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Ball State Architecture | ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 2 | Grondzik 1

ELECTRIC LAMPS


Lamps –The First or Last Thing Considered?

Lamp Desired result

Luminaire Patterns

Placement in space Placements

Lighting patterns Luminaire

Desired result ? Lamp

method-focused-process outcome-focused process

the outcome-based approach seems best left to the experienced


A Brief History of Lamps

IESNA Lighting Handbook (9th Edition)


An Annotated

Brief History of

Lamps

Daylight

Daylight


Terminology

• Lamp– Any manufactured source of light (electric,

kerosene, candle, gas, …)– Avoid the word “bulb” — often a lamp is not

a bulb shape

• Luminaire– A light fixture — with electrical connection,

structural support, and light control elements

– Using “light fixture” is fine (“fixture” by itself is too vague)


Why Use Electric Lamps?

• It gets dark at night (no daylight)

• Light output is not radically variable (as daylight is)

• Light source is within the building envelope (as opposed to daylight) and within the space to be lit

• Electricity is readily available

• People accept them

• They are convenient

• They do not require a major architectural design involvement (consultants can do lighting design)


Electric Lamp Characteristics—1

• Luminous output (lumens)• Luminous intensity (each lamp has numerous

values: candela)• Color (there are several indicators, such as CRI)• Luminous efficacy (lumens per watt)• Life (burning hours)• Lumen depreciation (over life: decimal value)• First cost (dollars)• Dimming capabilities (description)


Electric Lamp Characteristics—2

• Start-up time (minutes)

• Restrike (restart) time (minutes)

• Focusability (description)

• Reliability (mean time between failures)

• Appropriateness (an opinion)

• Electrical requirements (voltage, wattage)

• Temperature requirements (deg F)

• Others (vibration, replacement match, …)


Sample Lamp Characteristics


the bottom line is: there is substantial variety in characteristics


Electric Lamp Families(broad categories)

• Incandescent– Current flows through and heats a filament

• Gaseous Discharge– Current flows through and interacts with a fill gas

• LED– Light emitting diode

• Other lamps– Induction, electrochemical, etc.


Electric Lamp Families(broad comments)

• Incandescent– Historic, lots of uses and varieties, being phased out

• Gaseous Discharge– Lots of uses and varieties, will be with us for a while

• LED– Readily available, but not quite ready for prime time

• Other lamps– Generally experimental


INCANDESCENT Lamps

● General service● Tungsten-halogen● Special

Condensed tungstenTungsten filamentGlass bulbInert fill gasElectrical connection


Incandescent Lamp Shapes


these (Edison’s idea) are still used for a range of purposes


IncandescentLamp

Shapes

Pacific Energy Center

San Francisco, CA


General Service Incandescents

“A” bulb ^

Reflector >

Globe >

Candle >>


General Service Incandescent

condition of service (exterior) and light control needs define a floodlamp


Automotive Incandescents

low voltage, rough duty, special connectors


Tungsten-Halogen Incandescent

electrical connection halogen fill filament quartz bulb

a compact and intense

incandescent source


MR16 - Tungsten-Halogen

shielded standard dichroic (cool)

a common and popular

incandescent lamp

usually used for display

or accent lighting


Tungsten-Halogen Lamps

encapsulated tungsten-halogen lamps(an alternative to general service incandescents)


On the Far Geographic Horizon


On the Near Horizon

Federal (US) legislation

… state efforts became moot when the federal government enacted the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007in December 2007, requiring all general-purpose light bulbs that produce 310–2600 lumens of light be 30% more energy

efficient (similar to current halogen lamps) than current incandescent bulbs by 2012 to 2014. The efficiency

standards will start with 100-watt bulbs in January 2012 and end with 40-watt bulbs in January 2014.


On the Not-so-Near Horizon

Federal legislation …

Light bulbs outside of this range are exempt from the restrictions (historically, less than 40 Watts or more than 150 Watts). Also exempt are several classes of specialty lights, including appliance lamps, rough service bulbs, 3-

way, colored lamps, and plant lights.

By 2020, a second tier of restrictions would become effective; which requires all general-purpose bulbs to produce at least 45 lumens per watt (similar to current CFLs). Exempt from the Act are reflector flood, 3-way, candelabra, colored, and

other specialty bulbs.


GASEOUS DISCHARGE Lamps

• Fluorescent (low-pressure mercury)– Compact fluorescent– Tubular

• HID (high intensity discharge)– Mercury vapor– Metal halide– High-pressure sodium vapor– Low-pressure sodium vapor

increasing luminous efficacy


Ballast What’s a Ballast?

A ballast is required to operate all types

of gaseous discharge lamps– This device provides a high voltage to start the

lamp and controls operating current once started; it can correct power factor, can provide dimming capability, can run a lamp at high frequency (providing for more efficient operation)

– Magnetic: old type ballast, being phased out

– Electronic: newer type, common, less noisy, more efficient than magnetic, the norm in new design work


Fluorescent Ballasts

note electronic circuit board

Pacific Energy Center, San Francisco, CA


Fluorescent Lamp Operation


electrons flow through tube, encounter molecules of fill gas,

change the energy state of the molecules, which produces photons

of UV radiation, which is then absorbed by the phosphor

coating on the tube … releasing photons of light


Fluorescent Lamp Operation


phos

pho

rno

pho

spho

r


Fluorescent Lamp Shapes



Fluorescent Lamp Shapes

Pacific Energy CenterSan Francisco


Fluorescent LampShapes

diameter in 8ths of an inch

T-12T-8T-5

increasing efficiency


Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFL)

a common replacement for incandescents


HID Lamps(High Intensity Discharge)

mercury vapor metal halide sodium vapor


HID Lamps

mercury vapor metal halide sodium vapor

Pacific Energy Center, San Francisco


LED and Other Lamps

neon (gaseous discharge) induction

LED—generating huge interest,but not quite yet mainstream


Luminous Efficacies


white LED (100,000 hours life)

if we draw a line in the sand and demand higher efficacies,

many lamp options go away


So Why Use Daylight?

Square One: www.squ1.com


Because it’s Dark at Night?


incandescent lamps bannedincandescent lamps restrictedincentives to replace incandescent lamps


Something to Consider

“When asked if we have enough time

to prevent catastrophe,

she'd always say that we have

exactly enough time -- starting now”

Amory Lovins' eulogy for Donella Meadows

global climate change will be a catastrophe for many

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