SMR w/ CCS(300 MW)
Small-scale SMR(10 MW)
Electrolysis I(10 MW)
Electrolysis II(10 MW)
H 2pr
oduc
tion
cost
, €/M
Wh L
HV
CO2
Electricity
Fuel (+tax)
Other O&M
CAPEX
O2
Heat
TOTAL
03/09/2020 VTT – beyond the obvious
Future cost of green hydrogen?
2 is used for oil refining then this is tax-free!
a 35 MW H2 tehon ylittyessä, koska pienemmät laitokset eivät kuulu päästökauppaan
2 is used for oil refining then this is tax-free!
2.14 2.59 2.94 3.01 2.12 €/kgCommon variables Electolyser I variables Electolyser II variables
Economic lifetime, a 20 years Spot electricity 30 30 €/MWhWACC 7 % Transm.&tax 15 15 €/MWh
CO2 emission allowance, €/t 50 €/t Capacity 10 10 MWH2 (LHV)CO2 transp&storage, €/t 40 €/t Efficiency 67 % 67 % LHV
Spot electricity price, €/MWh 30 €/MWh CAPEX 900 300 €/kWe (@9MWe)Electricity transm. & net tax, €/MWh 15 €/MWh Full load hours 8000 4000 h/a
Natural gas, €/MWh 27.5 €/MWh Heat 0 30 €/MWhNatural gas tax, €/MWh 20.7 €/MWh Oxygen 0 30 €/t
Full load hours, h/a 8000 h/a
6478
88 90
64
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
SMR(300 MW)
SMR w/ CCS(300 MW)
Small-scale SMR(10 MW)
Electrolysis I(10 MW)
Electrolysis II(10 MW)
H 2pr
oduc
tion
cost
, €/M
Wh L
HV
CO2
Electricity
Fuel (+tax)
Other O&M
CAPEX
O2
Heat
TOTAL
03/09/2020 VTT – beyond the obvious
Future cost of green hydrogen?
Hydrogen strategies and scale-up to GW-size hydrogen plants
03/09/2020 VTT – beyond the obvious
Alkaline water electrolysis plants were in used to produce hydrogen already in the 20th century in very large scale (Godula-Jopek 2015)• 1927 hydro-power supplied 125 MW electrolysis in Rjukan, Norway• 1947 hydro-power supplied 135 MW electrolysis in Glomfjord, Norway• 1970 Aswan Electrolyser 165 MW in Egypt (Sasaki et al. 2016)
Less expensive hydrogen production method, petroleum reforming, took over in 1980s and many water electrolysis manufacturers wereforced to stop production.
Historical aspect on water electrolysis
03/09/2020 VTT – beyond the obvious
https://mb.cision.com/Public/115/9915549/bbdc5ebd4ed5a48c.pdf
Roles and interests in hydrogen utilisation vary in different countries• Europe 1) 2020 – 2024: 6 GW electrolyser capacity 2) 2025 – 2030: 40 GW
electrolyser capacity 3) 2030 – 2050: H2 technologies reach maturity• Germany will kickstart the electrolyser capacity with the targets of 5 GW by
2030, 10 GW 2035, 15 GW 2040. €7 billion support for the strategy.• Australia’s key element in National hydrogen strategy is mentioned to be
hydrogen hubs for large-scale demand and exports to Asian markets.• Japan is commited to pioneer the world’s first ”Hydrogen Society”. The
country leads the way in fuel-cell vehicle development with carmanufacturers as Toyota and Honda.
• The Netherlands strategy on hydrogen targets to build 500 MW capacity by2025 and 3 – 4 GW by 2030.
National hydrogen strategies
03/09/2020 VTT – beyond the obvious
Roles and interests in hydrogen utilisation vary in different countries• Portugal has a 2 GW production capacity target for 2030• China fuel-cell targets 5 000 by 2020 and 1 million by 2030• South Korea 6.2 million FC-vehicles and 1 200 refilling stations by 2040• United Kingdom focuses to decarbonise heat in buildings. 90 %
of customers are connected to gas network and conversion of 12 million homes to hydrogen could be done by 2050.
• Chile has enormous potential for solar energy production (Atacama desert) and has plans to be exporter of the hydrogen to Japan and South Korea.
• Norway hydrogen production (high temperature) from hydropower and wind. Storage and uses in transport, particularly in maritime.
• Several countries in Africa, Denmark, France, Austria, Saudi-Arabia, etc. Finland: VTT is currently conducting H2 roadmap for Finland as a
Business Finland assignment
National hydrogen strategies
03/09/2020 VTT – beyond the obvious
03/09/2020 VTT – beyond the obvious
Project Location Year Capacity Application
The Murchison Renewable Hydrogen Project Australia 20191 5 GW For own use and export
to Asia (Japan/Korea)
NorthH2 TheNetherlands
2030-2040
3 - 4 GW 203010 GW 2040 For industrial customers
H2-Hub Australia 20252 3 GW
Copenhagen decarbonising Copenhagen, Denmark 20303 1.3 GW E-fuels for transport
Hyport Duqm Oman 20214 0.25 – 0.5 GW (first stage)
For chemical industry in Oman and H2 and itsderivatives to Europe
Early stage plans for GW-scalePower-to-X plants
1 A comprehensive communications and stakeholder engagement process is being planned to commence for November 2019
4 The final investment decision can be expected in 2021.
2 Initial operations beginning in 20253 First phase includes the electrolyser (10 MW) and is ready by 2023. In second phase H2 is combined with CO2. Fully expanded plant by 2030.
EU with North Africa and Ukraine can together build worldleading industry for renewable hydrogen production• Europe and Ukraine have good renewable energy resources,
existing gas infrastructure and Europe has also leading industryfor electrolyser manufacturing.
• North Africa has vast renewable energy sources 40 GW electrolysis capacity in the EU by 2030 and 40 GW
electrolysis capacity in North Africa and Ukraine• Total investments would be €25 – 30 billion• 140 000 – 170 000 jobs would be created• 82 million ton of CO2 emissions would be avoided
Green Hydrogen for European Green DealA 2x40 GW Initiative
03/09/2020 VTT – beyond the obvious
Green Hydrogen for a European Green Deal A 2x40 GW Initiative, Hydrogen Europe, 2020
03/09/2020 VTT – beyond the obvious
Electricity demand for scaled uphydrogen production
1 Different estimations for hydrogen’s share of total final energy use in 20502 Electrolyser system efficiency 70 %
Source IRENA Hydrogen Council BloombergNEFH2 share1 6 % (6 600 TWh) 18 % (20 000 TWh) 7 % (7 500 TWh)
24 % (27 500 TWh)Electricitydemand2
9 500 TWh 28 600 TWh 10 700 TWh39 300 TWh
Total electricity production in the world 27 000 TWh (2018), IRENA Total renewable electricity 6 586 TWh (2018), IEA
Bundesnetzaentur, 2019 CSIRO, 2018 Godula-Jopek, Agata, Hydrogen Production: by Electrolysis, 2015 Hydrogen Council, 2020 Hydrogen Economy Outlook - Key messages, BloombergNEF, 2020 Hydrogen Europe, 2020. Green Hydrogen for a European Green Deal A 2x40 GW Initiative IRENA, 2019 Post Covid-19 and the hydrogen sector, Hydrogen Europe, 2020 Reuters, 2019 Sasaki et al. 2016 The future of Hydrogen, IEA, 2019 Toshiba, 2020 Vermeulen, U. (2017). Turning a hydrogen economy into reality. Presentation at 28th
meeting Steering committee IPHE, the Hague. World Energy Investment 2020, IEA, 2020
Key references
03/09/2020 VTT – beyond the obvious
03/09/2020 VTT – beyond the obvious
1 MW electrolyser 200 Nm3/h H218 kg/h H2
55 kWh of electricity 1 kg H28 kg O210 kg demineralized H2O
1 kgH2
11.1 Nm3
33.3 kWh (LHV) 39.4 kWh (HHV)3.77 dm3 of gasoline
Appendix: Hydrogen and electrolyser math
Mikko [email protected]+358 40 683 4502
Janne Kä[email protected]+358 40 751 0053
beccu.fidecarbonate.fi
www.vtt.fi