++

+++ ++++

NEUCLEUS

ELECTRONS

1 P+

1

NUMBER OFORBITING ELECTRONS

ORBITING ELECTRONS

SHELL

NUCLEUS(1 PROTON)

2 P2 N+

2

NUCLEUS(2 PROTONS

2 NEUTRONS)

HYDROGEN ATOM HELIUM ATOM(a) (b)

29 P35 N

2

8

18

1

FIRST SHELL

SECOND SHELL

THIRD SHELL

FOURTH SHELL

NECLEUS(29 PROTONS,35 NEUTRONS)

ATOMIC NUMBER =29ATOMIC WEIGHT = 64

ELECTRON FLOW

BATTERY

NEGATIVECHARGES

POSITIVECHARGES

OPPOSITECHARGESATTRACT

LIKE +CHARGES

REPEL

LIKE –CHARGES

REPEL

NEGATIVEOBJECT

POSITIVEOBJECT

ELECTROSTATICLINES OF FORCE

CONDUCTOR

ELECTRONS

CONVENTIONALCURRENT

POTENTIAL DIFFERENCEIN VOLTS

A B

ELECTRONTHEORY

CONVENTIONALTHEORY

++

+++

FREE ELECTRONS

NEUTRONS

PROTONS

++++

R Ω2 X R Ω

R Ω R2 ΩB .

80°F 125°F

5Ω

6Ω

Res

ista

nce

Temperature

C.A .

CONDUCTIVITY CHARTConductor

Silver

Copper

GoldAluminum

Zinc

Brass

Iron

Tin

Conductivity (to copper)1.0641.0000.7070.6590.2880.2430.1780.018

COMMON INSULATORS

RubberMicaWax or ParaffinPorcelainBakelite

PlasticsGlass

Dry WoodAir

Fiberglass

Diameter (mils) Ohms per 1000 ft

102.980.864.150.840.332.025.410.0

3.10

101214161820222426

2.5254.0166.385

10.1516.14

103.21049.0

.9989

1.588

AWG