Eleanor Roosevelt

• Most influential first lady

• Champion of the dispossessed

Frances Perkins

• First female cabinet member- Secretary of Labor

1932 Campaign

• Hoover- said recovery was just around the corner

• FDR- willing to try bold experimentation

1932 Election• FDR wins in a landslide

• African Americans shifted from Republican to Democratic

Hoover- early 1933

• Wanted FDR to stick to anti-inflationary policies

Glass-Steagall Act

• Created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation to insure bank deposits

• FDR wanted to stimulate inflation with “managed currency”

Demagogues

• Huey P. Long- promised to give all families $5,000

• Father Coughlin- anti-Semitic

National Recovery Act (NRA)

• Required too much sacrifice on the part of industry, labor and the public

Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)

• Attempted to reduce farm production

Indian Reorganization Act of 1934

• Reversed force assimilation

• Established tribal self-government

Federal Securities Act and Securities Exchange Commission

• Provide full disclosure of information

• Prevent insider trading with the NY Stock Exchange

Tennessee Valley Authority• Tennessee Valley was a hundred years

behind the rest of the US

• Improved Navigation, flood control and power from high dams

• Electrical Power- controversial aspect

Wagner Act of 1935

• Gave labor the right to bargain collectively

Supreme Court

• After packing scandal, supported more New Deal Programs

Civilian Conservation Corps

• Worked on natural projects

• Men were required to send portion of earnings home

New Deal

• Provided moderate social reform without radical revolution or reactionary fascism

London Economic Conference

• Boycotted by FDR- felt it stabilizing national currencies would hurt US recovery

Soviet Union

• Recognized by FDR- viewed as a possible ally against Germany and Japan

Philippines

• Became an economic liability for the US

Good Neighbor Policy

• FDR viewed Latin America as allies to defend the western hemisphere against dictators

FDR’s Foreign-Trade Policy

• Lowered tariffs to encourage trade

American Attitudes

• 1930s- most Americans wanted to retreat further into isolationism

• By mid-1930s- support for a constitutional amendment requiring a popular referendum to declare war

Neutrality Acts• Americans would not sail on ships of

warring nations

• US would not sell weapons to any warring nations

• This style

look familiar?

Spanish Civil War

• US remained neutral

• Spain became a fascist dictatorship

Jewish Refugees

• Not fully accepted by America

• US had a difficult time imagining the Holocaust could be happening

Fall of France• US responded by passing a conscription

law

• US gave GB destroyers in exchange for naval bases in the Western hemisphere

• Basically ended US neutrality

• US public opinion wanted to support GB, but stay out of fighting

FDR’s Third Term

• Broke with precedence established by G. Washington

• Completely constitutional at that point (22nd Amendment passed later)

• Motivated by belief that US needed his leadership with impending international crisis

Lend-Lease Aid

• Available to Soviets after German invasion

Pearl Harbor

• Ended public reluctance to enter WW II

US Entry in WW II

• Public wanted revenge – no idea what the war was about

• Retooled industry for war production

Japanese Americans

• Viewed as possible saboteurs

• Relocated away from West coast

Synthetic Rubber

• Government commissioned production to offset loss of access to prewar supply in SE Asia

Women’s Roles in WW II

• Filled positions left by men heading to war

• Lead to day-care centers by the government

African Americans

• Rallied behind the double “V”

• Moved north and west in large numbers

• Fought in segregated units

• Formed CORE

National Debt

• Increased most during WW II

Pearl Harbor

Pearl HarborPearl Harbor

Ashley Evitts

America’s Reaction• Public opinion had been moving towards

support for entering the war during 1941• Considerable opposition remained until the

attack. • The Pearl Harbor attack immediately

stimulated a divided nation into action.

America’s Reaction

• “We felt, this is our country, and we’re going to fight to defend it.”

• The day after the attack, President Franklin D. Roosevelt addressed a joint session of United States Congress.

• Roosevelt signed the declaration of war later the same day.

Overnight, Overnight, Americans united Americans united

against Japanagainst Japan

How Did America How Did America Prepare for War?Prepare for War?

The War Effects on America!

Erin Convery, Emily Kenderdine, Pat McTear

Economic Effects

• Opened up foreign markets to American Goods

• Eliminated isolationist view

• German autobahn influenced Eisenhower’s ideas on American Highways

• Exposed U.S soldiers to new culture (languages and ideas)

Women’s Roles

• 216,000 in non-combat military roles

• 6 million out of the house and working in factories

• 3,000 day cares were established

Women’s Contributions

• Began Volunteering at Red Cross

• Encouraged sale of war bonds

• Planting Victory Gardens

• Nursing in the military

Racial Relations

• Japanese internment camps-Japanese forced to live against their will.

• Bracero Program-left Mexicans enter us to fill agriculture jobs during the war.

Regional Migration

• Native Americans left to go to cities and become Navajo code talkers

• 1.6 million African Americans went north which was called the Great Migration

• 3 decades after the war, 5 million black tenet farmers went north.

Executive Reorganization Act of 1939

• Gave Roosevelt flexibility in creating agencies

• Resistance from isolationists and lack of expertise hampered the government's efforts

Bureaucracies• The president experimented with creating

bureaucracies – National Defense Advisory Commission – Office of Production Management.

•These proved to be ineffective at managing the complexities of mobilizing the nation

War Production Board

• Roosevelt established the WPB with real power to control and coordinate the national economy for the war effort.

• This process was begun by provision of weapons and supplies to the Soviet Union and Great Britain.

War Productions Board

• got the authority to take materials and prioritize their use

• force the conversion and expansion of factories

• ban the production of "nonessential" goods

Lost Items

• refrigerators• bicycles • waffle irons

largely out of production for the duration of the war

Factories & Incentives

• To attract participation to the WPB , the government set up a wide range of incentives for producing war goods and for converting, expanding, or building factories.

Incentives

• Low-cost loans• tax write-offs• subsidies • favorable depreciation regulations• "cost-plus" contracts that guaranteed

companies the cost of production plus a fixed profit

An Effect on Civilian Life

• Automobile production plants were converted to the production of jeeps, airplanes, tanks, guns, and other essential war products.

Propaganda

• Propaganda made repeated use of the attack

• its effect was enormous and impossible to counter

• "Remember Pearl Harbor!" became the watchwords of the war.

MOBILIZATION OF THE AMERICAN ECONOMY FOR

WAR• Massive military orders almost

instantly soaked up the idle

industrial capacity of the lingering Great Depression

• - $100 billion in 1942 alone

•American factories production: 40 billion bullets, 300,000 aircraft, 76,000 ships, 86,000 tanks, and 2.6 million machine guns

•Non- essential items such as passenger cars were to be used as raw materials

•However, the wonders of production brought economic strains

•Full employment and scarce consumer goods caused a sharp inflationary surge in 1942

MOBILIZATION OF MAN- AND WOMAN-POWER

•Armed services in WWII enlisted:

• - nearly 15 million men• - 216,000 women (noncombat duties)

•Draft net was tightened due to Pearl harbor

•put millions of young men into government issue or “G.I.” outfits

•“Women In Arms” Groups:

•WAACs (army)

•WAVES (navy)

•SPARS (coast guard)

•U.S. exempted certain industrial and agricultural workers from the draft, in order to keep the industrial and food machines moving

• In 1942, Mexico agreed to send thousands of workers called braceros to harvest the fruit and grain crops

• Millions of Women took jobs outside the house, working in the war industry

• WWII foreshadowed an eventual

role revolution of Women in American Society

• widespread rush into suburban

domesticity and the mothering of the "baby boomers."

Women and WarWomen and War

• Some 25,000 Native Americans served in the armed forces.  Comanches in Europe and Navajos in the Pacific made such valuable contributions as "code talkers.“

• By war's end, much of the world was in ruins, but in America, the war-stimulated economy was booming.

• The hand of government touched more American lives more intimately during the war than every before; every household felt the constraints of the rationing system.

• Following the war, the national debt rose from $49 billion in 1941 to $259 billion in 1945.  Most of the war costs were borrowed.

Japanese In Asia and East Pacific

And the U.S. Counter-Strategy

Early Japanese Aggression

• Wanted to create an empire– Needed natural resources

• Invaded Manchuria (part of northern China)

• Invaded Burma to cut the Allied supply route to China

Pearl Harbor

• December 7th, 1941

• 3,000 casualties

• Battleship fleet crippled

• Three aircraft carriers survived

• United States entered the war

Japanese Aggression Cont.

• Invaded & took control of the Philippines, New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, other small conquests in 1942

• Took control of some islands in the Aleutian chain in Alaska

• “High tide at Midway”

U.S. Reaction

• Ultimate goal was to invade Japan

• Fortified islands and Japanese fleet were in the way

• U.S. strategy was ‘island hopping’

Turning Point

• Battle of Midway– Japanese naval and air forces crippled

• Mariana Turkey Shoot– Guam provided airfield for bombing runs on

Japanese home islands

Getting Closer to Japan

• U.S. needed an airstrip near Japan to make bombing runs– Iwo Jima, Okinawa

An Invasion that Never Came

• Iwo Jima and Okinawa proved the Japanese fight to the last man– Invading Japanese homeland would be

impractical

• Atom bomb– Hiroshima, Nagasaki

The Second Front

Learning Objective 5Adam Asterito, Tony George, Frankie Ludovici

The Big Two

• January 1943 – Churchill and Roosevelt met in Casablanca.

• War strategies discussed– Set up Pacific War– Unconditional Surrender– Increase Pressure on Italy

Location

• Second Front set up an attack in the Mediterranean area

• North Africa• Egypt• Libya• French North Africa• French Morocco • Tunisia

• Italy• Invade Sicily

Reasoning

• Do not attack Germany head on again

• Soviet’s were diminishing; needed a diversion

• Attack at Europe’s “soft underbelly”

The Attack is Underway

• Nov 1942 – Allied forces attacked North Africa from both East & West

• Allies met in middle – Kasserine Pass – Feb. 1943

• Sicily Falls in August 1943

Consequences

• Helped get an initial push in the European stage of the war for the Allies.

• Relieved pressure on USSR and allowed them to regroup and attack with a stronger force

• Led to the fall of Sicily and overthrow of Mussolini

• “Unconditional Surrender of Italy”

Planning the All Out Attack

• Churchill, Roosevelt and Stalin planned to meet in Teheran (capital of Iran)

• “Rooseveltian Charm”• Meeting lasted from

November 28 to December 1

• Talks went smoothly• Soviets would attack

simultaneously with the Allies.

• Eisenhower was given overall command of the troops.

D-Day

• Attacked French Normandy on June 6, 1944

• Met heavy German resistance

• Over 46 hundred vessels were deployed.

• Victory gave Allies a strong foothold in Europe.

"DISCUSS FDR'S SUCCESSFUL 1944 CAMPAIGN AGAINST

THOMAS DEWEY FOR A FOURTH TERM AND

CONTROVERSIAL CHOICE OF A NEW VICE PRESIDENT"TIMOTHY KILCULLEN, NICHOLE FOX,

BRETHICUS ALTMAN 

ELECTION OF 1944

•at a time as the conflict was roaring towards its climax

•some loose talk of suspending the election"

•in the end, the normal electoral processes continued as usual

REPUBLICANS

•met in Chicago•nominated Thomas Dewey, governor of New York (internationalist)

•known as a prosecutor of grafters and racketeers in NYC

•nominated an isolationist VP John Bricker, Senator of Ohio

FDR'S RUNNING MATE

HENRY WALLACE 

• Secretary of Agriculture

• served 4 years VP with FDR

• distrusted by conservative democrats

• ill-balanced and unpredictable

HARRY TRUMAN 

• Senator of Missouri• efficient chairman of

a Senate committee conducting an investigation of wasteful war expenditures

THE CAMPAIGN

• FDR criticized by Republicans, which he denounced

• FDR opposed by newspapers, often owned by Republicans

• won 432 - 99 Electoral Votes, 25,606,585 - 22,014,745 popular votes

• FDR won due to the war going well, foreign policy

• Republicans still suffering from isolationism

FDR• Male

World War II:Final Military Efforts and the

Atomic BombMelissa Wasserleben

Blair SchumanSteph Zeitz

Final Military Efforts in Italy

• After the victory in Africa by the Allies, Germany and Italy began to collapse.

• South Italy rebelled against the facist regime after the Allies landed in Sicily.

• German held northern Italy collapsed after rome was taken June 4, 1944.

• May 2, 1945, Italy Surrendered• Mousilini was executed by Italian

communists on April 28, 1945

Battle of the Bulge

• On December, 16 1944, the Germans began their last  offensive in the Ardennes Forest in an attempt to reach Antwerp

• The Allies were driven back and it became known as the Battle of the Bulge

• The Allies sent reinforcements which led to victory

Final Military efforts in Germany

• The Soviets invaded eastern Germany in December 1944

•  In March 1945 the Allies reached the Rhine River

• The Americans and Soviets advanced towards Berlin

• Hitler commited suicide on April 30, 1945• Germany surrendered on May 7, 1945• Victory in Europe May 8, 1945

Final Military Efforts in Asia

• Submarine Warfare• Fire-bomb raids from captured islands to

Japan• General MacArthur captured the

Philippines in July 1945• America captured Iwo Jima in March 1945

o4,000 American causalties • America invaded Okinawa in April 1945

o50,000 American casualties

Operation Downfall• America was planning Operation Downfall

to invade JapanoWould have been expensive and cost

many Japanese and American livesoRejected because MacArthur realized the

extent of the cost to his own troopsoConsidered because not many people

knew about the Manhatten project so it was seen as the only option

 

Dropping of the Atomic Bomb

• August 6, 1945 Hiroshima, Japano180,000 people were killed, wounded, or

missing• August 9, 1945 Nagasaki, Japan

o80,000 people were killed or missing• Japan surrendered on August 14, 1945

End of War in Asia

• Soviets entered the war against Japan on August 8thoattacked Manchuria and Korea

• September 2, 1945- Formal surrender on the Missouri in Tokyo BayoVictory in Japan Day

Significance of the Atomic Bomb• Saved American lives• Killed many Japanese and destroyed cities• Subjected Japanese to disease and radiation• Ended the war faster than an invasion•  First time humans developed a way to

destroy the Earth•  Led to the Nuclear Arms Race•  Had a variety of psychological effects on

the people of Japan and the world.  

Coral Sea

• Saved Australia from Japanese attacks

• First battle where enemy ships never saw each other

1942- Japanese

• Overextended themselves with territorial gains

Guadalcanal

• First Allied offensive in the Pacific

Midway• Ended Japanese ability to fight an

offensive war in the Pacific

Stalingrad• Turning point in Europe

• Furthest extent of Nazi offensive in Russia

Unconditional Surrender

• Wanted to avoid a negotiated peace or armistice

• Eventually complicated problems of postwar reconstruction

Italian Campaign

• Attempt to attack Europe through the “soft underbelly”

• German army poured in and stalled the Allied advance

D-Day

• Cross Channel invasion of Normandy, led by Eisenhower

• Erwin Rommel- German in charge of defenses

Battle of the Bulge• December,1944

• Last German offensive of the war

Election of 1944

• Positive war news helped FDR

Casablanca Conference

• FDR and Churchill decide to next invade Sicily

Potsdam Conference

• Ultimatum to Japan- surrender or be destroyed

Pros and Cons to Atomic Bombs

• Pros-• Ended war quickly• Saved US lives• Probably saved

Japanese lives

• Cons-• Killed many civilians• Was Japan ready to

surrender already?