electrical engineering department, amirkabir university of technology, tehran, iran m. poursistani...
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Electrical Engineering Department, Amirkabir University of Technology,
Tehran, Iran
M. Poursistani N. Hajilu G. B. Gharehpetian M. Shafiei
CHP Systems in Iranian Industry and Its Comparison with CHP Application
in Europe: A Case Study
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What is a CHP SYSTEM?CHP is on-site generation of electricity and the utilization of the heat that is a by-product of the electricity generation.
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1. SHP or CHP?
Separate Heat and Power (SHP) generation problems are:
Each one has a low efficiency
Electrical power transmission and
distribution losses are high
Heat transferis expensive and
difficult
High environmental
pollution
High fuel consumption
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Combined Heat and Power (CHP) generation benefits are:
Considerable fuel consumption
savingLower emission
Increasing the total efficiency of power generation
units
Increasing flexibility of
system
Offering thermal energy for consumers
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2. CHP SYSTEMS IN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES
The European Commission had set a target of 18% to participate in CHP technology by 2010 in its 1997 strategy.
According to the latest statistics, the portion of the co-generation in the electricity production in Europe was about 11.2% in 2011.
Latvia, Denmark, Lithuania and Finland have the highest percent of CHP based generated power respected to their total power generation.
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This figure shows the share of the CHP power generation in European countries in 2011
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3. CHP Systems in Germany
The contribution of the CHP systems in German power generation system in 2005 was 12.6% .
In 2011, it was 13.1% (90TWh ).
Today, Germany CHP market is the biggest one in Europe (more than 20% of the cogenerated electricity of EU)
In 2050, the target is 25% .
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2020 2050
Reduction in contaminants
emissions compared to 1990
levels
At least80%
Total Energy Supply 18% 60%
The Gross Electricity Consumption35% 80%
40%
Reduction inPrimary Energy Consumption
35% 80%
By using CHP
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4. CHP Systems in Iran
Low efficien
cy
Growth on
demand
High electrical
losses
Increasing environmental pollution
Therefore, CHP Technologies
are necessary in Iran
Our problems, as a result, motivations are:
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But ,our barriers are:
Lack of knowledge about CHP benefits and savings
lack of enough space for installing CHP systems
CHP project implementation procedure is not clear for some industries.
Lack of integrated urban heating/cooling supply system.
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High energy subsidies
High capital cost of smaller CHP units for small scale applications
Sanctions on Iran
Lack of a coordinated and long term strategy and policy for the heat generation sector .
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FCs and Micro-Turbines
Reciprocating Engines
Gas Turbine
High-Tech
Not Popular
Suitable Choice
Prim-movers can be as follows:
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Incentives in Iran are:
The government provides 60-80 percent of the capital cost of DGs as long term loans.
Buying electric power of CHP systems is also warranted by government for up to five years.
The gas needed for electric and heat power generation, has a subsidy.
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5. Suggestions for International Collaboration
Evaluating growth potentials in Iran for energy markets.
Determination of the best practice policies.
Development of an international CHP network, to share experiences and ideas.
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CASE STUDY
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prime-mover
storage tank
back-up boiler
The CHP System components, shown in this figure, are:
6. Cirjan city Tire and Rubber Industry
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Hourly electric and thermal loads of this factory have been shown in these figures:
Electrical load
Thermal load
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In this study, we want :
to meet the electrical and thermal demands with minimum running cost,
determine optimal capacity of the CHP generator and
compare the results with European cases.
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The following cost function of the CHP system has been minimized by PSO algorithm:
CHP boiler CHP Boiler
l inv inv run run
utility utility utility
pur dem sale
totaC C C C C
C C C
-
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Item
Natural gas Heat rate (kWh/m3) 12.8
Boiler
Efficiency (%) 80
Capital cost ($/kW) 90.91
Lifetime (year) 20
CHP plant
Efficiency (%) 34.8
Heat/electricity ratio 1.5
Capital cost ($/kW) 1760
Lifetime (year) 20
Others Real interest rate (%) 15
Important system data has been listed in this table and
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Gas
price($/kWh)
Electricity price ($/kWh)
peak load hoursmedium
load hours
low load
hours
Iran case with
subsidies0.001 0.032 0.016 0.008
Iran case with
redirected subsidies
0.0055 0.16 0.08 0.04
France 0.084 0.19 0.19 0.19
Germany 0.09 0.35 0.35 0.35
the energy prices have been given here:
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ResultsIn Iran with
subsidies
In Iran with
redirected subsidies
In France
In Germany
Cost of SHP ($)
614751.7 2603981.1 7569605.3 9602991.9
Operating cost of CHP($)
404254.9 2218237.1 6299537.03 8092366.4
Capital cost of CHP($)
1219001.2 1727934.2 1849159.9 1933040.6
Total cost of CHP($)
1623256.1 3946171.3 8148696.9 10025406.9
Profitability (in first year) ($)
-1008504.3 -1342190.2 -579091.71 -422415.1
Optimal capacity of CHP(kW)
1010 1489 1605 1687
7. Simulation Results
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IRR after
year No.
Iran case with
subsidies
Iran case with
redirected subsidies
France Germany
1 -83% -78% -46% -38%
3 -27% -18% 29% 39%
5 -5% 4% 46% 55%
10 11% 18% 54% 61%
15 15% 21% 54% 62%
20 16% 22% 54% 62%
The internal rate of return (IRR) analysis has been given here:
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The optimal sizing of the CHP is essential for economic investment.
The utilization of the CHP system can reduce the total energy consumption .
The energy price policies have an important role in increasing the economical benefits of CHP systems.
Due to higher energy prices in European countries, such as France and Germany, the installation of the CHP system is more economic than Iran case.
8. Conclusions
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Redirecting subsidies is necessary for Iranian power system.
The profitability of the CHP system under unsubsidized energy prices is considerable.
Increasing the energy prices results in the application of CHPs with higher capacities.
In Iran, the installation of the CHP system will be profitable in 6-th and 5-th year with and without considering subsidies, respectively
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