ElectricityPrinciples of Electricity as it is related

to hair

Electricity• Form of energy – produces light,

heat, magnetic and chemical changes.

Current

• Flow of electrons along a path called a conductor.

Load• Electrically

powered appliances – Ex.

Blowdryer or curling iron

Conductors

• Material that best transports electricity to a load.– Silver and copper are best (contain ions)– Water and human body are conductors

Insulators• Material that does not allow current to pass

through it.• Protects user from current.

– Silk, wood, plastic, rubber, glass, paper, brick, cloth, alcohol, oil and pure distilled water.

– Old cords, rubber insulators with fabric coating.• Became easily frayed, caused shorts

Cord Safety• Cord – copper wire insulated with rubber

• Keep cords free of kinks to prevent breaks which might cause electrical shock.

Measures of Electricity

Amp• Measures the strength

• Power box to the house supplies amps.

• Amp rating show how much strength.

Volt• Measures pressure

• Measures how hard electrons are pushed by source.

• 110 to 220V

• 220 has V prongs on plug

• Large motors need 220

Ohm• Measures Resistance

• Measures how difficult it is to push electrons through a conductor.

• OHM’s rating = resistance of motion of electrons.

Watt• Measures Amount

Used

• 1 watt is small amount of energy

• Blowdryer = 1000 watts per second

• 1000 watts = 1 kilowatt

Hertz

• Measures Frequency

• Hertz = Hz

• Nameplate gives listing of Hz

Electric Current• Exists in two forms:

– DC – Direct Current – electrons move at an even rate; flow is in one direction.

– AC – Alternating Current – electrons flow first in one direction and then in the other.

Sources of Electricity• Converter changes DC to AC

• Rectifier changes AC to DC

ConverterRectifier

Generator

• Produce alternating current

• Uses mechanical energy to produce flow of electrons.

Diesel Generator

Boiler/Steam Generator

Wind Generator

Solar Powered Generator

Battery• Has a positive (+) and negative (-) terminal

• Produces direct current only

• Electrons flow toward positive terminal

Producing Electric Current

• Must have a SOURCE and CIRCUIT.

Circuit

Source

Circuit• Path through which electrons travel.

– Closed – Electrons leave the source and operate an appliance.

– Open – Broken path of electron flow.Open Closed

Parallel Wiring• Several loads can operate at once or at

different times;

• use parallel wiring in salon.

Parallel Wiring in the Salon

Series Wiring• All loads must run at the same time

Overload• More current

flows than the line is designed to carry.

• Frequent problem due to the number of stylist and electrical items used in salons.

Short Circuit

• Be sure to check cords for any breaks in the wire. – Often happens when curling

irons or flat irons are left on and the cord comes in contact with the hot iron causing the cord to melt.

Safety Measures

Fuse• Connects directly to the circuits in the

power box

• Contains fine metal wire that allows current to flow through it.

• Overload = melted wire

• Fuse can not be reused

Circuit Breaker• Connects directly to the

circuits in the power box.

• Reusable device that breaks flow of current when over load occurs.

• 2 pieces of metal make contact-separate if circuit is broken.

Grounding Wire(3 – wire system)

• Protects user with certain appliances

• Prevents excess flow of current from going to user

• 3 – prongs, round one connects to grounded wall socket– It is not safe to plug a 3-

prong cord into a 2-prong socket.

First Aid for Shock• Step 1 – Knock person

out of the circuit by using an insulator; broom or plastic pail.

• Step 2 – Unplug the appliance use an insulator to avoid circuit.

• Step 3 – Rush to the power box and turn off all circuit breakers.

Local Shock Procedure• Local Shock - Passes

through small part of the body.– Immerse in cold water

immediately– If severe – take to

hospital– Keep immersed until

cold and stopped swelling

– Blot dry and apply antiseptic cream

General Shock Procedure

• General Shock - Passes through the nervous system.– First – Break the circuit

before touching the person; dial 9-1-1.

– Start CPR; continue with CPR until emergency team arrives.

Electrical Fires Emergency Procedures

• Remember: NO WATER!– Turn off the circuit– Smother the fire with

rug, towel or powder.

Electricity By Use In the Salon• Thermal/Heat Examples:

– Generates heat– Curling Irons

• Combination Examples:– Generates heat and produces flow

of air– Blow Dryers

• Mechanical Examples:– Has a motor– Clippers

Electricity Talking Points

Electricity in Cosmetology

Before Electricity

Effects of Electric Current

• Heating– More resistance = more heat– Heating elements heat up when current flows

through.

• Mechanical or Magnetic– Push – pull effect causes motor to turn

• Electrochemical– Electric current travels through a water –

based solution to produce relaxing or stimulating effects.

Electrotherapy• Application of special currents (modalities)

that have certain effects on the skin.

Electrode• Safe contact point

through which current can pass to client.

• Usually made from carbon, glass or metal.

• Requires two electrodes. – One negative and one

positive.

Polarity• Indicates the negative or positive pole of an

electric current. – Positive electrode – anode – usually red and

marked with a “P” or “+” sign.– Negative electrode – cathode – usually black and

marked with “N” or “-” sign.

Galvanic Current• Oldest form of electrotherapy• Appliance (rectifier that is built

into the machine) necessary to convert AC to DC

• Direct current – low volt and high amp

• Chemical effects caused by passing current through acid or alkaline solutions and/or by passing current through body tissues and fluids.

Effects of Galvanic CurrentPositive Pole (Anode)

Produces acidic reactions

Closes the pores

Soothes nerves

Decreases blood supply

Contracts blood vessels

Hardens and firms tissues

Negative Pole (Cathode) Produces alkaline

reactions

Opens the pores

Stimulates and irritates the nerves

Increases blood supply

Expands blood vessels

Softens tissues

How to Use Galvanic Current

Phoresis (Bleaching)• Process of forcing an acid

or alkali into the skin by applying current to the chemical.

• Chemical penetrates the skin without breaking the skin.– Most typical application

of Galvanic Current

AnaphoresisNegative Pole

• Process of forcing liquids into tissues from the negative toward the positive pole. – Desincrustation – used to

soften and emulsify grease deposits (oil) and blackheads in the hair follicles.

– Used to treat acne, milia, and comedones.

CataphoresisPositive Pole

• Forces acidic substances into deeper tissues using galvanic current from the positive toward the negative pole.

Caution!!Do not use negative galvanic

current on skin with broken capillaries or pustular acne

conditions, or on a client with high blood pressure or

metal implants!!

How to Use Phoresis

Faradic• Alternating current; produces mechanical effect;

stimulates nerve and muscle tissue.– Improved blood circulation, muscle tone, stimulation

of hair growth, increased glandular activity.– Today it is primarily used to improve muscle tone.

Sinusoidal• Alternating current• Mechanical effect• Penetrates deeper than faradic• Greater Stimulation – causes

muscle contractions• Should never be used on

unhealthy or broken skin.

Tesla• High-frequency current “violet ray”• Alternating current – produces a vibrating

effect making this a stimulating current.• Different voltages produce heat• Can offer stimulation or relaxation

– Improved blood circulation– Increased rate of metabolism– Increased sebaceous gland activity– Relieves Congestion

Faradic, Sinusoidal and Telsa are all alternating currents (AC).

Electrotherapy Web

Light Therapy• Visible light is

electromagnetic radiation that we can see.– Also called “radiant energy” –

carries, or radiates, energy through space on waves.

– Distance between two successive peaks is called the wavelength.

• Low frequency – Long wavelengths (fewer waves).

• High frequency – Short wavelengths (more waves).

• Electromagnetic Spectrum – the entire range of electromagnetic radiation.– Visible light – the part of the electromagnetic

spectrum that we can see.• Makes up 35% of natural sunlight.

– Ultraviolet rays and Infrared rays – also forms of electomagnetic radiation.

• Invisible – wavelengths are beyond the visible spectrum of light.

• Makes up 65% of natural sunlight.

Infrared Rays• Make up 60% of

natural sunlight.

• Longer wavelengths

• Penetrate deeper

• Produce more heat

Infrared Lamps• Used mainly during

hair treatments and to process hair color. – Operate at a

distance of at least 30 inches for exposure time of about 5 min.

– Never leave client unattended.

Visible Light• Rays that are the primary source of light

used in facial and scalp treatments.

• Bulbs used are white, red and blue.– White light – “combination light” – combination

of all visible rays of the spectrum.

Red

Orange

Yellow

Green

Blue

Indigo

Violet

Blue Light• Only used on bare

oily skin

• Contains fewer heat rays

• Least penetrating

• Some germicidal and chemical benefits

Red Light• Used on dry skin

in combination with oils and creams.

• Penetrates the deepest.

• Produces most heat.

Ultraviolet (UV) Rays• Make up 5% of natural sunlight

• Shorter wavelengths

• Penetrate less

• Produce less heat than visible light.

• Produce chemical effects and kills germs.

• Prompts the skin to produce Vitamin D– Fat-soluble vitamin that promotes

mineralization of bones.

Overexposure to UV Rays• Can cause premature

aging of the skin and skin cancer!!– Over 1 million new cases of

skin cancer diagnosed each year.

– Estimated 1 in 5 Americans will develop skin cancer.

• 90% are result of overexposure to UV rays from sun, sun lamps, and tanning beds.

Before

After

Application of UV Rays• Can be beneficial if

done with utmost care.

• Apply with lamp at a distance of 30 to 36 inches.

• Begin with exposure times of 2 to 3 minutes.– Gradually increase to 7

or 8 minutes.

Light Therapy Web

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