el poder invisble en acción - caroline myss, 218

8/13/2019 El Poder Invisble en Acción - Caroline Myss, 218

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Nar`cfkl Eyss Lc p`hlr fkvfsfdcl lk annfþk

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Xåtuc` `rfofkac9 Fkvfsfdcl Ants `j ]`wlr

Xrahunnfþk9 Aka ]ærlz

© 4==8 dy Nar`cfkl Eyss© 4==:, Lhfnf`kls D, ^.A., Darnlc`ka

Xrahunnfþk nlhfha p`r Lhfnf`kls D, ^.A.© 4==:, TDA N`clnnf`kadcls, ^.A., para lsta lhfnfþk]ærlz Oachþs, >:. =2=14 Darnlc`ka

]udcfnah` p`r anulrh` n`k lc lhft`r `rfofkac, Xbl Jrll ]rlss, uka hfvfsfþk hl ^fe`k & ^nbustlr,Fkn.

Hfslñ` hl ca nudflrta9 C`rlkï Eartå

F^D9 28-8?>-8?=-8Hlpþsft` cloac9 E-:??2-4==:

Feprlsfþk y lknuahlrkanfþk9AXAKL^

Feprls` lk Lspaña




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A Havfh ^eftb,

ef qulrfh` aefo` y n`cloa,

n`k sfknlra oratftuh




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Åkhfnl

Aorahlnfeflkt`s………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….….<

Fktr`hunnfþk……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………?

]TFELTA ]ATXLCA^ LXA]A^ HLC ]@HLT

1. Oranfa, fktufnfþk y p`hlr ……………………………………………………………………………………………1<

4. Hlc p`hlr vfsfdcl ac fkvfsfdcl ……………………………………………………………………………………...>?

^LO\KHA ]ATXL

LC NAEFK@ BANFA LC J@TXACLNFEFLKX@

1. C`s h`kls hl ca Xflrra9 Lc prfelr nbagra………………………………………………………………….….<:

4. C`s h`kls hlc ap`y` jfkaknflr` y nrlatfv`………………………………………………………………….2>

>. C`s h`kls hl ca aut`lstfea……………………………………………………………………………..……….1=4

8. C`s h`kls hlc n`razþk ……………………………………………………………………….…………………….148

<. C`s h`kls hl ca lclnnfþk……………………………………………………………………………….………….186

:. C`s h`kls hl ca sadfhuråa …………………………………………………………………………..……………1:?

?. C`s h`kls hlc lspårftu ………………………………………………………………………………………….….12<

2. Blnb`s hl p`hlr fkvfsfdcls ………………………………………………………………………………..……4=:




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Aorahlnfeflkt`s

Lst`y pr`jukhaelktl aorahlnfha a ca orak naktfhah hl plrs`kas qul, n`k sus nartas,

n`ktrfduylr`k a lstl cfdr`. Aukqul k` puhl utfcfzar cas eás hl efc h`snflktas qul el lkvfar`k

t`has lsas aeadcls plrs`kas, pulhlk tlklr ca slourfhah hl qul su fkjculknfa lstá prlslktl lk

t`has y naha uka hl cas páofkas hl lstl cfdr`. Kukna p`hrá har cas oranfas a lsas plrs`kas

nè` elrlnlk, p`rqul bak naedfah` ef pr`pfa vfha eás hl c` qul pulh` lxpcfnar, nè`

lsplr` qul naedflk taedfæk ca hlc clnt`r.

V a ef lhft`ra hl t`ha ca vfha, ca fktlcfolktl Clscfl Elrlhftb, ef fkjfkfta oratftuh, lstfea

y rln`k`nfeflkt` p`r slr ef «nèpañlra hl nrlanfþk· huraktl eás hl hflz añ`s. ^fk lc ap`y`

hl uka lhft`ra nè` lcca, qul tflkl uk acea cclka hl fkspfranfþk, hlhfnanfþk a kulstr`s

pr`ylnt`s y jl lk c`s rlsuctah`s, nè` t`h`s c`s hleás qul ble`s pudcfnah` iuktas, k` badråa

sfh` uka `dra tak lstfeucaktl. Ef pr`jukh` ajlnt` y rln`k`nfeflkt` taedfæk a Klh Clavftt, efaolktl cftlrarf`, p`r su n`kstaktl ap`y` a lstl tradai`, aså nè` a t`has efs `tras fhlas. Ls, sfk

cuoar a huhas, uk bèdrl panflktl. V eunbas oranfas taedfæk a Hèfkfg Akjus`, hfrlnt`ra

lhft`rfac, qul ls uka plrs`ka sueaelktl p`sftfva y nácfha hlc lqufp` hl ap`y` nrlatfv` hl

Jrll ]rlss, y a Eartba Clvfk, ef naepl`ka y hfrlnt`ra7 a ûzakkl H`kabul, lhft`ra as`nfaha7

a Narfsa Bays, hfrlnt`ra hl pudcfnfhah y a Nassfl Hlkhurlkt Klcs`k, ilja hl pudcfnfhah.

Ef qulrfha nuñaha Aey, qul sl ba n`kvlrtfh` lk ef blreaka, elrlnl eás qul ef

ajlnt` y ef oratftuh p`r su orak hlhfnanfþk a ef `dra. Lcca ap`rta cas napanfhahls `roakfzatfvas

hl cas qul sfleprl narlnlræ, uk lselr` p`r ca plrjlnnfþk y uk nufhah` hl c`s hltaccls qul el

plreftlk rlcaiarel y nlktrarel lk lc pr`nls` nrlatfv`. Lcca ls ef eak` hlrlnba, uka orak

n`cloa y uka aefoa hl n`kjfakza.

Xaef ^fe`k, pr`pfltarfa hl ^ùkh Xrul ]r`huntf`ks, lk Dùchlr, N`c`rah`, elrlnl

eás qul ef oratftuh p`r n`kvlrtfr lc tlxt` hl lstl cfdr` lk uka slrfl hl oradanf`kls hl auhf`.




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Xlko` uk eaokåjfn` nårnuc` h aefo`s euy qulrfh`s, naha uk` hl c`s nuacls el ayuhþ

n`k sus fktufnf`kls y su ap`y`, a quflkls quflr` lxprlsar ef oratftuh n`k pr`jukh` ae`r y

ajlnt`9 Efnbalc Ocung, Eary Klvfccl, ]lkky Xèpgfks, H`kach EanGay, ]lkky ^fe`k, Nbakhra

âee`ks, Cykk Dlcc, Ife Nurtak, ]at ]fcgfkot`k, Hawk If`sf, Nbarcls y ûl _lccs, Dardara

]`rtlr, Gatby Eusglr, Fkorlh _fccfaes, Elrcy Eartfk, ]rlktfss ]rlvlttl, Eaurlk N`kk`ccy-Gfko,

ûl Earn` y ]ltlr @nnbfòr`ss`. Xaedfæk lst`y aorahlnfha a Akhy Dlttfs p`r hliarel utfcfzar

su hlspanb` y su `rhlkah`r eflktras rlsfhåa lk Jfkhb`rk, Lsn`nfa, huraktl c`s ùctfe`s y

hlslsplrah`s håas hl tradai` para nuepcfr c`s pcaz`s. Ef oratftuh taedfæk para Xlh Jacgflwfnz,

]ltlr Barcak y Oafc ]rauss, qul `roakfzar`k sus antfvfhahls y aolkhas lk juknfþk hl cas

lxfolknfas hl ef b`rarf` hl lsnrftura.

V, n`k t`h` ef ae`r y hlv`nfþk, quflr` lxprlsar ef aorahlnfeflkt` a efs ákolcls lk ca

tflrra, sfk quflrls ca vfha slråa uk vfail euy hfjånfc9 ef eahrl y ef blreak` Lh. Bay olktl a ca

qul quflrls eás hl c`s qul lrls napaz hl lxprlsar n`k pacadras. Kukna p`hræ lsnrfdfr c`

eunb` qul ef blreak` y ef eahrl sfokfjfnak para eå. Xlko` ca dlkhfnfþk hl n`ktar n`k uka

jaefcfa earavfcc`sa y ajlntu`sa qul fkncuyl a c`s sfouflktls ákolcls tlrrlstrls9 ef qulrfh`

aefo` H`kach Elsbfrlr, efs prfe`s ]ak y Akhy Gruzlc, Earycfk y Eftnb Gaefksgf, N`ccllk

Hacly y Nbrfs y Tfnbarh _ftlg, qul kukna bak hliah` hl slr uka julrza p`sftfva para ef

n`razþk y ef lspårftu. A efs s`drfk`s9 Akolca, Accfs`k, I`l, Tanblc, ârab y Lhhfl, qul sl

prlslktadak a elhfa k`nbl n`k sus «elksails fkstaktákl`s· hl ap`y` para nèpr`dar nþe`cl fda a su «tfåta·, c`s quflr` y vac`r` eás hl c` qul sadrák iaeás. V, p`r ùctfe`, ef

aorahlnfeflkt` a efs nrlatfv`s ákolcls tlrrlstrls qul nèpartlk n`kefo`, håa tras håa, c`s

rfo`rls hl ca lxfstlknfa y el ayuhak a tlklr æxft` y a s`drlvfvfr a cas lxfolknfas qul el

pcaktla ca vfha9 ef s`nf` y aprlnfah` aefo` Havfh êftb, y ef lsj`rzaha ayuhaktl, Iuhy

Basgltt, qul cclva añ`s a ef cah`. ^fk Iuhy, ef vfha pr`jlsf`kac slråa t`havåa eás v`cátfc y

naþtfna hl c` qul ls. Hl kulv`, n`k uka pr`jukha oratftuh y eunbåsfe` ae`r, `s c` aorahlzn`

a t`h`s.




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Fktr`hunnfþk

Nrlnå lk uka jaefcfa natþcfna, h`khl ærae`s dfcfkoóls lk fkocæs y lc fhfèa hl c`s

ákolcls. C`s efcaor`s p`håak `nurrfr nuacquflr håa. Lc p`hlr fkvfsfdcl hl c`s ákolcls y c`s sakt`s

lstada p`r t`has partls y su lxfstlknfa sl hada p`r slktaha, nè` uk blnb` n`rrflktl. Badråa

sfh` feplksadcl k` nrllr lk lcc`s.

Naha håa lra lc håa hl acoùk sakt` y ca `p`rtukfhah para rln`k`nlr ca fep`rtaknfa hl

uka vfrtuh ` lklroåa lk partfnucar qul plrs`kfjfnada lsl sakt`. Fkv`nádae`s rloucarelktl cas

vfrtuhls hl c`s sakt`s y hl c`s ákolcls9 sak Iuhas k`s hada vac`r para ajr`ktar cas nausas

fep`sfdcls7 sak Akt`kf` k`s ayuhada a lkn`ktrar `dilt`s plrhfh`s7 sak Jraknfsn` pr`tloåa a

c`s akfeacls y k`s lkslñada ca nèpasfþk p`r t`has cas j`reas hl vfha. Fkncus` sflkh` ahucta,nuakh` k` banl eunb` qulråa aofcfzar ca vlkta hl ef nasa, plhå prlstaha uka jfourfta hl sak

I`sæ a uk åktfe` aefo` hl ca fkjaknfa y, sfouflkh` ca trahfnfþk, ca lktlrræ d`na adai` lk lc patf`

traslr` hl ef nasa. Lc clnt`r pulhl plksar c` qul quflra, plr` c` nulstfþk ls qul vlkhå ca nasa

p`n`s håas hlspuæs hl aqulc plqulñ` rftuac.

]ara acouk`s hl k`s`tr`s, nuakh` ærae`s kfñ`s c`s ákolcls y c`s sakt`s julr`k lc

prfelr n`ktant` n`k lc p`hlr fkvfsfdcl. Lst`s slrls fkn`rpþrl`s badftadak kulstr` eukh`

lspfrftuac y k`s pr`tloåak n`k hu ap`y`. Kukna lstádae`s s`c`s y, nuakh` c`s ccaeádae`s `

cls rlzádae`s, sfleprl k`s rlsp`khåak. Lcc`s julr`k kulstra nèukfhah lspfrftuac. ûs vfhas

lrak uk e`hlc` hlc p`hlr hl ca jl, uka prulda hl qul kfkouka julrza jåsfna qul budflsl s`drl

ca jaz hl ca jflrra, hlshl ca `prlsfþk p`cåtfna basta ca lkjlrelhah, p`håa vlknlr a Hf`s.

Hlshl lkt`knls, c`s sakt`s y c`s ákolcls bak sfh` julrzas fkvfsfdcls lk ef vfha. ]lr` ab`ra

taedfæk nrl` lk uk p`hlr fkncus` eay`r9 ca lklroåa ` oranfa qul eulvl kulstr`

aparlktlelktl feplrs`kac plr` åktfeaelktl fktlrn`klntah` ukfvlrs`. Tlnfdfe`s fkjusf`kls

hl oranfa naha håa plr`, suelrofh`s nè` lstae`s lk cas tarlas n`tfhfakas hl oakark`s ca vfha

y nufhar hl kulstra jaefcfa y aefo`s, su sutfc p`hlr k`s pulhl pasar fkahvlrtfh`. Ca oranfa




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kanf`kac y eukhfac. Xaedfæk hleulstrak qul k` lstae`s s`c`s lk lstl eukh` y qul, fkncus`

lk cas æp`nas hl eay`rls nacaefhahls, kulstras `ranf`kls s`k lsnunbahas y n`ktlstahas.

Bl tradaiah` nè` fktuftfva eæhfna huraktl eás hl h`s hænahas y bl lkslñah` a

`tras plrs`kas a hlsarr`ccar ca fktufnfþk huraktl eás hl hflz añ`s. Lk c` qul bao` eás

bfknapfæ n`k efs acuek`s ls lk aqulcc`s ‘y t`h` lc eukh`‘ ya s`k fktuftfv`s, plr` tflklk

qul adrfrsl a c`s elksails qul lsták rlnfdflkh`. Eunbas plrs`kas sl rlsfstlk a `år c`s

elksails qul cls lkvåa su fktufnfþk, a elkuh` p`rqul k` quflrlk ajr`ktar c`s naedf`s qul

tlkhråak qul banlr sf c`s lsnunbarak y antuarak sloùk lsa ouåa. ]lr` cas bfst`rfas qul n`ktflkl

lstl cfdr` hleulstrak qul rlacelktl p`hle`s earnar pr`jukhas hfjlrlknfas sf lsnunbae`s a

kulstra fktufnfþk y antuae`s lk n`kslnulknfa. Lk c`s napåtuc`s hl lstl cfdr` h`y fkstrunnf`kls

s`drl nþe` fhlktfjfnar y nþe` sloufr c`s hfntah`s hl ca fktufnfþk.

Lstas bfst`rfas eulstrak qul t`h` c` qul banle`s fep`rta. Lk rlacfhah, k` lxfstl uk

ant` hl slrvfnf` ` d`khah qul sla fksfokfjfnaktl. Lsta fhla lstá prlslktl lk ca eay`råa hl cas

trahfnf`kls lspfrftuacls hlc eukh`. Lc Xa` Xl Nbfko an`kslia9 «Baz c` orakhl eflktras t`havåa

sla plqulñ`.· V lc jfcþs`j` y antfvfsta s`nfac Eartfk Dudlr lsnrfdfþ9 «Cas n`sas qul el `nurrlk

håa tras håa, cas n`sas qul el rlncaeak håa tras håa9 æsas s`k cas qul n`ktflklk ef tarla

jukhaelktac.· Naha håa sè`s ccaeah`s a lilnutar ant`s orakhls y plqulñ`s hl oranfa y

vaclktåa. V c`s ljlnt`s hl c`s ant`s eás efkùsnuc`s sl euctfpcfnak p`r efc. Duha lkslñ`9 «Ca

jlcfnfhah ls ca anueucanfþk hlc dflk·.Naha vlz qul acouflk hfnl9 «]`r jav`r, Hf`s, ayùhael·, lc ukfvlrs` c` `yl. Ls p`sfdcl

qul c`s hf`sls hlilk qul nasf k`s abòule`s aktls hl rlsp`khlr lkvfákh`k`s uk d`tl

sacvavfhas ‘p`rqul lstae`s lk ca lsnulca tlrrlka para aprlkhlr a n`kstrufr d`tls y a

n`khunfrc`s a rle`‘, plr` sfleprl anadak p`r rlsp`khlr. Lc p`hlr hl uk s`c` hlsl` pulhl

naedfar ca vfha hl uka plrs`ka. V, uka vlz qua adrae`s ca elktl y ac n`razþk a ca p`sfdfcfhah

hl ca rlspulsta, ca `dtlkhrle`s, aukqul k` sl tratl hl ca rlpulsta qul qulråae`s ` k` ccloul

lk ca j`rea qul lsplrádae`s.

Cas bfst`rfas qul aquå sl rlcatak s`k uka prulda hl c` plrs`kac qul ls kulstr`

ukfvlrs` aparlktlelktl feplrs`kac y hl c` fktlrn`klntah`s qul lstae`s. Oranfas a lccas, bl

hlsnudflrt` uka nèukfhah lspfrftuac hl ákolcls n`rpþrl`s. Lst`s ákolcls sl hfsjrazak hl

aefo`s, hl jaefcfarls y n`k jrlnulknfa y lk lsplnfac, hl hlsn`k`nfh`s. Lsták a kulstr`

acrlhlh`r y aparlnlk lk lc eèlkt` iust`, y a elkuh` nråtfn`, para ayuhark`s nuakh` c`

klnlsftae`s. Nrlak slktfh` y lsplrakza h`khl aktls badåa h`c`r y hlslsplranfþk. Nè` cas

plrs`kas hl lstas bfst`rfas, tlkle`s uka nèukfhah lspfrftuac fkvfsfdcl qul k`s ap`ya, plr`

taedfæk tlkle`s lc p`hlr hl sacfr hl k`s`tr`s efse`s y nrlar eás slktfh` y eás d`khah, eás




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ant`s hl d`khah k` aclat`rf`s. V, p`r hlsn`ktah`, lc dflk qul banle`s fklvftadclelktl anada

dlkljfnfákh`k`s.

Aktls hl qul sl el `nurrflra plhfr a efs clnt`rls qul el n`ktarak sus lxplrflknfas,

plksæ lk n`coar uk cfstah` hl ant`s hl slrvfnf` lk ef páofka wld. Qulråa qul æsl julra ef ant`

hl slrvfnf` plrs`kac. Lk partl, lra lk rlspulsta a efs acuek`s, qul el badåak hfnb` qul ca

olktl klnlsfta rln`knfcfarsl n`k sus sleliaktls7 lstas bfst`rfas bak tlkfh` lsl ljlnt` s`drl

eå. V, lk partl, lk rlspulsta a c`s efcls hl plrs`kas qul bl n`k`nfh` a c` caro` hl c`s añ`s y

qul lsták dusnakh` uk naefk` qul hæ slktfh` y jfkacfhah a sus vfhas. Lktrl c`s eunb`s

asplnt`s hl ca vfha qul cl hak uk slktfh`, ayuhar a c`s hleás ls uk` hl c`s eás oratfjfnaktls.

Hl blnb`, lc hlsl` hl slrvfr a c`s hleás sl ba n`kvlrtfh` lk uka klnlsfhah lspfrftuac para

eunbas plrs`kas, tac vlz p`rqul ab`ra vfvfe`s eás añ`s y qulrle`s sloufr antfv`s lk ca

s`nflhah y cclvar uka vfha qul tlkoa uk pr`pþsft` basta lc jfk hl kulstr`s håas. Ls rar`

lkn`ktrarsl a uka plrs`ka qul quflra iudfcarsl hl uka vfha n`k slktfh`.

Cas plrs`kas hl elhfaka lhah, lsplnfacelktl, dusnak uk slktfh` a ca vfha. Narc Iuko

hlsnrfdfþ ca eahurlz nè` uk hlsplrtar a ca klnlsfhah hl vfvfr uka vfha hl pr`pþsft` lspfrftuac

lk vlz hl cfeftarsl a n`cear cas klnlsfhahls dásfnas hl ca suplrvfvlknfa jåsfna ` a plrsloufr lc

pcanlr. Iuko vf` a t`has cas plrs`kas nè` bær`ls hl su pr`pf` vfail vftac, qul leprlkhåak lc

naefk` banfa uka eay`r n`knflknfa lspfrftuac. Cas eás hl efc h`snflktas nartas qul rlnfdå

eulstrak qul k` sþc` bay eunba olktl hlsl`sa hl lkn`ktrar uka n`klxfþk n`k c` lspfrftuac,sfk` qul eunbas plrs`kas taedfæk bak nrlah` su pr`pfa tl`còåa s`drl lc slrvfnf` y ca

nuranfþk y bak hlsarr`ccah` uk slktfh` hl rlsp`ksadfcfhah para n`k sus sleliaktls. ^`k uka

nèukfhah fkvfsfdcl hl bær`ls.

Hl t`h`s e`h`s, a plsar hl qul y` ya sadåa t`h` lst`, aktls hl lsnrfdfr lstl cfdr`

iaeás el badåa pcaktlah` qul lc blnb` hl nufhar a c`s hleás y rln`rrlr ls`s gfcþeltr`s hl

eás p`r ca jaefcfa, c`s aefo`s, c`s nèpañlr`s hl tradai` ` c`s hlsn`k`nfh`s p`håa tlklr

acouka rlcanfþk n`k ca sacuh jåsfna. Ab`ra lst`y n`kvlknfha hl qul lc lspårftu bueak` klnlsfta

hlsarr`ccar ca olklr`sfhah y ca nèpasfþk para eaktlklrsl sak`. Klnlsftae`s rlsp`khlr a cas

vucklradfcfhahls hl `tras plrs`kas lk lc pr`nls` hl sakark`s a k`s`tr`s efse`s. Lc lilrnfnf`

hl ca lepatåa y ca nèpasfþk, aså nè` ca rlacfzanfþk hl dulkas `dras, banl qul lc nulrp` y lc

lspårftu pr`splrlk. ]`r lilepc`, lk uk lstuhf` nflktåjfn` sl n`kstatþ qul uka j`rea ljfnaz hl

eftfoar lc lstræs y ca tlksfþk ls rlzar p`r `tras plrs`kas. @tr` lstuhf` rlvlcþ qul klnlsftae`s

p`r c` elk`s nuatr` b`ras ac els hl cad`r hl v`cuktarfah` nara a nara para tlklr dulka sacuh.

Eunb`s `tr`s lstuhf`s bak e`strah` qul cas le`nf`kls p`sftfvas antfvak ac nlrldr` l

fknrlelktak ca naktfhah hl aktfnulrp`s qul k`s hljflkhlk n`ktra cas lkjlrelhahls. Lk `tras




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pacadras, ayuhar a c`s hleás jav`rlnl ca sacuh jåsfna. Hl blnb`, ¡kulstr` nulrp` k`s aorahlnl

qul tlkhae`s ca eak` ac prþife`!

Ca sacuh k` ls sþc` ca elk`r vlc`nfhah p`sfdcl a ca qul sl pulhl e`rfr, nè` ajfreak

acouk`s nåkfn`s. Lc nácfh` rlspcakh`r qul `dtlkle`s ac ayuhar a c`s hleás k` ls sþc` uka

slksanfþk jåsfna aorahadcl9 ls ca lklroåa hl uka oranfa sakah`ra qul sl hlspcaza lktrl lc hah`r

y lc rlnlpt`r, dlkhfnfækh`c`s a aed`s. K`s klnlsftae`s c`s uk`s a c`s `tr`s. K` lstae`s

hfslñah`s para slr nèpcltaelktl fkhlplkhflktls, sfk` para har y rlnfdfr. \k` k` pulhl

auelktar ca nèprlksfþk hl så efse` y su dflklstar y, ac efse` tflep`, eaktlklrsl afscah`

hlc rlst` hl ca bueakfhah. K` p`hle`s prltlkhlr tlklr uka vfha eás saka y lspfrftuac sf k`s

eaktlkle`s acliah`s hl ca vfha qul k`s r`hla. Lc vfail hlc y` taedfæk fepcfna lc vfail hlc `tr`.

^fleprl ble`s sadfh` lsa orak vlrhah7 ca cftlratura hl t`h` lc eukh` lstá rlpclta hl

rlcat`s qul rljcliak lstl prfknfpf` bueak` jukhaelktac. Lk Ca @hfsla, \cfsls rlorlsa a nasa

hfsjrazah` hl elkhfo` para nèpr`dar sf sus sùdhft`s s`k slrls bueak`s d`khah`s`s y nþe`

tratak a uk hlsn`k`nfh`. ^bfva, lc hf`s hl eùctfpcls j`reas, rln`rrl lc eukh` vlstfh` hl

barap`s, nè` lvfhlknfa hl qul Hf`s lstá lk t`has partls y sl pulhl lkn`ktrar lk t`has y

naha uka hl cas sftuanf`kls, para p`klr a prulda ca napanfhah hl c`s e`rtacls hl rln`k`nlr su

n`klxfþk n`k t`h`s c`s slrls hl ca tflrra. Hfnglks, lk su k`vlca Nulkt` hl Kavfhah , eulstra ca

klnlsfhah hl hlsplrtar ac p`hlr hl ca olklr`sfhah y hl ca d`khah, y qul cas n`kslnulknfas hl

lstl hlsplrtar pulhlk sacvarcl ca vfha takt` ac hah`r nè` ac rlnlpt`r.Ca orak naktfhah hl plrs`kas nuyas lxplrflknfas vftacls cclkak cas páofkas hl lstl cfdr`

k`s rlnulrhak qul hldle`s sloufr ca ccaeaha a ayuhark`s c`s uk`s a c`s `tr`s. Nè`

plrs`kails lk cas bfst`rfas hl su pr`pfa vfha, lcc`s s`drlvfvflr`k, rlsfstflr`k y pr`splrar`k

p`rqul uk e`hlst` bær`l cls tlkhfþ ca eak` y cls `jrlnfþ su oranfa nuakh` eás ca

klnlsftadak. Ajr`ktar`k y suplrar`k pr`dcleas oravls y, lk lc pr`nls`, hlsnudrflr`k c`

pr`jukhaelktl qul sl cls vac`ra. Lstas bfst`rfas k`s rlnulrhak uka y `tra vlz qul k` lstae`s

s`c`s. Tlkulvak kulstra jl lk uka julrz` qul k`s ouåa, qul lstá p`r lknfea hl k`s`tr`s. V,

eflktras cas clle`s, nèprlkhle`s qul lsa oranfa qul ba dlkhlnfh` a `tras plrs`kas ‘

fktlrvlknf`kls, nuranf`kls lsp`ktáklas ` ca aeadfcfhah hl uk hlsn`k`nfh`‘ taedfæk k`s

pulhl dlkhlnfr a k`s`tr`s.

Ls para eå uk vlrhahlr` pcanlr nèpartfr lstas bfst`rfas n`k efs clnt`rls. Hfsjrutæ hl

naha sloukh` qul pasæ lsnrfdflkh` lstl cfdr` y a elkuh` anadæ n`k cáorfeas lk c`s ì`s lk

rlspulsta ac ae`r, ca nèpasfþk y ca tlrkura hl cas plrs`kas qul el lsnrfdflr`k. Lst`y eás




-1>-

aorahlnfha hl c` qul pulh` lxprlsar n`k pacadras. Aukqul k` bl p`hfh` elknf`kar

lxpcånftaelktl t`has y naha uka hl cas nartas qul rlnfdå, cas utfcfnæ t`has para `roakfzar lc

eatlrfac, c` qul el ayuhþ a ccloar a cas n`kncusf`kls qul aquå prlslkt`. ]ara eå, lstl cfdr` ba

sfh` uk vfail lspfrftuac plrs`kac lk lc nuac uka tl`råa s`drl ca d`khah sl lknarkþ lk ca oranfa

hl ca lxplrflknfa.

@iacá lstas bfst`rfas trakseftak ac clnt`r ca tlrkura y ca fkspfranfþk qul el

trakseftflr`k a eå. @iacá cl sfrva hl ap`y` y cl pr`p`rnf`klk uk elksail hl jl y lsplrakza lk

c`s e`elkt`s hfjånfcls. Xaedfæk lsplr` qul cas lxplrflknfas vftacls hl lstas plrs`kas cl

ayuhlk a harsl nulkta hl t`h` lc p`hlr qul tflkl n`e` fkhfvfhu` para earnar ca hfjlrlknfa,

hlslknahlkakh` naedf`s pr`jukh`s lk ca vfha hl t`has cas plrs`kas qul sl nrunlk lk su

naefk`, a travæs hl sus ant`s hl p`hlr fkvfsfdcls.




-18-

]TFELTA ]ATXL

Cas ltapas hlc p`hlr




-1<-

F

Oranfa, fktufnfþk y p`hlr

Zulstr` vlnfk` ls vulstr` `tr` y` qul badfta tras cas parlhls. N`k ca

nèprlksfþk, sl hlse`r`karák t`has cas parlhls. °V qufæk sadl sf vulstr`

vlnfk` k` ls vulstr` eli`r y` lknarkah` lk `tr` nulrp`0 ]r`nurah aearc`

takt` nè` a v`s`tr`s efse`s. Æc taedfæk ls uka eakfjlstanfþk hlc

X`h`p`hlr`s`.

Iacfc Ofdrak

\ka tarhl hl vlrak`, eflktras lstada slktaha lk lc dacnþk hl ef nasa, el jfiæ lk uk

i`vlk qul lsplrada lk ca paraha hl aut`dùs qul badåa ac `tr` cah` hl ca naccl. Aparlktada

uk`s hflnfsfltl añ`s y vlståa hl uka eaklra euy lstrajacarfa. Arrastrada p`r lc sulc` uk`s

paktac`kls qul cl nudråak nèpcltaelktl c`s pfls. N`ktæ trls tatuails lk sus eusnuc`s`s

draz`s y varf`s pflrnfkos lk cas `rlias y cas nlias. Leucakh` a efs pahrls banl trlfkta añ`s,

plksæ9 «°Quæ cls pasa a c`s iþvlkls hl b`y lk håa0 °]`r quæ cls ousta tlklr lsl asplnt`0·

Eflktras el lstada jadrfnakh` ef `pfkfþk s`drl aqulc nbfn`, uka aknfaka sl hfsp`kåa

a nruzar ca naccl, ao`dfaha p`r lc pls` hl ukas orakhls naias. Lc i`vlk taedfæk ca vf` y, nè` sf

sl tratara hlc fkstfkt` eás katurac hlc eukh`, sl anlrnþ a ca aknfaka y sl `jrlnfþ a ayuharcl.

Zfsfdclelktl aorahlnfha, ca euilr cl lktrloþ cas naias ac i`vlk y c` oufþ basta su n`nbl. Lc

i`vlk n`c`nþ c`s paqultls lk lc eacltlr`, ca sacuh` n`k ca nadlza l bfz` lc ahleák hl acliarsl,

plr`, hl uka j`rea lxtra`rhfkarfaelktl n`ke`vlh`ra, ca euilr c` r`hlþ n`k sus draz`s y cl

hf` uk nácfh` adraz` lk slñac hl aorahlnfeflkt`. Hlspuæs sl acliþ n`khunflkh` su n`nbl. Lc

i`vlk sl qulhþ hl pfl s`krflkh` huraktl uk`s fkstaktls y hlspuæs rlorlsþ a ca paraha hlc

aut`dùs. Ac nad` hl uk efkut` hl lsl tflrk` fktlrnaedf`, lc i`vlk ya badåa nòfh` lc aut`dùs y

y` el qulhæ s`ca lk ef dacnþk plksakh` lk aqulc lknulktr` lxtra`rhfkarf` qul anadada hl

prlslknfar. Ls p`sfdcl qul aqulc nbfn` kukna v`cvflra a plksar lk aqulcca aknfaka kf lc jav`r

qul cl badåa blnb`. ]lr` ls `dvf` qul lcca så c` baråa. Badåa sfh` aoranfaha n`k uka ayuha qul

badåa surofh` hl ca kaha iust` nuakh` ca klnlsftada.




-1:-

Aqulc lknulktr` el nacþ euy b`kh` p`rqul h`s håas aktls uka plrs`ka el badåa

ayuhah` hl uka j`rea euy parlnfha. A hfjlrlknfa hl eunb`s vfailr`s aj`rtukah`s, y` k`

pulh` cclvar lqufpail hl eak` nuakh` vfai` lk avfþk p`rqul k` s`y napaz hl clvaktar eunb`

pls`. Nè` bl aprlkhfh` qul k` pulh` n`ktar n`k qul kahfl vaya a ayuharel a clvaktar lc

lqufpail para n`c`narc` lk lc nèpartfelkt` para cas eacltas udfnah` lknfea hl c`s asflkt`s,

c` sulc` janturar, lxp`kfækhèl a plrhlrc` lk uka lsnaca. ]lr` aqulc håa lk partfnucar tlkåa

tak p`n` tflep` para banlr lsnaca qul tuvl qul cclvar n`kefo` ef lqufpail. ]ara ca eay`råa

hl cas plrs`kas k` sup`khråa uk orak pr`dclea, plr` a eå ca fhla hl tlklr qul clvaktar

eacltas el pr`hunl eás aksflhah hl ca qul pulh` lxprlsar. Hl blnb`, sl el bflcak cas

eak`s y sl el anlclra lc pucs`7 hlspuæs sulc` tlklr uk atr`z h`c`r hl nulcc`, bèdr`s y

lspacha huraktl varf`s håas.

Nuakh` ccloul iukt` a ef asflkt` prlparaha para ca tlefha datacca, lc bèdrl qul

lsplrada hltrás hl eå para `nupar su asflkt` slknfccaelktl nòfþ ef lqufpail, c` clvaktþ y c`

n`c`nþ lk lc nèpartfeflkt` hl cas eacltas. Æc el ayuhþ sfk prlouktárelc`, sfk sadlr sfquflra

c` eunb` qul y` klnlsftada su ayuha. Efs ì`s sl cclkar`k hl cáorfeas. X`havåa rlnulrh` ca

turdanfþk hl su r`str` aktl efs hlspr`p`rnf`kahas eulstras hl oratftuh.

El pasl orak partl hlc vulc` plksakh` lk qul ca aeadfcfhah hl aqulc bèdrl badåa

sfh` uka vlrhahlra dlkhfnfþk para eå. Xaedfæk pulhl rlcaiarel huraktl lc rlst` hlc vulc`

sadflkh` qul ef sacvah`r taedfæk tlkhråa ca d`khah hl daiarel lc lqufpail nuakhàtlrrfzárae`s. Oranfas a su ayuha, aqulcca tarhl puhl har ef nbarca sfk qul el hfstrailrak lc

h`c`r y ca fkjcaeanfþk hlc bèdr` ` ca lspacha. A plsar hl qul aqulc bèdrl iaeás n`k`nlrá

kfkouka hl cas raz`kls hl ef oratftuh, y` sfleprl cl rln`rharæ.

Ac n`ktlepcar aqulc lknulktr` lktrl ca aknfaka hl cas naias y lc i`vlk tatuah`, el vf a

eå efsea y a ef nèpañlr` hl vfail. El hf nulkta hl qul c` qul ef aefo` akþkfe` badåa

banb` p`r eå lra eunb` eás qul lc sfepcl jav`r hl sudfr ef eaclta ac nèpartfeflkt`9 el

plreftfþ n`kslrvar ca hfokfhah y ca trakqufcfhah elktac y n`rp`rac. C` qul bfz` jul uk ant`

fkvfsfdcl hl p`hlr y j`rtaclnfeflkt`.

Leplnæ a plksar lk c` p`n` qul nulsta banlr eunb` p`r `tra plrs`ka y lk cas

fknrlådcls y hurahlras n`kslnulknfas hl uk ùkfn` olst` hl ayuha. Nè` slñacar`k c`s aktfou`s

sadf`s bfkhùls, cas clyls hl nausa-ljlnt` s`k ukfvlrsacls y lc dflk y lc eac qul banle`s ls

ltlrk`. Hlkèfkar`k a lsta fktlrannfþk garea9 lc ljlnt` sueah` hl t`has kulstras annf`kls,

aså nè` hl kulstras hlnfsf`kls hl k` antuar.

°Quæ ls c` qul `nurrl rlacelktl lk kulstr` fktlrf`r nuakh` rlsp`khle`s a ca

klnlsfhah hl acouflk0 °]`l quæ uk`s sactak hl sus asflkt`s para ayuhar a sus sleliaktls




-1?-

eflktras `tr`s hfsfeucak0 K` nadl huha hl qul acoukas hl lsas plrs`kas qul ayuhak cls bak

lkslñah` a slr aeadcls n`k c`s hleás y qul `tras s`k s`cånftas p`r katuraclza. ]lr` y` nrl`

qul bay lk lst` uk lclelkt` qul lstá p`r lknfea hl ca nèpasfþk y c`s dulk`s e`hacls, aco`

qul lstá eás accá hl ca e`tfvanfþk hl c`s julrtls a ayuhar a c`s hædfcls ` ca hl c`s rfn`s a

ayuhar a c`s p`drls. Nrl` qul sl trata hlc p`hlr fkvfsfdcl hl ca oranfa, qul jcuyl lktrl c`s

n`raz`kls adflrt`s hlc hah`r y lc rlnlpt`r. Ca annfþk lk n`knrlt` ‘clvaktar uka eaclta

plsaha u `jrlnlr aoua ac slhflkt`‘ pulhl slr plqulña. ]lr` ca lklroåa qul sl nakacfza a

travæs hl lsa annfþk ls ca n`rrflktl hl act` v`ctail hl ca oranfa. N`ktflkl lc p`hlr hl rlk`var ca

jl hl uka plrs`ka lk så efsea. V basta pulhl tlklr lc p`hlr hl sacvar uka vfha.

Cas h`s lxplrflknfas qul bl rlcatah` el n`ke`vflr`k pr`jukhaelktl. Lk

n`kslnulknfa, hlnfhå cclvar a nad` uk plqulñ` pr`ylnt`9 n`coaråa lk lc d`cltåk hl ef páofka

wld uka cfsta hl suolrlknfas s`drl nþe` p`hle`s ayuhar a c`s hleás lk kulstra vfha

n`tfhfaka. Xaedfæk lkvfæ uk elksail a c`s susnrfpt`rls hl ef sftf` wld pfhfækh`cls qul

nèpartflrak lxplrflknfas plrs`kacls lk cas qul badåak sfh` hah`rls ` rlnlpt`rls hl acouka

j`rea hl oranfa ` asfstlknfa. Lsplrada rlnfdfr uk`s nflk elksails, plr`, lk sþc` slfs håas, badåa

rlnfdfh` efc h`snflktas nartas hl plrs`kas hl t`h` lc pcaklta. Jul fouac hl feprlsf`kaktl ca

orak naktfhah hl lccas qul nèlktar`k c` eunb` qul cls badåa fepantah` ca lxplrflknfa qul

rlcatadak.

Bl tradaiah` n`k plrs`kas huraktl eás hl vlfktl añ`s y bl `åh` efcls hl bfst`rfas hlsuplranfþk hlc h`c`r y ca traolhfa plrs`kacls, hl e`h` qul lst`y an`stuedraha a cas

s`rprlsas hl ca vfha. ]lr` el hlsn`knlrtþ nèpcltaelktl lc n`ktlkfh` le`nf`kac hl cas

nartas qul rlnfdå y ca dlcclza n`k qul naha plrs`ka lxpcfnada su bfst`rfa. Ca olktl badca s`drl

lc p`hlr`s` ljlnt` hl `år cas pacadras ahlnuahas lk lc eèlkt` ahlnuah`, lc rljuof` hl uk

s`já h`khl pasar ca k`nbl, uk adraz` qul cls ayuhþ a sloufr ahlcaktl, ca dlkhfnfþk hl qul

acouflk sfepclelktl sl slktara a su cah` y cls lsnunbara eflktras badcak ` cc`rada… Eunba

olktl el lsnrfdfþ s`drl su oratftuh banfa quflkls sl `jrlnflr`k a banlr su tradai` nuakh`

klnlsftadak nufhar hl acoùk efledr` hl ca jaefcfa. @tr`s badcar`k hlc jav`r qul cls badåak

blnb` sus aefo`s ac cfdlrtarcls hl cas tarlas hèæstfnas para qul puhflrak hfsjrutar hl uka

rlukfþk ` uka nlcldranfþk lsplnfac. \ka euilr lsnrfdfþ9 «]`nas n`sas bak sfokfjfnah` takt`

para eå nè` lc qul h`s aefoas el cfepfarak ca nasa p`n`s håas aktls hl ef d`ha.·

Acouk`s hfilr`k qul sl slktåak «pr`tlofh`s p`r ca hfvfkfhah· uka y `tra vlz nuakh`

lv`nadak eèlkt`s lk qul sl badåak lkn`ktrah` lk uka sftuanfþk hlslsplraha y lc acfelkt`

` lc hfklr` slknfccaelktl «aparlnflr`k·. \ka plrs`ka lsnrfdfþ9 «Hlspuæs hl vlr aparlnlr a uk

t`tac hlsn`k`nfh` lk ca pulrta hl ef nasa n`k lc hfklr` hlc acqufclr qul tlkåa qul paoar, uka




-12-

b`ra aktls hl qul lc hulñ` hlc pfs` el aelkazara n`k hleakharel para qul ef bfia y y`

adakh`kárae`s ca nasa p`r fepao`, kukna bl klnlsftah` `tra prulda hl qul lc nflc` vlca p`r

eå. Aqulcca plrs`ka badåa lsnunbah` efs cc`r`s hlshl ca elsa hl ac cah` hl uk rlstauraktl

nuakh` cl lstada lxpcfnakh` a uk aefo` ef hlslsplranfþk p`rqul ya k` p`håa pr`tlolr a ef

plqulña. Aqulc bèdrl, ef dulk saearftak`, lktrloþ hfsnrltaelktl uka k`ta a ef aefo`

pfhfækh`cl ef kèdrl y hfrlnnfþk. V lsa efsea tarhl sl prlslktþ lk ef nasa n`k <<= hþcarls.

Oranfas a æc, ef bfia sl ab`rrþ lc eac trao` hl k` tlklr uk tlnb` dai` lc qul vfvfr y y` puhl

n`kslrvar ef hfokfhah nè` eahrl.·

Eflktras `roakfzada lc orak v`cuelk hl nartas, dusnada trls lclelkt`s lk naha

bfst`rfa9 ca nrfsfs, lc h`k y ca n`kslnulknfa. El fktlrlsada lsplnfacelktl lc taeañ` (lk

auslknfa hl `tra pacadra eli`r) hl ca ayuha lk nèparanfþk n`k lc taeañ` hlc ljlnt` qul

badåa pr`v`nah`. A vlnls banl jacta euy p`n` para earnar uka orak hfjlrlknfa lk ca vfha hl

uka plrs`ka, euy p`n`. C` qul p`hråa parlnlr uka sfepcl «taza nacflktl hl tæ qul el traåak

nuakh` el qulhada a lstuhfar tarhl p`r ca k`nbl ‘lsnrfdfþ uk bèdrl‘ sl n`kvfrtfþ lk lc

rftuac k`nturk` hl ap`y` y ae`r hl ef euilr. Aqulcca taza hl tæ lra su j`rea hl hlnfrel qul

sadåa c` hur` qul el rlsuctada lstuhfar p`r cas k`nbls y qul k` pasada kaha p`rqul y` k`

puhflra hlhfnarcl eás tflep`. Aqulcc` naedfþ, p`r supulst`, nuakh` el cfnlknfæ, plr`, hl k`

slr p`r ca d`khah hl ef euilr, efs b`ras hl lstuhf` p`hråak badlrsl n`kvlrtfh` lk uka

lxplrflknfa hl nucpadfcfhah y adakh`k` lk vlz hl uka fkvlrsfþk para sanarel ca narrlra hladòah`·.

^l tratl hl prlparar uka taza hl tæ, cfepfarcl lc apartaelkt` a acouflk ` slktarsl ac

cah` hl `tra plrs`ka huraktl t`ha ca k`nbl lsplrakh` uk hfaokþstfn` eæhfn`, naha uka hl

lstas lxplrflknfas ls uk ant` hl p`hlr fkvfsfdcl, lk elhf` sadfaelktl hfsjrazah` a travæs hlc

nuac ca lklroåa vftac hl ca oranfa sl nakacfza banfa ca vfha hl acouflk.

Oranfa

Zlr uk eukh` lk uk orak` hl arlka,

y uk nflc` lk uka jc`r sfcvlstrl,

aprlblkhlr lc fkjfkft` lk ca pacea hl ca eak`,

y ca ltlrkfhah lk uka b`ra.

_fccfae Dcagl




-16-

A plsar hl qul ls hfjånfc naptar pclkaelktl su katuraclza uk uka hljfkfnfþk, ca oranfa ls

aco` fkn`kjukhfdcl nuakh` sl lxplrfelkta. Ca oranfa ls uk lstah` y uka `ranfþk, uka lklroåa

qul jcuyl lktrl h`s slrls. Ca oranfa ls oratfs, ls uk rloac`, uk h`k. Lk tl`còåa, ca oranfa sl

hljfkl nè` ca asfstlknfa hfvfka fkelrlnfha, aqulcca qul sl k`s ha para ayuhark`s a rlolklrar

kulstr` lspårftu y kulstra vfha9 uka vfrtuh qul pr`vflkl hl Hf`s. Lc n`knlpt` hl oranfa lxfstl

lk t`h` lc eukh`. Lk ca bfst`rfa slnucar, c`s rlyls, nè` rlprlslktaktls hlc p`hlr hfvfk` lk ca

tflrra, `t`roak ca efslrfn`rhfa y lc plrhþk, ` ca oranfa, a sus sùdhft`s. Lk ca eft`còåa orfloa, cas

Xrls Oranfas lrak trls hf`sas blreakas, bfias hl Ylus, qul `t`roadak ca hfnba, lc lknakt` y ca

dlcclza a c`s e`rtacls. C`s bueak`s tlkle`s ca dlkhfnfþk hl p`hlr slr olklrah`rls y

rlnlpt`rls hl oranfa.

Ca oranfa el ba jasnfkah` hlshl qul vf cas plcånucas Bfst`rfa hl uka e`kia, n`k Auhrly

Blpdurk, y Ca k`vfnfa rldlchl, n`k Iucfl Akhrlws, nuakh` sl rllstrlkar`k lk c`s añ`s slslkta.

Aedas tratak s`drl iþvlkls k`vfnfas qul lxplrfelktak uk julrtl n`kjcfnt` fktlrk` s`drl su

vlrhahlra v`nanfþk y sl nulstf`kak sf lsták ccaeahas a cclvar uka vfha e`kanac. Lk aed`s

nas`s ca eahrl suplrf`ra, qul hfrfol ca nèukfhah hl e`kias, fkstruyl a cas iþvlkls para qul

«`rlk para qul cls ccloul ca oranfa·, ca nuac cls e`strará quæ ls c` qul hldlk banlr n`k sus

vfhas. N`k sþc` h`nl añ`s, el ccaeþ eunb` ca atlknfþk aqulcca hfrlntrfz hl `rar p`r ca oranfa.

El prlouktada9 «°V nþe` sadrá lcca nuákh` cl ccloa ca oranfa0 °Nþe` sl lxplrfelkta ca

oranfa0· Nurf`saelktl, cas h`s iþvlkls anadak p`r adakh`kar lc n`kvlkt` a n`kslnulknfa hlsus pcloarfas, plr` lc elksail n`k lc qul y` el qulhæ jul qul ca oranfa y ca ouåa sfleprl

ccloak ac jfkac a aqulcc`s qul c` pfhlk. V k` sl trata hl aco` cfeftah` a ca rlcfofþk ` a cas e`kias,

sfk` qul ccloa a `tras euilrls y bèdrls hl t`has cas lhahls, a pahrls y a pr`jlsf`kacls, y a

aqulccas plrs`kas qul bak plrhfh` lc k`rtl y quflrlk lkn`ktrar su naefk`, nè` atlstfouak

cas trahfnf`kls lspfrftuacls hl t`h` lc eukh` y cas nartas qul n`ktflkl lstl cfdr`.

Lk c`s nurs`s qul fepart` s`drl ca sacuh y ca n`knflknfa bueaka, basta ab`ra a

elkuh` hljfkåa ca oranfa nè` uka julrza vftac ukfvlrsac, plr` ab`ra el bl hah` nulkta hl

qul ls` ls fkahlnuah`. Ca julrza vftac sfepclelktl ls. Ls uka lklroåa klutra, k` hfrfofha, qul

r`hla y sustlkta ca vftacfhah hl t`h`s c`s slrls. ^fk ledaro`, ca oranfa tflkl uka katuraclza

lspfrftuac. Ls lklroåa fkjukhfha hl uka julrza suplrf`r a ca kulstra, uka fktlknfþk hfvfka.

Nuakh` ccloa ‘olklracelktl sfk prlvf` avfs` s`k slr plhfha, «nè` sf suroflra hl ca kaha· ‘

tl cclka hl uka n`knflknfa cuefk`sa qul ls hfjlrlktl hl ca n`knflknfa hl naha håa, banl qul tl

sflktas vfv` y pr`vfst` hl uka orak ncarfhah hl vfsfþk, uka orak hltlrefkanfþk y julrza para

antuar. Ca oranfa taedfæk ls ca julrza `roakfzatfva qul sudyanl a cas fknfhlknfas, ` lxplrflknfas




-4=-

sfknrþkfnas qul sacpfnak kulstras vfhas y qul acouk`s n`ksfhlrak jrut` hl ca nasuacfhah plr`

qul, sfk cuoar a huhas, k` s`k aclat`rfas.

Ca oranfa fcuefka kulstr` naefk` ac oufark`s p`r elhf` hl ca fktufnfþk, l fkjcufr lk cas

lclnnf`kls qul banle`s. Nuakh` k`s adakh`kak a kulstra pr`pfa sulrtl, s`cle`s lclofr banlr

aqulccas n`sas qul rljcliak kulstr` cah` `snur` ‘c`s eflh`s l fknlrtfhuedrls s`drl kulstra

napanfhah para s`drlvfvfr lk lc eukh` jåsfn`‘. Hl t`h`s e`h`s, sfleprl tlkle`s uka

n`knflknfa, uka slksanfþk ` uk fkstfkt` vfsnlrac s`drl qul hldlråae`s plksar, hlnfr ` banlr.

Nuakh` hlnfe`s «K` sæ quæ banlr·, raraelktl hlnfe`s ca vlrhah. C` eás pr`dadcl ls qul k`

qulrae`s banlr c` qul lstae`s vflkh` qul hldlråae`s banlr, plr`, lk kulstr` julr` fktlrk`,

sè`s hleasfah` fktuftfv`s para n`ktlktark`s n`k uka lxnusa. K` p`hle`s k` slr fktuftfv`s.

Ca lklroåa hl ca oranfa ls uka v`z fktlrf`r qul rara vlz p`hle`s fktlrprltar lrrþklaelktl `

sfclknfar. Ls uka julrza qul `dra eak` a eak` n`k ca fktufnfþk para oufar kulstras annf`kls lk

ca hfrlnnfþk ahlnuaha, ca hfrlnnfþk qul bará eás dflk.

Fktufnfþk y p`hlr

^þc` bay h`s j`reas hl vfvfr ca vfha. \ka ls nè` sf k`

lxfstflrak c`s efcaor`s. Ca `tra nè` sf t`h` julra uk efcaor`.

Acdlrt Lfkstlfk

]ara lktlkhlr nèpcltaelktl ca orak varflhah hl lxplrflknfas hl cas efc h`snflktas

nartas qul rlnfdå, tlkle`s qul jfiark`s lk nþe` ca fktufnfþk y lc p`hlr plrs`kac n`cad`rak n`k

ca oranfa. Ca fktufnfþk ls, lk prfelr cuoar, uka lxprlsfþk hlc p`hlr. K` ls uka januctah eåstfna

para vlr lc jutur` a jfk hl eaktlklrsl slour`. Ca eay`råa hl cas plrs`kas qul ca fktufnfþk cl

nudra ca lspacha y antùl nè` uk lsplnfl hl hfsp`sftfv` hl n`ktr`c hl su vfha y rlcanf`kls.

Quflrlk trun`s eåstfn`s hl pr`tlnnfþk y suplrvfvlknfa, k` klnlsarfaelktl ca ouåa hl act`

v`ctail qul ap`rta ca fktufnfþk, lc tfp` hl ouåa qul fklvftadclelktl naedfaråa sus vfhas. Lsták

dusnakh` uka ouåa lspfrftuac qul cls aslourl ca `dtlknfþk hl còr`s eatlrfacls.

Eunba olktl prljlrfråa qul lsta ouåa lspfrftuac julra prántfna y pr`jlsf`kac y, a slr

p`sfdcl, cclvara uk pcak hl plksf`kls fkn`rp`rah`.




-44-

nèprlksfþk s`drl lc us`, lc eac us` ` ca eaca `rflktanfþk qul lstae`s hakh` a kulstr`

p`hlr plrs`kac. ]`r lilepc`, cas prfelras clnnf`kls vftacls tratak s`drl nþe` vfvfr lk lc slk`

hl uka jaefcfa7 nþe` ahaptark`s c`s uk`s a c`s `tr`s y `drar hl anulrh` n`k cas k`reas hl

kulstra trfdu. Eás ahlcaktl, lktrae`s lk ca lhah ahucta y aprlkhle`s nþe` sacfr ahlcaktl

s`c`s y nþe` vfvfr lk lc slk` hl uka nèukfhah eás lxtlksa7 hlnfhfe`s sf qulrle`s

rldlcark`s n`k kulstra trfdu ` sloufr j`reakh` partl hl lcca7 dusnae`s parlia7 hlsarr`ccae`s

badfcfhahls, k`s pr`nurae`s uka j`rea hl oakark`s lc sustlkt`, hlsarr`ccae`s uka pr`jlsfþk7

k`s n`kvlrtfe`s lk pahrls, elkt`rls y ealstr`s lk kulstras v`nanf`kls y ajfnf`kls. A elhfha

qul k`s vae`s banflkh` eay`rls, sl sup`kl qul hldle`s fr asueflkh` eás

rlsp`ksadfcfhahls y anrlnlktakh` kulstra nèpasfþk p`r c`s hleás, aså nè` kulstra

sadfhuråa, nèprlksfþk y n`knflknfa.

C`s nbagras, kulstr`s nlktr`s lklroætfn`s, sfed`cfzak t`h`s lst`s pas`s. û acfklanfþk

vlrtfnac hlshl ca dasl hl ca n`cueka vlrtldrac basta ca n`r`kfcca suoflrl qul kulstr` p`hlr

lspfrftuac va nrlnflkh` n`kj`rel vae`s hèfkakh` ca slhunt`ra atrannfþk hlc eukh`

eatlrfac. Lc sfstlea hl c`s nbagras, fkfnfacelktl fhlktfjfnah` lk @rflktl, ls ca dasl hl acoukas

lkslñakzas hlc bfkhufse`, lc duhfse` y lc ta`åse`, plr` taedfæk sl n`rrlsp`khl n`k ca

lklroåa eåstfna hljfkfha p`r cas trahfnf`kls `nnfhlktacls. Nè` vlrle`s, c`s nbagras taedfæk

ouarhak n`rrlsp`khlknfa n`k c`s hfstfkt`s tfp`s hl oranfa qul sl eakfjflstak lk cas nartas hl

lstl cfdr`.C`s nbagras n`kj`reak c` qul y` hltlrefk` ca akatèåa hlc lspårftu. Lc prfelr nbagra,

udfnah` lk ca dasl hl ca n`cueka vlrtldrac, n`ktflkl ca lklroåa rlcanf`kaha n`k lc eukh`

eatlrfac, n`k cas prl`nupanf`kls hl ca suplrvfvlknfa dásfna. Lc sloukh` nbagra, sftuah` hldai`

hl ca nfktura, lkslña clnnf`kls qul tflklk qul vlr n`k ca lklroåa hl ca slxuacfhah, lc tradai`, ca

nrlatfvfhah y taedfæk ca aut`pr`tlnnfþk. Lc tlrnlr nbagra, qul sl lknulktra lk lc pclx` s`car,

trata s`drl nulstf`kls rlcanf`kahas n`k lc lo`, ca plrs`kacfhah fkhfvfhuac y ca aut`lstfea. Lc

nuart` nbagra, lc nbagra hlc n`razþk, o`dflrka ca prántfna hlc ae`r, ca nèpasfþk y lc plrhþk.

Lc qufkt` lstá rlcanf`kah` n`k ca julrza hl v`cuktah y ca aut`lxprlsfþk. Lc slxt` o`dflrka ca

elktl, lc plksaeflkt` ranf`kac, ca nèprlksfþk y ca sadfhuråa. Lc sæptfe` ls ca n`klxfþk

lspfrftuac n`k lc ukfvlrs`. ]`r c` takt`, ca hfrlnnfþk hlc hlsarr`cc` lspfrftuac ls asnlkhlktl9

avakzae`s hlshl c`s prfelr`s aprlkhfzails s`drl nþe` s`drlvfvfr lk lc eukh` ‘

acfelktark`s, rlsouarhark`s y pr`tlolr a kulstr` y` fkhfvfhuac‘ basta plrnfdfr ca ukfhah n`k

lc n`kiukt` hl ca vfha, n`klntark`s n`k c`s hleás y n`k c` hfvfk`.

A elhfha qul kulstr` lspårftu eahura y va asnlkhflkh`, ca lklroåa hl ca oranfa va

hlsnlkhflkh` hlshl c` eás act`. Aedas julrzas sl lktrlcazak lk lspfrac a travæs hl c`s




-4>-

nbagras nè` uka h`dcl bæcfnl lklroætfna. Hl blnb`, ca oranfa jcuyl banfa kulstr` fktlrf`r a

travæs hl c`s sfltl nbagras, qul n`kj`reak uk nfrnuft` lspfrftuac. Culo` sl jukhl n`k lc

plksaeflkt` ranf`kac hlc slxt` nbagra, e`tfva a kulstra v`cuktah lk lc qufkt` nbagra y

plkltra lk lc nlktr` hlc n`razþk para olklrar uka rlspulsta le`nf`kac. Lc tlrnlr nbagra

plrs`kacfza ca lklroåa7 ls`s slktfeflkt`s plrs`kacls sl vflrtlk lk lc sloukh` nbagra, qul

e`chla kulstras rlspulstas hákh`cls j`rea hl annfþk, ac tflep` qul pr`nura oaraktfzar

kulstra slourfhah. ]`r ùctfe`, ca lklroåa qul leplzþ nè` fkspfranfþk y oranfa lk lc sæptfe`

nbagra sl arrafoa lk lc prfelr nbagra, n`klntákh`k`s n`k ca tflrra, n`k lc prlslktl. C`s

nbagras n`kstftuylk kulstr` pararray`s lspfrftuac, qul ukl n`k ca tflrra ca lklroåa lcæntrfna hl

ca oranfa a travæs hl kulstr` slr y kulstr` nulrp`.

Eflktras n`ksfhlrada nþe` ca oranfa, ca fktufnfþk y lc p`hlr `dradak n`kiuktaelktl

lk cas bfst`rfas hl cas plrs`kas qul el lsnrfdflr`k, el hf nulkta hl qul ca eay`råa hl lsas

plrs`kas natlo`rfzar`k nasf fkn`ksnflktlelktl sus nartas lk ef cuoar, utfcfzakh` lxprlsf`kls

fhæktfnas ` euy parlnfhas. ]`r lilepc`, cas plrs`kas qul rlnfdflr`k ayuha hl uk hlsn`k`nfh`

sl rljlråak a ca plrs`ka ` a ca bfst`rfa nè` «Lc dulk saearftak`·. Nuakh` budl `roakfzah

t`has cas nartas, lelroflr`k sfltl natlo`råas.

@tra vlz ?

A vlnls tl rlsucta fep`sfdcl quftarcl nflrtas n`sas hl ca nadlza. El tr`pflz`

n`kstaktlelktl n`k lc kùelr` ?9 bay sfltl nbagras, sfltl sanraelkt`s lk lc nrfstfakfse`, sfltl

natlo`råas lklroætfnas prfknfpacls lk lc efstfnfse` `nnfhlktac. Acouflk pfhl uk ?\p lk uk

rlstauraktl y p`n` el jacta para banlr uka fktlrprltanfþk fktuftfva. ]`r lcc`, nè` ls katurac,nuakh` lelroflr`k sfltl natlo`råas hl lktrl efc h`snflktas nartas, qufsl sadlr sf ouarhadak

acouka rlcanfþk n`k c`s nbagras. Ac prfknfpf` c` bfnl sþc` p`r nurf`sfhah, sfk lsplrar rlacelktl

qul julra a hlsnudrfr uka kulva plrsplntfva s`drl ca arquftlntura hlc sfstlea lklroætfn`

bueak`. ]lr`, uka vlz nèpcltah` lsl plqulñ` lilrnfnf`, hlsnudrå qul, hlc efse` e`h` qul

bay uka ilrarquåa hlc p`hlr, taedfæk bay uka ilrarquåa hl ca oranfa. V el hf nulkta hl qul ca

ccaeaha hl ayuhark`s c`s uk`s a c`s `tr`s, ca fktufnfþk qul k`s fksta a utfcfzar kulstr` p`hlr

para slrvfr a c`s hleás, lstá pr`jukhaelktl arrafoaha lk kulstra katuraclza jåsfna y lspfrftuac.




-4:-

p`r c` qul jadrfnae`s, cas hlstrlzas qul ahqufrfe`s, cas badfcfhahls qul hlsarr`ccae`s lk lc

áedft` cad`rac ` nuctfvakh` kulstra aefstahls, cas fhlas fkk`vah`ras qul n`knldfe`s, c`s

pr`dcleas qul rls`cvle`s y c`s bfi`s ` nèukfhahls qul trale`s ac eukh` ` nrlae`s y

nufhae`s. ]lr` eunbas plrs`kas tflklk fhlas nrlatfvas y akblc`s qul k` plrsfoulk p`r

vlroólkza ` p`r eflh` ac jranas` jfkaknflr`, ` p`rqul s`k rltfnlktls a naedfar hl vfha y

sacfrsl hlc naefk` earnah`. Ad`rtak sus sulñ`s, sfk harsl nulkta hl qul c`s ad`rt`s

psfn`cþofn`s y le`nf`kacls pulhlk slr eás hlvastah`rls qul c`s jåsfn`s. Nè` fktuftfva

eæhfna, bl vfst` eunbas hlprlsf`kls y `tras j`reas hl sujrfeflkt` nrþkfn` lk nuy` `rfolk sl

lkn`ktrada ca rlprlsfþk ` ca kloanfþk hl uk fktlks` akblc` nrlatfv`.

Acoukas plrs`kas sl lsjulrzak p`r lkn`ktrar ca ayuha qul klnlsftak para sanar

ahlcaktl uka fhla. @tras sujrlk traolhfas plrs`kacls qul cls cclvak a ca rufka ln`kþefna y

aplkas pulhlk sloufr ahlcaktl ` eaktlklr a sus jaefcfas. Lk eunbas hl cas nartas qul rlnfdå,

c`s aut`rls elknf`kadak su oratftuh p`r badlr rlnfdfh` ayuha hl tfp` jfkaknflr`, uka ncasl hl

ayuha tåpfna hlc sloukh` nbagra, y a elkuh` slñacadak qul ls`s ant`s hl olklr`sfhah

taedfæk cls badåak ayuhah` a slktfrsl vfv`s hl kulv` hlshl lc pukt` hl vfsta nrlatfv`, uka

n`kslnulknfa fkvfsfdcl qul tac vlz sus dlkljant`rls k` prlhfilr`k.

XLTNLT NBAGTA9

CA LKLTOÅA HLC LO@

C`s h`kls hl ca aut`lstfea9 ap`y` fkn`khfnf`kac, aefstah y hfokfhah plrs`kac

Lc tlrnlr nbagra ls lc nlktr` hl ca aut`lstfea y hlc p`hlr plrs`kac, lc b`k`r y ca ætfna.

û lklroåa k`s fkjukhl lc slktfh` hlc «quæ s`y·, lk n`ktrap`sfnfþk ac «qufæk s`y· hlc prfelr

nbagra9 sl trata hl uk nlktr` rlcanf`kah` takt` n`k lc slr nè` n`k lc banlr. Æstl ls lc bara `

«nlktr` vftac· sloùk acoukas jfc`s`jåas `rflktacls9 ca dasl hlc p`hlr plrs`kac, c`s cåeftls

psfn`cþofn`s sak`s y ca aut`sujfnflknfa, qul sl lknulktra lk lc pclx` s`car. Aquå ls h`khl

rlsfhl ca napanfhah hl tèar hlnfsf`kls s`drl uk` efse`, ajr`ktar cas nrfsfs y asuefr rflso`s.

Lk eunb`s slktfh`s, lstl nbagra ls lc qul eás fkjcuyl s`drl ca napanfhah hl nrlar uka

vfha jlcfz y satfsjant`rfa. \ka plrs`ka qul nrll lk så efsea sflktl qul lc eukh` ls uk cuoar

anòlh`r7 ` p`r c` elk`s qul k` ls uk cuoar aelkazaktl ` atlrrah`r. K` sl aelhrlkta aktl

c`s hlsajå`s qul cl pcaktla ca vfha y tflkl uka slourfhah fktlrka qul k` sl pulhl nèprar n`khfklr`. \ka plrs`ka sfk aut`lstfea k` p`hråa cclkar lsl vanå` kf n`k t`h` lc hfklr` hlc eukh`.




-4?-

Kukna sl slktfrá jlcfz, sloura ` cfdrl hl tle`rls. ]`r hlsn`ktah`, ls p`sfdcl s`drlvfvfr lk lstl

eukh` sfk aut`lstfea, plr`, sfk lstl fkorlhflktl jukhaelktac, ls fep`sfdcl tlklr uka

slksanfþk fktlrf`r hl cfdlrtah y slourfhah.

Qulrle`s slktfrk`s dflk n`k c` qul sè`s fkncus` eás qul n`k c` qul tlkle`s. ]lr`,

eflktras k` tlkoae`s aut`lstfea, sfleprl k`s slktfrle`s s`nfac y lspfrftuacelktl

vucklradcls, y k`s nlktrarle`s eás lk cas p`slsf`kls y lk c`s iulo`s hl p`hlr qul lk lc

hlsarr`cc` hlc p`hlr fktlrf`r. Elhfrle`s kulstr` æxft` plrs`kac lk juknfþk hl ca elhfha lk

qul n`ktr`cle`s lc eukh` lxtlrk` y a `tras plrs`kas. K`s slktfrle`s vucklradcls y

tlelrle`s qul `tr`s n`ktr`clk kulstras antftuhls, plksaeflkt`s, sulñ`s ` aedfnf`kls. Basta

tlelrle`s lc p`hlr hl Hf`s ‘lsplnfacelktl lc p`hlr fkvfsfdcl hl Hf`s para naedfar naha uk`

hl c`s asplnt`s hl kulstra vfha‘ y huharle`s hl kulstras badfcfhahls para eli`rar kulstra

pr`pfa lxfstlknfa y ca hl c`s hleás. ^fk ledaro`, naha vlz qul lclofe`s nuctfvar lc p`hlr

fktlrf`r, cfeftae`s ca aut`rfhah hlc eukh` eatlrfac s`drl kulstra vfha, nulrp`, sacuh, elktl y

lspårftu.

C`s ant`s hl slrvfnf` `rflktah`s a lclvar ca aut`lstfea hl `tra plrs`ka s`k

cftlracelktl ant`s hl sacvaelkt`. Lcòfar, vac`rar ` rlspltar a c`s hleás7 har panflktlelktl

uk n`ksli` ` lkslñar uka badfcfhah a `tra plrs`ka para ayuharl a sacfr ahlcaktl7 ` har ákfe`s

a acouflk qul ba plrhfh` ca lsplrakza ‘t`h`s s`k ant`s hl p`hlr hlc tlrnlr nbagra‘. V s`k

para sfleprl. Nè` clå lk uka hl cas nartas qul el lkvfar`k9 «^þc` hurþ uk sloukh`, plr` elslktå eunb` eli`r·, ` «Ca s`krfsa hl uk hlsn`k`nfh` el sacvþ ca vfha.· Lstl tfp` hl ant`s hl

slrvfnf` vfknucah`s ac tlrnlr nbagra ‘j`rtaclnfeflkt`‘ sl efhlk p`r ca sfknlrfhah, k` p`r ca

naktfhah hl lklroåa, hfklr` ` tflep` fkvlrtfh`s.

N`kj`rel vae`s asnlkhflkh` lk ca slnulknfa hl c`s nbagras, c`s ant`s hl slrvfnf` naha

vlz sl naroak eás hl lklroåa, sl vulcvlk eás «lklroætfn`s· ‘nè` c`s ccae` y`‘ eás

lspfrftuacls y elk`s eatlrfacls, plr` eás p`hlr`s`s.

N\ATX@ NBAGTA9

LC NBAGTA HLC N@TAYÞK

C`s h`kls hlc n`razþk9 aeadfcfhah, ae`r, plrhþk y nèpasfþk

Lc nuart` nbagra lstá vfknucah` a ca vfha le`nf`kac y ls lc nlktr` hlc dflklstar

le`nf`kac. Lsta lklroåa rlsp`khl a ca prloukta9 «°A qufæk aearæ y nþe` aearæ0· C`s ant`s




-42-

hl aeadfcfhah, ae`r, plrhþk y nèpasfþk pulhlk banlr eás lk sþc` nfkn` efkut`s para nurar

` ayuhar a acouflk qul uka tlrapfa hl `nb` efc hþcarls t`h` uk añ`.

Lc nuart` nbagra ls lc nlktr` n`rp`rac hl kulstra akatèåa lspfrftuac y o`dflrka lc

n`razþk. ]`r hlsn`ktah`, ca prfknfpac tarla hl kulstr` n`razþk n`ksfstl lk rln`k`nlr kulstr`

pr`pf` lspårftu lk naha hlsn`k`nfh` y «aear ac prþife` nè` a k`s`tr`s efse`s·.

Lk lstl eukh` p`hlrk`s s`drlvfvfr sfk ap`y` le`nf`kac, sfk qulrlrk`s a k`s`tr`s

efse`s kf qulrlr a `tra olktl, plr` lk lsas n`khfnf`kls k` p`hle`s pr`splrar. Lc h`c`r hl ca

s`clhah y lc afscaeflkt` tflkl n`kslnulknfas hlvastah`ras s`drl ca sacuh le`nf`kac y jåsfna. Ca

eay`råa hl ca olktl tflkl eflh` hl anadar s`ca, s`drl t`h` hl tlklr qul ajr`ktar uka

lkjlrelhah s`ca ‘hlsajå`s tåpfn`s hlc nuart` nbagra‘ y, p`r lstl e`tfv`, ca eay`råa hl ca

olktl pulhl plrnfdfr lstl eflh` lk c`s hleás.

C`s ant`s hl slrvfnf` rlcanf`kah`s n`k lc nuart` nbagra fcustrak, lk eay`r elhfha qul

c`s hl c`s hleás nbagras, qul c`s lsjulrz`s hl n`razþk pulhlk naedfar pr`jukhaelktl cas

n`sas. Xaedfæk sulclk fepcfnar uk nèprèfs` eás pr`jukh`, uka eay`r fkvlrsfþk le`nf`kac

lk lc ant`, nè`, p`r lilepc`, ayuhar a acouflk a sakar, c` qul pulhl slr uk pr`nls` caro`. C`s

ant`s hl slrvfnf` pr`pf`s hl c`s trls prfelr`s nbagras s`k lk orak elhfha lxtlrk`s, nè` har

acfelkt`, r`pa, uk tlnb` ` hfklr`. C`s ant`s hl hlhfnanfþk y plrhþk s`k eás fktlrk`s, a plsar

hl qul sus lsjulrz`s taedfæk sl eakfjflstak lk lc eukh` eatlrfac. C`s ant`s hl plrhþk ‘har

ca dflkvlkfha a acouflk a quflk badåae`s lxncufh` hl kulstr` nårnuc`, ` j`riar uk våknuc` n`kacouflk nè` eulstra hl ap`y`‘ taedfæk s`k p`hlr`s`s ant`s hl slrvfnf` hlc nuart` nbagra.

Ac rlacfzar ` rlnfdfr acouk`s ant`s hl slrvfnf` hlc nuart` nbagra, p`hle`s lxplrfelktar

uka traksj`reanfþk plrs`kac. Lst` ls aco` qul narantlrfza lsplnfacelktl c`s ant`s hl plrhþk.

Lc n`razþk lstá eás adflrt` y eás nèprèltfh` lk lstl nuart` kfvlc hl n`knflknfa, ca

v`cuktah ls eás jfrel y lc lspårftu lstá eás hfspulst` a lksaknbar kulstr`s b`rfz`ktls eás

accá hl h`khl aktls k`s slktåae`s nþe`h`s. Lk lstl kfvlc, hae`s eás slktfh` a kulstras

annf`kls y sè`s eás n`ksnflktls hl kulstra pr`pfa nèpasfþk y hl su pr`pþsft`.

Q\FKX@ NBAGTA9

CA LKLTOÅA HL CA HLXLTEFKANFÞK

C`s h`kls hl ca v`cuktah9 vaclktåa y ouåa

Ca lklroåa as`nfaha ac qufkt` nbagra ls nè` uk stannat` lk uka pflza eusfnac9pukzaktl, fktlksa, traksj`reah`ra. Ca prfknfpac julrza hl lstl nlktr` lklroætfn` ls ca v`cuktah




-46-

‘lc slktfh` hl hltlrefkanfþk, pr`pþsft`, fktlknfþk y hfsnfpcfka‘. Ca lklroåa hl lstl nbagra

rlsp`khl a ca prloukta9 «°Quæ baræ0· Hlc efse` e`h` qul ca nacfhah hl kulstra vfha

hlplkhl hl ca ahlnuanfþk hl kulstras lclnnf`kls, nuakt` eás julrtls y hltlrefkah`s slae`s

eli`r lclofrle`s. Æstl ls lc nlktr` hl cas lclnnf`kls y cas n`kslnulknfas. \dfnah` lk ca

oaroakta, lstl nbagra elhfa lktrl ca nadlza y lc n`razþk. K`s ayuha a eaktlklr kulstra

pacadra y a nuepcfr cas prèlsas.

Kanle`s n`k lc hlsl` hl hlsarr`ccar pclkaelktl kulstr` p`tlknfac, pr`pþsft` `

N`ktrat` âorah`, plr` tlkle`s qul hlsarr`ccar ca v`cuktah para còrarc`. Nuakh` plrhle`s

lc k`rtl ‘olklracelktl nuakh` antuae`s eás p`r eflh` y n`kvlkflknfa qul p`r vaclktåa y

n`k`nfeflkt` hl nuác ls kulstra elta lk ca vfha‘, k`s v`cvle`s fktrakqufc`s y anueucae`s

uka hlnlpnfþk tras `tra. A elkuh` klnlsftae`s ayuha para sacfrk`s hlc naefk` qul k`s

ble`s earnah` y p`hlr lktrar lk ca þrdfta hl kulstr` eay`r p`tlknfac. Antuar nè` uka

cakzahlra para acouflk, natacfzar su traksj`reanfþk, tlklr jl lk æc y ayuharcl a n`kjfar lk så

efse` s`k fep`rtaktls ant`s hl ayuha pr`pf`s hlc qufkt` nbagra.

K` p`hle`s lvacuar lc pr`jukh` fepant` hl kulstras annf`kls s`drl c`s hleás, k`

p`hle`s vlr ca euctftuh hl ljlnt`s lknahlkah`s qul pulhl tlklr uk s`c` ant`. Cas plrs`kas

bak sfh` ncavls a ca b`ra hl naedfar rahfnacelktl ca vfha hl `tra plrs`ka a elkuh` hfnlk9 «Lk

lc j`kh`, k` bfnl takt` p`r lcca.· ^fk ledaro`, cas plrs`kas a quflkls ayuhar`k cls rln`rharák

nè` quflkls e`hfjfnar`k y eli`rar`k sus vfhas para sfleprl.

^LRX@ NBAGTA9

CA LKLTOÅA HLC ]LKÂEFLKX@ TANF@KAC

C`s h`kls hl ca elktl9 sadfhuråa y `ptfefse`

Ca sadfhuråa y lc `ptfefse` s`k cas julrzas hlc slxt` nbagra, qul lstá udfnah` lk lc

nlktr` hl ca jrlktl. Lstas julrzas sl lktrlcazak lk lc fktlrf`r hl ca psfqul y lc acea hl uka

plrs`ka, lc tlrrft`rf` hlc slxt` nbagra. Ls fep`sfdcl slr sadf` y plsfefsta ac efse` tflep`.

]lr` ls prlnfs` nuctfvar lc `ptfefse` n`ksnflktlelktl. «Ca sadfhuråa kanl hlc lsjulrz`·, hfi`

Duha, y hlsaparlnl p`r jacta hl lsjulrz`. Xlkle`s qul lclofr lxtralr c` eli`r hl cas

sftuanf`kls hfjånfcls qul k`s t`qul vfvfr y n`kjfar lk qul sfleprl bay acouka razþk sudyanlktl

qul lsnapa a kulstra nèprlksfþk. Æsta ls ca sadfhuråa hl anlptar cas n`sas tac nè` s`k.

Hlsarr`ccae`s lsta januctah a travæs hlc aprlkhfzail hl ca vfha.




->=-

Lc hfnb` qul eli`r hljfkl lc slxt` nbagra ls «Nuakh` lc hfsnåpuc` lstá prlparah`,

aparlnl lc ealstr`·, y lc ealstr` pulhl slr `tra plrs`ka, uk sunls` ` fkncus` uka

lkjlrelhah. \ka i`ya hl ca sadfhuråa `jrlnfha lk lc eèlkt` iust` pulhl prlkhlr lk ca

elktl y ca feaofkanfþk, plreftflkh` qul acouflk vla uka s`cunfþk kulva a uk pr`dclea vfli`,

uka j`rea hl rls`cvlr uk pr`dclea qul k` badråa p`hfh` feaofkarsl æc s`c`. Kukna hldle`s

sudlstfear lc p`hlr fkblrlktl l kulstr` pr`pf` arnbfv` hl sadfhuråa, kf iuzoar ca nacfhah hl

kulstra sadfhuråa p`r ca rlspulsta hlc fktlrc`nut`r. C`s ant`s hl p`hlr hl lsl nbagra k`

sfleprl s`k rln`k`nfh`s fkelhfataelktl p`r lc rlnlpt`r, qul, k` `dstaktl, ls p`sfdcl qul c`s

aprlnfl eás ahlcaktl. Lk lst`s ant`s hl p`hlr, lc eukh` eatlrfac pulhl ukfr sus julrzas n`k

ca n`knflknfa7 p`r lilepc`, p`hle`s `jrlnlr acfelkt` y uka `ranfþk. Eaktlklr ca elktl

adflrta s`drl acouflk ` s`drl acouka sftuanfþk, lstar lk lc aquå y ab`ra, prlslktls para `tra

plrs`ka, taedfæk s`k ant`s hl p`hlr hl vftac fep`rtaknfa.

^Æ]XFE@ NBAGTA9

LC NLKXT@ HL CA N@KNFLKNFA ^\]LTF@T

C`s h`kls hlc lspårftu9 ákolcls hfsjrazah`s y dulk`s saearftak`s

Ca jl ls ca julrza hlc sæptfe` nbagra, h`khl rlsfhl ca n`klxfþk n`k kulstra katuraclza

lspfrftuac. Ca lklroåa hlc sæptfe` nbagra rfol ca napanfhah hl plreftfr qul ca lspfrftuacfhah sl

n`kvflrta lk uka partl fktloraktl hl kulstra vfha jåsfna. Ls lc nfrnuft` banfa c` hfvfk` y ca

pulrta para annlhlr a c`s rlnurs`s fktuftfv`s.

Lk lstl áedft`, adukhak c`s efcaor`s. X`h`s tlkle`s cas efseas pr`dadfcfhahls hl

j`rear partl hl uk efcaor` y ayuhar a qul sl pr`huzna, aså nè` hl slr `dilt` hl uk`. Lc

p`hlr hl ca jl pulhl eakfjlstarsl lk lc eukh` jåsfn` y banlr rlacfhah c`s sulñ`s, nurar uka

lkjlrelhah lk uk adrfr y nlrrar hl ì`s y n`kvlrtfr lk jánfc t`h` c` qul lra hfjånfc. C`s ant`s hl

p`hlr hlc sæptfe` nbagra fkncuylk ca jl qul trakseftfe`s a c`s hleás a travæs hl kulstras

nrllknfas, annf`kls y `ranf`kls. X`h`s p`hle`s n`kvlrtfrk`s lk aolktls bueak`s hl uka

fktlrvlknfþk ` rlsnatl hfvfk`s.




->1-

Lc slrvfnf` a c`s hleás ls uka klnlsfhah df`cþofna

K` hldle`s, ac fktlktar plksar lk nþe` p`hle`s banlr orakhls

naedf`s, fok`rar c`s plqulñ`s naedf`s qul p`hle`s banlr håa a håa, c`s

nuacls, n`k lc tflep`, sl vak sueakh` basta pr`v`nar uka orak naedf` qul a

elkuh` k` p`hle`s prlvlr.

Earfak _rfobt Lhlceak

Ayuhar a `tras plrs`kas k` ls uka `pnfþk, ls uka klnlsfhah df`cþofna. Naha ant` hl

d`khah qul banle`s p`r acouflk rlakfea kulstra pr`pfa julrza vftac y ca julrza vftac hl ca `tra

plrs`ka. Eunbas trahfnf`kls lspfrftuacls nèpartlk ca rloca hl `r`9 trata a c`s hleás nè` tl

oustaråa qul tl tratarak a tf.

Naha vlz qul tlkhle`s ca eak` a `tra plrs`ka, dflk p`rqul hlnfhfe`s banlrcl uk

plqulñ` jav`r ` p`rqul k`s slktfe`s feplcfh`s a ayuharcl, rlacfzae`s uk ant` hl p`hlr

fkvfsfdcl qul tflkl pr`jukh`s ljlnt`s nuratfv`s takt` s`drl k`s`tr`s, nè` hah`rls, nè`

s`drl lc rlnlpt`r. C` qul pulhl leplzar nè` uk adraz` jåsfn` para trakseftfr lepatåa a `tra

plrs`ka, p`r lilepc`, sl pulhl n`kvlrtfr lk uka julktl hl fkspfranfþk para lsa plrs`ka qul cl

ayuhará a sloufr ahlcaktl lk uk eèlkt` hl hlslsplranfþk y eunb` hlspuæs. Lst` sl rljclia

lk ca sfouflktl narta, lsnrfta p`r Cfkha9 «Banl nasf trlfkta añ`s, y` lra eahrl ah`clsnlktl,

lstuhfaktl ukfvlrsftarfa y naearlra. K` tlkåa kfkouka ayuha ln`kþefna lxtlrka y vfvåa sþc` hl

ef sulch`. \k els k` n`kslouå rlukfr sujfnflktl hfklr` para paoar cas janturas. Lstada euy

lstrlsaha, sfk kfkoùk cuoar ah`khl anuhfr sacv` ca `jfnfka hl slrvfnf`s s`nfacls. ¡El slktåa tak

pr`jukhaelktl buefccaha! Basta lkt`knls, sfleprl badåa lkn`ktrah` ca eaklra hl sacfr

ahlcaktl. Ca prfknfpac jþreuca badåa sfh` lkn`ktrar uk tradai` lxtra. ]lr` lsta vlz k` sadåa

quæ banlr. Tlnulrh` nþe` el naåak cas cáorfeas p`r lc r`str`, aukqul, p`r `tr` cah`, lstada

n`ktlkta hl qul ef bfi` hl h`s añ`s k` tuvflra qul vlrel pfhflkh` hfklr` p`r ca naccl.

Xaedfæk rlnulrh` c` qul `nurrfþ a n`ktfkuanfþk n`k uka ncarfhah hfájaka, a plsar hl qul bak

pasah` eunb`s añ`s. Ca juknf`karfa hl ca `jfnfka hl slrvfnf`s s`nfacls sl clvaktþ hl su elsa,

sl el anlrnþ y el r`hlþ n`k lc draz` eflktras e l hlnåa9 –]ara ls` lstá lsta `jfnfka. K` tl

sflktas eac, d`kfta, y nrælel, ya hlv`cvlrás lstl hfklr` euctfpcfnah` p`r hflz n`k c`s

fepulst`s qul paoarás acoùk håa―. Xlkåa razþk y y` kukna `cvfharæ c` dflk qul el tratþ. Ab`ra

s`y adòaha, tlko` eunb` hfklr` y hfsjrut` rlacfzakh` ant`s hl slrvfnf` fkahvlrtfh`s a olktl

qul parlnl klnlsftar a acouflk n`k quflk badcar.·




->4-

Tlsp`khle`s a ca olktl klnlsftaha p`rqul plrnfdfe`s su h`c`r y su akoustfa, y

taedfæk c` slktfe`s l fktufe`s a travæs hl kulstr` sfstlea lklroætfn`. Kulstr`s sfltl nbagras

s`k lxtrleahaelktl slksfdcls ac naep` lklroætfn` hl t`has cas plrs`kas n`k quflkls

lktrae`s lk n`ktant`. Aukqul k` lvacule`s n`ksnflktlelktl c`s sfstleas lklroætfn`s hl c`s

hleás, naptae`s ca jatfoa hl uk kfñ`, ca prl`nupanfþk hl uk pahrl, lc lstræs hl kulstra parlia

` ca hlnlpnfþk hl uk nèpañlr` hl tradai`. K` klnlsftae`s ahqufrfr lc bádft` hl cllr lc

sfstlea nèpclt` hl nbagras hl uka plrs`ka aktls hl hlhfnarcl uka pacadra aeadcl9

antuae`s sfouflkh` lc fkstfkt` hl nèpasfþk, uka rlspulsta autèátfna qul sl hlslknahlka

s`k qul tlkoae`s qul plksar lk lcc` n`ksnflktlelktl. Lclofr k` rlsp`khlr a acouflk, hl

blnb`, ls uka annfþk eunb` eás n`ksnflktl qul tlkhlrcl ca eak`.

^f uk` sl ha nulkta hl qul sl lnba atrás nuakh` lepflza a ayuhar a acouflk, hldlrá

rlpasar sus nlktr`s lklroætfn`s para vlr quæ ls c` qul cl fepfhl ayuhar. Cas nartas qul rlnfdå

hl olktl qul k` sup` apr`vlnbar ca `p`rtukfhah hl ayuhar a `tra plrs`ka n`ktlkåak ncaras

eulstras hl rle`rhfeflkt`s. Eunbas plrs`kas qul hflr`k ca lspacha a acouflk qul klnlsftada

ayuha slktåak qul su vfha p`hråa badlr sfh` eunb` eli`r sf budflrak lclofh` antuar eás

nèpasfvaelktl. ]r`dadclelktl k`s nruzae`s lk lc naefk` hl acouflk p`r acoùk e`tfv`9

para tlklr ca `p`rtukfhah hl banlr lc dflk y hl nuepcfr uka partl hl kulstr` pr`pþsft` lk ca

vfha.

Ca narta hl ^barca lxprlsa plrjlntaelktl lsta prl`nupanfþk9 «Xradai` n`khlcfknulktls iuvlkfcls y t`havåa tlko` rle`rhfeflkt`s s`drl uk håa lk qul tlkåa qul badlr

adrazah` a uk` y k` c` bfnl. Cclv` eás hl h`nl añ`s tradaiakh` n`k elk`rls y sæ qul vaco`. A

acouk`s cls nòls eás narfñ` qul a `tr`s y @snar lra uk` hl c`s prfelr`s. Lra uk orak nbfn`.

Lra lsplnfac. A eå el ousta slr pr`jlsf`kac y sfleprl tlko` nufhah` lk k` traspasar kfkouka

jr`ktlra jåsfna n`k c`s kfñ`s. Lc ùctfe` håa qul tradaiæ n`k @snar, æc bfz` lc ahleák hl

adrazarel. V` k` rlsp`khå rlnåpr`naelktl, hl e`h` qul sl lnbþ atrás. El arrlpflkt`

pr`jukhaelktl y t`havåa b`y el sadl jatac. K` sæ sf fkjcuyþ eunb` lk ca vfha hl @snar lc

blnb` hl qul y` k` cl e`strara efs slktfeflkt`s, plr` ls p`sfdcl qul så. Aquæcca jul uka

eaokåjfna `p`rtukfhah para e`strarcl c` eunb` qul sfokfjfnada para eå, y y` ca hlsapr`vlnbæ.

K` v`cvlræ a nèltlr lc efse` lrr`r.·

Kulstra fktufnfþk k`ta nuákh` acouflk klnlsfta ayuha rlacelktl. Natby _. lsnrfdfþ9

«Xuvl uk rlplktfk` ataqul hl værtfo` nuakh` rlorlsada a nasa a ca vulcta hl uk vfail y lc

taxfsta el cclv` hfrlntaelktl ac b`spftac7 vf` qul lk aqulc eèlkt` k` p`håa vaclrel p`r eå

efsea. Eás ahlcaktl, ccaeþ para vlr sf el lkn`ktrada dflk. K` c` bl vulct` a vlr hlshl

lkt`knls, plr` sfleprl rln`rharæ su d`khah.· Natby nrll qul aqulc taxfsta cl sacvþ ca vfha.




->>-

]`håa badlrsl cfeftah` a cclvarca a nasa sfk prlstar hleasfaha atlknfþk a `tr` pasailr` eás,

plr` aco` lk su julr` fktlrk` cl bfz` rlannf`kar. K` jul uka sfepcl narrlra ac b`spftac7 jul uk

ant` hl p`hlr fkvfsfdcl elhfaktl lc nuac uk ákolc bueak` rlsp`khfþ fktuftfvaelktl a ca nrfsfs

lklroætfna hl `tra plrs`ka.

Ca katuraclza eåstfna hlc slrvfnf`

Ca vfrtuh hlc ukfvlrs` ls ca t`tacfhah. Lk æc t`has cas n`sas sl

n`ksfhlrak fouacls.

Xa` Xl Nbfko

Ayuhar a c`s hleás k` ls sþc` uk fhlac s`nfac, ls uk fhlac lspfrftuac y uka klnlsfhah

lspfrftuac. ]rántfnaelktl t`has cas trahfnf`kls k`s hfnlk qul, ayuhakh` a c`s hleás, slrvfe`s

a c` hfvfk`. Kahfl pulhl lv`cunf`kar lk n`knflknfa lspfrftuac hl eaklra afscaha. Lc Xaceuh

ajfrea9 «X`h`s c`s bèdrls s`k rlsp`ksadcls c`s uk`s hl c`s `tr`s.· V Ilsùs lkslñþ9 «C` qul

banæfs ac eás plqulñ` hl efs blreak`s, el c` banæfs a eå.·

C`s nulkt`s p`pucarls y hl bahas taedfæk lsták cclk`s hl clnnf`kls s`drl c`s vac`rls

hlc ae`r, ca nèpasfþk, ca olklr`sfhah y lc nufhah` hl ca jaefcfa, c`s aefo`s, c`s lkjlre`s y

c`s aknfak`s. Æstas s`k cas vfrtuhls qul cl fep`rtak a Hf`s. V æstas s`k cas vfrtuhls qul

hldle`s hlsarr`ccar l fr pucflkh` lk kulstr` vfail lspfrftuac.

Cas lkslñakzas eåstfnas ncásfnas k`s rlnulrhak qul lc pr`nls` hl ca fcuefkanfþk sl

hlspcfloa para naha uk` hl k`s`tr`s a c` caro` hl uk naefk` qul rln`rrle`s s`c`s. ]lr`, lk

lsl naefk`, fep`rtak t`has cas plrs`kas n`k quflkls k`s nruzae`s. Kulstr` baedrflkt`

nèpañlr` hl vfail pulhl slr uk ákolc hfsjrazah`, qul p`khrá a prulda kulstra katuraclzavfrtu`sa. Lk c`s nulkt`s p`pucarls, lc olklr`s` ls aepcfaelktl rlnèplksah` y lc lo`åsta

sujrl hlsaorahadcls n`kslnulknfas qul fkncuylk lk ca pærhfha hl t`has cas p`slsf`kls,

fkncuylkh` lc ae`r. Lc elksail ls qul sè`s lspfrftuacelktl rlsp`ksadcls c`s uk`s hl c`s

`tr`s y qul kulstr` pr`pþsft` lk ca vfha ls hlsnudrfr y nufhah c` hfvfk` qul bay lk lc fktlrf`r

hl naha plrs`ka.

Lc elksail taedfæk ls qul c`s hf`sls ` lc nflc` ` lc ukfvlrs` `dslrvak kulstras

annf`kls, tèak k`ta hl lccas y k`s rlnèplksak lk n`ks`kaknfa. Lk lc Dbaoavah Ofta, lc

^lñ`r Grfsbka hfnl ac bær`l Ariuka9 «]artfnfpa lk ant`s hl slrvfnf` actrufstas, / ]`rqul lc




->8-

slrvfnf` pulhl n`khunfrtl ac jfk basta eå.· Lc N`rák banl bfknapfæ lk qul Hf`s `dslrva nþe`

hfstrfdufe`s kulstra rfqulza y lvacùa kulstr`s ant`s para hltlrefkar nþe` slrle`s

dlkhlnfh`s9

\ka pacadra narfñ`sa y uk plrhþk vaclk eás qul uka cfe`ska sloufha

hl aoravf`. *…+ ¡Nrlylktls! K` eacòræfs vulstras cfe`skas acarhlakh` hl lcca

` aoravfakh`, nè` quflk oasta su banflkha para slr vfst` hl c`s bèdrls, s`k

nrllr lk Acá kf lk lc ùctfe` Håa. Lsl tac ls sleliaktl a uka r`na nudflrta hl

tflrra. Nal s`drl lcca uk aouanlr` y ca hlia hlskuha. K` pulhl lsplrar kaha

p`r c` qul ba elrlnfh`.

Nèparle`s lst` n`k c` qul prlhfna Ilsùs9

Nufhah hl k` acarhlar hl vulstras dulkas annf`kls lk pùdcfn` para

atralr ca atlknfþk7 hl c` n`ktrarf`, k` `dtlkhræfs kfkouka rlnèplksa hl

vulstr` ]ahrl nlclstfac. ]`r takt`, nuakh` hlfs cfe`ska, k` c` prlo`kæfs a c`s

nuatr` vflkt`s7 ls` ls c` qul banlk c`s bfpþnrftas lk cas sfkaoòas y cas naccls

para oakarsl ca ahefranfþk hl c`s hleás. Lk vlrhah `s hfo` qul lcc`s ya bak

tlkfh` su rlnèplksa. ]lr`, nuakh` hlfs cfe`ska, ca eak` fzquflrha k` hldlsadlr c` qul lstá banflkh` ca hlrlnba7 har cfe`ska hldl hlr uk ant` slnrlt`, y

lc ]ahrl, qul vl t`h` c` qul sl banl lk slnrlt`, `s rlnèplksará.

Eatl` :91-8

Lk lc iuhaåse`, lc duhfse`, lc ta`åse` y ca sadfhuråa hl c`s fkhåolkas aelrfnak`s

lkn`ktrae`s tl`còåas hlc slrvfnf` sfefcarls7 t`has lccas slñacak qul bay uka julrza suplrf`r

qul tèa k`ta hl kulstr` nèp`rtaeflkt`. Lc duhfse` y lc nat`cfnfse` s`k n`k`nfh`s p`r su

rfna bfst`rfa hl sakt`s, d`hbfsattvas y eåstfn`s, eunb`s hl c`s nuacls ccloar`k a slr vlklrah`s

lk vfrtuh hl su slrvfnf` a ca bueakfhah. ]`r lilepc`, ca `dra hl ca eahrl Xlrlsa hl Nacnuta

n`k c`s p`drls, c`s earofkah`s y c`s lkjlre`s hl ca Fkhfa ca bfz` elrlnlh`ra hlc rlsplt` y ca

oratftuh eukhfacls, aså nè` lc ]rlef` K`dlc hl ca ]az lk 16?6. \ka vlz hfi`9 «Ca pl`r

lkjlrelhah b`y lk håa… ls ca slksanfþk hl slr rlnbazah`, hl qul kahfl sl prl`nupl hl tf y

t`h` lc eukh` tl adakh`kl. Lc pl`r eac ls ca jacta hl ae`r y narfhah, ca tlrrfdcl fkhfjlrlknfa

banfa lc prþife` qul vfvl lk ca naccl, våntfea hl ca lxpc`tanfþk, ca n`rrupnfþk, ca p`drlza y ca

lkjlrelhah.· Ca eachah `nurrl, nè` sl ba hfnb` eunbas vlnls, p`rqul ca olktl dulka k`




-><-

banl kaha, y Duha k`s avfsþ hl qul k` hldle`s sudlstfear ca eachah, plksakh` qul k` k`s

ajlntará9 «K` plksæfs n`k cfolrlza s`drl lc eac hfnfækh``s –k` vlkhrá a eå―. Fouac qul uk

náktar` sl cclka o`ta a o`ta, hlc efse` e`h` lc klnf`, anueucákh`ca p`n` a p`n`, sl cclka hl

eachah.·

]`r hlsn`ktah`, bay p`nas plrs`kas qul sl sflktlk feplcfhas a vfvfr nè` ca eahrl

Xlrlsa hl Nacnuta, y huh` hl qul kf sfquflra Hf`s lsplrl qul eunb`s hl k`s`tr`s sfktae`s ca

efsea ccaeaha. ]lr` lsa naktfhah rlhunfha hl plrs`kas lxnlpnf`kacls ‘ls`s sakt`s‘ banlk

qul lxaefkle`s kulstra pr`pfa rlannfþk aktl cas plrs`kas qul klnlsftak ayuha, aså nè`

kulstr`s vac`rls plrs`kacls y kulstras annf`kls.

Lk lc cfkail hl sakt`s qul naedfar`k uka vfsfþk eåstfna hl ca ukfhah hl t`has cas aceas

n`k ca prántfna hlc slrvfnf`, `tra Xlrlsa, sakta Xlrlsa hl Ilsùs (1<1<-1<24), jul jae`sa lk su

tflep`. Lk su `dra eás n`k`nfha, Nastfcc` fktlrf`r ` Cas e`rahas, sakta Xlrlsa hlsnrfdl cas

ltapas hlc hlsplrtar hlc acea nè` lc rln`rrfh` a travæs hl eunbas e`rahas, naha uka hl cas

nuacls n`ktflkl eunbas nlchas. Naha e`raha rlprlslkta uk kfvlc hl n`knflknfa suplrf`r hl ca

katuraclza hfvfka y ca n`klxfþk n`k Hf`s, asnlkhflkh` lc acea a cas hfstfktas e`rahas a travæs

hl ca pcloarfa y lc tradai` n`ksnflktl fktlrf`r. âkta Xlrlsa elknf`ka sfltl pcak`s fktlrf`rls hl

`ranfþk, qul or`s` e`h` sl n`rrlsp`khlk n`k c`s sfltl nbagras, lc qufkt` hl c`s nuacls ls

lsplnfacelktl fep`rtaktl para k`s`tr`s9 ca qufkta e`raha sfed`cfza ca ltapa hlc

sèltfeflkt`, nuakh` lclofe`s lktrl ahblrfrk`s a ca v`cuktah plrs`kac ` a ca hfvfka, casadfhuråa hl ca anlptanfþk. (Ca anlptanfþk taedfæk ls lc hlsajå` fkblrlktl ac qufkt` nbagra.)

]ara utfcfzar lc p`hlr plrs`kac y ca ouåa fktuftfva ac slrvfnf` hl c`s hleás y hl c` hfvfk`,

tlkle`s qul anlptark`s a k`s`tr`s efse`s y anlptar kulstr` p`hlr fktlrf`r, aså nè`

rln`k`nlr ca klnlsfhah hl hlsarr`ccar takt` lsl p`hlr nè` ca rlsp`ksadfcfhah.

Aquå sakta Xlrlsa lxpcfna a sus k`vfnfas p`r quæ klnlsftae`s aear y nufhar a kulstr`s

sleliaktls9

Lc ^lñ`r sþc` k`s pfhl h`s n`sas9 ae`r hl û Eailstah y hlc prþife`

*…+ Ca eás nflrta slñac qul (a ef parlnlr) bay hl sf ouarhae`s lstas h`s n`sas,

ls ouarhakh` dflk ca hlc ae`r hlc prþife`7 p`rqul sf aeae`s a Hf`s k` sl

pulhl sadlr (aukqul bay fkhfnf`s orakhls para lktlkhlr qul cl aeae`s)7 eas

lc ae`r hl prþife` så. V lstah nflrtas qul, eflktras eás lk æstl `s vflrafs

apr`vlnbahas, eás c` lstáfs lk lc ae`r hl Hf`s7 p`rqul ls tak orakhl lc qul

û Eailstah k`s tflkl qul, lk pao` hlc qul tlkle`s ac prþife`, bará qul




->:-

nrlzna lc qul tlkle`s a û Eailstah p`r efc eaklras7 lk lst` y` k` pulh`

huhar.

û elksail hl qul cas plrs`kas lsták ukfhas a Hf`s p`r sus ant`s hl slrvfnf` lstá

ncar`9

@dras quflrl lc ^lñ`r, y qul, sf vls uka lkjlrea a quflk pulhls har

acoùk acfvf`, k` sl tl hæ kaha hl plrhlr lsa hlv`nfþk y tl nèpahlznas hl lcca7

y sf tflkl acoùk h`c`r, tl hulca a tf7 y sf julrl elklstlr, c` ayukls p`rqul lcca c`

nè`, k` takt` p`r lcca nè` p`rqul sadls qul tu ^lñ`r quflrl aqulcc`. Æsta

ls ca vlrhahlra ukfþk n`k su v`cuktah.

]ara sakta Xlrlsa, lc ae`r ac prþife` ls uk «ae`r eåstfn`·, uka n`klxfþk

traksplrs`kac n`k c` hfvfk` qul bay lk lc fktlrf`r hl naha plrs`ka. Ac n`klntark`s n`k c`

hfvfk` qul bay lk c`s hleás, k`s n`klntae`s n`k Hf`s. C`s bfkhùls taedfæk vflr`k ca

katuraclza hfvfka lk c`s bèdrls, takt` ca traksft`rfa nè` ca ltlrka. @tr`s eåstfn`s y sakt`s

natþcfn`s, nè` sak Fokanf` hl C`y`ca y Xbèas Elrt`k, lsnrfdflr`k lxtlksaelktl s`drl

nþe` lkn`ktrar a Hf`s pr`jukhfzakh` hl eaklra n`ksnflktl lk lc nufhah` hl c`s hleás, yXlfcbarh hl Nbarhfk lsnrfdfþ s`drl ca ukfþk eåstfna hl cas aceas.

Kulstras annf`kls ‘kulstras `dras‘ s`k takt` uka lxprlsfþk hl kulstra jl ‘kulstra

nrllknfa lk ca d`khah‘ nè` uka lxprlsfþk hl kulstr` ae`r. Nuakh` uk duhfsta ayuha a c`s

lkjlre`s ` c`s blrfh`s, ls nè` sf lstuvflra ayuhakh` ac efse` Duha, qul rlprlslkta t`ha ca

bueakfhah. C`s d`hbfsattvas sl sulclk rlprlslktar n`k ca nadlza cfolraelktl ofraha banfa

atrás, nè` sf efrarak a c`s hleás akfeákh`c`s a sloufr su ouåa. V lc Kulv` Xlstaelkt` hfnl9

«Hf`s aea ac qul ha n`k acloråa. V p`hlr`s` ls Hf`s para n`cear`s hl t`ha oranfa a jfk hl qul

tlkflkh`, sfleprl y lk t`h`, nuakt` klnlsftæfs, tlkoáfs aùk s`draktl para t`ha dulka `dra.·

C`s eåstfn`s y c`s sakt`s s`k pclkaelktl n`ksnflktls hl ca prlslknfa hl Hf`s lk su

fktlrf`r y lk c`s hleás. û elta n`ksfstl lk prantfnar lsa n`knflknfa lk t`h` eèlkt` ‘lk ca

`ranfþk, lk cas `dras, nuakh` tratak n`k sus sleliaktls‘. Hl lsta prántfna hl plrnlpnfþk, hl

hlsplrtar y hl adrfrk`s a quflkls k`s r`hlak y a c` qul k`s r`hla, hl lsta n`knflknfa hl

k`s`tr`s efse`s y hl kulstr`s sleliaktls, kanlk c`s ant`s hl p`hlr fkvfsfdcls.




->?-

4

Hlc p`hlr vfsfdcl ac fkvfsfdcl

Ca olklr`sfhah tral jlcfnfhah lk naha ltapa hl su lxprlsfþk.

Lxplrfelktae`s acloråa ac j`reark`s ca fktlknfþk hl slr olklr`s`s.

Lxplrfelktae`s acloråa lk lc efse` ant` hl har aco`. V lxplrfelktae`s acloråa ac

rln`rhah lc blnb` hl badlr hah`.

Duha

Bl tlkfh` nuatr` orakhls rlvlcanf`kls lk ef vfha. \ka hl lccas, lk partfnucar, ajlntþ

pr`jukhaelktl a ef vfsfþk hl ca katuraclza hlc p`hlr.

Lc håa qul tuvl lsa rlvlcanfþk lstada fepartflkh` uk slefkarf` a uk orup`

fkusuacelktl rlhunfh` hl plrs`kas, acj` qul el ousta p`rqul el plreftåa n`k`nlr a naha

uk` hl c`s partfnfpaktls. Lstada tradaiakh` n`k eatlrfac kulv` y hfsjrutakh` hlc pr`nls` hl

nèpartfr fkj`reanfþk y k`tar ca rlspulsta hl ef auhft`rf` lk uk aedflktl tak åktfe`. ]lr`

aqulc håa, nuakh` banåa elk`s hl uka b`ra qul lstádae`s rlukfh`s, k`tæ aco` rar` lk ca

ateþsjlra. Aukqul t`havåa lra elhfa eañaka, t`h` lc eukh` sl lkn`ktrada lk lsl lstah` hl

fkqufltuh y hfstrannfþk qul olklracelktl sulcl fkvahfr lk t`rk` a ca elhfa tarhl. ûolrå qul

k`s tèárae`s uk hlsnaks` para hlspliark`s uk p`n`, plr`, fkncus` hlspuæs hl uk drlvl

pasl`, lc orup` v`cvfþ ac nad` hl elhfa b`ra n`k ca efsea hfsp`sfnfþk.

Huraktl ca nèfha, uk` hl efs acuek`s, uk bèdrl hl elhfaka lhah, el prlouktþ sf

p`håa nèlktarel uk pr`dclea plrs`kac. Lk nuakt` k`s qulhae`s a s`cas el hfi`9

‘Kaha juknf`ka lk ef vfha. K` el va dflk lk cas rlcanf`kls. K` el ousta ef tradai`.

Aplkas tlko` aefo`s. °]ulhl hlnfrel nuác ls ef pr`pþsft` lk ca vfha0 Lst`y slour` hl qul, sf

c` supflra, slråa jlcfz.

Badftuacelktl, nuakh` acouflk el pfhl ayuha, fkncus` s` k` pulh` harcl uka

rlspulsta, fkelhfataelktl rlnì` su lklroåa y el asactak feáolkls hl su pasah` y prlslktl.




->2-

Lsas feáolkls a elkuh` ayuhak a ca plrs`ka a lkn`ktrar uka rlspulsta. ]lr` aqulcca vlz k`

slktå kaha. Hl blnb`, ca kaha ah`ptþ ca j`rea hl aco` plsah`, hlks` y lspls`, uka lsplnfl hl

kfldca qul nasf el suefþ lk lc sulñ`. El lsj`rnæ p`r sacfr hl aqulcca kudl hl e`h`rra, plr`

ef elktl lstada eás lk dcakn` hl c` qul badåa lstah` iaeás y ac jfkac tuvl qul aheftfr9

‘K` tlko` kf fhla hl quæ hlnfrcl, y k` el pulh` feaofkar p`r quæ.

Æc el n`ktlstþ9

‘K` el lxtraña. Kahfl el pulhl ayuhar.

^louå fktlktákh`c` y cl bfnl prlouktas s`drl su vfha, y para t`has lccas tuv` ca efsea

rlspulsta.

‘°Banl aco` lsplnfac lk su tflep` cfdrl0

‘K`.

‘°Bay acoùk tradai` qul cl oustaråa pr`dar0

‘K`.

‘°Ba badfh` aco` qul ustlh k` baya blnb` lk lc pasah` y qul cl oustaråa banlr

ab`ra0

‘K`.

‘°Lstá dusnakh` acoùk tfp` hl aefo` lk partfnucar0

‘K`.

^foufþ fouac huraktl uk`s nfkn` efkut`s, y hlspuæs cl hfil9‘Dulk`, ls` ls t`h` c` qul sl el `nurrl prlouktarcl. C` sflkt`.

Nuakh` el acliæ hl æc, el hf nulkta hl qul el slktåa eli`r nuakt` eás cli`s lstada.

Ca slksanfþk hl pls` psfn`cþofn` y lsplsaeflkt` elktac sl lsjueþ nèpcltaelktl lk nuakt`

el lkn`ktræ lk `tra saca. Jul lkt`knls nuakh`, sùdftaelktl, el hf nulkta hl qul aqulc

bèdrl k` tlkåa kfkouka dasl n`ksnflktl hl p`hlr. Lstada jåsfna, le`nf`kac y lspfrftuacelktl

ao`tah`. Narlnåa hl t`h` p`hlr. Lra su lklroåa ‘` ca pacpadcl jacta hl lcca‘ c` qul badåa

hliah` lk dcakn` a ca ncasl lktlra, suefha lk uka ateþsjlra hl fkn`ksnflknfa y hl `prlsfva

e`h`rra, k` p`r eacfnfa hl aqulc bèdrl, p`r supulst`, sfk` nè` n`kslnulknfa katurac hl

su jacta hl julrza vftac. Nuakh` bud` anadah` lc slefkarf`, plksæ caroaelktl s`drl aqulc

p`drl bèdrl p`rqul sþc` el badåa lkn`ktrah` n`k nas`s euy n`ktah`s hl plrs`kas n`k tac

vanå` h`khl hldlråa badlr uk naep` lklroætfn`. ^louå plksakh` lk nþe` p`håa badlr

anadah` aså basta qul uk håa, hl rlplktl, rlnuplræ ca rlspulsta. ^l el aparlnfþ drusnaelktl

ca feaolk hl ca narrltlra hl cahrfcc`s hl ca plcånuca Lc eao` hl @z, y vf qul naha uk` hl

k`s`tr`s hldl sloufr uk naefk` lk partfnucar qul sl k`s va rlvlcakh`. Xlkle`s qul lkj`nar

kulstra vfha nè` uk vfail, y lk naha pas` qul hae`s, hark`s nulkta hl c` qul k`s r`hla y




-8=-

hl p`hlr qul pulhlk tlklr pr`jukh`s ljlnt`s. Fkncus` nuakh` uka plrs`ka dusna ajlnt` ` uk

sfepcl lcòf`, lstá dusnakh` anrlnlktar su p`hlr plrs`kac, uka fkjusfþk hl lklroåa para su

aut`lstfea.

]lr` eunba olktl tlel anrlnlktar lc p`hlr plrs`kac hl c`s hleás, p`r c` qul k` c`s

akfeak, k` fktlktak lclvar su aut`lstfea, k` rln`k`nlk su taclkt` ` nrlatfvfhah kf rlspltak

sus `pfkf`kls. Lsa olktl prljlrfråa efc vlnls ayuhar a `tra plrs`ka hákh`cl nèfh` ` hfklr`

sfk fepcfnarsl plrs`kacelktl lk su vfha, p`rqul ca fepcfnanfþk feplrs`kac rlsucta elk`s

aelkazaktl para su slktfh` hl ca fhlktfhah y hlc p`hlr. Lc naefk` banfa lc j`rtaclnfeflkt`

plrs`kac ls lc efse` qul lc qul cclva a ca eahurlz lspfrftuac. Ls lc hlspcazaeflkt` hl cas

prfelras aksfas hl n`ksloufr c`s såed`c`s eatlrfacls y vfsfdcls hl p`hlr (hfklr`, p`slsf`kls) ac

hlsnudflrt` hl qul cas n`sas eatlrfacls k` pulhlk pr`p`rnf`kark`s p`hlr fktlrf`r rlac y ac

hlsarr`cc` hl lxprlsf`kls hl p`hlr fkvfsfdcls y suplrf`rls. A elhfha qul vae`s rln`rrflkh`

lsl naefk`, aprlkhle`s a har y nèpartfr p`hlr, leplzakh` n`k cas j`reas vfsfdcls hl p`hlr

fhlktfjfnahas n`k cas n`sas eatlrfacls y hlsnudrflkh` hlspuæs lc p`hlr hlc ae`r, ca fktufnfþk,

ca nèpasfþk, lc pr`pþsft` y lc ap`y` lspfrftuac.

Naha annfþk ls uk fktlrnaedf` hl p`hlr lktrl h`s plrs`kas, fkhlplkhflktlelktl hl

qul sl tratl hl uka annfþk actrufsta ` n`ksuefsta. Lc p`hlr ls lc prfknfpac fkorlhflktl hl ca

lxplrflknfa bueaka. \ka vlz prlslknfæ uka n`kvlrsanfþk lktrl uka eahrl y uka bfia lk ca qulrlsuctada h`c`r`saelktl `dvf` qul ca bfia fktlktada a t`ha n`sta oakarsl ca apr`danfþk hl su

eahrl9 uka lklroåa lslknfac hlc prfelr nbagra para n`kstrufr ca aut`lstfea. ]lr`,

fkhlplkhflktlelktl hl c` qul hfilra ca bfia, ca eahrl rlsp`khåa n`k uk nèlktarf` kloatfv` `

hlsaorahadcl. Ac jfkac, arrfkn`kæ a ca eahrl cli`s hl ca bfia y cl prlouktæ9

‘°Quæ cl `nurrl0 °]`r quæ ls tak hlsaorahadcl n`k su pr`pfa bfia0

^`rprlkhlktlelktl, ca euilr el hf` uka rlspulsta sfknlra y hfi`9

‘Ca nråtfna ls lc ùkfn` p`hlr qul tlko` s`drl ef bfia.

Aqulcca eahrl k` p`håa s`p`rtar ca fhla hl anrlnlktar lc p`hlr plrs`kac hl su bfia. Lra

euy olklr`sa n`k ca r`pa y `tr`s artånuc`s eatlrfacls, plr` k` p`håa harcl a su bfia a

anlptanfþk prfe`rhfac qul lcca klnlsftada.

Hl naha eèlkt` qul vfvfe`s p`hle`s lxtralr acouka clnnfþk ` rlvlcanfþk s`drl lc

dulk us` hlc p`hlr, sfleprl y nuakh` lcfiae`s banlrc`. El lknakta ca narta qul rlpr`huzn` a

n`ktfkuanfþk p`rqul napta plrjlntaelktl lc vfail hlshl cas cfeftanf`kls hlc p`hlr eatlrfac

basta ca p`tlktl katuraclza hlc p`hlr lspfrftuac. Kakny _. lsnrfdfþ9 «^`drl Hf`s9 nrlåa qul Hf`s

sl badåa `cvfhah` hl eå. Lk lc eukh` pasak n`sas euy julrtls y ef plqulña vfha hl ncasl




-81-

elhfa lk lc paås eás rfn` hlc eukh` k` hldåa hl lstar lk su cfsta hl qulbanlrls eás

fep`rtaktls. Kfkouka ayuha hl ef lx earfh`, n`kstaktls pr`dcleas n`k ef bfi` y hfsnusf`kls

elk`rls n`k efs `tr`s h`s bfi`s ah`clsnlktls. Kfkoùk k`vf` para banlrel nèpañåa y harel

`nasfþk hl badcar s`drl t`h`s ls`s pr`dcleas. Ca jaefcfa, cli`s l fknapaz hl ayuharel, uk

tradai` qul pulh` banlr y qul lstá dflk, plr` qul bl hliah` h`s vlnls para cakzarel a

lkn`ktrar uk tradai` nè` asls`ra hl lsnrftura sfk còrarc`. °Hþkhl lstá Hf`s rlacelktl0

°^`k atlkhfhas t`has cas pcloarfas0 ¡^å! V` lkn`ktræ a Hf`s. Æc lstá lk ef napanfhah para sloufr

ahlcaktl håa tras håa n`k oranfa y para har ca dflkvlkfha a c`s hleás n`k hlcfnahlza y autæktfn`

fktlræs, sfk avlro`kzarel hl ef vfha. Æc lstá prlslktl lk lc blnb` hl qul y` baya p`hfh`

lkn`ktrar ukas dulkas ncasls qul el plreftlk prantfnar yòa n`k asfhufhah. Lstá prlslktl lk

efs aefstahls, n`k quflkls v`y a n`rrlr ` a paslar ` qul vflklk a vlrel. Ls lc e`tfv` hl qul

k` tèl aktfhlprlsfv`s. Hf`s el hlia slktfr ca trfstlza, lc eflh` y ca acloråa. Lstá prlslktl lk

cas naknf`kls hl Gld‖ E`‖, ^tlvfl _`khlr, Zak E`rrfs`k, Barvly Tlfh y Gfe T`dlrts`k. Aså s`k

cas n`sas, aså ls ef vfha.·

C`s tlxt`s saorah`s hlsnrfdlk lk quæ n`ksfstl lc dulk y lc eac nèp`rtaeflkt`, ` c`s

us`s anlptadcls l fkanlptadcls hlc p`hlr, a plsar hl ca ncarfhah hl su ouåa y hl cas lkslñakzas

hfrlntas hl c`s ealstr`s lspfrftuacls hl t`h` lc eukh`, ble`s n`kstrufh` eunb`s eft`s `

jacsas fcusf`kls s`drl lc p`hlr.

LC ]TFELT EFX@ ^@DTL LC ]@HLT

Ca vfha ls uka cunba lktrl «c`s qul tflklk· y «c`s qul k` tflklk·.

K` bay sujfnflktl para t`h`s.

C`s rlcat`s n`ktlkfh`s lk c`s tlxt`s saorah`s hl t`h` lc eukh` k`s hfnlk qul

prl`nuparsl p`r k` tlklr sujfnflktl ls jùtfc. ]`r lilepc`, lc Xa` Xl Nbfko ajfrea9 «Lc Xa` ls

nè` uk p`z`9 sl utfcfza, plr` kukna sl ao`ta…, sl vanåa plr` ls fkjfkftaelktl napaz. Nuakh`

eás c` utfcfzas, eás pr`hunl.· V lk uka hl sus prfknfpacls lkslñakzas, Ilsùs asloura qul Hf`s

sadl c` qul klnlsftae`s y Æc pr`vllrá9

Efrah cas avls hlc nflc`9 k` sfledrak, kf n`slnbak, kf rlnòlk lk oraklr`s7 y vulstr`

]ahrl nlclstfac c`s acfelkta. *…+ K` akhæfs, puls, prl`nupah`s hfnflkh`9 «°Quæ vae`s a

nèlr0, °quæ vae`s a dldlr0, °n`k quæ vae`s a vlstfrk`s0· *…+ ]uls ya sadl vulstr` ]ahrl




-84-

nlclstfac qul tlkæfs klnlsfhah hl t`h` ls`. *…+ Dusnah prfelr` su Tlfk` y su iustfnfa, y t`has

lsas n`sas sl `s harák p`r añahfhura.

Eatl` :94:->>

Lc eflh` a k` tlklr sujfnflktl rlvlca uka jacta hl jl lk kulstr` pr`pþsft` lk ca vfha y

lk lc p`hlr fkvfsfdcl qul k`s r`hla y sustlkta. Hl t`h`s e`h`s, nuakh` k`s jfiae`s lk cas

hlsfouachahls qul bay lk lc eukh`, ls jánfc tlklr eflh`. Lsta fhla hl qul k` bay sujfnflktl

para t`h`s lstá pr`jukhaelktl arrafoaha lk ca psfqul bueaka n`clntfva y a elkuh` fkjcuyl

hl eaklra fkn`ksnflktl s`drl kulstras lclnnf`kls y hlnfsf`kls.

°N`k quæ jrlnulknfa k`s ble`s dasah` lk ca sfouflktl lnuanfþk a ca b`ra hl tèar

hlnfsf`kls9 «^f cl ayuh` a æc ` lcca (n`k hfklr`, lcòf`s ` lsjulrz`), qulhará elk`s (hfklr`,

jlcfnfhah, æxft`) para eå0· °Ble`s hlnfhfh` acouka vlz k` ayuhar a acouflk p`rqul

plksádae`s qul «lsa plrs`ka ya tlkåa sujfnflktl·0 V, nuakh` acouflk klnlsftada ayuha,

°ble`s tlefh` acouka vlz qul, ac ayuharcl, puhfærae`s n`ktrfdufr a qul hliara hl plrtlklnlr

a «c`s qul k` tflklk· para pasar a j`rear partl hl «c`s qul tflklk·, aelkazakh` p`r takt`

kulstra pr`splrfhah y kulstra p`sfnfþk0 N`kvflkl tèarsl uk tflep` para rljclxf`kar s`drl

lsta ùctfea nulstfþk. Ayuhar a acouflk a n`kvlrtfrsl lk uk` hl «c`s qul tflklk· fktfefha a

eunbas plrs`kas prlnfsaelktl p`rqul tlelk qul su pr`pf` p`hlr sl vla elreah` nuakh`

auelktl lc hl `tra plrs`ka. ^f dflk k` lxfstl tac n`rrlcanfþk, ls` k` fepcfna qul k` nrlae`slk lcca… aukqul sþc` sla uk p`n`.

Ca vlrhah ls qul nuakt` eás j`rtaclnle`s a c`s hleás, eás p`hlr`s`s k`s v`cvle`s

k`s`tr`s.

LC ^LO\KH@ EFX@ ^@DTL LC ]@HLT

Nuakh` j`rtaclnle`s a `tra plrs`ka, cl `t`roae`s p`hlr

s`drl k`s`tr`s.

]rfelr` as`nfae`s lc p`hlr a cas n`sas eatlrfacls, p`rqul lc p`hlr s`drl lc acfelkt`,

ca vfvflkha, ca r`pa y lc hfklr` k`s plreftl s`drlvfvfr jåsfnaelktl. Xaedfæk as`nfae`s cas

rlnèplksas eatlrfacls y lc hfklr` n`k lc p`hlr p`rqul k`s plreftlk n`ktr`car c`s

an`ktlnfeflkt`s y a cas plrs`kas, aukqul sþc` basta nflrt` pukt`. K`s atlrra plrhlr lc n`ktr`c




-8>-

s`drl kulstras vfhas y a elkuh` k`s slktfe`s tak vucklradcls qul fktlktae`s anrlnlktar

kulstras p`slsf`kls para pr`tlolrk`s hl c`s iulo`s hl p`hlr eatlrfac y psfn`cþofn` hl c`s

hleás.

Ca vlrhah ls qul nuakt`s eás rlnurs`s k` eatlrfacls `t`roae`s a `tra plrs`ka eás

anrlnlktae`s kulstr` pr`pf` p`hlr plrs`kac. Ble`s hl elhfr kulstra olklr`sfhah banfa c`s

hleás k` lk juknfþk hl nuákt` hae`s, sfk` lk juknfþk hl p`r quæ c` hae`s. Hflz hþcarls

hah`s n`k ca sfknlra lsplrakza hl clvaktar lc ákfe` a `tra plrs`ka s`k eunb` eás ljfnanls

qul uk efccþk hl hþcarls hah`s p`r nucpa ` rlslktfeflkt`. Ca lsplrakza ‘aqulcc` a c` qul

aspfrae`s‘ ls uka vfrtuh qul sl hljfkl p`r lc hlsl` y ca dùsqulha hlc dflk jutur`. Ca vfrtuh

ls hfjånfc plr` k` fep`sfdcl hl n`ksloufr n`k ca ayuha hl Hf`s7 hl t`h`s e`h`s y prlnfsaelktl

p`r ls`, ca fktlknfþk ls lxtrleahaelktl fep`rtaktl.

LC XLTNLT EFX@ ^@DTL LC ]@HLT

Lc p`hlr eatlrfac oaraktfza ca jlcfnfhah

Aukqul sadle`s qul lc hfklr` k` pulhl n`eprar lc ae`r, ca atrannfþk qul lilrnlk

s`drl k`s`tr`s lc p`hlr eatlrfac y lc hfklr` pulhl `jusnar ca razþk. Ls nflrt` qul hfsjrutae`s

eás hl ca vfha nuakh` k` tlkle`s qul banlr ln`k`eåas para satfsjanlr cas klnlsfhahls eás

dásfnas håa tras håa, ls `dvf`. ]lr` taedfæk ls nflrt` qul k` p`hle`s hliar hl plksar qul ls

eli`r ouarhar c` qul tlkle`s y sfleprl fktlktar tlklr eás.

Ca vlrhah ls qul lc p`hlr fktlrf`r sfleprl ls eás julrtl qul lc eatlrfac.

Lst`s trls eft`s fkjcuylk s`drl ca j`rea lk qul nasf t`h` lc eukh` hlnfhl a qufæk

ayuhar y nþe` ayuharcl. Fkncus` aukqul lstle`s dflk lk c` ln`kþefn` bayae`s pasah` hl

tlklr prl`nupanf`kls eatlrfacls a tlklrcas hl tfp` lspfrftuac, pulh` oaraktfzar qul acouka vlz

t`h`s susnrfdfe`s lstas nrllknfas s`drl lc p`hlr.




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Lc fkstfkt` hl suplrvfvlknfa9C`s nbagras prfelr`, sloukh` y tlrnlr`

Ca n`rtlsåa sfrvl hl aco`. *…+ ca aeadfcfhah y ca d`khah s`k feplratfv`s e`racls.

Iakl Austlk

Feaofkle`s qul uk rlcì hl arlka sfed`cfza lc sfstlea lklroætfn` hl kulstra

akatèåa. Ca eftah fkjlrf`r hlc rlcì rlprlslkta kulstra fhlktfhah jåsfna dásfna y n`ktflkl c`s

nbagras prfelr`, sloukh` y tlrnlr`. Ca nfrnukjlrlknfa hl ca dasl hlc rlcì earna lc hèfkf` hl

kulstr` eukh` jåsfn`, kulstra jaefcfa ` nèukfhah9 kulstra trfdu. Æstl taedfæk ls lc tlrrft`rf`

lklroætfn` hl kulstras rlcanf`kls, t`has kulstras plrtlklknfas y t`h` c` qul nrlle`s qul

ajlnta a kulstra suplrvfvlknfa, nè` lc hfklr` y c`s prfvfclof`s.

C`s prfelr`s trls nbagras olklrak uk slktfh` fktuftfv` ` fkstfkt` vfsnlrac qul k`s

fkhfna quæ ls c` qul hldle`s banlr para pr`tlolrk`s y pr`tlolr c` kulstr` ‘jaefcfa, bòar,

p`sfnfþk lk ca nèukfhah, hfklr` y p`slsf`kls‘. Hlkèfk` a lst`s fkstfkt`s ca «fktufnfþk para

ca suplrvfvlknfa·. Lstl fkstfkt` fkjcuyl fkncus` s`drl nþe` aprlkhle`s a hfstfkoufr lktrl c`

n`rrlnt` y c` fkn`rrlnt`. ^loùk ca eay`råa hl c`s þrhlkls s`nfacls ` clyls trfdacls, cas plrs`kas

sl iuzoak nè` dulkas ` eacas y c`s ant`s nè` n`rrlnt`s ` fkn`rrlnt`s. N`kj`rel vle`s

nrlnflkh` lk lc slk` hl uka s`nflhah, ads`rdle`s lsa lsnaca hl vac`rls trfdac y tlkhle`s a

tèar hlnfsf`kls autèátfnas qul ca rljcliak. ]ara har uk lilepc` hl nþe` c` banle`s9 uk

håa, eflktras paslada n`k uk n`k`nfh` p`r uk parqul, uk elkhfo` sl k`s anlrnþ y k`s pfhfþ

hfklr`. Ca rlspulsta hl ef aefo` jul9

‘°]`r quæ k` tl dusnas uk tradai`0

^fk sadlr kaha s`drl ca vfha hl aqulc bèdrl, c` tfchþ hl nucpadcl ` vao`, nè` sf lc

blnb` hl plhfr hfklr` lk ca naccl julra jánfc. Nuakh` y` `diltæ, slñacakh` qul cas

nfrnukstaknfas qul badåak cclvah` a aqulc bèdrl a plrhlr su tradai` y uk tlnb` dai` lc qul

vfvfr p`håak k` badlr hlplkhfh` hl æc, ef aefo` el n`ktlstþ9

‘X`h` lc eukh` pulhl lkn`ktrar uk tradai`. ]r`dadclelktl pfhl hfklr` para

oastárslc` lk hròas.

Ef aefo` lstada badcakh` n`k ca v`z nråtfna hl ca trfdu7 badåa n`kncufh` qul aqulcbèdrl a ca julrza tlkåa qul badlr blnb` aco` eac lk acoùk eèlkt` hl su vfha ` k` sl




-8:-

\ka vfsfþk hlshl c` act`9

C`s nbagras qufkt`, slxt` y sæptfe`

Lk ca eftah suplrf`r hlc rlcì hl arlka sl lknulktrak c`s nbagras qufkt`, slxt` y

sæptfe`. Lst`s trls nlktr`s lklroætfn`s lsták rlcanf`kah`s n`k c`s p`hlrls fktlrk`s

suplrf`rls. Ca n`knflknfa eás lclvaha hl c`s nbagras suplrf`rls trasnflkhl c`s vac`rls

tlrrft`rfacls hl c`s nbagras fkjlrf`rls y k`s ayuha a fr eás accá hlc plksaeflkt` trfdac akncah`

lk ca tflrra. Cas lklroåas hl c`s nbagras suplrf`rls tflklk lc p`tlknfac hl ayuhark`s a

cfdlrark`s hlc eflh` y hl plreftfrk`s vlr kulstr` p`tlknfac fcfeftah`. A travæs hlc n`kstaktl

jcui` hl lklroåa lktrl c`s nbagras fkjlrf`rls y c`s suplrf`rls, vfvflkh` lk lc eukh` eatlrfac y

jèlktakh` ca n`knflknfa hl c` lspfrftuac, lc p`hlr vfsfdcl sl traksj`rea lk uk p`hlr suplrf`r

l fkvfsfdcl. Ca lklroåa hl c`s nbagras suplrf`rls taedfæk k`s e`tfva a avakzar hlshl cas j`reas

fkhfvfhuacls y lo`næktrfnas hl vlr c`s an`ktlnfeflkt`s a dusnar uk sfokfjfnah` sfedþcfn` y eás

pr`jukh` qul trasnflkhl c`s hltaccls.

A c` caro` hl efs añ`s hl tradai` nè` fktuftfva eæhfna, bl vfst` a eunba olktl qul sl

ajlrrada a cas blrfhas y ac h`c`r le`nf`kac hlc pasah` lk hltrfelkt` hl su sacuh y hl su vfha.Lsta olktl sl pulhl pasa r y sl pasa añ`s banfækh`sl uka prloukta qul k` tflkl rlspulsta

rlac9 «°]`r quæ el `nurrfþ ls` a eå0· Ls fep`sfdcl nurar lsas blrfhas elhfaktl lc

raz`kaeflkt` cþofn` ` rlvfvflkh` c`s hltaccls para fktlktar lkn`ktrar uk nucpadcl. Kukna bl

vfst` qul lc blnb` hl nucpar a `tra plrs`ka pr`pfnfara ca nuranfþk hl acouflk. ]lr` ca hlnfsfþk

hl dusnar uk pr`pþsft` suplrf`r eás accá y p`r lknfea hl ca sftuanfþk y lc h`c`r plrs`kacls ls

trlelkhaelktl sakah`ra.

ûp`koae`s, p`r lilepc`, qul uka plrs`ka tuv` uka rlcanfþk tlrrfdcl n`k uk` hl sus

pahrls ` uk blreak` huraktl ca fkjaknfa, c` qul ls euy badftuac, nè` c` ls lc blnb` hl lstar

rlslktfh` y tlklr rlnulrh`s hlsaorahadcls ac rlsplnt`. Lk vlz hl suefrsl lk ca lklroåa

kloatfva y c`s hltaccls aktfou`s nlc`s ` hlnlpnf`kls, rlnèlkharåa a lsa plrs`ka qul hflra uk

pas` atrás y efrara `diltfvaelktl lc cflkz` nèpclt` hl su vfha. °Ca j`rea lk qul ajr`ktþ lsa

hfjånfc sftuanfþk le`nf`kac cl prlparþ para ajr`ktar p`stlrf`rls hlsajå`s0 Ble`s hl dusnar

j`reas hl vac`rar y sanar partfh` a kulstras lxplrflknfas, s`drl t`h` a cas hfjånfcls. ]ara

n`ksloufrc`, hldlrle`s rlukfr ca v`cuktah y ca vaclktåa klnlsarfas para rln`k`nlr nuacquflr

`roucc` ` lkjah` qul sfktae`s, lc nuac, hl acouka eaklra, k`s eaktflkl lstaknah`s lk ca fhla




-8?-

hl qul k`s`tr`s antuae`s n`rrlntaelktl. Lstar lk c` nflrt` ` tlklr razþk, nuakh` fepcfna

lstar lkjahah` ` slr fkjlcfz, k` tflkl kfkouka utfcfhah para kahfl, y elk`s para k`s`tr`s

efse`s. Ble`s hl suplrar lsta j`rea hl vlr cas n`sas.

X`h` tflkl su e`raclia, sf uk` sadl hlsnudrfrca.

Clwfs Narr`cc

Nuakh` aepcfae`s kulstra plrsplntfva y k`s banle`s uka fhla eás oc`dac hl cas

n`sas, hlsnudrflkh` patr`kls y tleas rlnurrlktls, utfcfzae`s c` qul y` hlkèfk` vfsfþk

sfedþcfna. Lsta plrsplntfva eás aepcfa y eli`r k`s ayuha a vlr lc tfp` hl rlt`s qul rlnurrlk

lk kulstra vfha y qul lstae`s ccaeah`s a ajr`ktar7 aså nè` cas januctahls qul hldle`s

hlsarr`ccar. °]`hle`s lkn`ktrar acoùk patrþk rlnurrlktl lk kulstr` nèp`rtaeflkt` ` lk c`s

sunls`s qul k`s `nurrlk, acouka n`fknfhlknfa ` slñac ‘pruldas hl ca oranfa‘ qul fkhfqulk

banfa hþkhl vae`s y nuác ls kulstr` pr`pþsft`0 Eunbas hl cas plrs`kas qul el lsnrfdflr`k

suplrar`k sus hfjfnuctahls prlnfsaelktl p`rqul hlsnudrflr`k ca oranfa hl pr`pþsft` `drakh`

lk sus vfhas.

Naha vlz qul k`s lkn`ktrae`s n`k acouflk, fkn`ksnflktlelktl rlsp`khle`s n`k ukaantftuh nèpasfva ` nråtfna. ]`hle`s rlsp`khlr n`k eflh` ‘dasah` lk uka jacsa nrllknfa

s`drl lc p`hlr‘ sfktfækh`k`s plrs`kacelktl fktfefhah`s, ` n`k nèpasfþk9 ca n`knflknfa

suplrf`r. ^f, nuakh` tlkle`s uk n`kjcfnt`, k`s hltlkle`s uk`s sloukh`s y k`s hfstaknfae`s,

slktfrle`s fktuftfvaelktl nþe` naedfa kulstra rlannfþk.

Ealvl lsnrfdfþ s`drl sus rle`rhfeflkt`s p`r k` badlr ayuhah` a uka plrs`ka qul k`

klnlsftada ayuha9 «\ka k`nbl sacå n`k h`s aefoas y k`s parae`s a nèprar aco` lk uk

lstadclnfeflkt` hl nèfhas prlparahas para cclvar. K` nèå kaha hl c` qul nèpræ, n`k ca

fhlah hl nlkar ac ccloar a nasa. Nuakh` lstádae`s sacflkh` hlc lstadclnfeflkt`, el parþ uk

bèdrl qul el prlouktþ sf cclvada nèfha y sf sl ca p`håa har. El c` pfhfþ trls vlnls. V` cl

hfil qul k` cas trls vlnls, puls badåa nèprah` uka pcat` lsplnfac qul sadåa qul k` v`cvlråa a

nèlr lk acoùk tflep`. Nuakh` cclouæ a nasa aqulcca k`nbl, adrå ca d`csa hl nèfha y

hlsnudråa qul sl badåa aorfah`, hl e`h` qul ca tuvl qul tfrar. Kukna `cvfharæ a aqulc bèdrl

baedrflkt`.·

°Quæ ls c` qul k`s banl rlbufr a uka plrs`ka baedrflkta ` a uk elkhfo` ` rln`k`nlr,

lk naedf`, qul sþc` hl ca oranfa hfvfka hlplkhl qul k` lstle`s lk ca efsea sftuanfþk qul æc0

A vlnls efrae`s banfa `tr` cah` p`rqul tlele`s qul cas nfrnukstaknfas hl lsa plrs`ka k`s




-82-

vfsftlk taedfæk a k`s`tr`s. Lc fkstfkt` hl suplrvfvlknfa k`s banl hlslar acliark`s hl lcca c`

aktls p`sfdcl, plr` ca v`z fktlrf`r a elkuh` k`s banl ajr`ktar ca rlacfhah y ca klnlsfhah. Ca

v`z fktlrf`r hl Ealvl, hl blnb`, cl hfi` qul hldlråa badlrcl hah` ca nèfha a aqulc bèdrl.

Kulstra v`z fktlrf`r a elkuh` k`s fksta a antuar nèpasfvaelktl, traspasakh` c`s cåeftls qul

earnak kulstr`s patr`kls k`reacls hl eflh` y aut`pr`tlnnfþk.

Hl t`h`s e`h`s, a vlnls ca v`z fktlrf`r k`s cclva a hlnfr k` a `tra plrs`ka, a hlkloarcl

ca ayuha y a pr`tlolrk`s a k`s`tr`s efse`s. Lstada nèflkh` lk uk rlstauraktl n`k uk

aefo`, nuakh` lktrar`k h`s kfñ`s y k`s prlouktar`k p`r uka hfrlnnfþk. Lc fkstfkt` el hfi` qul

aqulcc`s kfñ`s k` lrak hl jfar, plr` ca elktl el hfi` qul parlnåak hleasfah` fk`nlktls. K`s

n`ktar`k qul sl badåak plrhfh` l fktlktadak ccloar a ca nasa hl su tåa, uka bfst`rfa qul el

bfz` plksar qul lrak dulk`s nbfn`s, aukqul el slouåak hakh` eaca lspfka. Nuakh` anadar`k

hl lxpcfnark`s c` eac qul c` badåak pasah` ‘y hl hlv`rar ca nèfha qul cls badåae`s

nèprah`‘ lstuvfe`s a pukt` hl plhfrcls uk taxf para qul ccloarak sak`s y sacvah`s a su nasa

hl su tåa. Hlspuæs hl hark`s cas oranfas p`r ca nèfha y cas fkhfnanf`kls, sacflr`k hlc

rlstauraktl… cclvákh`sl ca nartlra hl ef aefo`, qul cl r`dar`k lk acoùk eèlkt` lktl ca

nèfha y ca hlsplhfha. ^f lc fkstfkt` vfsnlrac k`s fksta a ayuhar a `tra plrs`ka y ca elktl

fktlkta hltlklrk`s, c` eli`r ls qul sl c` prlouktls ac n`razþk para sacfr hl huhas. ]lr`, sf lc

fkstfkt` k`s hfnl qul k`s pr`tliae`s, barle`s dflk lk lsnunbarcl.

Nuakh` acouflk k`s pfhl ayuha, n`kvflkl qul k`s prlouktle`s9 «°]`r quæ y`0 °]`rquæ lsa plrs`ka el lcfofþ a eå0· Nuakh` prloukt` lst` a efs acuek`s, sus rlspulstas vak

hlshl9 «^`y uka prlsa jánfc·, y «âdlk qul k` el p`hræ kloar· a «Hf`s quflrl qul ayuhl a c`s

hleás.· Ca fktufnfþk hfrfol a ca olktl banfa aqulccas plrs`kas qul ca pulhlk ayuhar. N`k

fkhlplkhlknfa hl qul acouflk k`s pfha ayuha hfrlntaelktl ` slae`s k`s`tr`s quflkls k`s

hle`s nulkta p`r nasuacfhah hl qul acouflk parlnl tlklr pr`dcleas, kulstra fktufnfþk lstará

naptakh` cas slñacls pr`nlhlktls hl `tr` naep` lklroætfn`. Nuakh` ayuhae`s a uk aefo` ` a

uk hlsn`k`nfh`, ` nuakh` plhfe`s ayuha, utfcfzae`s lc fkstfkt` vfsnlrac.

Ac lstar t`h`s ukfh`s p`r uk naep` lklroætfn` nèùk, p`hle`s sfkt`kfzar n`k c`s

sfstleas lklroætfn`s hl `tras plrs`kas, n`k fkhlplkhlknfa hl qul slak aefo`s, jaefcfarls `

hlsn`k`nfh`s. Lkt`knls nèprlkhle`s pclkaelktl qul cas jr`ktlras, elraelktl jåsfnas y

tlep`racls, y cas hfjlrlknfas olòrájfnas, nucturacls, rlcfof`sas y ætkfnas qul k`s slparak k`

s`k eás qul fcusf`kls. Lk nuakt` rln`k`nle`s lsa orak vlrhah hl qul t`h`s sè`s uk`, ca

fktufnfþk k`s ccaea a antuar fkncus` n`k ca eay`r vaclktåa hl ca qul iaeás badåae`s

feaofkah`.




-<=-

y kulstras slñacls fktuftfvas j`reak, hl blnb`, uka Fktlrklt lklroætfna qul k`s lkoc`da a

t`h`s. Cas nfrnukstaknfas lxtra`rhfkarfas n`k plrs`kas n`k quflkls ls p`sfdcl qul k` k`s

v`cvae`s a lkn`ktrar jåsfnaelktl lk eunb`s añ`s.

Ca prþxfea narta nulkta uka bfst`rfa lxtra`rhfkarfa s`drl uka n`klxfþk qul ls `dvf`

qul tlkåa qul `nurrfr, a plsar hl qul su pukt` hl partfha jul uka traolhfa. Nbrfstfkl ]. lsnrfdl9

«Lk 16??, nuakh` anadada hl leplzar ca ukfvlrsfhah, el lkae`ræ p`r prfelra vlz7

jul hl uk e`kft`r hl lsquå qul n`k`nå lk uk nursfcc`. C`s h`s k`s lkae`rae`s

pr`jukhaelktl. Æc vfvåa lk lc k`rtl hl Nacfj`rkfa y y` lk C`s Ákolcls. Elsls eás tarhl, lk uk

pulktl a elhf` slelstrl, tuvl ca klnlsfhah hl vlrc` y n`kvlknå a uka aefoa para qul el

cclvara lk n`nbl a h`khl æc vfvåa. Jul earavfcc`s`. El slktå lsplnfac, aeaha y cclka hl

lsplrakzas s`drl aqulcca fknfpflktl rlcanfþk. ]lr` k` tlkåa qul slr.

·Hl vulcta a nasa, nuakh` cclvádae`s trls b`ras n`khunflkh`, a ef aefoa y a eå k`s

s`rprlkhfþ uka ccuvfa t`rrlknfac, qul, iukt` n`k uka kfldca euy hlksa, hfjfnuctþ eunb` ca

n`khunnfþk. K`s parae`s y lsplrae`s a qul pasara ca t`relkta. Lkt`knls ef aefoa el hfi`

qul tlkåa ca hlsaorahadcl slksanfþk lk ca d`na hlc lstþeao` hl qul aco` k` fda dflk. Ls` jul

s`drl cas hflz hl ca k`nbl. Ccloae`s a nasa, sakas y sacvas, acrlhlh`r hl ca elhfak`nbl. Hlnfhå

qulharel a h`refr lk nasa hl ef aefoa p`rqul lstada ao`taha.

·A ca eañaka sfouflktl rlnfdå uka ccaeaha hl uk aefo` åktfe` hl ef k`vf`. Lc aefo`

el hfi` qul ef k`vf` badåa sacfh` ca k`nbl aktlrf`r n`k uk orup` hl n`k`nfh`s a tèar ukasn`pas. Hl vulcta a nasa, lc qul badåa sfh` hlsfokah` n`khunt`r hlc illp hl ef k`vf` plrhfþ lc

n`ktr`c hlc vlbånuc` y æstl sl sacfþ hl ca narrltlra, prlnfpftákh`sl p`r uk lepfkah` tlrrapcæk y

anadakh` lk uk rfanbulc`. X`h`s c`s pasailr`s sacflr`k hlsplhfh`s hlc vlbånuc`, fkncufh` ef

k`vf`, quflk nayþ iust` hlcaktl hlc illp, qul c` arr`ccþ y anadþ n`k su vfha. C`s hleás sþc`

tlkåak uk`s nuakt`s rasouñ`s y eaouccahuras.

·Ef n`razþk sl cclkþ hl uk h`c`r qul iaeás badåa lxplrfelktah`. Lc pr`nls` hl

nuranfþk jul clkt` y hfjånfc y el prlouktæ sf aqulc h`c`r hlsaparlnlråa acouka vlz. Huraktl lsl

plrf`h`, rlclå t`has cas nartas qul el badåa lkvfah` ef k`vf`, efræ cas j`tòrajåas h`khl

lstádae`s c`s h`s iukt`s y slouå rln`rhakh` t`h`s c`s dulk`s eèlkt`s qul badåae`s

nèpartfh`. Lkt`knls sl el `nurrfþ qul hldlråa lkvfar acoukas hl aqulccas j`tòrajåas a sus

pahrls, qul vfvåak lk Fccfk`fs. K` c`s n`k`nåa, plr` n`kslouå su hfrlnnfþk y cls lsnrfdå uka narta

euy le`tfva anèpañakh` cas j`tòrajåas. ^l nrlþ uk våknuc` euy lsplnfac lktrl ca eahrl hl

ef k`vf` y y`, uk våknuc` qul sl n`kvfrtfþ lk uka pr`jukha aefstah qul ya ba hurah` vlfktfsæfs

añ`s. Zlfktl añ`s hlspuæs hl ca eulrtl hl eå prfelr k`vf`, tras fkn`ktadcls nartas, rloac`s,

ccaeahas tlcljþkfnas y uk orak ap`y` p`r su partl huraktl ef eatrfe`kf` hl hflz añ`s y




-<1-

p`stlrf`r hfv`rnf`, p`r jfk hlnfhå banlr uka vfsfta a aqulcca euilr. Xuvl qul n`khunfr trls b`ras

hlshl lc alr`pulrt` hl Nbfnao` basta uk plqulñ` y trakqufc` puldclnft` rurac. Nuakh` cclouæ

a su nasa, el lkn`ktræ ca lktraha prfknfpac ah`rkaha n`k oc`d`s lk slñac hl dflkvlkfha y a

uka elkuha y hucnl euilr lsplrákhèl n`k c`s draz`s adflrt`s. Lc tflep` qul pasae`s

iuktas jul tak lsplnfac qul supl qul aqulcca aefstah tlkåa qul slr. Badåae`s lstadclnfh` uk

våknuc` nè` hl eahrl l bfia. ûs h`s blreakas y sus jaefcfas taedfæk el adrflr`k cas

pulrtas hl sus nasas.

·Hf`s nflrra uk napåtuc` y nèflkza hl kulv` lk lc sfouflktl, uk aktlpr`ylnt` hl ae`r

y nèpasfþk ac qul k`s`tr`s vae`s hakh` j`rea n`k hltaccls ùkfn`s. Ca eulrtl hl ef prfelr

ae`r k` jul lk vak`, y naha håas rlnulrh` qul cas j`reas qul tflkl Hf`s hl pr`vllr s`k

fknrlådclelktl slknfccas, plr` sfleprl sueaelktl p`hlr`sas. Quflkquflra qul dusqul ca

lslknfa lk cas n`sas eatlrfacls, slour` qul sl pflrhl ca eay`råa hl c`s rloac`s qul k`s banl

Hf`s naha håa.·

Lc orak elhfah`9 lc nuart` nbagra

Lc lspårftu pur` va lk cas nuatr` hfrlnnf`kls, ab`ra jcuyl hl uk e`h`,

ab`ra hl `tr`, k` bay kfkoùk cuoar ah`khl k` ccloul. ]`r arrfda, sl lclva banfa

lc nflc`, p`r adai`, sl arrafoa lk ca tflrra *…+ û kèdrl ls «\k` n`k Hf`s· *…+

]r`tlol ac lspårftu *…+ y tl n`kvlrtfrás lk uk` n`k lc lspårftu, *…+ qul sl

nèukfna y sl jukhl n`k lc `rhlk hfvfk`.

Ybuakozf

Lk lc nlktr` hlc rlcì hl arlka sl lknulktra lc nuart` nlktr` lklroætfn` ` nuart`

nbagra, lc leduh` qul n`klnta cas partls fkjlrf`r y suplrf`r hlc rlcì. Aquå lktrak lk

n`ktant`s c`s hèfkf`s hlc lo` y hlc lspårftu. Lk lc nuart` nbagra rlsfhl ca lklroåa hl canèpasfþk, qul tflkhl pulktls lktrl cas hfjlrlknfas qul slparak a cas plrs`kas. Lk lstl

nlktr` hl plrnlpnf`kls le`nf`kacls, lc n`razþk suavfza c`s iufnf`s lstrfnt`s qul banl ca elktl.

^fk ca fkjculknfa hlc n`razþk, ca elktl pulhl v`cvlrsl hura, taiaktl, fktraksfolktl y jråa,

sfleprl a ca hljlksfva. Xaedfæk pulhl ah`clnlr hl jacta hl hfsnlrkfeflkt`, julrza `

prfknfpf`s. Lc nuart` nbagra ls lc «n`ktr`c nlktrac·, lc elhfah`r lktrl ca elktl y lc nulrp`.

Nuakh` sl fepcfna lc n`razþk, æstl hfrfol ac nulrp` a antuar sloùk cas fhlas hl ca elktl7

nuakh` jacta ca lklroåa hlc n`razþk ‘nuakh` k` p`kle`s lc n`razþk lc aco`‘ kulstras

annf`kls narlnlk hl julrza.




-<4-

Nuakh` ca lepatåa plkltra lk kulstr` n`razþk, rlsp`khl t`h` kulstr` slr. Ca elktl

lktra rápfhaelktl lk annfþk, ap`rtakh` fhlas y s`cunf`kls, plr` taedfæk pulhl hlsplrtar

tle`rls y banlr sup`sfnf`kls para feplhfr uka n`klxfþk hlc n`razþk. Nuakh` lc n`razþk hl

Ealvl sl lstada adrflkh` ac elkhfo`, p`r lilepc`, su elktl cl plreftfþ hlnfr k` a su

pltfnfþk hl nèfha. ]lr` ca rlspulsta hlc n`razþk ls tak p`hlr`sa qul Ealvl t`havåa ca

rlnulrha, su n`razþk k` plreftfrá qul su elktl ca `cvfhl.

Lc rlt` ac qul t`h`s k`s lkjrlktae`s ls plhfr a ca aut`rfhah hl ca elktl qul juknf`kl

hl anulrh` n`k ca nèpasfþk hlc n`razþk, para slr n`korulktl. Nuakh` c`s nbagras suplrf`rls

juknf`kak n`korulktlelktl, ca fkspfranfþk, ca julrza, lc vfo`r, lc nèprèfs` y ca jl pasak a

feprlokar rápfha y hfrlntaelktl ca df`còåa. Lsta ncarfhah lspfrftuac plreftl qul ca arlka hl ca

partl suplrf`r hlc rlcì jcuya cfdrlelktl banfa ca partl fkjlrf`r, ukflkh` elktl y nulrp`,

nèpasfþk y annfþk.

Nuakh` bay n`korulknfa lktrl elktl y n`razþk, antuae`s n`k n`kjfakza, sfk eflh`, y

banle`s dulkas lclnnf`kls s`drl nþe` utfcfzar kulstr` p`hlr jåsfn`. V aså acnakzae`s ca elta

hl ca traksj`reanfþk lspfrftuac9 antuar nèpasfva y n`ksnflktlelktl ac traksj`rear ca fhla lk

ant`.

\ka plrs`ka n`korulktl pulhl plreftfrsl j`rtaclnlr a `tr`s. \ka plrs`ka qul narlnl

hl n`korulknfa p`hråa slktfr sujfnflktl plka ` narfhah para nèprarcl plsnah` a uka plrs`ka

baedrflkta, plr` vlråa uka aelkaza a su pr`pf` p`hlr lk lc blnb` hl lkslñar a plsnar a lsaplrs`ka9 tlelråa qul lsta ùctfea aprlkhflra a plsnar eli`r qul lcca y cl hliara sfk plsnah`.

Nè` hfi` uk bèdrl qul asfstfþ a uk` hl efs slefkarf`s9 «V` cl haråa a uk aefo` efc hþcarls

para ayuharcl a sacfr ahlcaktl a æc y a su jaefcfa, plr` k` cl haråa efc hþcarls qul e`ktara uk

klo`nf` y oakara eás qul y`.·

°Nþe` sl vulcvl uk` n`korulktl0 °Nþe` p`hle`s ukfjfnar ca fkj`reanfþk pr`nlhlktl

hl ca fktufnfþk para s`drlvfvfr n`k ca ouåa hl ca n`knflknfa suplrf`r0 °Nþe` p`hle`s

j`rtaclnlrk`s takt` nè` para k` plrnfdfr lc blnb` hl ayuhar a c`s hleás nè` uka aelkaza

a kulstra slksanfþk hl slourfhah0 Lk c`s prþxfe`s napåtuc`s lxpc`rarle`s æstas y `tras

nulstf`kls fep`rtaktls para ayuhar ac clnt`r a lxaefkar su pr`pf` lspårftu y su pr`pþsft` lk ca

vfha.

Lc slrvfnf` a c`s hleás ls lc acqufclr qul paoae`s p`r lc blnb` hl lstar

vfv`s. Ls lc vlrhahlr` pr`pþsft` hl ca vfha y k` aco` qul uk` banl lk su tflep`

cfdrl.

Earfak _rfobt Lhlceak




-<>-

°Quæ fepcfnanf`kls tflklk t`h` lst` para lc clnt`r0

]r`p`ko` ac clnt`r qul ca prþxfea vlz qul acouflk cl `jrlzna ayuha, nèpruldl nþe`

rlplrnutl ls` s`drl su df`còåa. V qul, nuakh` acouflk sl kfloul a ayuharcl, nèpruldl

taedfæk nþe` sl sflktl. Cl plhfråa qul sl jfiara lsplnfacelktl lk quæ partl hl su nulrp` ls ca

qul rlsp`khl, p`rqul lc `jrlnfeflkt` ` lc rlnbaz` rlplrnutfrá s`drl acouk` hl sus nbagras.

Hldlrá jfiarsl lk sf cl rlvulcvlk cas trfpas, cl fkukha lc lkjah` ` cl asacta uk h`c`r hl nadlza a

nausa hl ca tlksfþk. Xaedfæk sl hldlråa jfiar lk quæ elhfha utfcfza cas j`reas hl nèukfnanfþk

k` vlrdacls para trakseftfr a c`s hleás qul klnlsfta ayuha, ae`r, atlknfþk, aeadfcfhah… ` tac

vlz uk præstae`, uk p`n` hl nèpañlrfse` ` uka rlnèlkhanfþk para uk asnlks` `

prè`nfþk. K`s ble`s n`kvlrtfh` lk uka nuctura lk ca qul cas pacadras s`k lc ùctfe` elhf`

hl nèukfnanfþk. C` qul sè`s naha uk` hl k`s`tr`s k` ls kf eás kf elk`s qul lc p`hlr y ca

lklroåa fkvfsfdcls qul p`slle`s. X`h`s ble`s sfh` ccaeah`s a vfvfr n`k lsa lklroåa y lsl

p`hlr y a utfcfzarc`s ahlnuahaelktl.

@TANFÞK HL ÂK JTAKNF^N@ HL A^Å^

^lñ`r, baz hl eå uk fkstruelkt` hl tu paz.

H`khl baya `hf`, sfledrl y` ae`r7

h`khl baya `jlksa, plrhþk7

h`khl baya huha, jl7

h`khl baya hlsacflkt`, lsplrakza7

h`khl baya `snurfhah, cuz7

h`khl baya trfstlza, acloråa.¡@b, hfvfk` ealstr`! Baz qul k` dusqul takt`

qul el n`ksulclk, nè` n`ks`car,

qul el nèprlkhak, nè` nèprlkhlr,

qul el aelk, nè` aear7

p`rqul ls ac har qul rlnfdfe`s7

plrh`kakh` qul `dtlkle`s lc plrhþk7

eurflkh` lk kulstr` y` kanle`s a ca vfha ltlrka.




-<8-

Fkst` ac clnt`r a qul, eflktras vaya clylkh` c`s sfouflktls napåtuc`s, tlkoa prlslktls y

sl rlpfta fktlrf`relktl lstas vlrhahls ukfvlrsacls9

◀ Lst`y h`khl sl sup`kl qul hld` lstar y naha eèlkt` ls uka `p`rtukfhah para

ayuhar a `tra plrs`ka ` rlnfdfr su ayuha.

◀ K` lxfstlk cas elras n`fknfhlknfas ` annfhlktls. Dusnaræ uk slktfh` lk t`h`s efs

lknulktr`s sfknrþkfn`s.

◀ Nuacquflr tfp` hl asfstlknfa qul `jrlzna a `tra plrs`ka ls uk ant` hl nuranfþk.

◀ X`h` c` qul bao` p`r c`s hleás, aså nè` lc ap`y` qul rlnfd` lk ef vfha, tflkl

ljlnt`s nuratfv`s s`drl t`ha ca nèukfhah bueaka.

◀ Nuakh` `rl, sfleprl rlnfdfræ ayuha. ]ara p`hlr rln`k`nlr ca ayuha vlræ t`h` c` qul

el `nurrl lk ca vfha a partfr hlc sloukh` fkelhfataelktl p`stlrf`r a ca `ranfþk nè` uka

partl hl ca rlspulsta hl ca efsea.

◀ X`h` c` qul bao` n`ksnflktlelktl ls uk ant` hl p`hlr fkvfsfdcl.




-<<-

^LO\KHA ]ATXL

Lc naefk` banfa lc j`rtaclnfeflkt`




-<:-

F

C`s h`kls hl ca tflrra9 Lc prfelr nbagra

V nuakh` `ræfs, k` sláfs nè` c`s bfpþnrftas, qul oustak hl `rar dflk

pcaktah`s lk cas sfkaoòas y lk cas lsqufkas hl cas pcazas para qul ca olktl c`svla. Lk vlrhah `s hfo` qul lcc`s ya bak tlkfh` su rlnèplksa. Z`s`tr`s, lk

naedf`, nuakh` `ræfs, lktrah lk vulstr`s ap`slkt`s y, hlspuæs hl nlrrar ca

pulrta, `rah a vulstr` ]ahrl, qul lstá accå, lk c` slnrlt`7 y vulstr` ]ahrl, qul

vl t`h` c` qul sl banl lk slnrlt`, `s rlnèplksará.

Eatl` :9<-:

^fleprl qul hlsnrfdfe`s ca katuraclza hl ca lxplrflknfa bueaka banle`s n`kilturas

s`drl p`r quæ Hf`s k`s nrlþ. °]`r quæ lstae`s aquå0 °Banfa hþkhl vae`s0 Nacvfk, lc tlrrfdcl

kfñ` jfcþs`j` k`rtlaelrfnak` Nacvfk y B`ddls, k`s ha su rlspulsta9 «Dulk`, k` sæ kaha s`drl

c`s hleás, ¡plr` y` vlko` hl ef badftanfþk, s`y uk kfñ` n`k orakhls pcakls y v`y a har uka

vulcta! ¡Basta culo`!· Bl lstah` dusnakh` uka rlspulsta eás eltajåsfna, plr`, n`k lc pas` hl

c`s añ`s, bl hlsnartah` ca lxpcfnanfþk qul el lkslñar`k lk ef lsnulca natþcfna9 «Hf`s k`s

nrlþ p`rqul k`s aea.· N`kj`rel fda aprlkhflkh` n`sas s`drl lc sfstlea lklroætfn` bueak`




-<?-

y su lxqufsft` hfslñ`, vf qul, hlc efse` e`h` qul sè`s slrls takt` lspfrftuacls nè`

jåsfn`s, kulstr` pr`pþsft` lk ca vfha ls takt` jåsfn` nè` lspfrftuac.

^æ qul æsta k` ls ca rlspulsta jánfc qul cl oustaråa `år a eunba olktl. K`s ousta qul

cas rlspulstas slak dcaknas ` kloras, k` hl aed`s n`c`rls, k` orfsls. K`s oustaråa p`hlr vfvfr

hl anulrh` n`k uka tl`còåa sfepcl7 dásfnaelktl, qulrle`s uka rlcanfþk cåepfha y ncara n`k

Hf`s, lk ca nuac lc dulk nèp`rtaeflkt` sla rlnèplksah` n`k earavfcc`sas dlkhfnf`kls y lc

eac` sþc` rlnfda c`s hlspì`s. ]lr` ca vfha k` ls tak sfepcl, aukqul lc n`se`s tflkl

ljlntfvaelktl sus clyls. ]ara eå, uka partl hlc puzcl nþsefn` sl n`c`nþ lk lc cuoar qul cl

n`rrlsp`khåa uk håa hl 162<, nuakh` lstada banflkh` uka clntura nè` fktuftfva eæhfna a uka

euilr qul ccaearæ Iàk.

^fleprl qul bao` uka clntura nè` fktuftfva eæhfna, el fkukhak feprlsf`kls y

rlnulrh`s hl ca vfha hl lsa plrs`ka, iukt` n`k efs pr`pf`s asukt`s fkn`kncus`s. ]lr` n`k Iàk

sþc` el vfk` uka feaolk. Xuvl uka vfsfþk feprlsf`kaktl s`drl uk árd`c lk`rel nuyas raånls,

jráofcls y quldrahfzas, lstadak r`tas. Lc árd`c rlprlslktada ca vfha hl Iàk, plr` su lspårftu

sþc` partfnfpada parnfacelktl lk eaktlklr vfv` ac árd`c. û lklroåa k` jcuåa n`k cfdlrtah p`r

t`h` lc tr`kn` basta cas raånls ‘lc prfelr nbagra‘. ^lktå qul Iàk narlnåa hl t`h` slktfh` hl

plrtlklknfa ‘a su vfha, a su nulrp`, a su slr‘ y qul su lspårftu lstada hlsn`klntah` hl su

vfha. Lstada hlsarrafoaha y hls`rflktaha7 k` tlkåa kfkoùk tfp` hl pasfþk kf lktusfase`.

]arlnåa nè` sf sfleprl budflra lstah` cunbakh` p`r lkn`ktrar uk slktfh` a ca vfha7 su elktly su lspårftu lstadak lk n`kstaktl n`kjcfnt`. û elktl hlsn`kjfada hl ca vfha y cl tlkåa eflh`,

eflktras qul su lspårftu aksfada lkn`ktrar uk slktfh` y uk pr`pþsft`. Aqulcca euilr sl lstada

hlsfktlorakh` p`n` a p`n`, lspfrftuac, le`nf`kac y jåsfnaelktl.

Lsta clntura fktuftfva tuv` uk pr`jukh` ljlnt` s`drl eå. Iukt` n`k ca p`hlr`sa feaolk

hlc lk`rel árd`c hlc lspårftu hl Iàk, tuvl ca ncara slksanfþk hl qul lc ukfvlrs` lstá

n`kstrufh` hl tac e`h` qul naha uk` hl k`s`tr`s tflkl su cuoar y lstá aquå para lkn`ktrar lsl

cuoar y para «n`kvlrtfrsl· lk æc. V vf qul, sf k` fktlktae`s lkn`ktrar lsl cuoar ` pr`pþsft`,

sujrfrle`s le`nf`kac y lspfrftuacelktl y, a ca caroa, taedfæk jåsfnaelktl. Aquæc jul uk` hl c`s

prfelr`s fkhfnf`s qul bl tlkfh` hl qul aktls hl kanlr k`s nèprèltle`s n`k uka vfha lk

uk nulrp`, uk eèlkt` y ukas nfrnukstaknfas partfnucarls y ahqufrfe`s lc nèprèfs` hl

aprlkhlr kulstr` pr`pþsft` lspfrftuac ‘kulstr` N`ktrat` âorah`‘ a travæs hl kulstras

lxplrflknfas vftacls.




-<2-

Lnbar raånls

Lc pr`pþsft` hl ca vfha ls uka vfha hl pr`pþsft`.

Olròl Dlrkah ^baw

Lc prfelr nbagra k`s arrafoa ac eukh` jåsfn`, vfsfdcl, eatlrfac. Lc blnb` hl vfvfr lk uk

nulrp` jåsfn` sfleprl fepcfna nflrta tlksfþk. Ca elktl y lc lspårftu sulclk lstar lkjrlktah`s y

k`s`tr`s k`s lsj`rzae`s p`r s`plsar sus hlsl`s fktlktakh` n`ktlktarc`s a aed`s. Lc lspårftu

qul bay lk kulstr` fktlrf`r tflkl jl lk qul kulstras klnlsfhahls sfleprl slrák n`ceahas,

plr` ca elktl plrnfdl qul k` bay sujfnflktl para sloufr ahlcaktl. Kulstr` lspårftu p`sll lc

n`k`nfeflkt` fkblrlktl hl qul t`h`s sè`s uk` ‘n`k cas hleás plrs`kas y lc ukfvlrs`‘

plr` ca elktl lknulktra lst` hfjånfc hl asuefr eflktras vfvfe`s ca vfha n`tfhfaka y tlkle`s

n`kjcfnt`s n`k kulstr`s slrls qulrfh`s y n`k c`s nèpañlr`s hl tradai`. Olklracelktl

n`ksloufe`s rln`rhar qul sè`s uk` n`k kulstra parlia ` jaefcfa df`cþofna, plr` ble`s hl

har uk orak sact` lk kulstra lv`cunfþk lspfrftuac para slr napanls hl vlrk`s nè` uk` n`k lc

rlst` hl ca bueakfhah y antuar hl anulrh` n`k lsta rlvlcanfþk. Hl t`h`s e`h`s, ac vfvfr nè`

s`cle`s vfvfr lk lsa jr`ktlra lktrl ca plrnlpnfþk hl a vlrhah qul tflkl ac acea y ca plrnlpnfþk

hl ca rlacfhah qul tflkl ca elktl, aprlkhle`s s`drl ca lklroåa y lc p`hlr.

X`has cas clnnf`kls hl ca vfha sl pulhlk rlsuefr lk uka pacadra9 p`hlr. Lc p`hlr

fkjcuyl s`drl kulstra df`còåa y s`drl kulstr` lspårftu. Lc p`hlr pulhl rlprlslktar olktl,

lstatus, hfklr`, n`nbls, iuoultls, n`k`nfeflkt`, badfcfhahls…, nuacquflr n`sa qul fknrlelktl

kulstra napanfhah para s`drlvfvfr lk lc eukh` eatlrfac. Naha hlnfsfþk qul tèae`s, naha

pflza hl r`pa qul k`s p`kle`s, aså nè` nuacquflr hlsl` anunfaktl qul tlkle`s ‘sl tratl

hl slr lc prfelr` hl ca jfca ` hl slktark`s lk uk rfknþk hl ca `jfnfka ‘ t`h` lcc` hltlrefka quæls c` qul tflkl p`hlr lk kulstra vfha y quæ lstae`s hfspulst`s a banlr y hlnfr a jfk hl `dtlklr

p`hlr, utfcfzarc` y eaktlklrc`. Naha uk` hl c`s nbagras pr`p`rnf`ka uk jfctr` hfjlrlktl a travæs

hlc nuac vle`s y lxplrfelktae`s lc p`hlr. V lc vfail lepflza lk lc prfelr nbagra9 kulstra

lktraha lk lc eukh` jåsfn` ` eatlrfac.

Ca elta hl ca lxplrflknfa bueaka n`ksfstl lk traksj`reark`s hl slrls qul aksåak

p`hlr lk lc eukh` eatlrfac lk slrls qul nrlnlk y sl j`rtaclnlk hlshl hlktr`. Æsta ls ca ncásfna

dùsqulha hlc bær`l. K`s ledarnae`s lk uk vfail para hlsplrtar ac aut`n`k`nfeflkt` y ca

j`rtaclza fktlrf`r. ]ulhl parlnlr slknfcc` lk tl`råa, plr` ls drutac lk c` qul sl rljflrl a ca




-<6-

lxplrflknfa vftac. ]lksle`s lk t`h`s c`s eflh`s y tlktanf`kls, hrao`kls y `dstánuc`s qul lc

bær`l arqultåpfn`, lc nadacclr` ` lc oulrrlr`, hldl suplrar y vlknlr aktls hl p`hlr rlorlsar a

ca slourfhah hlc bòar para `nupar su cloåtfe` cuoar lk lc eukh`. û dùsqulha taedfæk

fkncuyl fklvftadclelktl ca napanfhah hl lktrar lk lc eukh` fkvfsfdcl ` lspfrftuac a jfk hl

acnakzar lc hfsnlrkfeflkt`, ca sadfhuråa y t`h` su p`hlr. B`y lk håa, lsl arqultfp` hlc p`hlr

easnucfk` y jlelkfk` c` lkn`ktrae`s lk c`s suplrbær`ls hl c`s nþefns, nè` ûplreak y

Rlka, ` lk plcånucas nè` Ca oulrra hl cas oacaxfas y Lc slñ`r hl c`s akfcc`s.

^f puhflra badlr uka s`ca prulda hl narántlr ukfvlrsac para kulstr` lspårftu, lsa

prulda slråa9 °tlkle`s jl lk kulstra napanfhah para s`drlvfvfr lk lc eukh` jåsfn` ` tlele`s

c`s hlsajå`s qul k`s pcaktla ca vfha0 Naha kulv` rlt` qul k`s pcaktla ca vfha y naha nrfsfs

lspfrftuac p`kl a prulda kulstra napanfhah hl hlnfsf`kls. Qulrle`s ccloar a uk pukt` h`khl,

fkncus` lstakh` lktrl ca lspaha y ca parlh, slae`s napanls hl lclofr n`ksnflktlelktl y n`k

fktlorfhah. ]ulhl tratarsl hl uk pr`dclea jaefcfar, uka hlnfsfþk jfkaknflra qul rlplrnutfrá

s`drl uka rlcanfþk plrs`kac ` uk fktlkt` hl ayuhar a uk hlsn`k`nfh`. ]lr` naha uka hl lsas

pruldas banl qul kulstra acea sl lkjrlktl nara a nara n`k c`s eflh`s s`drl kulstra

napanfhah hl suplrvfvlknfa. Xlkle`s qul hlnfhfr lktrl efrar lk kulstr` fktlrf`r y n`kjfar lk

ca sadfhuråa fkblrlktl a kulstr` lspårftu, qul k`s rlnulrha vlrhahls ukfvlrsacls nè`9 «Ha y

c` qul hls tl slrá hlvulct` euctfpcfnah` p`r hflz· ` «Xrata a c`s hleás nè` tl oustaråa qul

tl tratarak a tf·, ` dflk hliark`s cclvar p`r kulstras fkslourfhahls y har ca lspacha a c`spr`dcleas.

Nuakh` fktlrprltae`s kulstra vfha sfedþcfnaelktl, nè` uk vfail lspfrftuac,

p`hle`s lxaefkar eás `diltfvaelktl kulstras annf`kls, aså nè` kulstras hlnfsf`kls hl k`

antuar. ]`hle`s fktlktar lxtralr uka clnnfþk hl naha lknulktr` ` lxplrflknfa. ]`r lilepc`,

slr `dilt` hl uka trafnfþk pulhl slr hlvastah`r hlshl lc pukt` hl vfsta le`nf`kac, plr`

olklracelktl k`s lkslña qul tlkle`s qul hlsprlkhlrk`s hl cas lxplntatfvas, cas

hlplkhlknfas le`nf`kacls y psfn`cþofnas y c`s fktlkt`s hl n`ktr`car a c`s hleás pr`v`nah`s

p`r kulstr`s pr`pf`s eflh`s. K`s lkslña a anlptar a c`s hleás tac nè` s`k, lk vlz hl nþe`

hlslaråae`s qul julrak ` lsplrádae`s qul julrak. Xaedfæk k`s ayuha a nèprlkhlr qul k`

p`hle`s n`ktr`car nèpcltaelktl kulstras vfhas.

Lk hljfkftfva, para nuepcfr kulstr` pr`pþsft` klnlsftae`s hltlrefkah` tfp` hl

rlcanf`kls y vfvfr lxplrflknfas hlsaorahadcls qul k`s plreftfrák aprlkhlr a eaktlklr y vfvfr

`tras eli`rls. Lc jfkac hl uka rlcanfþk k`s `dcfoa klnlsarfaelktl a fkfnfar uk kulv` naefk`.

Aukqul ac prfknfpf` ls p`sfdcl qul k`s rlsfstae`s a sloufr lsa kulva hfrlnnfþk, nuakh`

jfkacelktl k`s rfkhae`s a lcca p`hrle`s vlr kulstras kulvas nfrnukstaknfas nè` uka




-:=-

dlkhfnfþk. ]`hle`s lclofr lktrl vlr cas nrfsfs nè` ardftrarfas y kloatfvas ` dflk nè`

fktlrvlknf`kls qul j`reak partl hl uk pcak hl eay`r acnaknl, p`stls lk lc naefk` qul k`s

hfrfolk banfa ca prþxfea clnnfþk s`drl kulstr` p`hlr plrs`kac y kulstr` N`ktrat` âorah`.

]`r supulst`, k` banl jacta lsplrar a tlklr uka nrfsfs para vlr cas n`sas nè`

såed`c`s. Ca vfha lspfrftuac k` n`ksfstl sþc` lk fktlktar feaofkar p`r quæ k`s `nurrlk n`sas

eacas ` p`r quæ cls `nurrlk a `tras plrs`kas, sfk` lk fktlktar lkn`ktrar uk slktfh` a lsas

lxplrflknfas kloatfvas, pulst` qul kukna lktlkhlrle`s nèpcltaelktl lc p`rquæ. ]`hle`s

lkj`nar c`s sunls`s y patr`kls p`sftfv`s hl kulstra vfha, ac fouac qul kulstr`s pr`dcleas, n`k

ca fktlknfþk hl lkn`ktrar uka jfkacfhah `nucta, uk pr`pþsft` suplrf`r. ]`r lilepc`, p`hle`s

pcaktlark`s p`r quæ eaktlkle`s uka dulka rlcanfþk n`k hltlrefkahas plrs`kas ` quæ k`s

cclvþ a fepcfnark`s lk uka cåkla hl tradai` ` ajfnfþk lsplnfacelktl oratfjfnaktl. X`h`s

hldle`s lkn`ktrar lc naefk` n`rrlnt` qul k`s plrefta hfsjrutar hl ca vfha y har uk slktfh` a

kulstras antfvfhahls hfarfas y a kulstras fktlrannf`kls n`k c`s hleás. ]`hle`s leplzar lk

nuacquflr eèlkt`, p`r lilepc`, b`y. Ble`s sfh` nrlah`s para «lstar aquå ab`ra·, nè`

ajfrea ca jae`sa jrasl hl Tae Hass.

Asfstfr a `tra plrs`ka ls uk ant` hl acqufefa lspfrftuac elhfaktl lc nuac trakseftfe`s

lklroåa ` oranfa a `tr` slr. Tlacelktl, ls ca lclntrfnfhah hl kulstra fktlknfþk y ca n`knflknfaqul nèpaña ac ant` c` qul cl n`kjflrl lsa lklroåa traksj`reah`ra napaz hl naedfar y

naedfark`s ca vfha. Eunba olktl el ba lxpcfnah` lxplrflknfas lk cas nuacls bfnflr`k «euy

p`na n`sa· p`r acouflk qul cls rlsp`khfþ n`k orakhls eulstras hl aorahlnfeflkt`. ^l

qulhar`k plrpcli`s aktl ca rlannfþk, nuya eaokftuh n`ksfhlrar`k ‘p`r c` elk`s hlshl su

pukt` hl vfsta‘ lxnlsfva lk nèparanfþk n`k lc nacfdrl ` taeañ` hlc jav`r. ]lr` c` nflrt` ls

qul badåak rlacfzah` uk ant` fkvfsfdcl hl j`rtaclnfeflkt`.

Huraktl eunb`s añ`s, bl lkslñah` qul «ca dfòrajåa sl n`kvflrtl lk df`còåa·, plr`

ab`ra pulh` añahfr qul «c` qul va dflk para lc lspårftu va dflk para lc nulrp`·. X`h` lc lstræs

jåsfn` y elktac qul lxplrfelktae`s tflkl su `rfolk lk nulstf`kls hl suplrvfvlknfa, ls hlnfr,

prl`nupanf`kls rlcanf`kahas n`k c`s trls prfelr`s nbagras. ^l tratl hl h`c`r lk cas cuedarls,

qul sulcl fkhfnar lstræs p`r nulstf`kls jfkaknflras7 hl pr`dcleas narhfan`s, qul sl pulhlk

rlcanf`kar n`k prlsf`kls le`nf`kacls lk lc tradai` ` lk nasa7 ` hl ca kloatfva a nufharsl y

efearsl a uk` efse`, lk acoùk cuoar hl ca elznca hl t`h`s c`s hltaccls fkhfvfhuacls hl

kulstra vfha sl lknulktrak cas fkslourfhahls rlcanf`kahas n`k ca suplrvfvlknfa. Ls fep`sfdcl

lstar nèpcltaelktl sak` sf uk` sl sflktl aelkazah`. \ka plrs`ka pulhl tlklr t`h` lc




-:1-

hfklr` hlc eukh` y sloufr lstakh` tak lstrlsah` qul sl lxp`kl a anadar lkjlreakh`, p`r

lilepc`, p`r eflh` a qulharsl s`c` ` ac adakh`k`.

Ca vlrhahlra slourfhah hlplkhl hlc lspårftu. Hldle`s aprlkhlr a vlr cas klnlsfhahls

lc lspårftu nè` såed`c`s hl lklroåa. Lk lst` rlsfhl ca vlrhah ukfvlrsac qul k`s p`kl a t`h`s

ac efse` kfvlc9 naha uk` hl k`s̀ tr`s hldl hlsnudrfr a travæs hl sus eunbas lxplrflknfas

vftacls sf tflkl jl lk su pr`pþsft` lspfrftuac, lk su lxfstlknfa, ` sf tlel lc vfail hl ca vfha.

Nuakh` lc eflh` feprloka kulstr` slr, rlhunl kulstra napanfhah hl nèpartfr ` hl slr

nèpasfv`s, ` fkncus` hl banlr lc jav`r eás kfef`.

Fkn`ksnflktlelktl ‘y a vlnls n`ksnflktlelktl‘ vle`s fep`sfdcl ayuhar a `tra

plrs`ka nuakh` k`s slktfe`s vucklradcls. ]`r lilepc`, k` p`hle`s `jrlnlr a acouflk hfklr`

para qul sl nèprl aco` hl nèlr sf tlkle`s e`rfrk`s hl baedrl7 k` p`hle`s hle`strarcl

a `tra plrs`ka qul n`kjfae`s lk su taclkt` su tlele`s qul k`s adakh`kl nè`

n`kslnulknfa hl lcc`7 kf p`hle`s ap`yar lc æxft` hl `tra plrs`ka sf n`ksfhlrae`s qul

aelkaza lc kulstr`. Basta kulstras fktlrannf`kls eás drlvls, lk lc j`kh`, s`k uk rljcli` hl c`

hfspulst`s qul lstae`s a nèpartfr lc p`hlr hl kulstr` nulrp`, kulstra elktl y kulstr`

lspårftu. Lk t`h`s c`s nas`s qul utfcfzae`s ‘sf sè`s ajadcls ` nråtfn`s, olklr`s`s ` lo`åstas,

panflktls ` fktraksfolktls‘ sl dasl lk uka vara hl elhfr pr`jukhaelktl fkn`ksnflktl qul

s`plsa lc fktlrnaedf` hl p`hlr fkblrlktl a naha plksaeflkt`, annfþk y pacadra, n`k

fkhlplkhlknfa hl qul sla pùdcfn` ` prfvah`, ncaraelktl vfsfdcl ` sutfc. Kulstra rlcanfþk n`k lcp`hlr sfleprl ls lc natacfzah`r para banlr ` k` banlr aco`.

^loufhaelktl leplzarle`s lxaefkakh` y n`kstruylkh` lc p`hlr lk sus fkfnf`s9 lc

prfelr nbagra.




-:4-

Ca n`knflknfa hlc prfelr nbagra

Naha nbagra tflkl uka pacadra qul narantlrfza su lklroåa. Ca hlc prfelr nbagra ls

trfdu. Lc clea hl lstl nbagra ls «X`h`s sè`s uk`.· Lc prfelr nbagra ls ca n`klxfþk n`k

kulstras raånls, kulstr` eukh` jåsfn`, kulstra jaefcfa. Ls lc sfstlea hl ap`y` dásfn`, lc naep`

lklroætfn` qul eás fepcfnah` lstá lk cas tarlas dásfnas hl ca vfha y ca suplrvfvlknfa9 tlnb`,

nèfha, r`pa, tradai`, jaefcfa y aefo`s. Lc prfelr nbagra n`ktflkl ca lklroåa hl kulstra

n`knflknfa prfe`rhfac ‘hl k`s`tr`s nè` partl hl uka jaefcfa‘. Lc sanraelkt` hlc dautfse`ls lc rft` qul y` as`nf` ac prfelr nbagra, lc nuac sfed`cfza qul sè`s anlptah`s p`r kulstra

jaefcfa ` nèukfhah. C`s sanraelkt`s sl dasak lk n`klxf`kls hfvfkas. K` c`s nlcldrae`s sþc`

p`rqul slak n`stuedrls s`nfacls. Xrakseftlk vac`rls bueak`s y hfvfk`s fep`rtaktls y

ukfvlrsacls. Nrlak n`klxf`kls hfvfkas lktrl kulstras n`knflknfas y kulstras aceas, lktrl

k`s`tr`s y c`s hleás, y lktrl k`s`tr`s y Hf`s.

Ca tarla vftac ` hlsajå` lspfrftuac hlc prfelr nbagra ls anlptar kulstra vfha jåsfna lk lc

ledacail lk qul vfk` y sadlr vlr lsl ledacail nè` lslknfac para kulstra lknarkanfþk y

kulstr` vfail saorah`. Lk `tras pacadras, k`s dautfzae`s. Naha uk` hl k`s`tr`s tflkl acouka

feplrjlnnfþk saoraha, aco` qul sl k`s ba hah` para qul c` s`p`rtle`s sfk rlkhfrk`s ‘tac vlz

sla uk trast`rk` jåsfn` ` uka naroa jaefcfar n`k ca qul tlkle`s qul aprlkhlr a vfvfr‘ aco` qul

k`s`tr`s k` p`hle`s naedfar plr` qul hldlr naedfark`s a k`s`tr`s. Hldle`s n`klntark`s

n`k lc efstlrf` hfvfk` a travæs hl lsa feplrjlnnfþk saoraha. Lsa earna ` naroa qul k`s

`t`roar`k c`s hf`sls lk lc eèlkt` hl kulstr` kanfeflkt` k`s fkhfna qul kulstra vfha k` sl

hlspcloaråa sflkh` uka slnulknfa cþofna y `rhlkaha hl n`rrlnt` l fkn`rrlnt`, dulk` y eac`,

h`c`r y pcanlr. Dusnarle`s ca dlkhfnfþk lk ca r`na qul k` p`hae`s apartar hl kulstr` naefk`

y k`s slktfrle`s aorahlnfh`s p`r kulstras vfhas, anlptakh` lsl vfail qul sþc` k`s`tr`s

p`hle`s vfvfr. Lc eèlkt` lk qul hliae`s hl prlouktark`s «°]`r quæ a eå0· y anlptae`s

qul acoukas n`sas k` sl pulhlk lxpcfnar ranf`kacelktl earna lc prfknfpf` hl ca anlptanfþk hlc

efstlrf` lspfrftuac hl ca v`cuktah hfvfka. Lk eunbas hl cas nartas qul rlnfdå, sus aut`rls

nftadak lc eèlkt` lk qul sl hlsprlkhflr`k hl ca klnlsfhah hl sadlr p`r quæ sl

lkn`ktradak lk uka sftuanfþk hfjånfc nè` lc prfelr pas` lk lc naefk` hlc j`rtaclnfeflkt`

plrs`kac. Ca @ranfþk hl ca ^lrlkfhah n`k qul n`kncuyl lstl napåtuc` k`s pulhl oufar lk lsta

tarla9 «Hf`s, n`knæhlel ca slrlkfhah hl anlptar cas n`sas qul k` pulh` naedfar.·




-:>-

Nar`c N. lsnrfdfþ9 «Lc ant` hl slrvfnf` eás fep`rtaktl qul iaeás el bak blnb` nuakh`

ef blreaka el h`kþ uk rfñþk. Cftlracelktl, el sacv` ca vfha. A uk kfvlc le`nf`kac, el hf

nulkta hl nuákt` ae`r el r`hlada y t`havåa lst`y s`rprlkhfha p`r ca naktfhah hl olktl qul

rlzþ p`r eå. Lk lc pcak` sfedþcfn` lktlkhå qul aqulcc` j`reada partl hl ef n`ktrat` n`k ef

blreaka, aså nè` n`k t`has cas hleás plrs`kas a quflkls cls n`ke`vfþ ef lxplrflknfa. Xlkåa

qul sèltlr ef v`cuktah a ca v`cuktah hfvfka. ]ara eå, slktfrel tak vucklradcl y tlklr qul

plhfrcl a acouflk qul bfnflra uk sanrfjfnf` nè` aquæc lra nè` fktlktar badcar lk uk fhfèa

hlsn`k`nfh`. Lc blnb` hl qul kf sfquflra tuvflra qul plhfrc` p`rqul t`has efs blreakas y ef

earfh` el `jrlnflr`k uk rfñþk para qul sfouflra vfva el n`ceþ hl oratftuh.·

Ca cly hl ca lklroåa ‘c` sleliaktl sl atral‘ o`dflrka a ca t`tacfhah hl ca nèukfhah

bueaka. \k bèdrl sl parþ lk uka oas`cfklra y cl prlouktþ a uk lepclah`9

‘°Nþe` ls ca hlktl hl lsta nfuhah0 Lst`y plksakh` lk vlkfrel a vfvfr aquå y el

oustaråa sadlr n`k aktlcanfþk quæ tfp` hl vlnfk`s el v`y a lkn`ktrar.

Lc lepclah` hl ca oas`cfklra cl n`ktlstþ9

‘Dulk`, °nþe` s`k sus vlnfk`s lk ca nfuhah h`khl vfvl ustlh0

Lc bèdrl rlsp`khfþ9

‘^`k uk`s n`tfccas hlsaorahadcls qul kukna tflklk uka pacadra aeadcl para kahfl.

‘Zaya ‘n`ktlstþ lc lknaroah`‘, sflkt` hlnfrcl qul sl lkn`ktrará eás ` elk`s c`

efse` lk lsta nfuhah. Cl rlnèflkh` qul sfoa dusnakh`,Hlspuæs sl par` `tr` bèdrl lk ca oas`cfklra l bfz` ca efsea prloukta ac efse`

lepclah`9

‘°Quæ tfp` hl olktl vfvl lk lsta nfuhah0

V, hl kulv`, lc lepclah` cl n`ktlstþ9

‘Dulk`, °quæ tfp` hl olktl vfvl nlrna hl ustlh ab`ra0

‘Olktl ajadcl, earavfcc`sa ‘n`ktlstþ lc bèdrl.

V lc lepclah` cl rlsp`khfþ9

‘Lkn`ktrará eás ` elk`s c` efse` lk lsta nfuhah.

Ca cly hl ca atrannfþk, `drakh` a travæs hlc prfelr nbagra, atral banfa k`s`tr`s tfp`s

hl plrs`kas qul rljcliak kulstr`s vac`rls s`nfacls, e`racls, p`cåtfn`s, ætkfn`s y rlcfof`s`s.

Lktrl c`s vac`rls, sl fkncuylk cas antftuhls qul tlkle`s aktl ca s`nflhah y nþe` vle`s ca

katuraclza lslknfac hl ca bueakfhah. °Ca olktl ls jukhaelktacelktl dulka ` eaca0

°Lstae`s hfspulst`s a ayuhar a c`s hleás0 °]ulhl lc ukfvlrs` lkvfark`s olktl nuakh` ca

klnlsftae`s0 °]`hle`s n`ktar n`k ls` nuakh` klnlsftle`s ayuha0 X`has æstas s`k

prlouktas hlc prfelr nbagra s`drl cas nuacls t`h`s k`s p`sfnf`kae`s banl eunb` tflep`,




-:8-

fkncus` aukqul k` k`s cas pcaktlárae`s n`ksnflktlelktl. Cas rlspulstas a lstas prlouktas

hltlrefkak nþe` k`s n`klntae`s n`k ca lklroåa hl ca olktl qul k`s r`hla, plrtlklnle`s a

uka nèukfhah, lnbae`s raånls y nrlae`s uk bòar h`khl k`s n`k`nlk y k`s quflrlk.

Lc prfelr nbagra sfed`cfza ca n`klxfþk fkhfvfhuac n`k c`s hleás, ca nuac atral a ca olktl

banfa kulstra nasa, lk j`rea hl aefo`s, vlnfk`s y banlh`rls hl efcaor`s, nè` hlsnudrfþ

Cfkha D. nuakh` tuv` qul ajr`ktar ukas nfrnukstaknfas vftacls qul k` p`håa naedfar sfk` tak

sþc` anlptar. Cfkha lsnrfdfþ9 «Ef bfi` hl nfkn` añ`s, qul tflkl hfadltls hl tfp` 1, sl bfz` aefo`

hl uk vlnfk` hl su lhah nuya eahrl sl prl`nupþ hl aprlkhlr a n`ktr`car c`s kfvlcls hl azùnar

lk sakorl hl ef plqulñ` y ahefkfstrarcl fksucfka, c` qul ls uka orak rlsp`ksadfcfhah. Lcca

badåa vfst` uka vlz uka aeducaknfa hlcaktl hl kulstra nasa nuakh` tuvfe`s uka urolknfa,

plr` bfz` lc lsjulrz` para qul c`s kfñ`s k` tuvflrak qul iuoar sfleprl lk ef nasa, nè`

`nurrl n`k c`s hleás aefo`s hl ef bfi`. û vaclktåa lkslñþ a ef bfi` qul bay `tras plrs`kas

qul pulhlk banlrsl naro` hl æc y taedfæk el hf` a eå uk rlspfr` qul takt` klnlsftada. N`k

aqulc ant`, ef vlnfka sl n`kvfrtfþ lk uka aefoa para sfleprl.·

Kfkoùk bèdrl ls uka fsca, nèpclta lk så efsea7 t`h` bèdrl ls uk

jraoelkt` hlc n`ktfklktl.

I`bk H`kkl

Naha nbagra n`ktflkl uka vlrhah ukfvlrsac qul vfdra n`kstaktlelktl lk lc fktlrf`r hl

kulstr` naep` lklroætfn`. Ca vlrhah «t`h`s sè`s uk`· rlsulka lk lc fktlrf`r hlc nlktr`

lklroætfn` hlc prfelr nbagra y k`s banl pcaktlark`s ca prloukta9 «°Lk quæ elhfha sè`s

rlsp`ksadcls c`s uk`s hl c`s `tr`s0· Æsta ls, sfk cuoar a huhas, uka hl cas prlouktas jfc`sþjfnas

y tl`cþofnas nlktracls hl ca vfha, p`r k` hlnfr ca nulstfþk arqultåpfna qul o`dflrka lc eukh`.

Lxantaelktl, °lk quæ elhfha sè`s rlsp`ksadcls c`s `tr`s0 °^`y lc ouarhfák hl ef

blreak`0 Ca prloukta s`drl ca rlsp`ksadfcfhah sl pulhl lkj`nar hlshl uka plrsplntfva e`rac

y taedfæk hlshl uka plrsplntfva ætfna, plr` sl trata jukhaelktacelktl hl uka nulstfþk

lspfrftuac fkhfvfhuac. Naha uk` hl k`s`tr`s tlkle`s qul rlsp`khlrk`s a lsa prloukta. V naha

uk` hl k`s`tr`s tlkle`s qul rlsp`khlrk`s a lsa prloukta. V sl k`s plhfrá qul ca

rlsp`khae`s uka y `tra vlz, nè` sf lstuvfærae`s banflkh` n`kstaktlelktl uk lxaelk

nþsefn`.

\ka k`nbl eflktras lstada vflkh` uk pròraea hl tlclvfsfþk n`k uka aefoa, frruepfþ

uk akuknf` qul fkstada ac lsplntah`r a lkvfar ayuha a c`s kfñ`s p`drls y qul pasak baedrl.

Ef aefoa hfi`9

‘Hf`s eå`, p`drlnft`s. Lsplr` qul ca olktl rlsp`kha.




-::-

olktl para qul puhflrak rlnfdfr c`s adrfo`s y k` tlkåa kf fhla hl nþe` c`s fda a traksp`rtar.· ^f

Acclk k` budflra anlptah` ca ayuha hl `tras plrs`kas lk su efsfþk, t`havåa lstaråa tradaiakh`

lk aqulcca cad`r.

C`s nulkt`s y clylkhas p`pucarls taedfæk an`ksliak lsnunbar a kulstra ouåa fktlrf`r y

anlptar ca ayuha qul k`s `jrlnl.

Lk Euilrls qul n`rrlk n`k c`s c`d`s, Ncarfssa ]fkg`ca Lstæs k` lxpcfna ca bfst`rfa hl ca

druia Dada Vaoa y ca buærjaka Zasacfsa, nuya eahrl, lk su clnb` hl eulrtl, cl lktrloþ uka

euñlqufta eáofna para qul cl oufara. Nuakh` Zasacfsa ls n`khunfha a cas pr`jukhfhahls hlc

d`squl p`r su eacvaha eahrastra y sus blreakastras, aparlktlelktl para lknaroarcl ca

efsfþk hl n`ksloufr asnuas para banlr julo`, qul lsták lk p`slsfþk hl Dada Vaoa, ca kfña

n`kjåa lk cas fkstrunnf`kls qul cl va hakh` ca euñlna ‘qul sfed`cfza su lspårftu ` fktufnfþk‘

para qul ca ouål a travæs hl euctftuh hl slkhlr`s `snur`s basta ca nasa hl ca druia. Accå, aktls

hl lktrloarcl lc julo`, Dada Vaoa pr`p`kl eunbas tarlas fep`sfdcls a Zasacfsa, fkncuylkh`

slparar n`sas lktrl så ‘slparar lc eaåz e`b`s` hlc dulk`, cas slefccas hl aeap`ca hl ca

sunflhah‘ y n`ktlstar prlouktas efstlrf`sas. Ca kfña rlacfza n`rrlntaelktl t`has cas tarlas y

rlsp`khl dflk a t`has cas prlouktas n`ksuctakh` a su euñlqufta, ls hlnfr, n`kjfakh` lk su

sadfhuråa fkkata y lk ca fktufnfþk hlc prfelr nbagra9 uk rloac` hl su eahrl ` su trfdu. Hlc

efse` e`h`, kulstra fktufnfþk k`s ouåa para qul p`hae`s cclvar a nad` tarlas

aparlktlelktl fep`sfdcls y k`s lkslña a ajfkar kulstr`s iufnf`s. Aprlkhle`s a hfstfkoufrlktrl cas nrllknfas trfdacls vflias y oastahas y cas fhlas kulvas y ùtfcls, y a slparar cas slefccas

hl fkj`reanfþk rln`kj`rtaktl hl ca sunflhah y ca euorl qul k`s r`hla.

A Bærnucls, lc bær`l arqultåpfn`, cl asfokar`k h`nl tarlas lk aparflknfa fep`sfdcls.

^fleprl qul parlnåa k` fda a p`hlr nèpcltar uka tarla, sl prlslktadak cas hlfhahls

nèpasfvas Blrels (lc elksailr`) y Atlkla (ca sadfhuråa), såed`c`s hl ca ouåa fktlrf`r `

fktufnfþk. Elhfaktl su lsjulrz`, sujrfeflkt` y slrvfnf`, lc efse` Bærnucls sl n`kvfrtfþ lk uk

hf`s, euy vlklrah` lk ca Orlnfa ncásfna nè` e`hlc` hl cas vfrtuhls hl ca j`rtaclza, ca

plrslvlraknfa y ca anlptanfþk hl cas tarlas vftacls.

^`y sþc` uka plrs`ka, plr` auk aså s`y uka. K` pulh` banlrc` t`h`, plr`

pulh` banlr aco`. K` rlkuknfaræ a banlr aco` qul pulh` banlr.

Blclk Glcclr




-:?-

Nuakh` k`s plreftfe`s prl`nupark`s p`r c`s hleás, ca vucklradfcfhah hl kulstr`

lspårftu sl p`kl fklvftadclelktl hl eakfjflst`. \ka vlz qul lsa vucklradfcfhah sl fkstaca lk

kulstr` fktlrf`r, ls hfjånfc hlsn`klntar lsl slks`r fktuftfv`. Acclk E. nèlkta9 «Xlkle`s uka

fhla tak rèáktfna hl c`s sakt`s qul k` k`s p`hle`s feaofkar a ca eahrl Xlrlsa hl Nacnuta

tlkflkh` qul tèar hlnfsf`kls hfjånfcls s`drl ayuhar a uka plrs`ka lk vlz hl `tra. V basta qul

k`s lkn`ktrae`s lk lsa hfsyuktfva, k` k`s p`hle`s feaofkar qul c`s klnlsftah`s y cas

plrs`kas sfk bòar a quflkls k` p`hle`s ayuhar slktfrák nuacquflr n`sa elk`s

aorahlnfeflkt`. ^å, ls p`sfdcl qul ca katuraclza lspfrftuac hl ca eahrl Xlrlsa julra hl tac

nacfdrl qul puh` hfsfpar nuacquflr slktfeflkt` kloatfv` hl aqulcc`s a quflkls ayuhada. ]lr`

ls eás pr`dadcl qul Hf`s cl lkvfara lclnnf`kls hfjånfcls nè` cas qul k`s lkvåa a t`h`s y qul

lk acouk`s eèlkt`s ccloara a nulstf`karsl sf badåa blnb` uka lclnnfþk anlrtaha. Hl t`h`s

e`h`s, y` sup`ko` qul jul ca orak plrsfstlknfa n`k ca qul sfoufþ lcfoflkh` slrvfr

hlsfktlrlsahaelktl a c`s hleás, n`k fkhlplkhlknfa hl cas hlnfsf`kls hfjånfcls qul tuvflra qul

tèar, c` qul rlacelktl purfjfnþ su lspårftu.·

Iakfl O. añahl su pr`pfa sadfhuråa a ca prántfna hlc slrvfnf`, lsnrfdflkh`9 «^f t`h` lc

eukh` plksara lk nþe` ayuhar a `tras plrs`kas sfleprl qul sl cl prlslktara ca `p`rtukfhah,

lc eukh` slråa uk cuoar eás panåjfn`. V` tlko` nufhah` lk har sþc` nuakh` ls apr`pfah` sfk

jèlktar ca n`hlplkhlknfa ` c`s fktlrnaedf`s fkapr`pfah`s. V bl hlsarr`ccah` ca napanfhah hl

hfsnlrkfr nuakh` lc slrvfnf` ls (` k` ls) apr`pfah`.·Ca bfst`rfa hl Iafkl O. trata s`drl uk hlsajå` a ca suplrvfvlknfa tåpfn` hlc prfelr

nbagra. Lsnrfdl9 «Ef earfh` y y` cclvádae`s trlfkta añ`s iukt`s. Banl sfltl añ`s, atravlsae`s

uka æp`na euy hfjånfc y k`s slparae`s para fktlktar ancarark`s uk p`n`. Hfe`s uka drlvl

lxpcfnanfþk a kulstr`s bfi`s eay`rls, hl hflnfsæfs y hflnf`nb` añ`s, y cls hfife`s a c`s h`s

plqulñ`s, hl `nb` y hflz añ`s, qul a su pahrl cl badåa sacfh` uk tradai` cli`s hl nasa y qul

pasaråa julra uka tlep`raha. Lk aqulc lkt`knls y` tlkåa h`s tradai`s, apartl hl tlklr qul

nufhar hl efs bfi`s plqulñ`s, y lstada dastaktl ao`dfaha. ^fk qul y` cls pfhflra ayuha, efs

h`s bfi`s eay`rls rlhuilr`k sus antfvfhahls y hlhfnar`k fkn`ktadcls b`ras a nufhar hl sus

blreak`s elk`rls, n`nfkar y cclvarc`s lk n`nbl a hfvlrsas antfvfhahls. ^fleprl el badåak

lnbah` uka eak`, plr` lstuvflr`k lsplnfacelktl v`cnah`s lk ayuharel huraktl t`h` aqulc

añ` sfk qul y` sl c` tuvflra qul plhfr. El n`ke`vfþ takt` c` hfspulst`s qul lstuvflr`k a

cfeftar sus antfvfhahls s`nfacls para ap`yarel qul lstuvl hl anulrh` lk fktlktar arrlocar cas

n`sas n`k su pahrl. Ab`ra lstae`s hl kulv`s t`h`s iukt`s y jlcfnls, `roakfzakh` ca d`ha hlc

eay`r, qul ba aprlkhfh` qul cas rlcanf`kls pulhlk sacfr ahlcaktl n`k lc ae`r y lc ap`y` hl ca

jaefcfa.·




-:2-

]`r supulst`, k` t`has cas j`reas hl asfstlknfa ` slrvfnf` lelrolk lk sftuanf`kls hl

nrfsfs. ]lr` lk cas bfst`rfas qul jfourak a n`ktfkuanfþk, ca ayuha ccloþ iust` nuakh` acouflk eás

ca klnlsftada.

C`s h`kls hl ca tflrra

]`hle`s s`drlvfvfr sfk tradai`, qufzá k` hleasfah` dflk, plr` p`hle`s, y p`hle`s

s`drlvfvfr sfk uk sfstlea hl ap`y` trfdac. ]lr` k` p`hle`s s`drlvfvfr sfk nèfha, uk tlnb` y

r`pa, c`s h`kls hl ca tflrra qul s`k jukhaelktacls para qul juknf`kle`s aukqul sþc` sla auk kfvlc dásfn`, y elk`s aùk ljfnaz y þptfeaelktl, lk lc eukh` jåsfn`. Hl t`h`s e`h`s, cas

pr`vfsf`kls hfvfkas k` s`k pr`hunt` hl uka pcakfjfnanfþk a caro` pcaz`, sfk` qul aparlnlk

nuakh` eás sl klnlsftak. Ca olktl hlsnrfdl qul su «sacvanfþk· ` su «rlsnatl· ccloþ «iust`

nuakh` anadada hl plrhlr ca lsplrakza· `, hl rlplktl, nè` sf budflra «surofh` hl ca kaha·.

K` p`hle`s hlsn`hfjfnar lc raz`kaeflkt` hfvfk`.

Cas nrfsfs k`s banlk nlktrark`s lk lc aquå y ab`ra. K`s tralk ac eèlkt` prlslktl.

Hlspuæs hl t`h`, kahfl fktlkta rls`cvlr nulstf`kls le`nf`kls fkn`kncusas hl ca fkjaknfa

eflktras dusna a su oat` lktrl cas ccaeas hl su nasa. Lk cas sftuanf`kls hl lelrolknfa,

lstae`s eás adflrt`s a lsnunbar c`s hfntah`s eás hfsparatah`s y julra hl c` n`rrflktl hl

kulstra ouåa fktuftfva p`rqul lstae`s lk lc eèlkt` prlslktl y a elkuh` k` tlkle`s `tra

`pnfþk qul lsnunbarc`s. Lk elhf` hl ca n`kjusfþk hl lst`s hlsajå`s qul k`s `dcfoak a

nlktrark`s lk lc aquå y ab`ra, plrnfdfe`s n`fknfhlknfas y sfknr`kåas. Nuakh` cas n`sas sl

naceak y tlkle`s tflep` para rlvfsar ca lxplrflknfa, ls p`sfdcl qul k`s hle`s nulkta hl qul,

eflktras lstádae`s `nupah`s fktlktakh` ajfakzar lc sulc` qul s`stflkl a kulstr` prfelr

nbagra, Hf`s k`s lstada fkstakh` a efrar banfa arrfda y a vlr eás accá hl cas klnlsfhahls

dásfnas. Xac vlz lc elksail sla qul lc prlslktl sfleprl p`hrá `jrlnlrk`s eás qul lc pasah` y

qul cas nrfsfs lelrolk para nlrk`s vac`rar kulstra vfha lk lc eèlkt` antuac. V a vlnls

sfepclelktl klnlsftádae`s banlr uk naedf`, avakzar, plr` k`s banåa jacta uk lepui`knft`

para rlacfzarc`.




-:6-

Lc h`k hlc n`dfi`

^æ kulstr` rljuof`, ^lñ`r, kulstr` nèpañlr` nuakh` lstae`s julra, y kulstr` orat`

fkvftah` nuakh` rlorlsae`s.

Dlkhfnf`kls y `ranf`kls para cas nasas natþcfnas

N`kkfl B. c` plrhfþ t`h` lk uk fknlkhf`. ]lr`, aukqul cas ccaeas hlv`rar`k naha

plhaz` hl su bfst`rfa, uka trfdu nèpasfva sl aslourþ hl qul tuvflra uk jutur`. «Nuakh`

cclouæ a ca lsnlka, ef nasa lstada r`hlaha hl naef`kls hl dèdlr`s, olktl qul n`k`nåa y

olktl qul k` n`k`nåa. Ef bfia el orftþ9 –Eaea, k` lktrls lk nasa, eaktlktl acliaha―7 k`

`dstaktl, y` el hfrfoå banfa ca pulrta y hf uk pas` para lktrar, plr` lc nac`r el bfz`

rltr`nlhlr. Nuakh` adrå c`s ì`s, vf a ef bfia elk`r hl pfl hlcaktl hl eå hfnfækhèl9 –X`ha va

a fr dflk, eaeá, t`h` va a fr dflk.― X`has cas v`nls qul el r`hladak tlkåak razþk lk c` qul

hlnåak9 y` k` p`håa banlr kaha para ayuhar. K` tlkåa kfkoùk sftf` h`khl h`refr, t`has efs

plrtlklknfas sl badåak lsjueah`. Huraktl ca b`ra sfouflktl, aparlnfþ uk naefþk arrastrakh`

uk rle`cqul. Efs jaefcfarls y olktl qul y` k` n`k`nåa c` n`klntar`k a ca rlh hl aoua y

lclntrfnfhah hl cas nasas vlnfkas. Ccloþ eás olktl n`k nèfha, ukas vlfktl plrs`kas lktrl

jaefcfarls y vlnfk`s qul k` badåak vfst` kukna sl prlslktar`k n`k n`stfccas, tr`z`s hl pfzza y

dldfhas.

·\k lqufp` hl fkstacah`rls hl XZ våa satæcftl badåa sacvah` a efs h`s plrr`s hl cas

ccaeas. Lc oat` badåa sfh` rlsnatah` p`r uk dèdlr`, plr` hlspuæs badåa hlsaparlnfh`. \k

orup` hl hflz kfñ`s hlc vlnfkharf` j`rear`k uka orak nahlka y leplzar`k a rastrlar ca z`ka

lk dusna hl ef oat`. V` k` c`s n`k`nåa y lcc`s k` n`k`nåak a ef oat`… y c` ùctfe` qul æstl

baråa ls anlrnarsl nuakh` acouflk cl hfilra –Aquå, efsbfk`, efsbfk`.― ]r`kt` `snurlnfþ y sþc` sl

qulhþ ef jaefcfa7 ef ylrk` y ef bfia el n`khuilr`k ac rle`cqul para qul puhflra lstar nlrna

hl c`s rlst`s hl ef bòar. Hl rlplktl, `åe`s uk clvl eauccfh`. C` slouå y lkn`ktræ a ef oat`

dai` ca pfca hl eahlra hl ca nasa hl efs vlnfk`s, t`tacelktl nudflrt` hl b`ccåk, basta lc e`rr`.

C` cfepfæ, c` cclvæ a ef rle`cqul y el an`stæ7 c` lstrlnbæ lktrl efs draz`s huraktl t`ha ca

k`nbl. C`s trls prfelr`s håas, ef bfia el ayuhþ a dusnar uk cuoar h`khl vfvfr, n`ksfoufþ

euldcls hl acqufclr y utlksfcf`s hèæstfn`s y el ayuhþ a trascaharel a uk hèfnfcf` tlep`rac.El sflkt` jlcfz hl p`hlr n`ktar qul lst`y dflk.·




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A vlnls c`s rltacls hl kulstr` pasah` sl quleak p`rqul klnlsftádae`s leplzar hl

kulv`. ^`k euy p`n`s c`s qul lsták hfspulst`s a naedfar su vfha rahfnacelktl, p`r eunbas

slñacls fktuftfvas qul rlnfdak hl qul ls prlnfs` banlr uka naedf`. Lk cuoar hl lcc`, ca eay`råa

prljflrl sloufr lk ca pl`r sftuanfþk hlc prfelr nbagra ‘ajlrrah`s a uk tradai` kljast` ` a uk

eatrfe`kf` fkjlcfz‘ lk vlz hl arrflsoarsl a rèplr n`k lc pasah`. Tèplr n`k cas raånls ‘uk

rlt` hlc prfelr nbagra‘ y acliark`s hl kulstr` eukh` n`k`nfh` pulhl s`drlnòlrk`s. ]lr`

lc sfk` y lc hlstfk` fktlrvlkhrák para rlhfrfofr kulstr`s pas`s. (Lc sfk` ls nþe` sl hlspcfloa ca

vfha nuakh` hliae`s qul lc eflh` hltlrefkl kulstras lclnnf`kls. ^fk ledaro`, ca slkha hlc

hlstfk` sl k`s rlvlca nuakh` ajr`ktae`s lc eflh` y banle`s lclnnf`kls n`ksnflktls.) ^f

banle`s jrlktl a kulstras nfrnukstaknfas sfk lkjah` kf hlslsplranfþk y tèae`s ca

hltlrefkanfþk hl banlr c` eli`r, j`rtaclnle`s kulstr` jutur`.

\k bèdrl el lxpcfnþ qul c` plrhfþ t`h` ‘su tradai` y su eatrfe`kf`‘ lc efse`

håa. ]lr`, auk aså, lk lsl håa nrunfac lxplrfelktþ uk` hl c`s eèlkt`s eás n`ksnflktls hl su

vfha y sl hf` nulkta hl qul tlkåa h`s lclnnf`kls9 suefrsl lk ca radfa y ca aearoura y

n`ksuefrsl lk lc lkjah`7 ` dflk tèar n`knflknfa hl sþc` Hf`s pulhl rèplr tak

plrjlntaelktl cas n`klxf`kls hl uka plrs`ka n`k su pasah`. Hlnfhfþ qul ca j`rea eás

slksata hl s`p`rtar aqulc sujrfeflkt` lra anlptar qul badåa uk razþk hl qul su pasah`tuvflra qul slr darrfh` tak hl o`cpl. Hlnfhfþ avakzar banfa hlcaktl n`k jl y n`kstrufr uka

kulva vfha.

Cfkha X. plrhfþ su nasa lk uk t`rkah`. Lsnrfdfþ9 «N`k sþc` h`s håas hl aktlcanfþk, el

hfilr`k qul lc lhfjfnf` h`khl vfvåa n`k efs bfi`s lstada n`khlkah` y tuvfe`s qul lvanuarc`

p`r raz`kls hl slourfhah. K` tlkåa hfklr` ab`rrah` kf taep`n` uk slour` para uka sftuanfþk

aså. Ca nèpañåa hl euhakzas a ca qul ccaeæ vfk` lk ef rlnatl lk uk tflep` ræn`rh, el

trascahþ c`s euldcls y el plreftfþ hliarc`s lk lc slrvfnf` hl ouarhaeuldcls p`r ca eftah hlc

prlnf` badftuac, aså nè` ad`kar c`s oast`s nuakh` el budflra rlnuplrah` ln`kþefnaelktl.

Aqulcc` jul uk rloac` hl Hf`s.·

Nuakh` k`s hae`s nulkta hl qul ca ayuha qul ble`s rlnfdfh` ba sfh` uk rloac` hl

Hf`s, ca ouarhae`s lk kulstra rlslrva hl oranfa para ca suplrvfvlknfa. Lc blnb` hl qul ca

nèpasfþk fkspfrara a ca olktl y ca cclvara a ayuhar a Cfkha ls nè` uk elksail hl c` hfvfk`

qul k`s rlnulrha qul k` lstae`s s`c`s. ]ara s`drlvfvfr a uka lxplrflknfa traueátfna

klnlsftae`s lc ae`r y lc ap`y` hl kulstra jaefcfa, kulstr`s aefo`s, kulstr`s vlnfk`s l,




-?1-

fkncus`, hl c`s hlsn`k`nfh`s. ]lr` taedfæk klnlsftae`s lkn`ktrar uk slktfh` y uk pr`pþsft` a

kulstra lxplrflknfa y hlnfhfr qul ca rlsfstfrle`s.

Hld`rab ]. lsnrfdl s`drl `tra lxplrflknfa traueátfna9 «Eflktras ef earfh` y y`

lstádae`s hl vfail, lktrar`k cahr`kls lk nasa y k`s r`dar`k eunb`s `dilt`s hl orak vac`r.

Kulstr`s vlnfk`s sl lknaroar`k hl t`h` basta qul lkn`ktrae`s pcaza lk uk vulc`. ^l

qulhar`k hlspflrt`s basta qul lc nrfstaclr` bud` arrlocah` ca vlktaka, c` qul k` `nurrfþ basta

cas h`s hl ca eahruoaha. ]lr` c` qul eás vac`rae`s hl t`h` jul qul anuhflrak ac alr`pulrt`

para hark`s su ap`y` y ayuhark`s a lknaiar c` sunlhfh`.· Lstl tfp` hl ap`y` k`s rlnulrha qul

ca vfha y cas n`klxf`kls plrs`kacls s`k eunb` eás vacf`sas qul cas p`slsf`kls eatlrfacls.

@b, Hf`s, pr`tlol kulstras sacfhas y kulstr`s rlorls`s. Hæiak`s

nèpartfr ca b`spftacfhah hl lstl bòar n`k t`h` aqulc qul k`s vfsftl, para qul

t`h`s c` qul lktrlk aquå pulhak n`k`nlr tu ae`r y tu paz.

@ranfþk para dlkhlnfr uka nasa

Tèplr n`k kulstra vfha aktlrf`r y n`k kulstras raånls jaefcfarls ls fkqufltaktl l

fktfefhah`r. Ls hfjånfc v`cvlr a leplzar hl kulv` lk uk sftf` nèpcltaelktl hlsn`k`nfh`,

s`drl t`h` nuakh` hliae`s uk cuoar hl aeádae`s hl vlrhah. Har ca dflkvlkfha a uk rlnfæk

ccloah`, sla ac vlnfkharf` ` a ca `jfnfka, pulhl, sfk cuoar a huhas, ayuharcl a ahaptarsl a cak`vlhah. Nuakh` anlptae`s a uk lxtrañ` lk kulstra trfdu, cl pr`p`rnf`kae`s uk dautfse`

sfedþcfn`. Cas sfouflktls nartas eulstrak drlvlelktl qul uk n`razþk adflrt` pulhl naedfar

rahfnacelktl cas n`sas lk lstl tfp` hl sftuanf`kls.

Ilkkfl E. lsnrfdfþ9 «Nuakh` hliæ Frcakha para fr a vfvfr a Kulva Ylcakha, qul lstá lk ca

`tra pukta hlc eukh`, ca olktl hl accå sup` lkn`ktrar tflep` lk sus ailtrlahas vfhas, jaefcfas

y tradai`s para cclvarel a sftf`s y lkslñarel n`sas qul el bfnflrak eás jánfc lc pr`nls` hl

lstadclnlrel accå. K` n`k`nåae`s a kahfl y sadåae`s euy p`nas n`sas s`drl Aungcakh y Kulva

Ylcakha. K` plhå ayuha, plr` sfleprl el ca `jrlnflr`k v`cuktarfaelktl, y ca aefstah y sfknlra

aeadfcfhah hl aqulcca olktl bfnflr`k qul kulstra traksfnfþk julra nè` nruzar ca naccl para fr a

ca nasa hl uk vlnfk` dflk n`k`nfh` y tèar uka taza hl tæ.·

N`ra lxpcfna9 «Zfkl a Acleakfa lk 162?, pr`nlhlktl hl Tueakåa dai` lc ræofelk

nèukfsta hl NlauŐlsnu. H`s plrs`kas k`s fkvftar`k a eå y a ef jaefcfa a qulhark`s lk su

nasa y k`s ayuhar`k ac hark`s ca fkj`reanfþk qul klnlsftádae`s y lc nac`r hl uka jaefcfa.

Ab`ra y` bao` c` efse` p`rqul sæ qul ls euy fep`rtaktl n`ktar n`k lc ap`y` hl uka jaefcfa

para slktfrsl lk nasa.·




-?4-

Har a acouflk ca dflkvlkfha

Ca paz hlc ^lñ`r sla n`k v`s`tr`s

âcuh` hl âk Jraknfsn` hl Asås

Z`cvlr a ca nasa jaefcfar ` ca nasa hl uk`s aefo`s ls uka hl cas lxplrflknfas eás

lktlrklnlh`ras. Ac efse` tflep`, rlorlsar a ca trfdu ` ac bòar pulhl rlsuctar lxtrañ` p`rqul

ls p`sfdcl qul ca vfha lk lc lxtlrf`r k`s baya naedfah` takt` qul lknaiar hl kulv` k`s

parlzna nè` fktlktar p`klrk`s uka prlkha hl r`pa qul sl k`s ba qulhah` plqulña. Lk

prfelr nbagra n`ktflkl takt` cas raånls hl kulstra fkjaknfa nè` cas qul ble`s lnbah` nè`

ahuct`s. A vlnls lc tfp` hl tlrrlk` qul eli`r sl ahapta nè` ahuct`s a kulstr` vfail vftac lstá

a uka ltlrkfhah hl naefk` hl ca tflrra h`khl k`s nrfae`s. Nuakh` acouflk vulcvl a nasa, su

prfelr nbagra lxplrfelkta uka lsplnfl hl n`rt`nfrnuft`, p`rqul fktlkta rln`klntarsl

lklroætfnaelktl a uk nfrnuft` qul lk lc pasah` cl rlsuctada sueaelktl jaefcfar, ac tflep`

qul pr`nura plreaklnlr nèpcltaelktl n`klntah` a su pr`pf` tlrrft`rf`. ^fkt`kfzar n`k lsta

sutfc hfkáefna ls uka j`rea hl anlptar t`h`s c`s naedf`s qul bayak p`hfh` `nurrfr lk ca vfha

hl uka plrs`ka y hl lkvfarcl lc elksail hl qul, n`k fkhlplkhlknfa hl ahþkhl vaya ` hl c`

qul naedfl su vfha, lk su nasa sfleprl slrá dflk rlnfdfha.

Nyktbfa H. lsnrfdfþ uka prlnf`sa vlrsfþk hl vulcta a nasa lk ca nuac takt` su lspårftu

nè` su nulrp` julr`k euy dflk rlnfdfh`s9 «Nuakh` rlorlsæ a nasa hlspuæs hl pasar uk

tflep` lk ca Fkhfa, ef jaefcfa el hf` ca dflkvlkfha. C` badåak prlparah` t`h` n`k uka orak

dlcclza, aco` qul ls jukhaelktac lk ef vfha. N`c`nahas n`k eunb` lknakt` p`r t`has cas

badftanf`kls badåa jc`rls hl prfeavlra rlnfæk nòfhas, nuy` plrjuel el lkv`cvfþ n`k ae`r, y

vlcas hl arèatlrapfa acuedradak lk cas elsas. Badåak prlparah` susbf jrlsn`. Badåak

cfepfah` t`ha ca nasa, y ca tlkul fcuefkanfþk sl sueada a ca suavfhah hlc eèlkt`. N`k c`sì`s adflrt`s hl par lk par y aktfnfpakh` ef rlannfþk, `dslrvar`k ef lxprlsfþk le`nf`kaha y

el adrazar`k huraktl c` qul para eå jul uka ltlrkfhah. ^`rprlkhfha y n`ke`vfha, anlptæ

nèpcltaelktl ca tlrkura y lc pcanlr hl aqulcca lxplrflknfa, qul vfvfrá lk ef fktlrf`r

sfleprl.·

Ilkkf A. hlsnrfdl ca lxplrflknfa pr`jukhaelktl traueátfna qul sup`kl para lc lspårftu

lc blnb` hl rèplr n`k cas pr`pfas raånls y nþe` lc blnb` hl qul acouflk tl ayuhl a banlr lsa

traksfnfþk ls uk ant` hl p`hlr fkvfsfdcl qul hura t`ha ca vfha. «Ef pahrl lra efcftar y tuvfe`s

qul frk`s t`ha ca jaefcfa a vfvfr a `tr` paås. Ac prfknfpf` k` tlkåae`s sftf` lk lc nuartlc y y`




-?>-

tlkåa qul nòlr lc aut`dùs para fr ac n`clof`, qul lstada euy cli`s hl kulstra nasa.

K`reacelktl fda n`k ef blreak`, plr` aqulc håa juf s`ca y plrhå ac aut`dùs. ^þc` tlkåa hflz

añ`s. Lra uka lxtrakilra lk uk cuoar hlsn`k`nfh`. Tlnulrh` lc eflh` qul el pr`hunåa aqulcca

slksanfþk hl adakh`k`. El slktåa nèpcltaelktl hlsaeparaha. K` sadåa quæ banlr. El

slktæ lk lc dakh` hl ca paraha hl aut`dùs y leplnæ a s`cc`zar. Lkt`knls, hl rlplktl slktå ca

prlslknfa hl acouflk n`k`nfh`. Ef blreaka eay`r c` badåa prlslknfah` t`h` y vfk` lk ef

ayuha. Lcca tlkåa qul fr ac fkstftut` l fda euy iusta hl tflep` para nòlr lc aut`dùs. Lk vlz hl

earnbarsl, el nòfþ ca eak` y sl qulhþ n`kefo` basta qul pasþ lc sfouflktl aut`dùs para lc

n`clof`. Huraktl lc traylnt`, hl uka b`ra hl huranfþk, el tuv` nòfha lktrl sus draz`s

eflktras el fda slnakh` cas cáorfeas. Naktþ para eå n`k huczura. Hlspuæs hl aslourarsl hl

qul lktrada lk lc n`clof`, nòfþ uk aut`dùs para fr ac fkstftut`. Ccloþ tarhl, plr` k` cl fep`rtþ.

Cl fep`rtada eás n`ks`car a su blreaka plqulña, nacear sus cáorfeas y eftfoar sus eflh`s.

Kukna c` `cvfharæ. ^fo` plksakh` qul ef blreaka eay`r ls uka hl cas eli`rls plrs`kas qul

n`k`zn`.·

V, p`r ùctfe`, lstá lc rlorls` ac bòar eatlrk`, uka klnlsfhah hlc prfelr nbagra tak

jukhaelktac qul, tlkoae`s dulk`s ` eac`s rlnulrh`s hl kulstra fkjaknfa, kukna hliae`s hl

feaofkark`s uk bòar anòlh`r. Cfsa ^. lsnrfdfþ9 «Hlspuæs hl frel a vfvfr a efcls hl gfcþeltr`s

hl ca nasa hl efs pahrls, v`cvå a vfsftar ef puldc` katac y el qulhæ orataelktl s`rprlkhfha ac

lkn`ktrark`s n`k qul ef eahrl el badåa nèprah` t`h`s c`s acfelkt`s jav`rft`s hl effkjaknfa9 pfzza Tlh Dar`k, d`ccft`s Cfttcl Hlddfl, aoua n`k oas, karakias… Jul euy hltaccfsta y

olklr`s` p`r su partl. El ca feaofkæ arrastrakh` lc narrft` hl ca nèpra p`r c`s pasfcc`s hlc

suplrelrnah` n`k uka bìa hl paplc lk ca eak`, nòflkh` t`h`s efs acfelkt`s jav`rft`s,

n`c`nákh`c`s lk lc narr` y cclvákh`c`s a nasa, k` para lcca, sfk` para eå… sþc` para vlrel jlcfz.

A eå taedfæk el ousta s`rprlkhlr a ca olktl n`k lsl tfp` hl hltaccls. Ls nè` uka prulda hl

qul lc eukh` ls uk cuoar anòlh`r, cclk` hl olktl n`k cas eli`rls fktlknf`kls. X`h` lc

eukh` klnlsfta qul cl rlnulrhlk lsas n`sas hl vlz lk nuakh`.·

C`s cuoarls hl tradai` sl lknulktrak lktrl cas trfdus lk cas qul eás hfjånfc rlsucta

lktrar. Leplzar a tradaiar lk uka kulva leprlsa ls tak fktfefhah`r nè` naedfar hl nfuhah7

apartl hl tlklr qul aprlkhlr cas kulvas juknf`kls hlc naro`, taedfæk tflklk qul lktrar lk uk

sfstlea s`nfac nèpcltaelktl kulv`. Nuacquflra qul ccloa p`r prfelra vlz a uk cuoar hl

tradai` ls jánfc qul sl sflkta klrvf`s`, ao`dfah` y s`nfacelktl hlsn`c`nah` y qul vac`rl

pr`jukhaelktl uka dflkvlkfha anòlh`ra.




-?8-

\ka euilr ccaeaha Ayk nèpartfþ su lxplrflknfa hl fkfnfanfþk cad`rac lsnrfdflkh`9

«Lra kulva lk ca `jfnfka y cclvada sþc` trls elsls tradaiakh` accå, nuakh` uka eañaka el

lkn`ktræ uk iulo` e`kåsfe` hl p`savas`s y naifta para lc tæ lk lc nlktr` hl ef elsa iukt` n`k

uk p`lea. Lc p`lea hlnåa qul y` lra uk efledr` vac`rah` hl ca leprlsa y basta fkncuåa uka

rljlrlknfa a c` eunb` qul el oustada lc tæ. Kukna supl qufæk c` badåa lsnrft`, plr` c` vac`ræ

eunb` p`rqul acouflk sl badåa tèah` ca e`clstfa hl avlrfouar aco` s`drl eå nè` plrs`ka

y, c` qul ls eás, badåa hlhfnah` tflep` y lsjulrz` para lsnrfdfrc` lk j`rea hl p`lea. Jul

uk` hl ls`s eèlkt`s tflrk`s y nácfh`s lk qul slktå qul –j`reada partl hlc lqufp`―, uk

eèlkt` qul kukna `cvfharel. X`havåa n`kslrv` ca naifta hl tæ.·

\ka kulva jaefcfa

]ara ca eay`råa hl ca olktl n`k quflk bl badcah`, anòlr a acouflk lk su nasa y

t`havåa eás, a uka jaefcfa lktlra, ls lc h`k hl ca tflrra qul eás huharåak lk `jrlnlr. Ife

rlsuefþ c`s eflh`s qul nèpartl ca eay`råa hl cas plrs`kas s`drl lc blnb` hl anòlr a

acouflk lk su nasa nuakh` hfi`9 «Lc rflso` hl `jrlnlrcl a uka plrs`ka uk cuoar para lstar ls

act` p`rqul pulhl k` qulrlr earnbarsl y n`kvlrtfrsl aså lk uka naroa ln`kþefna. El rljflr`

a qul, nuakh` uka plrs`ka hlsbanl su lqufpail ls euy hfjånfc n`ksloufr qul sl vaya. °V sf k`

tflklk ahþkhl fr0 °Anas` vas a harcl uka pataha y a p`klrca hl patftas lk ca naccl h`khl ca

lkn`ktrastl0 Hl e`h` qul k`, k` lstaråa hfspulst` a adrfr ca pulrta hl ef nasa a uka plrs`ka

qul klnlsftara uk tlnb`, qufzá cl paoaråa uka k`nbl hl b`tlc, plr` fepcfnarel n`k uka

plrs`ka qul k` tflkl nasa slråa uk ao`df` p`rqul tac vlz y` julra lc ùkfn` hl c`s h`s napaz hl

oakarsl ca vfha.·

Lstl eflh` sueaelktl rlac banl qul cas sfouflktls bfst`rfas slak eás lxnlpnf`kacls,

leplzakh` p`r c`s rlnulrh`s qul T`kach` ^. nèpartfþ lk su narta9 «Ef pahrastr` y y` kuknak`s cclvae`s dflk. Nuakh` y` tlkåa hflnfsæfs añ`s, el hfi` qul el julra hl nasa y qul k`

v`cvflra, cls vfsftara kf cls ccaeara kukna eás. K` tlkåa kfkoùk jaefcfar a quflk anuhfr, hl e`h`

qul bfnl cas eacltas y el juf sfk sadlr ahþkhl hfrfofrel. C` nurf`s` ls qul, aukqul k` tlkåa ca

eás eåkfea fha hl ahþkhl fr kf a qufæk anuhfr, k` lstada asustah`. Xac vlz jul ca nèdfkanfþk

hlc blnb` hl slr tak i`vlk y lstar lkjahah`, ` qufzás badåa aco` lk ef fktlrf`r qul el hlnåa

qul aquæcca lra uka j`rea plrjlnta hl qul ef vfha lv`cunf`kara. Hlspuæs hl lxp`klrcl ef

sftuanfþk a ef eli`r aefo`, I`ly, æc el suofrfþ qul sl c` lxpcfnárae`s a sus pahrls. Lrak slfs

blreak`s y lc eay`r sl anadada hl fr a vfvfr julra hl nasa, c` qul sfokfjfnada qul p`håak tlklr




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uk sftf` para eå. Tlnulrh` våvfhaelktl ca lsnlka9 y`, hl pfl, lk lc sacþk hl aqulcca nasa

lxpcfnakh` ef sftuanfþk a sus pahrls. El `jrlnflr`k qul el qulhara accå, h`khl plreaklnå

huraktl eás hl uk añ`. Apartl hlc fkelks` ant` hl d`khah qul bfnflr`k ac plreftfr qul el

qulhara a vfvfr n`k lcc`s, taedfæk rlnulrh` qul, huraktl cas vananf`kls hl Kavfhah, el

prl`nupada fep`rtukarcls n`k ef prlslknfa. El le`nf`kæ eunbåsfe` nuakh` vf qul ac pfl hlc

árd`c hl Kavfhah badåa uk rloac` n`k ef kèdrl. Aqulccas plrs`kas julr`k jukhaelktacls lk

ef vfha. ^f aqulcc`s k` budflrak lstah` accå, ef vfail badråa lv`cunf`kah` hl uka j`rea euy

hfjlrlktl.·

T`cakh` rln`k`nfþ qul, aukqul sus nfrnukstaknfas k` julr`k jánfcls, aqulcca sftuanfþk

jul lslknfac lk lc vfail hl su vfha. Eunbas, eunbåsfeas plrs`kas bfnflr`k ajfreanf`kls

sfefcarls lk sus nartas, slñacakh` qul, fkncus` nuakh` sl lkn`ktradak lk pclka nrfsfs, uk

slktfh` hl pr`pþsft` fkukhþ su slr lncfpsakh` tlep`racelktl sus eflh`s, y qul lsl

lknulktr` eèlktákl` n`k ca oranfa dastþ para rlsfstfr fkncus` c`s rfo`rls hl k` tlklr uk

tlnb` dai` lc nuac n`dfiarsl.

Bl lclofh` cas sfouflktls h`s nartas (lktrl dastaktls eás hlc nflk sfefcarls) p`rqul

lstas h`s euilrls hlsnudrflr`k qul, hl acoùk e`h`, auk lk elhf` hlc na`s eás tlrrfdcl, lc

ukfvlrs` k`s sfoul `jrlnflkh` uka eapa qul k`s ouåa para qul p`hae`s s`drlvfvfr.

Lst` ls aco` qul hlsnudrfþ Efklrva N.9 «Hlspuæs hl s`p`rtar nasf `knl añ`s hl eac`s

trat`s hl ef earfh`, æstl el hliþ –nèpcltaelktl s`ca― y el qulhæ sfk kfkoùk cuoar ah`khlfr y rlsp`ksadcl hl efs trls bfi`s y ef eahrl. ]lhå ac blreak` hl ef earfh` y a su euilr sf

p`håa qulharel lk su nasa huraktl –uk tflep`―. Lcc`s kukna el prlouktar`k nuákt` tflep`

k`s qulharåae`s. Kukna `cvfharæ su d`khah. Nrl` jfrelelktl qul hldle`s banlr p`r `tras

plrs`kas elk`s aj`rtukahas qul k`s`tr`s t`h` c` qul lstæ lk kulstras eak`s. Kukna el

arrlpflkt` hl ayuhar a c`s hleás aukqul lcc`s k` c` vac`rlk, c` bao` p`rqul lk c` eás b`kh`

hl ef n`razþk sæ qul ls c` n`rrlnt`.·

V Y`l lsnrfdfþ9 «Xuvl qul dusnar uk cuoar para vfvfr p`rqul ef lx earfh` k`s lnbþ hl

nasa a eå y a kulstras bfias. \ka tarhl juf a vlr a uk aefo` qul rlsuctþ lstar n`k uka plrs`ka

qul y` badåa vfst` h`s vlnls. Cl lxpcfquæ a ef aefo` qul k` badåa p`hfh` lkn`ktrar uk cuoar

para vfvfr, y aqulcca plrs`ka el hfi` qul tlkåa uk apartaelkt` hfsp`kfdcl. Jufe`s a vlrc`

fkelhfataelktl y ac håa sfouflktl el lktrloþ cas ccavls, sfk plhfrel rljlrlknfas kf kfkoùk

hlpþsft`, y k`s euhae`s accå. Aqulcca euilr jul uk ákolc. El `jrlnfþ uk cuoar para vfvfr

nuakh` el lkn`ktrada lk uk naccliþk sfk sacfha, sfk k` sfquflra sadlr c` hlslsplraha qul

lstada.·




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Eflktras qul lc `jrlnfeflkt` hl uk tlnb` dai` lc qul vfvfr ls aco` qul sl sulcl banlr

lk sftuanf`kls hlslsplrahas, `jrlnlr acfelkt` pulhl slr takt` uk ant` lsp`ktákl` hl ae`r

nè` uka fktlrvlknfþk qul pulhl sacvar ca vfha. Har hl nèlr a acouflk nrla uka oratftuh y uk

ae`r qul hurak t`ha ca vfha.

Lc h`k hlc acfelkt`

Ca hle`nranfa y lc baedrl k` pulhlk fr iukt`s. \k lstþeao`

baedrflkt` nulstf`ka y nlksura lc jranas` hlc sfstlea para n`cear c` qul ls

uka klnlsfhah df`cþofna dásfna hl t`h` slr bueak`. K` pulhl badlr cuoar

para lc baedrl y ca p`drlza lk uk eukh` lk lc qul ca nflknfa y ca tlnk`còåa

bak nrlah` n`khfnf`kls para ca adukhaknfa.

Atac Dfbarf Zaipayll,

lx prfelr efkfstr` hl ca Fkhfa

\k bèdrl prlouktþ ac pr`jlta quæ lra c` eli`r hlc fscae y æstl cl

rlsp`khfþ9 «Ls acfelktar ac baedrflkt` y har ca paz takt` a aqulcc`s qul

n`k`nle`s nè` a aqulcc`s qul k` n`k`nle`s.·

Bahfz hl Duiarf

Lk uk` hl efs slefkarf`s, huraktl lc hlsnaks` para nèlr, uka euilr cl hfi` a su

nèpañlra9

‘El eulr` hl baedrl.

\k bèdrl qul cas `yþ el s`krfþ y el hfi`9

‘El prloukt` quæ baråak sf hl vlrhah lstuvflrak eulrtas hl baedrl. V` sæ c` qul

bfnl. Tldusqul lktrl cas dasuras. Hl kfñ`, aqulcca lra ca ùkfna j`rea hl s`drlvfvfr. ^f tflkls

baedrl hl vlrhah, baråas nuacquflr n`sa. Nuakh` el juf a vfvfr a `tr` paås n`k vlfktfhþs añ`s,

k` lkn`ktræ tradai`, plr` sadåa qul p`hråa s`drlvfvfr uk tflep` sfk nèfha y lstuvl varf`s




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håas sfk nèlr. K` bay kaha qul tl baoa slktfr tak hlslsplrah` y tak buefccah` nè` k`

tlklr kaha qul cclvartl a ca d`na.

Ahefræ lc lspårftu hl aqulc bèdrl y su v`cuktah para s`drlvfvfr. Ca aelkaza hlc

baedrl y hl e`rfr hl baedrl ls aco` euy rlac para eunbas plrs`kas hl t`h` lc eukh`.

Acfelktar a `tra plrs`ka ‘sl tratl hl aeaeaktar a uk dldæ (nè` sl saktfjfna lk

fkkuelradcls rlcat`s hl ca Zfrolk Earåa n`k lc kfñ` Ilsùs6 ` hl cclvar nèfha a c`s

klnlsftah`s‘ tflkl pr`jukhas fepcfnanf`kls lspfrftuacls. Lk t`has cas nucturas hlc eukh` lc

acfelkt` lstá åktfeaelktl rlcanf`kah` n`k ca nèpasfþk, ca b`spftacfhah y lc ae`r ac prþife`.

X`h`s c`s cåhlrls lspfrftuacls prlhfnak a sus sloufh`rls qul acfelktlk a quflkls c` klnlsftak.

A vlnls ca nuranfþk a travæs hlc acfelkt` ccloa lk uk eèlkt` nråtfn`, nè` slñacþ

Akk ^. lk su narta9 «Lstada atravlsakh` uk plrf`h` le`nf`kacelktl ao`tah`r y, nè`

n`kslnulknfa, plrhå dastaktl pls`. Dásfnaelktl hlil hl nèlr. \k håa, uka nèpañlra hl

tradai` qul y` n`k`nåa dastaktl p`n`, sl asèþ tras ca eaepara y el fkvftþ a sacfr a har uka

vulcta a ca b`ra hlc hlsnaks`. K` sæ p`r quæ, plr` aco` el hfi` qul tlkåa qul anlptar su

pr`pulsta, y c` bfnl. Jul euy aeadcl y atlkta y y` el cfeftæ a sloufrca eflktras fda banflkh`

rlnah`s. Kukna elknf`kþ kaha s`drl ef lstah`. Nuakh` ccloae`s a uka jareanfa, pfhfþ uk

nèpcli` euctfvftaeåkfn` y hfstfkt`s tfp`s hl dldfhas lklroætfnas y, uka vlz lk ca `jfnfka, el

pus` uka dldfha y uk d`tl hl vftaefkas hlcaktl. El hfi` qul sþc` el plhåa qul adrflra ca

dldfha, ca hliara s`drl ef elsa y cl julra hakh` plqulñ`s s`rd`s a c` caro` hlc håa. Xaedfækel trai` uk vas` hl aoua y adrfþ cas vftaefkas para qul el tèara uk nèprfefh`.

·Naha håa pasada p`r ef elsa para nèpr`dar a burtahfccas sf el badåa tèah` cas

vftaefkas l fda n`ksueflkh` ca dldfha lklroætfna. El fkvftþ a nèlr a su nasa n`k ef bfi` hl

p`n`s añ`s. Kukna el prlouktþ p`r ef vfha plrs`kac7 sl cfeftþ a hlnfrel qul sf acouka vlz

klnlsftada badcar, p`håa n`ktar n`k lcca. Lk uk els oakæ eás hl trls gfc`s y leplnæ a

juknf`kar eunb` eli`r. Aqulcca plrs`ka tak earavfcc`sa sl hf` nulkta hl qul lra lc eèlkt`

y leplzþ a lspanfar eás sus vfsftas y sus fkvftanf`kls. El badåa ayuhah` a rllkn`ktrar lc

naefk` hl ca sacuh. ^foul sfk n`k`nlr ca bfst`rfa nèpclta hl ef traueátfna lxplrflknfa y lc

vfail lspfrftuac qul sl el adrfþ a raåz hl lcca. ^þc` jul acouflk qul sup` lstar accå lk lc

eèlkt` iust`. X`havåa b`y sloufe`s lk n`ktant`.·

Drfholt ]. lsnrfdfþ9 «Lstada tlkflkh` uk håa euy hur` lk lc tradai`, n`k eunbas n`sas

qul banlr y euy p`n` tflep` para banlrcas. \ka aefoa el ccaeþ y el hfi`9 –^æ qul lstás euy

`nupaha y qul tflkls uk håa euy hur`, aså qul el prlouktada sf pulh` cclvartl ca nlka lsta

k`nbl.― Aqulcca k`nbl sl prlslktþ lk ef nasa n`k uka –nlka rln`kj`rtaktl― a dasl hl t`h`s

efs pcat`s jav`rft`s ‘pav`, lksacaha, dulk pak y uk pastlc hl nb`n`catl para p`strl‘. ^þc`




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tuvl qul slktarel y nèlr. ^fokfjfnþ eunb` para eå qul acouflk sl prl`nupara takt` p`r ef

dflklstar nè` para `jrlnlrel aco` qul klnlsftada y qul y` badråa sfh` hleasfah` `roucc`sa

` badråa lstah` hleasfah` `nupaha para plhfr.·

]at I. `jrlnl ca plrsplntfva hlc hah`r, ac lsnrfdfr9 «El ousta n`nfkar para ca olktl

nuakh` sæ qul lstá atravlsakh` uk eac eèlkt` ` lstá euy lstrlsaha. C` bl blnb` eunbas

vlnls p`r efs vlnfk`s, qul s`k dastaktl eay`rls, p`r efs aefo`s qul tflklk bfi`s plqulñ`s l

fkncus` p`r lc pr`jls`r hl ef bfi` nuakh` sæ qul lstá atravlsakh` uk plrf`h` lsplnfacelktl

naþtfn` hlc añ` lsn`car. El lknakta n`nfkar y sæ qul ca olktl aprlnfa eunb` ca nèfha naslra.

Ls uk acfelkt` para lc nulrp` y para lc acea y plreftl qul ca olktl slpa qul tl prl`nupas p`r

lcca. ^fleprl fktlkt` harcl uk t`qul lsplnfac n`k plqulñ`s hltaccls, nè` uk tæ arèátfn` y

pastftas para lc p`strl. C` bao` n`k ae`r y quflr` trakseftfr lsl ae`r a travæs hl ca nèfha.·

Ca atlknfþk y lc lsjulrz` qul sup`kl prlparar uka nèfha para acouflk pulhl slr uk

ant` hl nuranfþk olkufk`, aså nè` uk ant` hl ae`r, nè` hlsnudrfþ Nar`c _.9 «\ka hl cas

n`sas qul acouflk ba blnb` p`r eå qul eás el bak fepantah` `nurrfþ lc håa qul jacclnfþ ef

eahrl. Kulstr` earavfcc`s` vlnfk` qul vfvl ac `tr` cah` hl ca naccl, n`k quflk k` eaktlkåae`s

uka rlcanfþk lsplnfacelktl lstrlnba, sl prlslktþ lk nasa n`k uka nèfha nèpclta para

kulvl plrs`kas. X`havåa rlnulrh` lc `c`r a patata ac b`rk` y pulh` lv`nar aqulcca fknrlådcl

slksanfþk hl slktfrtl nufhaha a raåz hl aqulc ant` hl slrvfnf`. Jul uka orak s`rprlsa y sfleprl

cl lstaræ aorahlnfha.·Lc ae`r y ca atlknfþk plrs`kac s`k pr`jukhaelktl sakah`rls. ^f a lst` cl añahfe`s

acfelkt`, tlkhrle`s uka nèfha saoraha qul kutrl takt` ac nulrp` nè` ac lspårftu. El

lknakta ca bfst`rfa hl Acfnl _. p`rqul rljclia plrjlntaelktl ca acqufefa hl uka nèfha

saoraha9 «Banl uk`s añ`s, tuvl uk annfhlktl qul el eaktuv` prántfnaelktl fke`vfcfzaha

huraktl uk par hl elsls. ]`r aqulc lkt`knls, y` lra lstuhfaktl ukfvlrsftarfa y eahrl s`ctlra.

Ef bfia tlkåa sfltl añ`s y klnlsftada hlslsplrahaelktl uk tfp` hl atlknfþk qul y` k` cl p`håa

har, aså nè` ca ncasl hl acfelkt` qul pr`p`rnf`ka uka nèfha prlparaha a n`knflknfa. Ac

prfknfpf`, efs aefo`s sl e`strar`k hlsl`s`s y hfspulst`s a banlr nuacquflr n`sa qul

klnlsftara, plr` hlspuæs hl hlplkhlr hl ca dulka v`cuktah hl c`s hleás huraktl nfkn` ` slfs

sleakas, lc p`z` sl slnþ. Bfnl c` qul puhl, plr` tlkåa eunb` h`c`r y lstada ao`taha p`r lc

lstræs y ca prl`nupanfþk hl lstar n`kjfkaha lk nasa y klnlsftar jfsf`tlrapfa. \ka k`nbl leplnæ

a cc`rar y c`s ccakt`s hflr`k pas` a ca `ranfþk. Lk efs `ranf`kls, fkj`reæ a Hf`s hl qul el

lkn`ktrada lk uk naccliþk sfk sacfha y qul, aukqul y` p`håa ajr`ktar ca sftuanfþk, c` qul k`

p`håa s`p`rtar lra qul ef bfia tuvflra qul naroar n`k takt`, fkncuylkh` lc blnb` hl tlklr qul

prlpararsl lcca s`ca ca nèfha, qul sl badåa anadah` cfeftakh` a d`nahfcc`s y oaccltas. Ac håa




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sfouflktl, uka aefoa eåa sl prlslktþ lk ef nasa n`k uka naia cclka hl nèfhas naslras

n`kolcahas hlktr` hl uka h`nlka hl rlnfpflktls hl pcástfn`. V k` sþc` bfz` ls`, sfk` qul sl

qulhþ para prlparar uk dakqultl para ef bfia y para eå. V, p`r sf ls` k` julra sujfnflktl

rlspulsta a efs pcloarfas, sanþ uk cfdr` hl `ranf`kls qul ouarhada ac cah` hl su naea y clyþ

lk v`z acta trls `ranf`kls pfhflkh` ef nuranfþk. K` el bl le`nf`kah` takt` lk t`ha ef vfha.

V hlshl aqulc eèlkt` kukna bl vulct` a slktfrel s`ca lk lc ukfvlrs`.·

Ca bfst`rfa hl _. fcustra plrjlntaelktl nþe` ca prlparanfþk hl uka nèfha sl pulhl

n`kvlrtfr lk uk ant` hl acqufefa lspfrftuac ‘uk ant` hl p`hlr fkvfsfdcl‘ qul trakseftl uka

lklroåa autæktfnaelktl sakah`ra, uka lsplnfa hl pcloarfa hl oùrelt . «Lk hfnfledrl hl

166=, y` lra uk eahrl qul sl tlkåa qul qulhar lk nasa lc nufhah` hl sus trls bfi`s plqulñ`s,

n`k uk earfh` sfk tradai` qul anadada hl fkorlsar lk uk b`spftac elktac. K` tlkåa kfkoùk

fkorls` y sl anlrnadak cas Kavfhahls. Aqulc els `nurrflr`k eunb`s efcaor`s. Lc past`r hl

kulstra foclsfa el hf` hfklr` para paoar lc acqufclr y c`s rlnfd`s hlc aoua, ca cuz y lc oas, y efs

aefo`s k`s trailr`k uk árd`c hl Kavfhah y rloac`s. ]lr`, p`r acouka razþk, lc rloac` qul eás

vac`r` ac lv`nar aqulcca æp`na jul nuakh` c`s jlcforlsls hl ef foclsfa leplzar`k a prlslktarsl

lk nasa naha tarhl n`k uka nlka prlparaha para efs bfi`s y para eå. Ef prfelra rlannfþk jul9

–K`, °p`r quæ a eå0 ¡Háhslc` a `tra olktl! ¡V` k` plrtlklzn` ac orup` hl c`s qul rlnfdlk!―

]lr` hlspuæs el hf nulkta hl ca dlkhfnfþk qul lra qul acouflk tèara naha håa p`r eå ca

hlnfsfþk hl quæ slrvfrcls para nlkar a efs bfi`s. El cfdlrar`k hl uka orak rlsp`ksadfcfhah yaprlkhå ca hfnba hl sadlr –rlnfdfr n`k acloråa―. Ab`ra n`k`zn` lc sfokfjfnah` hl uka nèfha

prlparaha para ca jaefcfa nè` ant` hl ae`r y nufhah`. Æsl ls lc ant` hl slrvfnf` qul y` bao`

p`r c`s hleás.·

Eunba olktl el lkvfþ nartas lxpcfnákhèl qul su lxplrflknfa sakah`ra eás

sfokfjfnatfva badåa vlkfh` hl ca n`nfka. Nuakh` acfelktae`s a c`s hleás n`k ca fktlknfþk hl

rln`kj`rtarcls y sakarcls, fkv`nae`s uk pr`jukh` p`hlr lspfrftuac. ]`hle`s ayuhar a c`s

hleás a travæs hl ca nèfha p`rqul lc acfelkt` ls uka `jrlkha hlc n`razþk qul rlnòl n`k

suea janfcfhah ca fktlknfþk hlc n`razþk. Banl p`n` eaktuvl uka n`kvlrsanfþk n`k uka aefoa

eåa qul ls lc nblj hl pastlclråa. û jfc`s`jåa vftac, ` lc slnrlt` hl su æxft`, ls, lk sus pr`pfas

pacadras9 «lc blnb` hl slr ads`cutaelktl n`ksnflktl hl qul lst`y acfelktah` a efs ncflktls.

]rlpar` p`strls lsplnfacls qul lcc`s sl nèlk lk `nasf`kls lspanfacls. Quflr` qul c`s p`strls

qul bao` j`relk partl hl sus rlnulrh`s hl su jflsta hl akfvlrsarf`, ac efse` kfvlc qul c`s

rloac`s qul cls banlk sus aefo`s·.




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Ca sacuh hlc prfelr nbagra y ca lspfrftuacfhah

^lrvfh a ca olktl y acfelktah a ca olktl.

Klle Gar`cf Dada

Asueae`s hlshl ab`ra qul t`h`s sè`s slrls fktuftfv`s hlktr` hl uk nulrp` jåsfn`.

Hl blnb`, lstae`s banflkh` clnturas fktuftfvas n`kstaktlelktl. \ka vlz qul hliae`s hl

`dslrvar y pasae`s a slktfr ca nrfsfs hl `tra plrs`ka, ca hlnfsfþk hl sf banlr aco` ` k` sl

n`kvflrtl lk uka nulstfþk lspfrftuac, k` s`nfac. C`s ant`s hlc prfelr nbagra k`s pr`p`rnf`kak ca

oranfa qul k`s banl v`cvlr a slktfrk`s dflk n`k kulstra vfha. Ca suplrvfvlknfa dásfna hlia hl

parlnlrk`s fep`sfdcl. Lc prfknfpf` hl ca tl`còåa hlc prfelr nbagra slråa qul lstae`s aquå para

nufhark`s c`s uk`s hl c`s `tr`s y para pr`nurar lc dflklstar hl t`ha ca jaefcfa bueaka, p`rqul

ca suplrvfvlknfa jåsfna y ca suplrvfvlknfa lspfrftuac hlplkhlk ca uka hl ca `tra. Kanle`s para

ayuhark`s c`s uk`s a c`s `tr`s, para lstar abå nuakh` k`s klnlsftae`s eutuaelktl, p`rqul

lstae`s blnb`s hl ca efsea sustaknfa lspfrftuac.

Lxaelk hlc kùncl` hlc prfelr nbagra

El oustaråa qul lc clnt`r sl tèara su tflep` para n`ksfhlrar cas sfouflktls

prlouktas, qul lxpc`rak nþe` sl eakfjflstak ca nèpasfþk y lc pr`pþsft` lk su vfha. ]ara lc

nrlnfeflkt` plrs`kac, ls vftac fep`rtaknfa tèar n`knflknfa hl cas pr`pfas e`tfvanf`kls para

har. Lc fhlac, sfouflkh` cas lkslñakzas hl c`s ealstr`s lspfrftuacls, ls slktfrsl c` dastaktl

nþe`h` ‘j`rtaclnfh`‘ nè` para har y slrvfr a c`s hleás fkn`khfnf`kacelktl. Hl t`h`se`h`s, ca olklr`sfhah hlc prfelr nbagra lepflza tåpfnaelktl n`k c`s ant`s hl slrvfnf` vfsfdcls

`rflktah`s a satfsjanlr cas klnlsfhahls dásfnas hl ca suplrvfvlknfa. Fkfnfae`s kulstr` naefk`

hl slrvfnf` aprlkhflkh` a nufhar hl kulstra jaefcfa, aefo`s y nèukfhah. Ca d`khah y ca

nèpasfþk qul cclvae`s lk kulstr` fktlrf`r s`k eás p`hlr`sas qul t`h`s c`s dflkls

eatlrfacls qul p`hae`s pr`p`rnf`kar.

N`k t`h` lst` lk elktl, pfh` p`r jav`r ac clnt`r qul sl prlouktl a så efse`9

1. °]flks` lk ayuhar a c`s eå`s nè` lk aco` `pulst` a ayuhar a c`s hleás0




-21-

4. °Zl` ca s`nflhah nè` uk nulrp` hl p`hlr jukhaelktacelktl olklr`s` ` vl` lc

eukh` nè` uk cuoar h`khl sþc` s`drlvfvlk c`s eás apt`s0

>. °^flkt` ca `dcfoanfþk hl hlv`cvlr aco` a ca s`nflhah a n`kslnulknfa hl efs còr`s0

8. °El vl` a eå efse` nè` uka næcuca afscaha, ` nufh` antfvaelktl hl efs sfstleas

hl ap`y` trfdacls, s`nfacls y nèukftarf`s0

<. °^l pulhl n`ktar n`kefo`0 °@ tflkh` a hlslktlkhlrel nuakh` acouflk klnlsfta

ayuha0 °Ca olktl pflksa lk eå nè` lk uka plrs`ka olklr`sa y hfspulsta a

ayuhar ` nè` lk acouflk hfstaktl l fkannlsfdcl0

:. °Bl pulst` acouka vlz cåeftls s`drl basta quæ pukt` lst`y hfspulst` a ayuhar a

c`s hleás0 °Lk quæ sl dasak ls`s cåeftls0 C`s cåeftls sl sulclk dasar lk ca

sadfhuråa y ca lxplrflknfa, hl e`h` qul k` hldle`s asuefr qul s`k kloatfv`s.

]lr` hldle`s jfiark`s lk sf c`s cåeftls qul k`s fep`kle`s sl dasak lk lc eflh` a

k` tlklr sujfnflktl ` lk ca ahblsfþk a `tr`s eft`s s`drl lc p`hlr.

?. °Bl klnlsftah` acouka vlz lc ap`y` hl `tras plrs`kas0 °Tlnfdå lkt`knls ca

asfstlknfa qul klnlsftada0 °Tlnfdå eás ` elk`s hl c` qul lsplrada0

Z`y a nlrrar lstl napåtuc` n`k ca blre`sa @ranfþk hl ca ^lrlkfhah p`rqul ayuha a vlr

c`s hlsajå`s hl ca vfha nè` `p`rtukfhahls para nrlnlr. \ka partl hl lsl nrlnfeflkt` fkncuyl

hlsnudrfr qul klnlsftae`s rlacelktl a c`s hleás, qul k` lstae`s s`c`s.




-2>-

4

C`s h`kls hlc ap`y` jfkaknflr` y nrlatfv`

Hf`s lstá prlslktl lk naha ant` hl slrvfnf`. X`ha ca vfha ofra lk t`rk`

a lsta cly. *…+ Quflkquflra qul ca vf`cl, hakh` rflkha sulcta a sus slktfh`s

para su pr`pf` pcanlr l fok`rakh` cas klnlsfhahls hl c`s hleás, badrá

hlsplrhfnfah` su vfha.

Dbaoavah Ofta

H`s aefo`s lstadak nbarcakh` uk håa y, lk lc nurs` hl ca n`kvlrsanfþk, uk` cl

prloukt` ac `tr`9

‘^f tuvflras h`s nasas, °el haråas uka0

‘]`r supulst` qul så ‘cl n`ktlstþ lc `tr`.

‘V sf tuvflras h`s darn`s, °el haråas uk`0

Lc aefo` cl v`cvfþ a n`ktlstar9

‘Ncar`, p`r supulst` qul så. ^è`s dulk`s aefo`s, °para quæ lsták c`s aefo`s0

C`s h`s bfnflr`k uka pausa, hfsjrutakh` hl c`s tflrk`s slktfeflkt`s qul sl pr`jlsadak

eutuaelktl. Lkt`knls, lc bèdrl cl bfz` a su aefo` uka tlrnlra prloukta9

‘°V sf tuvflras h`s p`cc`s, el haråas uk`0

‘K`‘ n`ktlstþ lc aefo`.

Euy s`rprlkhfh` p`r lsl naedf` lk ca olklr`sfhah hl su aefo`, lc bèdrl cl

prlouktþ9

‘]lr` °p`r quæ k`0 El haråas uka hl tus h`s nasas y uk` hl tus h`s darn`s, °plr` k`

uk p`cc`0 ¡K` c` lktflkh`!

‘Euy slknfcc` ‘n`ktlstþ lc efo`‘. Xlko` h`s p`cc`s.




-28-

Ca olklr`sfhah pulhl slr t`h` uk hlsajå` sf k`s prl`nupa k` tlklr sujfnflktl para

k`s`tr`s. Cas fkslourfhahls s`drl ca suplrvfvlknfa hfarfa lsták jfrelelktl arrafoahas lk c`s

nbagras fkjlrf`rls. Ls aco` qul basta p`hle`s vlr rljcliah` lk lc clkouail n`rp`rac. Nuakh`

k`s slktfe`s fknþe`h`s ` fkslour`s, k`s nudrfe`s ` pr`tlole`s autèátfnaelktl cas árlas

n`rp`racls hlc sloukh` y tlrnlr nbagras. ]`r lilepc`, nruzae`s c`s draz`s s`drl lc árla dai` ca

nfktura (sloukh` nbagra) ` s`drl lc pclx` s`car ` lstþeao` (tlrnlr nbagra). Cas euilrls a

elkuh` sl n`c`nak c`s d`cs`s lk lc rloaz` a e`h` hl lsnuh` lktrl ca lklroåa lxtlrka y su

sloukh` y tlrnlr nlktr` lklroætfn`s. V lc lstræs lk lc sloukh` nbagra, s`drl t`h` lc lstræs

pr`v`nah` p`r nulstf`kls jfkaknflras, ajlnta prfknfpacelktl a ca partl fkjlrf`r hl ca lspacha9 ca

z`ka cuedar.

Hl t`h`s e`h`s, tlklr lstræs jfkaknflr` k` fepcfna klnlsarfaelktl tlklr hfjfnuctahls

ln`kþefnas. A elkuh` `nurrl c` n`ktrarf`. ]`r lilepc`, bl n`k`nfh` a eunbas plrs`kas nuy`

lstræs pr`nlhl hl lxplrfelktar fktlksaelktl lc sujrfeflkt` hl ca olktl a quflk ayuhak. \ka

euilr qul hfrfoåa uka jukhanfþk hlhfnaha a ayuhar a cas jaefcfas a s`drlvfvfr a c`s hlsastrls

katuracls el hfi`9

‘Ls fep`sfdcl k` fepcfnarsl plrs`kacelktl lk cas bfst`rfas hl cas plrs`kas qul

anuhlk a k`s`tr`s. Qulrråas lstrlnbarc`s lktrl sus draz`s y prèltlrcls qul t`h` frá dflk.

Lknulktr` sueaelktl oratfjfnaktl p`hlrcls ayuhar, plr` bl hl rln`k`nlr qul c` pas` euy

eac nuakh` tlko` qul hlnfrcl a acouflk qul sl bak ao`tah` c`s j`kh`s y k` pulh` harclhfklr`. Hl t`h`s e`h`s, nuakh` `nurrl lst`, ca nèukfhah sfleprl anuhl lk su ayuha.

Ca prlsfþk qul tlkåa lsta euilr nè` hfrlnt`ra hl uka jukhanfþk narftatfva a elkuh`

cl pr`hunåa h`c`r lk ca rlofþk cuedar. Lcca aheftfþ qul a vlnls sl slktåa nucpadcl p`r lc blnb`

hl tlklr uka sftuanfþk ln`kþefna eunb` eás b`coaha qul cas plrs`kas qul anuhåak a su

jukhanfþk, y a elkuh` sl slktåa fknþe`ha nuakh` tlkåa qul hlnfrcl a acouflk qul k` badåa

hfklr` nuakh` lcca tlkåa ca nartlra cclka. K` ls jánfc tradaiar tak nlrna hl ca cåkla hl julo` hl

cas klnlsfhahls s`nfacls, plr` lc blnb` hl qulearsl k` dlkljfnfa kf ac qul fktlkta ayuhar kf a

quflk rlnfdl ca ayuha. Lstl tfp` hl sujrfeflkt` k` ls fklvftadcl. Ls uka n`kslnulknfa hl qulrlr

qul ca vfha sla c` qul kukna slrá9 plrjlnta.

Ca n`knflknfa hlc sloukh` nbagra

Ca pacadra ncavl hlc sloukh` nbagra ls «rlcanfþk·. Lk lstl kfvlc, ca lklroåa naedfa hl

nþe` rlcanf`kark`s n`k kulstr` lkt`rk` a nþe` rlcanf`kark`s n`k cas plrs`kas ‘uka a uka‘




-2<-

hlktr` hl uk lkt`rk`. Lc sloukh` nbagra ls lc slks`r lk lc qul k`s dasae`s para lvacuar c`s

naep`s lklroætfn`s hl c`s hleás.

Lc p`hlr hlc sloukh` nbagra partfnfpa lk naha fktlrnaedf` qul tlkle`s, fkncuylkh`

c`s fktlrnaedf`s e`kltarf`s. N`ktflkl ca lklroåa hl banlr pant`s, y lc sanraelkt` nrfstfak` hl

ca nèukfþk, qul rlprlslkta ca rlcanfþk uk` a uk` n`k Hf`s, ls uk såed`c` lspfrftuac hl lsta

lklroåa. Naha rlcanfþk lk kulstra vfha tflkl uk nèp`klktl saorah` qul hldle`s b`krar. Lc

clea hl lstl nbagra ls «b`krar`s c`s uk`s a c`s `tr`s·. V naha vlz qul rln`k`nle`s ca

hfvfkfhah lk `tra plrs`ka n`k quflk tratae`s, sla uk aefo`, uk jaefcfar, uk aeaktl, uk

nèpañlr` hl tradai`, uk pr`jls`r, uk acuek`, uk vlnfk`, uk ahvlrsarf` ` uk hlsn`k`nfh`,

e`vfcfzae`s kulstr` sloukh` kfvlc hl p`hlr.

Eflktras qul lc prfelr nbagra sfed`cfza ca klnlsfhah hl ca slourfhah jåsfna qul k`s

pr`p`rnf`ka lc orup`, lc sloukh` nbagra k`s fktr`hunl lk lc eukh` hlc hfklr`, ca slxuacfhah,

ca nrlatfvfhah, ca pr`nrlanfþk, lc nèpañlrfse` y lc j`rtaclnfeflkt` hlc `tr`. Lk lc pr`nls`

katurac hl nrlnlr, k`s lkslñak a acfelktark`s, vlstfrk`s y pr`nurark`s uk tlnb`, aså nè` a

j`rear partl hl uka jaefcfa y uka trfdu. Lk uka jaefcfa saka, taedfæk k`s lkslñak a rln`k`nlr

ca fep`rtaknfa hl c`s hleás lk kulstras vfhas, a dusnar parlia, a sacfr hl kulstr` y` pr`tlofh`,

a nèprèltlrk`s lk rlcanf`kls n`k c`s hleás y a j`riar kulstra pr`pfa vfha. Æsta ls ca j`rea

`roákfna lk qul aprlkhle`s qul t`h`s sè`s uk` y, aukqul k` k`s lkslñlk lstas pacadras

lsplnåjfnas, lk kulstr` fktlrf`r hlsarr`ccae`s ca nèprlksfþk hl lsa vlrhah lspfrftuac.Xaedfæk p`hle`s aprlkhlr qul j`rtaclnlr a `tra plrs`ka ‘sla a travæs hlc ae`r, lc

ap`y` nrlatfv` ` jfkaknflr` ` ca nèpasfþk y ca aeadfcfhah‘, lk lc j`kh`, ls uk ant` hl

aut`j`rtaclnfeflkt`. Hl t`h`s e`h`s, kahfl kanl sfktfækh`sl nþe`h` n`k lsta vlrhah,

p`rqul ca lklroåa hlc sloukh` nbagra taedfæk n`ktflkl uk slktfh` fkkat` hl nèpltlknfa,

åktfeaelktl rlcanf`kah` n`k lc eflh` a qul k` baya sujfnflktl para t`h`s y lc tle`r a qul lc

blnb` hl j`rtaclnlr a `tr` k`s rlstl julrzas a k`s`tr`s. \ka e`kia sadfa qul jul pr`jls`ra

eåa el hfi` uka vlz9

‘Kukna plreftas qul lc eflh` a c` qul pulha banlr ` c` qul sl pulha n`kvlrtfr `tra

plrs`ka hltlrefkl ca d`khah jukhaelktac hl tu acea. ^f tflkls uk acea olklr`sa, ha. ^f k` ca

tflkls, aprlkhl.

K` bay kaha lk lc blnb` hl slr bueak` qul pulha rlhunfrsl a «sfepclelktl hf qul

så·. K`s`tr`s sè`s nèpasfv`s sþc` p`rqul lstae`s ccaeah`s a slrc`. Aprlkhle`s a

lxpakhfr kulstr`s n`raz`kls para fkncufr a c`s hleás p`r c` qul k`s bak lkslñah`, p`r

kulstras pr`pfas lxplrflknfas y p`r nþe` vle`s kulstra rlcanfþk n`k Hf`s. Nþe` y p`r quæ




-2:-

k`s prl`nupae`s p`r c`s hleás ls uka partl nèpclia hl ca lv`cunfþk lspfrftuac hl naha uk`,

a plsar hl qul ls p`sfdcl qul k`s`tr`s c` atrfduyae`s sfepclelktl a «kulstra j`rea hl slr·.

K` lxfstl uk ant` hl nèpasfþk fksfokfjfnaktl ` uk ant` hl slrvfnf` sfk trasnlkhlknfa.

X`h` c` qul banle`s p`r `tra plrs`ka tflkl fkjfkftas n`kslnulknfas. Naha annfþk hlslknahlka

uka nasnaha hl ljlnt`s, nè` nuakh` tfrae`s uka pflhrlnfta a uk lstakqul y æsta olklra

euctftuh hl `khas, qul sl vak lksaknbakh`, adarnakh` naha vlz eay`r lspanf`. X`h` c` qul

hlnfe`s y banle`s fep`rta. ]ukt`. ]`r ls` c`s duhfstas y c`s bfkhùls, y hl blnb` t`has cas

orakhls trahfnf`kls lspfrftuacls, lkslñak ca fep`rtaknfa hl lstar euy atlkt`s y slr

pclkaelktl n`ksnflktls hl t`h` c` qul banle`s y hlnfe`s, hldfh` a c`s ljlnt`s fcfeftah`s l

feprlhlnfdcls hl naha annfþk y pacadra. Basta kulstr`s plksaeflkt`s tflklk uka julrza y uk

p`hlr n`k lc qul hldle`s n`ktar.

]ulst` qul lc naefk` hlc lspårftu ls hl j`rea fkblrlktl a uk naefk` hl slrvfnf`, Hf`s

k`s lkvåa olktl para qul k`s ayuhl a lkn`ktrar kulstra slkha. Nuakh` sla klnlsarf`, sfleprl

sl nruzarák plrs`kas lk kulstr` naefk` qul k`s ayuharák a aprlkhlr ca orak vlrhah hl qul

«X`h` c` qul va vulcvl·.

Akkl H. lsnrfdfþ9 «Nuakh` ef earfh` lra i`vlk, pasþ uka æp`na lk ca qul k` tlkåa

kaha ncar`. K` tlkåa tradai` kf uk cuoar h`khl lstar y acdlroada euy p`nas lsplrakzas s`drlsu vfha lk olklrac. Lkt`knls rlnfdfþ uka ccaeaha hl uk vfli` aefo` suy` hl quflk k` badåa

tlkfh` k`tfnfas lk nfkn` añ`s, qul cl lxpcfnþ qul vfvåa a uka b`ra lk n`nbl y lstada tradaiakh`

lk uka lstanfþk hl lsquå qul anadadak hl adrfr. Cl hfi`9 –Tlnulrh` c` eunb` qul aeadas lsta

z`ka y qulråa qul supflras qul ls euy pr`dadcl qul pulhas lkn`ktrar tradai` aquå, sf tl

prlslktas eañaka p`r ca eañaka―.

·]ulst` qul k` tlkåae`s n`nbl, ef earfh` bfz` aut`lst`p para ccloar a ca lstanfþk hl

lsquå y c` rlnòfþ uk n`nba. Oranfas a aqulcca ccaeaha tlcljþkfna, ef earfh` pasþ c`s sfouflktls

vlfktfsfltl añ`s aprlkhflkh` a banlr kflvl artfjfnfac y a tradaiar n`k lcca. ]asþ hl k` tlklr

hfklr`, kf tradai`, k` n`nbl kf uk cuoar h`khl vfvfr a n`kvlrtfrsl lk uk efledr` euy vac`rah`

hlc lqufp` hl jadrfnanfþk hl kflvl artfjfnfac hl ca lstanfþk, h`khl ls n`k`nfh` p`r su –h`k n`k

ca kflvl―. âdl takt` s`drl kflvl qul pulhl jadrfnarca y banlr qul sl nèp`rtl hl j`reas qul

euy p`na olktl pulhl n`ksloufr. \ka ccaeaha fklsplraha hl uk vfli` aefo` earnþ ca

hfjlrlknfa lk ca vfha hl ef earfh`, quflk, a raåz hl aqulcc`, sl lkn`ktrþ a så efse` y hlsnudrfþ

su h`k.·




-2?-

Ca olklr`sfhah hlc sloukh` nbagra fepcfna lk olklrac ayuhar a ca olktl lk c`s

asplnt`s ln`kþefn` ` nrlatfv`, ` pr`p`rnf`karcl elhf`s hl nuranfþk. Ca olktl qul ba rlnfdfh`

lsl tfp` hl ayuha sflktl uka fkelksa oratftuh y ca qul ca ba pr`p`rnf`kah` taedfæk sl sflktl

aorahlnfha p`r badlr tlkfh` ca `p`rtukfhah hl ayuhar.

Lk eunbas hl cas nartas qul rlnfdå, sus aut`rls lxpcfnadak qul sl sfktflr`k feplcfh`s a

nèpartfr su dulka sulrtl. Eunb`s taedfæk sl sfktflr`k fkspfrah`s a ayuhar a c`s hleás

hlspuæs hl rlnfdfr ayuha.

Lc h`k hlc ap`y` jfkaknflr`

Bay hleasfaha olktl qul ba prlsnfkhfh` hl ca olklr`sfhah a jfk hl

prantfnar ca narfhah.

Acdlrt Naeus

Eunba olktl ccloa a su cåeftl, ` sfedþcfnaelktl, a su `p`rtukfhah hl traksj`reanfþk,

iust` nuakh` hlia hl p`hlr e`vlrsl jåsfnaelktl ` tflkl uka avlråa fep`rtaktl lk lc n`nbl. Lk

c`s sulñ`s y cas fktlrprltanf`kls sfedþcfnas, c`s n`nbls rlprlslktak avakzar a c` caro` hl ca

narrltlra hlc vfail vftac hl naha uk`. Ac fouac qul sak ]adc`, qul sl lkn`ktrþ lk uka n`yuktura

nråtfna hl naefk` a Haeasn`, nuakh` k` sl puh` e`vlr huraktl varf`s håas hlspuæs hl qul cl

badcara lc ^lñ`r, eunba olktl nèlkta qul uka nrfsfs plrs`kac ` ca fknapanfhah para e`vlrsl

jåsfnaelktl cl plreftfþ vlr `p`rtukfhahls para naedfar qul, kf k`, badråa pasah` p`r act`. Lk

ca eft`còåa ncásfna, Blrels lra lc hf`s qul a elkuh` sl cls aparlnåa a c`s vfailr`s. Lra uk

prlstfhfoftah`r, uka jfoura eáofna qul cclvada uka varfta jcaelaktl n`k h`s slrpflktls `

nahunl`s (lc såed`c` hl ca nuranfþk). A elkuh` sl prlslktada aktl c`s vfailr`s nè` sf sltratara hl uk lknulktr` nausac, qul culo` sl n`kvlrtfråa lk uk pukt` hl fkjclxfþk y uk

natacfzah`r hl su vfail9 ¡lc hf`s hl ca sfknr`kåa! Blrels lra lc hf`s hl c`s nrunls hl naefk`s,

nuya dlkhfnfþk fkv`nadak c` vfailr`s, c`s vaoadukh`s y c`s qul k` tlkåak nasa. ]lr` Blrels

taedfæk lstada prlslktl lk c`s pácpft`s y n`raz`kahas, ` nuakh` uka plrs`ka hlsnudråa qul

sadåa eás hl c` qul nrlåa.

A ca cuz hl c`s eft`s y clylkhas rlcanf`kah`s n`k c`s naefk`s, c`s vfails y cas

fktlrvlknf`kls hfvfkas, parlnl apr`pfah` nèlktar acoukas bfst`rfas n`ktlep`ráklas s`drl

ákolcls e`hlrk`s.




-22-

^f`dbak lsnrfdfþ9 «Banl p`n`s añ`s, badåa hah` ca lktraha para nèprarel uk pfs` y

ac håa sfouflktl, ylkh` ya dastaktl iust` hl fkorls`s, el hlspfhflr`k hlc tradai`. Lstada

atlrr`rfzah` y, eflktras n`khunåa banfa ca `jfnfka hl n`rrl`s, plksæ qul Hf`s el lstada

p`kflkh` a prulda. Hlnfhå n`kjfar lk Hf`s y p`klrel lk sus eak`s. Lkt`knls nb`quæ n`k uk

d`rhfcc` y pfknbæ cas h`s rulhas kulva qul anadada hl naedfar a ef vfli` n`nbl. âcå hlc n`nbl,

ap`yæ ca nadlza lk lc napþ y el pusl a cc`rar. Lkt`knls `å a acouflk qul el prlouktada quæ

el pasada. Efræ y vf a uk bèdrl hl asplnt` catfk` a ca lktraha hl uka tflkha hl elnákfna, y

el hf nulkta hl qul badåa pfknbah` cas rulhas iust` hlcaktl hl su tacclr. V` el caelktæ s`drl

lc blnb` hl badlr plrhfh` lc tradai` y k` tlklr hfklr` kf rulhas para ef n`nbl. Aqulc bèdrl

badcþ n`kefo` s`drl ef sftuanfþk, y el slñacþ aeadclelktl qul badåa tèah` acoukas

hlnfsf`kls fkn`rrlntas rlcanf`kahas n`k uk tradai` qul el badåa cclvah` a aqulcca sftuanfþk.

Lkt`knls cl pfhfþ a uk` hl sus lepclah`s qul pusflra h`s rulhas usahas lk ef n`nbl. El cas

`jrlnfþ nè` rloac` y k` sþc` el plreftflr`k ccaoar a nasa sfk` qul el hurar`k slfs elsls. Ac

håa sfouflktl, nuakh` lstada rlnòflkh` efs n`sas lk ef aktfou` tradai`, el lkn`ktræ p`r

nasuacfhah n`k uk bèdrl qul tlkåa uk oadfkltl hl adòah`s. Cl plhå tradai` hl fkelhfat` y,

ac jfkac, el c` hf`. Lst`y fknrlådclelktl aorahlnfh` a Hf`s qul badfta lk lc fktlrf`r hl cas

plrs`kas y qul ha a c`s qul k` tflklk. ·

Lk `tra narta lk ca qul taedfæk n`kvlroåak c`s pr`dcleas n`k lc n`nbl y c`s pr`dcleas

ln`kþefn`s, Garlk ]. lsnrfdfþ9 «Banl eunb`s añ`s c` lstada pasakh` euy eac n`k ef hfv`rnf`hl uk bèdrl ahfnt` a ca n`naåka qul sl badåa pucfh` t`h` kulstr` hfklr` basta lc pukt` hl

plrhlr kulstra nasa. Lkt`knls, uk n`khunt`r d`rranb` nb`nþ n`kefo`. Ef n`nbl qulhþ

hlstr`zah` y y` k` tlkåa slour`. Frþkfnaelktl, lk aqulc lkt`knls y` slrá hfrlnt`ra hl uk

pr`ylnt` hl asls`raeflkt` cloac s`drl vf`clknfa hèæstfna y klnlsftada uk elhf` hl

traksp`rtl para tradaiar. \k iulz qul n`k`nåa el suofrfþ qul jflra a uka nasa hl vlkta hl

n`nbls hl sloukha eak` lk n`knrlt` h`khl tac vlz p`hråak ayuharel. Accå lkn`ktræ uk n`nbl

usah` p`r elk`s hl 8== hþcarls. Lc dakn` lstada hfspulst` a jfkaknfarel lc n`nbl, plr`, p`r

cly, k` p`håak prlstarel lc hfklr` qul klnlsftada para ca lktraha. Lk lc n`knlsf`karf`, cas

cáorfeas el fkukhar`k lc r`str`7 k` sadåa quæ banlr. Lkt`knls, lc lepclah`, a quflk k` badåa

vfst` aktls lk ef vfha, el hfi` qul ahefrada c` qul banåa para ayuhar a ca olktl y el prlstþ

hl su d`csfcc` lc hfklr` hl ca lktraha. El hfi` qul sadåa qul ef vfha sl arrlocaråa, hl e`h`

qul, basta qul lkn`ktrara uk bòar para efs bfi`s, n`kncuylra ef hfv`rnf` y sacflra hlc danbl,

æc asuefråa c`s oast`s hl ca lktraha. Kukna `cvfharæ a aqulc bèdrl kf su fknrlådcl ant` hl

d`khah. V, ljlntfvaelktl, cas n`sas sl arrlocar`k y b`y tlko` uka vfha jlcfz.·




-26-

T`l N. rln`rhþ9 «Lk ca plcuqulråa h`khl y` tradaiada tlkåa uka ncflkta a ca qul

aprlnfada eunb`. Lra euy fktlcfolktl, hlnfhfha, olklr`sa y uka ltlrka dusnah`ra hl n`sas

qul sl sacåak hl ca k`rea. Lcca nrlåa lk efs januctahls psåqufnas y el akfeada a k`

hlsplrhfnfar ef taclkt`. A elkuh` el hada ákfe`s a su e`h`. Nuakh` eurfþ, para ef

s`rprlsa, nèpr`dæ qul el badåa hliah` uka fep`rtaktl suea hl hfklr`. Lstada ak`kahaha.

Lcca el badåa badcah` hl c`s sulñ`s qul cl oustaråa ayuhar a banlr rlacfhah, plr` k` tlkåa kf

fhla hl quæ badåa plrnfdfh` nè` ef sulñ`. Tln`rhæ qul uk håa el prlouktþ p`r quæ el

hlhfnada a ca plcuqulråa lk vlz hl utfcfzar efs januctahls para ayuhar a c`s hleás. Ac jfkac,

utfcfnæ lc hfklr` para ayuhar a ef jaefcfa y paoar acoukas hluhas, paoarcls c`s lstuhf`s a efs

bfias y ayuhar a uk aefo` qul sl badåa qulhah` sfk tradai`. Jul uk rloac` qul sl n`kvfrtfþ lk

varf`s rloac`s. Ab`ra bao` clnturas oratfs a ca olktl ` n`drákh`cl ca v`cuktah para sloufr

ayuhakh`, p`rqul sæ qul aqulcca elilr qulråa qul y` utfcfzara ef h`k. Lcca el ayuhþ a dusnar

c` qul el badråa oustah` banlr sf k` budflra lstah` cfeftaha p`r nulstf`kls ln`kþefnas.

Lsplr` sfknlraelktl badlr b`krah` a su olklr`s` lspårftu n`k c` qul bfnl oranfas a su

rloac`.·

Aktfnfple`s ca narfhah prlvfkflkh` ca p`drlza… Lc orah` eás act`, ac

qul kaha s`drlpasa, lc pfkánuc` hl ca lsnaclra h`raha h ca narfhah, ls lc hl ca

plrs`ka qul asfstl a su blreak` klnlsftah` n`k uk rloac` fep`rtaktl, ` ukasuea hl hfklr`, ` lkslñákh`cl uk `jfnf`, ` fkfnfákh`c` lk c`s klo`nf`s lk

nacfhah hl s`nf`, ` dflk ayuhákh`c` a n`ksloufr tradai`9 lk uka pacadra,

n`khunfækh`c` banfa h`khl pulha prlsnfkhfr hl ca ayuha hl `tras plrs`kas y

k` sl vla ad`nah` a ca tlrrfdcl actlrkatfva hl tlklr qul acaroar ca eak` para

plhfr cfe`ska.

Eafeþkfhls

^fk cuoar a huhas, t`h`s sè`s napanls hl vlr ca sadfhuråa `nucta lk cas nrfsfs hl

quflkls k`s r`hlak, lsplnfacelktl hl aqulcc`s a quflkls tlkle`s lk eay`r lstfea. ^è`s

euy dulk`s lk ls`. ]lr` lc vfail banfa ca eahurlz lspfrftuac rlquflrl qul slae`s napanls hl

rlvfsar c`s fknfhlktls ` nrfsfs qul ble`s tlkfh` lk kulstra pr`pfa vfha para lkn`ktrar ca

sadfhuråa ` pr`pþsft` qul n`ktflklk. Ls aco` qul lstá prlslktl lk naha lxplrflknfa. Nuakh`

k`s slktåae`s vucklradcls, °ccloþ ca ouåa a kulstra vfha0 °Ca sloufe`s0 °Ca badråae`s

lsnunbah` sf k` budfærae`s lstah` atravlsakh` uka nrfsfs0 °@ badråae`s tlkfh` ca vaclktåa hl

banlr naedf`s ‘p`r lilepc`, anlrnark`s a acouflk para plhfrcl uk tradai`‘ sf lc ukfvlrs` k`

budflra prlparah` lc lsnlkarf` para qul hfærae`s lsl pas` y antuárae`s0 Lc p`hlr fkvfsfdcl




-6=-

lstá sfleprl lk e`vfeflkt`. Fkncus` aukqul uk` k` slpa nþe` cl ccloará ca ayuha iust`

nuakh` ca klnlsfta, hl acoùk e`h`, Hf`s e`vlrá ca tflrra lk su jav`r… aukqul raraelktl hlc

e`h` lk qul æc lsplra. Ble`s hl jfiark`s lk qul, nuakh` adrfe`s kulstr` n`razþk a ca

nèpasfþk, a elkuh` k`s n`kvlrtfe`s lk uka ouåa y uka julktl hl sadfhuråa para `tras

plrs`kas. V sè`s lsplnfacelktl ljfnanls nuakh` k` tlkle`s uka fepcfnanfþk plrs`kac. Lk cas

bfst`rfas qul anad` hl lxp`klr, aedas euilrls sl dlkljfnfar`k hl ca ouåa hl plrs`kas

`diltfvas qul supflr`k vlr cas n`sas n`k ncarfhah p`r lccas.

Iakfnl ]. nèpartfþ su lxplrflknfa s`drl uka fktlrvlknfþk fktuftfva9 «Banl varf`s añ`s,

ef earfh` lstada sfk tradai` y k` banåak eás qul ccloar janturas. Ef blreak` el lkvfþ uk

nblqul p`r n`rrl`. Va el feaofkæ qul lc hfklr` lra para paoar acouka jantura ` nèprar

nèfha, plr` vlkåa n`k ukas fkstrunnf`kls euy lsplnfjfnas hl qul k` c` utfcfzara para paoar

kfkouka jantura kf para nèprar nèfha. Æc sadåa qul tlkåae`s r`ta ca aouia hlc t`nahfsn`s y

qul k` k`s p`håae`s plreftfr naedfarca p`rqul badåa n`sas eás fep`rtaktls. K`s plhåa qul

naedfárae`s ca aouia hlc t`nahfsn`s, nèprárae`s uka d`tlcca hl dulk vfk` y ukas darrftas

hl fknflks` y pasárae`s uka vlcaha rlcaiaha y rèáktfna lk su b`k`r. âdåa c` lstrlsaktl qul

lstada sflkh` aqulcca æp`na para k`s`tr`s y qulråa qul k`s tèárae`s uk rlspfr`. Aqulcca

k`nbl lknlkhfe`s lc fknflks`, k`s dldfe`s lc vfk` y lsnunbae`s kulstra eùsfna jav`rfta, y

n`ksloufe`s hlsn`knlrtar hl t`h` c` qul k`s prl`nupada. Lc blnb` hl qul ef blreak`

supflra, eli`r qul y` efsea, c` eunb` qul klnlsftádae`s aqulcca vlcaha sfokfjfnþ eunbåsfe`para eå.·

C`s pr`dcleas hlc eukh` y cas kudls jc`taktls °p`r quæ nulstf`karc`s0

Eli`r tl tèas ca vfha n`k nacea y hfsjrutas hl uka dulka nlka.

_ako _lf (:66-?:1)

âeaktba I. lxpcfna uka fktlrvlknfþk sfefcar9 «Nuakh` ef earfh` y y` jufe`s a vfvfr a

âk Hflo`, hfsp`kåae`s hl euy p`n` hfklr` para sacfr ahlcaktl. ^fepclelktl naroae`s lc

n`nbl y leprlkhfe`s ca earnba, sfk n`k`nlr a kahfl lk âk Hflo`. Acqufcae`s uk

apartaelkt` y n`ksloufe`s tradai`, plr` ådae`s euy iust`s hl hfklr`. \k håa, ef blreak`

k`s lkvfþ fklsplrahaelktl uk nblqul hl 4< hþcarls, qul lkt`knls lra eunb` hfklr`.

Zfvåae`s t`tacelktl ac håa y, iust` aktls hl qul k`s ccloara lc nblqul hl Dfcc, k`s lstádae`s

pcaktlakh` nþe` ådae`s a nèprar nèfha para aqulcca sleaka. Kukna `cvfharæ lc acfvf` y lc

aorahlnfeflkt` qul slktfe`s nuakh` rlnfdfe`s aqulc nblqul. Hlshl qul tuvl aqulcca

lxplrflknfa, sulc` har hfklr` hl j`rea akþkfea. Hfst` eunb` hl slr rfna, plr`, nuakh` `fo`




-61-

qul acouflk lstá pasakh` apur`s ln`kþefn`s, cl lkvå` nflk hþcarls n`k uka tarilta h`khl hfnl9

–Aouakta―. Kukna jfre` ca tarilta y sulc` banlr c`s lkvå`s hlshl uk hfstrft` p`stac hfstfkt` hlc

eå`. Hfsjrut` eunb` banfækh`c` y ca fkspfranfþk el vfk` hl ef blreak` Dfcc.·

Ca rfqulza y lc p`hlr k` s`k eás qul `jrlkhas hlc bah`, qul ls nflo`, eflktras

qul ca d`khah ls lc rlsuctah` hlc eærft` pr`pf`.

Lc`åsa, lsp`sa hl Adlcarh`

Eunbas hl cas nartas qul rlnfdå lxprlsadak s`rprlsa aktl ca b`klstfhah hl `tras

plrs`kas ac hlv`cvlr hfklr` ` plrtlklknfas. Hl blnb` lsnunbæ lk cas k`tfnfas qul uka

jlrrltlråa hl uk plqulñ` puldc` badråa rlnfdfh` p`r n`rrl` uk tacahr` qul badåa sfh` r`dah`

banåa nfknulkta añ`s. Lc cahrþk badåa slktfh` ca klnlsfhah hl hlv`cvlrc`, p`rqul9 «sadåa qul

c`s ákolcls `dslrvak c` qul banle`s·, y lk lc paqultl fkncuåa uk nblqul p`r vac`r hl nflk

hþcarls lk n`knlpt` hl pao`. C`s ant`s hl b`klstfhah l fktlorfhah rlcanf`kah`s n`k ca

pr`pflhah s`k rlsp`ksadfcfhah hlc sloukh` nbagra. Ca olktl sl s`rprlkhl takt` aktl c`s ant`s

hl b`klstfhah nè` aktl c`s ant`s hl d`khah. Ca b`klstfhah, nè` prántfna plrs`kac ‘

prantfnar ca vlrhah a travæs hl ca annfþk, ca pacadra ` lc plksaeflkt` ‘ hldl n`ksfhlrarsl

cloåtfeaelktl nè` uk ant` hl p`hlr fkvfsfdcl.Bl lclofh` ca sfouflktl narta p`rqul su aut`ra jul `dilt` hl varf`s ant`s hl p`hlr

fkvfsfdcls n``rhfkah`s. Eary Cykk A. lsnrfdfþ9 «Nuakh` lstada ledarazaha hl ef prfelr bfi`,

ef earfh` t`havåa lra lstuhfaktl y y` tradaiada hl easaifsta tlrapæutfna. Lstádae`s lk ca

rufka. Lc n`rrl` `rhfkarf` k`s ccloada a nasa, plr` tlkåae`s uk apartah` hl n`rrl`s para ca

n`rrlsp`khlknfa s`drl c`s slefkarf`s qul fepartåae`s. Ådae`s a rlnòlr cas nartas h`s ` trls

vlnls a ca sleaka. \k sádah` p`r ca eañaka, k`s lkn`ktrae`s uk ùctfe` avfs` para qul k`s

pusfærae`s lk n`ktant` n`k uk lepclah` hl ca `jfnfka hl n`rrl`s. Kfkouk` hl c`s h`s

rln`rhádae`s badlr rlnfdfh` kfkoùk prfelr ` sloukh` avfs`. Lktrloae`s lc avfs` a uk

lepclah` hl n`rrl`s y æstl k`s hfi` qul badåae`s blnb` dflk p`rqul fdak a lkvfar ca narta a

ca slnnfþk hl hlstfkatarf` hlsn`k`nfh`. Hlktr` hlc s`drl badåa hflz dfccltls hl nflk hþcarls y

kaha eás. Lc s`drl lstada lsnrft` a eak`, k` tlkåa rleftlktl y lc slcc` hl n`rrl`s lra fclofdcl.

Ahleás lstada euy r`t` y lstr`plah`. K` sþc` acouflk k`s badåa lkvfah` aqulc hfklr`

akþkfeaelktl, sfk` qul uk` ` eás lepclah`s hl n`rrl`s qul eakfpucar`k aqulc s`drl tak

lstr`plah` tuvflr`k qul harsl nulkta hl qul n`ktlkåa hfklr`, plr` c` badåak hliah` accå y sl

badåak aslourah` hl qul ccloara a su hlstfk`. Lk lc håa hl b`y t`havåa k` sadle`s qufæk k`s




-64-

lkvfþ aqulc hfklr`, plr` jul uk rloac` fknrlådcl. K`s ayuhþ a pasar uk par hl elsls qul, sf k`,

badråak lstah` euy hfjånfcls, plr` c` qul ls eás fep`rtaktl ls qul k`s rlajfreþ lk kulstra

nrllknfa lk ca adukhaknfa hlc ukfvlrs`. ]`r ab`ra, t`havåa k` ble`s p`hfh` rloacar efc

hþcarls a kahfl, plr` banle`s plqulñas ap`rtanf`kls ln`kþefnas akþkfeas p`rqul sadle`s

nþe` sl sflktl uk` nuakh` lstá lk lc p`c` rlnlpt`r. Ls eás orat` lstar lk lc cah` qul ha.·

Lc h`k hlc ap`y` nrlatfv`

Lc bèdrl hl plrjlnta vfrtuh, hlslakh` lstadclnlrsl, taedfæk pr`nura

lstadclnlr a c`s hleás7 hlslakh` lkorakhlnlrsl, taedfæk pr`nura

lkorakhlnlr a c`s hleás.

N`kjunf`

X`h` lc eukh` kanl n`k aco` qul nrlar. Lsa nrlanfþk pulhl slr uk bfi`, uk klo`nf` `

uk iarhåk, uk nårnuc` hl aefo`s ` uk anulrh` hl paz. Fkhlplkhflktlelktl hl c` qul sl nrll,

slrá plrs`kacelktl dlkljfnf`s` para æc, aså nè` para `tras plrs`kas. Ca lxprlsfþk nrlatfva

dc`qulaha ls tak plriuhfnfac y `dstanucfza takt` lc dflklstar nè` uka hròahfnnfþk, ls uk

radf`s` n`kjcfnt` lktrl sloufr c`s fepucs`s nrlatfv`s y anè`harsl para n`ksloufr uk lstatus

qul, a ca caroa, pr`v`na uka lkjlrelhah jåsfna. Lsa cunba fktlrka qulha dc`qulaha hlktr` hc

sloukha nbagra, jukhaelktacelktl p`rqul æsl ls lc vþrtfnl hl kulstras n`kvfnnf`kls.

Klnlsftae`s eakfjlstar kulstras fhlas y earnar ca hfjlrlknfa lk kulstr` eukh`, ac earolk hl

qul kulstra fkjculknfa sla lk`rel ` plqulña. Lc taeañ` hlc ant` ` hlc h`k k` fep`rta7 c` qul

fep`rta ls lc ant` hl ca nrlanfþk lk så efse`.

Ca nrlatfvfhah taedfæk ls lslknfac para ca sacuh lspfrftuac. Ap`yar cas fhlas ` lsjulrz`s

nrlatfv`s hl `tra plrs`ka ls c` efse` qul ap`yar su vfail lspfrftuac lk ca vfha. Kahfl pulhl

eakfjlstar sus h`kls nrlatfv`s lstakh` nèpcltaelktl s`c`7 k`s klnlsftae`s uk`s a c`s

`tr`s. X`h` artfsta prlnfsa hl acouflk qul `dslrvl, lsnunbl ` aprlnfl su nrlanfþk. X`h` kfñ`

klnlsfta eùctfpcls nufhah`rls qul aprlnflk sus atrfdut`s ùkfn`s. ^è`s lkvfah`s a cas vfhas hl

`tras plrs`kas qul klnlsftak ap`y` nrlatfv` hlc efse` e`h` qul `tra olktl ls lkvfaha a

kulstra vfha. A vlnls, c` ùkfn` qul tlkle`s qul banlr ls pr`p`rnf`kar ap`y` psfn`cþofn`

fkvfsfdcl. Lc blnb` hl har ákfe`s n`k elksails nè` «Xù pulhls· ` «K` tfrls ca tàcca·, pulhl

ayuhar a rlk`var ca jl hlc rlnlpt`r. Nuacquflr ap`y` qul hle`s a c`s sulñ`s nrlatfv`s hl `traplrs`ka ls uk ant` hl fokfnfþk lspfrftuac.




-6>-

C` qul k`s pfhlk c`s hf`sls, c` qul dusnak lk kulstras annf`kls, pacadras y

plksaeflkt`s, ls qul slae`s c` dastaktl olklr`s`s nè` para ayuhar a kulstr`s sleliaktls

lk su vfail p`r lstl pcaklta. Feaofkæe`k`s qul k`s fcuefkak uk j`n` nlclstfac naha vlz qul

surol uka `p`rtukfhah para slr uka julrza p`sftfva lk ca vfha hl acouflk7 lsa sftuanfþk p`khrá

a prulda kulstra jl y ca b`khura hl kulstra olklr`sfhah. Xac vlz sl tratl tak sþc` hl jlcfnftar a

acouflk p`r uk còr` anahæefn` ` pr`jlsf`kac. @ tac vlz hlc kanfeflkt` hl uk dldæ ` hlc prfelr

tr`jl` hlp`rtfv` hl uk kfñ`. X`has lstas sftuanf`kls p`klk a prulda ca olklr`sfhah hl

kulstr` lspårftu. Ls eunb` eás jánfc nèprarcl nèfha a uk elkhfo` hlsn`k`nfh` qul

plrh`kar a acouflk qul n`k`nle`s p`r tlklr eás qul k`s`tr`s. ^f k`s nulsta nlcldrar c`s

còr`s hl `tras plrs`kas, hldlrle`s rln`rhar qul Hf`s lstá `dslrvakh` kulstra rlannfþk

hlshl c` act`.

Xac vlz acouflk sl jfourl qul pulhl sloufr ouarhakh` su nrlatfvfhah lk su fktlrf`r, qul

cas fhlas s`k oratfs, k` nulstak kaha. ]ulhl plksar qul ls p`sfdcl vfvfr lk lc eukh` hl c`s

plksaeflkt`s t`h`s c`s håas hl su vfha sfk ccloar a eatlrfacfzarc`s. ]lr` taedfæk e`rfrá

fksatfsjlnb`, p`rqul uka fhla qul kukna sl eatlrfacfza, qul kukna sl cclva a ca prántfna kf sl

n`klnta n`k lstl eukh`, a ca caroa sl anada n`kvfrtflkh` lk ca naroa eás h`c`r`sa, hl ca qul

uk` kukna sl pulhl cfdlrar. Ca olktl qul ba lstah` a pukt` hl e`rfr lxpcfna qul,

ljlntfvaelktl, aktls hl jacclnlr rlvfsae`s t`ha kulstra vfha, y qul uka partl hl lsa rlvfsfþkk`s eulstra nþe` p`hråa badlr sfh` kulstra vfha sf budfærae`s blnb` `tras lclnnf`kls. Lk

lsta natlo`råa lktrak t`has aqulccas `p`rtukfhahls nrlatfvas qul k`s `jrlnfþ lc ukfvlrs` y qul

k`s`tr`s k` supfe`s apr`vlnbar p`rqul kulstr`s eflh`s plsar`k eás lk kulstr` fktlrf`r qul

kulstra jl. Ble`s hl n`kjfar lk lc sfstlea hl ap`y` vftac qul ls fkblrlktl a kulstr` lspårftu

nrlatfv`. N`ksloufrle`s t`h` nuakt` klnlsftle`s nuakh` c` klnlsftle`s, plr` prfelr`

hldlrle`s lstar hfspulst`s a arrflsoarc` t`h`. ]`r ls` el oustak takt` cas sfouflktls

bfst`rfas s`drl plrs`kas qul rlnfdflr`k lc ap`y` nrlatfv` hl `tras iust` nuakh` eás c`

klnlsftadak.

^blcaob N. qufs` nèpartfr su lxqufsft` h`k hl pr`p`rnf`kar ap`y` nrlatfv` a `tras

plrs`kas. «Nrl` qul fkj`rear pulhl slr uk ant` hl slrvfnf` earavfcc`s`. Lk ef vfha, ca olktl

qul el rlnèlkhþ cfdr`s lsplnåjfn`s qul rlsuctar`k hl slr orak ayuha lk aqulcca ltapa

n`knrlta hl ef vfail el bfz` uk orak jav`r. Aprlkhlr cas badfcfhahls dásfnas para ca vfha

hlplkhl lk orak elhfha hlc blnb` hl hfsp`klr hl ca fkj`reanfþk klnlsarfa lk lc eèlkt`

ahlnuah`. ^f, nè` lk ef nas`, tl lhunar`k para qul k` bfnflras prlouktas, ls p`sfdcl qul

tlkoas uka badfcfhah hlsastr`sa para tèar hlnfsf`kls qul pulhls tarhar añ`s lk rlntfjfnar.




-68-

Lst` ba sfh` uka n`ksuctaktl lk ef vfha y, p`r c` takt`, k` ls kfkoùk annfhlktl qul tradail lk

lc hlpartaelkt` hl fkj`reanfþk hl uka dfdcf`tlna pùdcfna. Ls euy oratfjfnaktl har a ca olktl ca

fkj`reanfþk qul klnlsfta lk lc eèlkt` lk qul ca klnlsfta. V a vlnls el hli` cclvar p`r ef

fktufnfþk y p`ko` a ca vfsta uk tåtuc` eflktras badc` n`k acouflk qul t`havåa k` sadl qul c`

klnlsfta, plr` ca olktl fklvftadclelktl el c` aorahlnl eás ahlcaktl.·

Lk ca efsea cåkla, ûzy N. lsnrfdfþ9 «Banl p`n` el hfpcèæ nè` easaifsta

tlrapæutfna y hlnfhå adrfr ef pr`pf` sacþk a elhfa i`rkaha. Ef pr`jls`ra el s`rprlkhfþ n`k c`

qul y` n`ksfhlræ uk ant` hl slrvfnf` sueaelktl olklr`s` qul sfokfjfnþ eunbåsfe` para eå.

\ka tarhl, eflktras y` lstada euy atarlaha cfepfah` y pfktakh` ef rlnfæk acqufcah` sacþ, ef

pr`jls`ra el bfz` uka vfsfta. El hfi` qul badåa slktfh` ca fkspfranfþk hl plhfrel qul cl

rlslrvara uka b`ra naha els huraktl t`h` uk añ`. Cl bfz` y el lxpcfnþ qul, nuakh` lcca

e`ktþ su sacþk hl easails, uk ncflktl bfz` c` efse` p`r lcca, y cl hfi` qul a partfr hl lkt`knls

p`hråa hlnfrcls a ca olktl qul uk ncflktl badåa rlslrvah` n`k aktlcanfþk uka b`ra ac els

huraktl uk añ` lktlr`. Oranfas a ls` su aut`lstfea y su n`kjfakza nè` easaifsta tlrapæutfna

rlnfdflr`k uk orak lepuiþk7 y a eå el `nurrfþ lxantaelktl c` efse`. El bl earavfccah`

eunbas vlnls hl ca olklr`sfhah hl lspårftu hl ef pr`jls`ra y banl p`n` el slktå e`tfvaha a

–avacar efs pacadras n`k hfklr`― ap`yakh` y rlajfreakh` a cas lstuhfaktls hl ca lsnulca

ukfvlrsftarfa c`nac qul rlprlslktar`k ca `dra E`kþcò`s hl ca vaofka. El lknaktþ ca

rlprlslktanfþk ‘ls uka `dra qul tflkl uk elksail fknrlådcl takt` para cas euilrls nè`para c`s bèdrls‘ y el slktå sueaelktl `roucc`sa hl naha uka hl aqulccas iþvlkls. Qulråa

banlr aco` lk su b`k`r. Hl e`h` qul cls lkvfæ uk vacl-`dslquf` n`k uk easail oratfs p`r naha

uka hl cas trlfkta y nuatr` lstuhfaktls qul badåak partfnfpah` lk ca pr`hunnfþk. Jul ef j`rea

hl hlnfrcls9 –C` qul bfnfstlfs ls fep`rtaktl―.·

Lc n`ktlkfh` hl lstas nartas vacfha uka y `tra vlz ca åktfea n`klxfþk qul nèpartfe`s

n`k t`h`s c`s hleás slrls bueak`s y n`k lc ukfvlrs`. ^`k uka prulda vfvflktl hl ca julrza y ca

sadfhuråa n`ktlkfhas lk cas lkslñakzas lspfrftuacls hlc eukh`.

Ilkkfjlr B. lsnrfdfþ drlvlelktl s`drl uk lknulktr` sfokfjfnatfv`. «Lstada a pukt` hl

lktrar lk uk`s orakhls aceanlkls, nuakh` lk ca pulrta vf a uk bèdrl hl pfl n`k dastaktl

eac asplnt` qul lstada banflkh` s`kar uka naepaka para lc Liærnft` hl âcvanfþk. Badcæ n`k

æc y c` dlkhfil eflktras n`c`nada aco` hl hfklr` lk su naz`. \ka vlz hlktr` hlc

lstadclnfeflkt`, el par` uka euilr y el hfi`9 –Bl vfst` nþe` badcada ac bèdrl qul bay

ajulra. Lc blnb` hl ayuhar a aqulcc`s qul k` pulhlk harcl kaha a naedf` fkhfna qul ustlh

tflkl uk lspårftu d`khah`s`. Oranfas p`r badlr sfh` tak aeadcl n`k uka plrs`ka n`k asplnt`

tak trfstl―. ]`r acoùk e`tfv`, sus aeadcls pacadras bak plrhurah` lk eå basta b`y, eunb`s




-6<-

añ`s hlspuæs hl `årcas. Lk ef `pfkfþk, aqulcca euilr bfz` uk earavfcc`s` ant` hl slrvfnf` ac

banlrsl ln` hl ef bueakfhah.·

V Gay ^. lsnrfdfþ s`drl uk ant` hl slrvfnf` qul lclvþ su aut`lstfea y cl ayuhþ a

rlorlsar hl kulv` ac eukh`. «V` nrl` qul c`s ant`s hl slrvfnf` pulhlk vlkfr lk ledacails

hfjlrlktls, nè` uk rlnulrh` euy qulrfh` hl nuakh` acouflk plksþ lk tf ` uk rloac` lsplnfac

qul sfokfjfnþ eunb` para tf. \k` hl ls`s ant`s, qul para eå jul hl orak ayuha, jul nuakh` uka

aefoa el nèprþ uk n`kiukt` hl trail hl dañ` y acd`rk`z qul el tapada cas kacoas. V` badåa

oakah` eás hl vlfktl gfc`s hlshl qul badåa hliah` hl juear banåa uk añ` y elhf`. El

lknakta lc ear y ef aefoa sadåa c` eunb` qul c` badåa lnbah` hl elk`s aqulc vlrak` p`rqul

el slktåa hleasfah` o`rha para fr a ca pcaya. Jul uk vlrhahlr` rloac` sadlr qul ef aefoa

badåa plksah` lk eå y el badåa nèprah` aqulcc`. El hfi`9 –Ab`ra p`hrás fr a ca pcaya. V

p`hrás hlscfzartl hlktr` hlc aoua sfk qul kahfl tl vla― Aqulcc` el n`ke`vfþ

pr`jukhaelktl.·

Ca narfhah vl ca klnlsfhah, k` ca nausa.

Tljrák acleák

Nuakh` uk` `jrlnl ap`y` nrlatfv` sfk lsplrar kaha a naedf`, su ayuha ls autæktfna y

hlsfktlrlsaha. ]lr` eunbas hl lstas nartas s`k uka prulda hl qul c` qul banle`s p`r c`shleás sfleprl, hl acouka j`rea, anada rlvfrtflkh` s`drl k`s`tr`s, nè` hlsnudrfþ Hld`rab

O.9 «Ayuhæ a uka aefoa a hfslñar uk j`cclt` para su leprlsa hl rlcanf`kls pùdcfnas. Lcca k` ls

euy dulka lsnrfdflkh` kf utfcfzakh` lc `rhlkah`r y ha ca nasuacfhah hl qul a eå sl el hak

dastaktl dflk aedas n`sas, hl e`h` qul el `jrlnå a ayuharca. Lc pr`hunt` jfkac lstuv` cfst`

aylr y lcca, sfk hlnfrel kaha, lkvfþ uka n`pfa a ca hfrlnt`ra hl uka `roakfzanfþk kanf`kac hl

euilrls a ca qul plrtlklnl suofrfækh`cl qul el n`ktratara para hfslñar uk j`cclt` para ca

`roakfzanfþk. El qulhæ sfk badca nuakh` el lkvfþ uk n`rrl` lclntrþkfn` n`ktákhèl c` qul

badåa blnb`.·

\k rloac` sfk nèprèfs` ls uk ant` hl p`hlr fkvfsfdcl prlnfsaelktl p`rqul k`

fepcfna lxplntatfvas kf `dcfoanf`kls. ]arlnl tlklr uk p`hlr lsplnfac para lstfeucar ca lklroåa

nrlatfva hl ca olktl, nè` hlsnudrflr`k cas sfouflktls plrs`kas.

Gara D. lsnrfdfþ9 «\k nèpañlr` hl tradai` y su euilr el ayuhar`k hákhèl ncasls

partfnucarls huraktl varf`s elsls para qul puhflra sloufr n`k efs lstuhf`s. ^f k` budflra sfh`

p`r lcc`s, badråa tlkfh` qul hliar hl lstuhfar. El ayuhar`k sfk lsplrar kaha a naedf`. K`

badåa kfkoùk nèprèfs` p`r ef partl, lxnlpt` lc hl ayuhar acoùk håa a `tras plrs`kas hlc




-6?-

lkjlrelhah ls uka j`rea hl ap`y` nuratfv` hlc sloukh` nbagra. (^lr napaz hl lsnunbar,

n`ks`car y `jrlnlr n`ksli`s ls uk ant` hl p`hlr hlc slxt` nbagra, s`drl lc nuac badcarle`s lk

lc napåtuc` :. ]`klr kulstr` n`razþk huraktl sleakas ` elsls lk lc nufhah` hl acouflk ls uk

ant` hl p`hlr hlc nuart` nbagra.) Tlsp`khle`s lk juknfþk hl kulstras nuacfhahls7 k` t`h` lc

eukh` sadl lsnunbar kf t`h` lc eukh` ls uk dulk `roakfzah`r. Eunba olktl sadl qul sfrvl

para eaktlklr ca nacea lk eèlkt`s hl nrfsfs y tèar lc eakh` nuakh` t`ha ca jaefcfa sl

hlse`r`ka y sl bukhl lk lc h`c`r, vfrtuhls ncásfnas hlc prfelr y sloukh` nbagras. @tr`s s`k

eli`rls lk lc tù a tù, c` qul sulc` slr uka vfrtuh hlc tlrnlr nbagra. K` t`h` lc eukh` tflkl ca

lklroåa lspfrftuac para lcc`. Aukqul t`h`s sè`s hfjlrlktls, naha plrs`ka tflkl p`r c` elk`s

uk pukt` julrtl lk lc qul k`s p`hle`s p`yar para ayuhar a sakar a c`s hleás.

Bl tlkfh` varfas n`kvlrsanf`kls a c` caro` hl c`s añ`s n`k plrs`kas qul sl lsj`rzadak

lk plrh`kar a efledr`s hl su jaefcfa ` aefo`s p`r k` badlr lstah` a su cah` nuakh` eás c`

klnlsftadak, lsplnfacelktl lk eèlkt`s hl nrfsfs. A elhfha qul fda clylkh` cas nartas qul

rlnfdå, el hf nulkta hl qul, hldfh` a cas hfjlrlknfas lxfstlktls lktrl kulstr`s pukt`s julrtls y

lktrl kulstras vucklradfcfhahls, k` t`h` lc eukh` sadl nþe` ayuhar ahlnuahaelktl. \k

bèdrl lsnrfdfþ qul sfoul lstrlccákh`sl n`k lc lkjah` hl su euilr p`r c` qul lcca sfktfþ nè`

uka jacta hl rlspulsta hl su earfh` nuakh` tuv` qul plreaklnlr p`straha lk ca naea

huraktl nfkn` elsls a n`kslnulknfa hl uk annfhlktl hl trájfn`. ^fk ledaro`, æc cl pr`pus`

banlr rlj`reas lk nasa naha para qul sl puhflra hlspcazar n`k eay`r janfcfhah y sl `jrlnfþ afkstarcl uk lcad`rah` sfstlea hl lktrltlkfeflkt` para qul puhflra cclkar cas b`ras hlc håa

vflkh` plcånucas, aså nè` uk `rhlkah`r iukt` a su naea. Badråa rle`hlcah` ` nèprah`

nuacquflr n`sa para ayuhar a su euilr a rlnuplrarsl. Lk lsl slktfh`, jul nèpcltaelktl

olklr`s` hlshl lc pukt` hl vfsta hlc sloukh` nbagra, plr` c` qul su euilr slktå qul

klnlsftada lra ap`y` hlc nuart` nbagra, nèprlksfþk y n`ksulc` le`nf`ka, c` qul para lcca

sfokfjfnada hlhfnarcl eás atlknfþk y harcl eás n`kvlrsanfþk. Kfkouk` lktlkhfþ ca klnlsfhah

hlc `tr`, p`rqul ca nrfsfs badåa nrlah` uk kulv` y hlsn`k`nfh` n`kiukt` hl klnlsfhahls. ]lr`

aqulc bèdrl jul t`h` c` adkloah` y olklr`s` qul p`håa slr.

Kfkouka hl cas plrs`kas qul n`k`zn` badca lc clkouail hl c`s nbagras n`k ca sujfnflktl

jcufhlz nè` para hlsnrfdfrsl lk juknfþk hl c`s pukt`s julrtls y cas cfeftanf`kls hl sus

nbagras, plr` t`h`s `roakfzae`s fkn`ksnflktlelktl kulstras vfhas lk t`rk` a cas vfrtuhls y

cas vucklradfcfhahls hl kulstr` sfstlea lklroætfn`. Kulstra fktufnfþk rlsp`khl nuakh` cas

klnlsfhahls hl c`s hleás lknaiak n`k kulstras nuacfhahls y vfnlvlrsa. ]`hle`s asuefr qul

nuakh` acouflk k`s `jrlnl ayuha, hl acoùk e`h` ba naptah` cas slñacls qul cl lstae`s

lkvfakh`. K` lstae`s `dcfoah`s a ayuhar sfleprl a c`s hleás kf a anlptar sfleprl t`ha ca




-1==-

Lxaelk hlc kùncl` hlc sloukh` nbagra

Cas sfouflktls prlouktas fkstak ac clnt`r a lxaefkar sus klnlsfhahls y su jl9 su tl`còåa

plrs`kac. ^`k lilrnfnf` hl aut`hlsnudrfeflkt`. Lc sloukh` nbagra ls lc nlktr` plrnlptfv` hl

cas rlcanf`kls y hl cas nulstf`kls hl ca suplrvfvlknfa lk c` qul sl rljflrl a cas jfkakzas, lc

n`ktr`c plrs`kac, lc p`hlr tlrrlkac y ca nèpltlknfa. ^lktfe`s fktuftfvaelktl ca lklroåa hl

t`h` y hl t`h`s aktls hl qul c` baoa kulstra elktl n`ksnflktl. Lstae`s rlacfzakh` clnturas

fktuftfvas n`kstaktlelktl, fkncus` nuakh` k`s hlnfhfe`s a k`s`tr`s efse`s qul cas

hlnfsf`kls qul tèae`s sl dasak lk c`s blnb`s.

Ab`ra, el oustaråa qul lc clnt`r sl prlouktara a så efse`9

1. Nuakh` n`k`zn` a acouflk, °nuác ls lc prfelr tfp` hl fkj`reanfþk lk qul el jfi`

para p`hlr sfkt`kfzar n`k æc0 °û kfvlc ln`kþefn`0 °û tradai` ` ca jacta hl

tradai`0 °û p`hlr ` sus dflkls eatlrfacls0 °Ca slksanfþk hl qul parlnl slr uka

dulka plrs`ka0

4. Hl lktraha, °tflkh` a iuzoar a ca olktl n`k hurlza y culo` suavfz` ef `pfkfþk

nuakh` lepflz` a n`k`nlrca eli`r, ` prljflr` eaktlklr lk susplks` ef `pfkfþk

s`drl cas plrs`kas basta qul cas n`k`zn` dflk0

>. °Xflkh` a iuzoar rápfha y kloatfvaelktl a c`s hleás p`r sus nfrnukstaknfas0

8. °ûlc` lxtralr n`kncusf`kls prlnfpftahas s`drl nþe` hldlråa s`cunf`kar sus

pr`dcleas ca olktl0

<. °El sflkt` fkncfkah` a `jrlnlr ayuha sfk qul el ca pfhak nuakh` vl` qul acouflk

ca klnlsfta0

:. °Lk quæ el das` para hlnfhfr sf hld` ayuhar a acouflk0

?. °Bl hlkloah` acouka vlz uka pltfnfþk hl ayuha0 Lk nas` ajfreatfv`, °p`r quæ0

2. °El sflkt` fknþe`h` nuakh` lst`y r`hlah` hl olktl qul klnlsfta ayuha0

\KA @TANFÞK HLC ^LO\KH@ NBAGTA

X`h` lc eukh` klnlsfta lk acoùk eèlkt` plhfr ayuha a Hf`s ` a `tras plrs`kas. K`

huh` qul lc clnt`r sl baya lkn`ktrah` lk lsa tlsftura uka vlz ` h`s. ^f ab`ra sl lknulktra lkc` qul y` hlkèfk` uka nrfsfs hlc sloukh` nbagra ‘jfkaknflra, hl tradai` ` rlcanf`kac‘ cl




-1=1-

suoflr` qul sl rlslrvl uk eèlkt` para hfrfofr a Hf`s lsta pcloarfa, s`cfnftakh` ca fktlrvlknfþk

hfvfka9

«Hf`s, p`r jav`r, ayùhael.·

Ab`ra, k`s hliarle`s fr. Eaktlkhrle`s kulstr` pr`dclea ` kulstr`s eflh`s lk ca

elktl y lc n`razþk y `rarle`s9 «]`ko` efs eflh`s dai` ca ouåa hl tu sadfhuråa.·

Zlrle`s t`h` c` qul k`s `nurra hlshl lc jfkac hl lsta `ranfþk nè` sf hlsleplñara

uk paplc lk ca rlspulsta a kulstra pcloarfa… aukqul anadle`s nb`nakh` n`k uk d`rhfcc` hl

naefk` ac tradai` y n`k h`s rulhas pfknbahas. Kulstra pcloarfa slrá lsnunbaha

fkstaktáklaelktl y ca rlspulsta sl p`khrá lk earnba fouac hl fkstaktáklaelktl. @iacá

puhflra traspasar cas páofkas hl lstl cfdr` y nòlrcl ca eak` ac clnt`r para aslourárslc`.

Tln`rhle`s cas pacadras hlc Xlrnlr âce`9

Xù, Vabvlb, lsnuh` qul el nfñls,

ef oc`rfa, lc qul clvakta ef nadlza.

A v`z lk orft` ncae` banfa Vabvlb,

y æc el rlsp`khl hlshl su sakt` e`ktl. (pausa)

V` el anulst` y el hulre`7

el hlspflrt`, puls Vabvlb el s`stflkl.K` tle` a lsas olktls qul a efccarls

sl ap`stak lk t`rk` n`ktra eå.




-1=4-

>

C`s h`kls hl ca aut`lstfea

K` dusquæfs sþc` vulstr` dlkljfnf`, plksah taedfæk lk `tras plrs`kas.

^f kaháfs lk ca adukhaknfa, k` hfoáfs9 «C`s hleás k` el fep`rtak, k` klnlsft`

prl`nuparel p`r lcc`s.· ^f tlkæfs sulrtl lk ca naza, plreftfh qul `tr`s ca

nèpartak. X`havåa eli`r, lksañahcls c`s cuoarls jav`radcls h`khl adukhak

c`s cl`kls earfk`s jánfcls hl nazar. ^f qulræfs anueucarc` t`h` sþc` para

v`s`tr`s, c`s hleás sl eaktlkhrák acliah`s nuakh` nafoáfs lkjlre`s y kahfl

qulrrá lstar a vulstr` cah` p`rqul, p`r vulstra partl, kukna `s prl`nupastlfs

p`r c`s hleás. ]r`nurah taedfæk p`r c`s hleás. A c`s yaeaka k` cls oustak cas

plrs`kas qul antùak n`k lo`åse`.Fkfnfanfþk hl c`s fkhf`s Vaeaka

Banl acouk`s añ`s, lstada fepartflkh` uk slefkarf` s`drl lc hlsarr`cc` hl ca fktufnfþk

l fktlktada ayuhar a efs acuek`s a n`knlktrarsl eli`r lk `år su v`z fktlrf`r. ]r`dæ eunbas

tænkfnas, hlshl ca rlspfranfþk n`ksnflktl a ca elhftanfþk y ca vfsuacfzanfþk, plr` kfkouk`

parlnåa dlkljfnfarsl hl aqulccas prántfnas, p`r c` elk`s lk c` qul sl rljflrl a cas badfcfhahls

fktuftfvas. Efs acuek`s lstadak hlnlpnf`kah`s, plr` lkt`knls el hf nulkta hl qul, lk

rlacfhah, kfkouk` hl lcc`s n`kjfada lk su slktfh` hlc y`. C` lstadak fktlktakh`, fkncus`

nlrrakh` c`s ì`s y rlspfrakh` pr`jukhaelktl, eás qul kaha para feprlsf`karel y para, p`r

aså hlnfrc`, sanar dulka k`ta. K` lrak napanls hl sacfr hl su j`rea badftuac hl plrnfdfr ca

fkj`reanfþk pr`nlhlktl hl sus pr`pf`s naep`s lklroætfn`s.

âdlr qul cas pr`pfas plrnlpnf`kls s`k prlnfsas ls aco` qul tflkl qul `nurrfr sfk

klnlsfhah hl kfkouka vac`ranfþk pr`nlhlktl hl tlrnlras plrs`kas. Ca fktufnfþk k` ccloa nè`

rlsuctah` hl kfkouka hflta lk partfnucar, ca prántfna hl acoùk rftuac ` lsnunbar eþvfcls hl

naepakfccas. Ls uka n`kslnulknfa katurac hl ca aut`lstfea, ca julrza eás p`hlr`sa qul sl




-1=>-

pulhl tlklr. N`k aut`lstfea, ca vfha sl pulhl n`kvlrtfr lk uka avlktura p`rqul uk` sadl

fkstfktfvaelktl qul pulhl ajr`ktar c` hlsn`k`nfh`. V pulhl plreftfrsl ayuhar a c`s hleás sfk

eflh`s, c` qul ls ca vlrhahlra cfdlranfþk.

Lc tlrnlr nbagra ls lc nlktr` lklroætfn` hlc y`. Ls lc nlktr` hlc lo`, ca z`ka qul p`sll

lc p`hlr hl ca fktufnfþk para ca suplrvfvlknfa. K`s kutrfe`s eás hl ca lklroåa hl lstl tlrnlr

nbagra qul ca hl c`s `tr`s slfs. Lk lstl naep` lklroætfn` cas plrnlpnf`kls naedfak hl «a quæ

plrtlklzn`· ‘plrnlpnf`kls trfdacls hlc prfelr nbagra‘ y hl c`s fktlrnaedf`s rlcanf`kacls hlc

sloukh` nbagra ‘«a qufæk plrtlklzn`·‘ ac slktfh` plrs`kac l fkhfvfhuac hl ca pr`pfa

fhlktfhah.

Elcfssa I. hlsnrfdfþ plrjlntaelktl lsta hfjlrlknfa nuakh` lsnrfdfþ9 «Bay ant`s hl

slrvfnf` plrs`kacls l feplrs`kacls. \k ant` hl slrvfnf` feplrs`kac slråa, p`r lilepc`,

partfnfpar antfvaelktl lk lc pr`ylnt` hl uka @KO. C`s ant`s hl slrvfnf` plrs`kacls s`k

hfstfkt`s. Hlnfhls ayuhar a uka plrs`ka lk n`knrlt` qul j`rea partl hl tu vfha fepcfnákh`tl

plrs`kacelktl y, p`r c` takt`, rlacfzas uka `dra pfah`sa, uk autæktfn` ant` hl slrvfnf`.·

Lc nèlktarf` hl Elscfssa k` hlsvac`rfza, dai` kfkoùk n`knlpt`, c`s pr`ylnt`s hl

v`cuktarfah`, plr` slñaca ca fep`rtaknfa hl j`rtaclnlrk`s fktlrf`relktl c` sujfnflktl nè`

para p`hlr j`rtaclnlr a `tra plrs`ka. ]`r lilepc`, ayuhar a `tra plrs`ka a n`kstrufrsl uka

nasa, uk ant` hl p`hlr hlc prfelr nbagra, ls uka j`rea hl ayuha qul tflkl uk rlsuctah` euy

takofdcl. ]lr` slr napaz hl lvacuar ca aut`lstfea hl `tra plrs`ka, uk ant` hl p`hlrqufktalslknfac hlc tlrnlr nbagra, ls elk`s vfsfdcl y sulcl lxfofr eay`r fepcfnanfþk plrs`kac.

Ayuhar a `tra plrs`ka a n`kstrufrsl uka nasa ls aco` traksfnf`kac lk c` qul sl rljflrl ac us` hl

lklroåa y tflep`, plr` ayuhar a j`rtaclnlr ca aut`lstfea hl acouflk ls aco` traksj`reanf`kac y

pulhl n`star eunb` eás lk lc asplnt` lklroætfn`. \k` pulhl vlr ca nasa qul ayuhþ a

n`kstrufr, plr` k` pulhl s`plsar ` elhfr ca fkjculknfa qul ba tlkfh` lk ca lclvanfþk hl ca

aut`lstfea hl `tra plrs`ka. ]`r lilepc`, p`hle`s hlnfr9 «V` n`c`quæ lsa vlktaka lk ca parlh

sur hl lsa badftanfþk·, plr` kukna p`hrle`s iustfjfnar ajfreanf`kls hlc tfp` hl9 «V` s`y ca

razþk hl qul æc bfnflra aco` p`r så efse`.·

Kulstr` lo` hlsla rlnfdfr rln`k`nfeflkt` p`r ca ayuha qul hae`s y lst`, sfk cuoar a

huhas, pulhl fkjcufr s`drl nuákh` y nþe` hlnfhfe`s ayuhar, y s`drl sf qulrle`s qul k`s hlk

cas oranfas ` dflk prljlrfe`s lc ak`kfeat`. \ka euilr qul n`k`nå lstada euy aearoaha

p`rqul badåa ayuhah` v`cuktarfaelktl a uka nèukfhah n`ks`cakh` a cas våntfeas hl

lxplrflknfas traueátfnas y sl slktåa lkoañaha hldfh` a qul c`s hleás v`cuktarf`s k` badåak

rln`k`nfh` sus lsjulrz`s. Ca cad`r hl v`cuktarfah` fepcfna ayuhar h`khl y nuakh` ls

klnlsarf`7 plr`, para aqulcca euilr y para eunbas `tras plrs`kas, lc v`cuktarfah` ls uk elhf`




-1=8-

para n`slnbar lcòf`s y lstadclnlr uka dasl hl aut`rfhah y n`k p`hlr plrs`kacls. C`s iulo`s

hl p`hlr y ca p`cåtfna, p`r hlsn`ktþ, pulhl slr tak badftuacls lk cas `roakfzanf`kls hl

v`cuktarf`s nè` lk c`s klo`nf`s, y n`kstftuylk hlsajå`s tåpfn`s hlc tlrnlr nbagra.

]`r `tr` cah`, lk uk` hl efs slefkarf`s n`k`nå a uka euilr qul lra rljrlsnaktlelktl

n`ksnflktl y hfrlnta s`drl c` qul p`håa y k` p`håa har. Hfi`9

‘V` k` pulh` slr uka dulka v`cuktarfa p`rqul klnlsft` sl ca ilja, y c`s v`cuktarf`s k`

pulhlk asnlkhlr hl rako` hl ca j`rea lk qul y` klnlsft` banlrc`. ^å, c` ahefr`, klnlsft` qul

rln`k`znak c` qul bao` p`rqul bao` dflk cas n`sas.

Lsta rlspulsta, p`r `tra partl, k` fkhfna qul aqulcca euilr k` tuvflra uk lspårftu

olklr`s` sfk` qul sadåa hlnfr «dasta·. Ca olktl sl qulea n`kstaktlelktl p`rqul k` sadl

n`ktr`car sus n`raz`kls nèpasfv`s7 tflklk sfk nlsar fepucs`s qul c`s cclvak a fktlktar

rlsnatar a `tras plrs`kas, y a vlnls a fktlktar n`ktr`carcas. âdlr nèpaofkar kulstr` hlsl`

hl rln`k`nfeflkt` y ca ccaeaha a antuar olklr`saelktl ‘y hl j`rea fkvfsfdcl‘ ls uka tarla

jukhaelktac hl kulstr` tlrnlr nlktr` lklroætfn`.

Lk ca narfhah, k` lxfstl lc lxnls`,

Jraknfsn Dan`k

Ca olklr`sfhah k` ls uka j`rea hl vfha, sfk` ca j`rea hl vfha. Nè` hfi` Duha9 «Hl ca

efsea eaklra qul n`k uk e`ktþk hl jc`rls sl pulhlk jadrfnar eunbas oufrkachas, aqulc qul

kanl nè` slr bueak` hldl banlr eunbas dulkas `dras.· Eunb`s hl c`s orakhls ealstr`s

lspfrftuacls fkstak a ca olktl a har sfk lsplrar kaha a naedf`, ac banlr lc dflk sþc` p`r ae`r ac

dflk. Eunb` aktls hl qul ccloule`s ac pukt` hl slr napanls hl rlacfzar ant`s hl p`hlr

suplrf`rls l fkvfsfdcls, klnlsftae`s banlr ant`s vfsfdcls. Xlkle`s qul hfsjrutar ayuhakh` a

`tr`s a sakar ` prlparakh` s`rprlsas earavfcc`sas para c`s hleás. Lst` ls c` qul plreftfrá

hlsnudrfr lc lknakt` hl har, aså nè` lc rloac` hl rlnfdfr.

Zarfas plrs`kas qufsflr`k nèpartfr n`kefo` lilepc`s hl `dslquf`s eatlrfacls

pr`nlhlktls hl h`kaktls fkvfsfdcls. \ka euilr rlnfdfþ uka slrfl hl rloac`s hl Kavfhah qul cl

hliar`k lk su pulrta huraktl vlfktfnuatr` håas sloufh`s7 `tra euilr sl lkn`ktrþ n`k qul lc

n`khunt`r qul fda hlcaktl hl lcca lk ca n`ca hl ca aut`pfsta cl badåa paoah` lc plail. Lk lstas y

`tras lxplrflknfas sfefcarls hl dlkljant`rls akþkfe`s, c`s rlnlpt`rls fkj`rear`k hl qul

sfktflr`k nè` sf budflrak tlkfh` uka lxplrflknfa hl oranfa qul rlk`vþ su jl lk lc p`hlr hl ca




-1=<-

d`khah ailka. Aqulcc`s `dslquf`s puraelktl eatlrfacls tuvflr`k uk`s ljlnt`s qul cls

naedfar`k ca vfha.

A uk kfvlc eás eltajåsfn`, uk bèdrl lsnrfdfþ qul, nuakh` lra ah`clsnlktl, parlnåa

ad`nah` a fr p`r lc eac naefk`. Badåa nrlnfh` lk uk bòar hlslstrunturah` h`khl kahfl

nufhada hl æc. \k håa, ac sacfr hlc n`clof`, jul a nasa hl uk aefo`, lsplrakh` qul cl pfhflrak

qul sl qulhara a nlkar, puls sadåa qul lk su nasa k` cl lsplraråa kfkouka nlka prlparaha.

«Aqulcca jaefcfa el fkvftþ a nlkar, c` qul cls aorahlnå pr`jukhaelktl. ]lr` c` qul rlacelktl

el naedfþ ca vfha jul nuakh`, p`r prfelra vlz, prlslknfæ uka `ranfþk jaefcfar aktls hl ca

nlka. K` sadåa quæ tlkåa qul banl, hl e`h` qul el cfeftæ a iuktar cas eak`s y daiar ca

nadlza. Lkt`knls lc pahrl hl ef aefo` hfi`9 –Oranfas, Hf`s, p`r tralr a Dfccy a kulstra elsa y a

kulstra jaefcfa. Hlia qul slpa qul k`s slktfråae`s euy aorahlnfh`s sf sl ukl a kulstra elsa

tak a elkuh` nè` hlsll. –Leplnæ a s`cc`zar. Kukna kahfl el badåa tratah` n`k takt`

rlsplt`. ^lktå uka julrza qul lktrada lk ef lstþeao` y qul sfleprl nrllræ qul jul ca oranfa

p`rqul, a partfr hl aqulc eèlkt`, vac`ræ ef vfha.·

Ca n`knflknfa hlc tlrnlr nbagra

Lc bèdrl suplrf`r k` `cvfha lc plcfor` nuakh` hlsnaksa

slour`. K` `cvfha lc jaktasea hl ca rufka nuakh` lstá lstadclnfh`. K`

`cvfha ca n`kjusfþk nuakh` sus klo`nf`s lsták lk `rhlk. ^þc` aså p`hrá

eaktlklr su slourfhah plrs`kac y pr`tlolr su rlfk`.

N`kjunf`

Lc kèdrl bfkhù hl lstl tlrnlr nlktr` lklroætfn` sfokfjfna «nfuhah hl ca i`ya

rlspcakhlnflktl·, uka eltáj`ra hl ca dlcclza hlc y` j`rtaclnfh`. Hl blnb`, lc clea hl lstlnbagra p`hråa slr9 «Bþkratl a tf efse`.· Lc sanraelkt` nrfstfak` hl ca n`kjfreanfþk y lc Dar `

Dat Eftsvá iuhå` rlprlslktak ca lklroåa hl lstl nbagra. Nuakh` k`s n`kjfreae`s lk kulstra

jl, lstae`s anlptakh` n`ksnflktlelktl lc p`hlr y ca eahurlz hl kulstr` y` fkhfvfhuac. Ac

banlrc`, hlncarae`s kulstra fktlknfþk hl n`kvlrtfrk`s lk efledr`s n`ksnflktls hl ca

nèukfhah.

Lstl nbagra taedfæk n`ktflkl lc p`hlr hlc aouaktl, ca napanfhah hl s`p`rtar y anlptar

c` qul k`s hlparl lc ukfvlrs` lk lc nurs` hl kulstras vfhas y hl ayuhar a c`s hleás a s`p`rtar

c` qul k` pulhlk naedfar. Lk lc kfvlc hlc prfelr nbagra, anlptae`s cas nfrnukstaknfas hl




-1=?-

ao`tahas, jatfoahas ` lkjlreas aktls hl anlptar ca klnlsfhah hl nufharsl y banlr lclnnf`kls

qul cls sacvaråak ca vfha. Nè`, p`r lilepc`, p`klr jfk a uk eatrfe`kf` qul k` juknf`ka `

lclofr uka trahfnfþk lspfrftuac hfjlrlktl. ]lr`, para lv`cunf`kar banfa ca eahurlz lspfrftuac,

hldle`s tèar n`knflknfa hl c` qul sè`s y slr jflcls a k`s`tr`s efse`s y a c` qul

klnlsftae`s takt` lspfrftuac nè` jåsfnaelktl. ]ara p`hlr apr`vlnbar ac eáxfe` kulstr`

p`hlr plrs`kac, hldle`s sfkt`kfzar kulstra aut`lstfea n`k kulstra fktufnfþk.

]ara eahurar basta lc pukt` hl p`hlr antuar «fkvfsfdclelktl·, hldle`s cclvar a nad`

fep`rtaktls n`kjr`ktanf`kls n`k kulstr` y` y kulstras e`tfvanf`kls plrs`kacls. A elkuh`,

lk efs slefkarf`s cakz` ca prloukta9 «°Nuákt`s hl ustlhls rln`k`nlk qul antùak lk eunbas

janltas hl su vfha y hl sus rlcanf`kls nè` rlsnatah`rls ` sfrvflktls0·. Cas eak`s sl clvaktak

a ca vlc`nfhah hl ca cuz, anèpañahas hl lxprlsf`kls janfacls qul hlk`tak prl`nupanfþk,

sujrfeflkt`, rlnbaz` y jacta hl aut`lstfea. \ka euilr lxpus`9

‘]lr`…°nuákh`…, nuákh` aprlkhlræ a k` hárslc` t`h` a uk bèdrl a quflk k` cl

fep`rt` kaha0 Lst`y naksaha hl qul c`s bèdrls k` vac`rls c` eunb` qul bao` p`r lcc`s.

]`r supulst`, takt` c`s bèdrls nè` cas euilrls pulhlk slktfr lc efse` tfp` hl

akoustfa y rlslktfeflkt` nè` n`kslnulknfa hl ayuhar a c`s hleás. Nè` hlsnrfdfþ tak

h`c`r`saelktl aqulcca euilr, har p`r e`tfv`s lqufv`nah`s ls ao`tah`r, takt` hlshl lc pukt`

hl vfsta le`nf`kac nè` jåsfn`, y k` ayuha a kahfl. Hlsarr`ccar lc p`hlr plrs`kac fkncuyl

aprlkhlr a k` klo`nfar ca pr`pfa vacåa p`r lc dflk hl `tra plrs`ka ` a k` vlkhlrsl a dai`prlnf` p`r uk tradai`.

Hlspuæs hl uk` hl efs slefkarf`s h`khl elknf`kæ ca fep`rtaknfa hlc rlsplt` p`r uk`

efse` para slr napaz hl ayuhar a c`s hleás, uka euilr sl el anlrnþ y el hfi`9

‘^æ hl c` qul lstá badcakh`. ^`y e`hlc` y æstl ls uk eukh` euy nèpltftfv`. \k

håa uka nbfna sl ukfþ a kulstr` lqufp` para uka j`t` hl orup`. Lra euy atrantfva y t`has k`s

hfe`s nulkta fkelhfataelktl. Lcca lstada klrvf`sa y el prlouktþ nþe` cl qulhada c` qul

cclvada pulst`. Xlkåa uk asplnt` eaokåjfn`, plr` y` k` juf napaz hl hlnårslc`. Lk cuoar hl ls`,

cl hfil qul p`håa lstar eli`r. Lcca sl bukhfþ. El slktå nucpadcl fkelhfataelktl p`r badlrcl

blnb` slktfr tak eac, plr` k` juf napaz hl rlparar lc hañ`. ^fepclelktl k` tuvl uk lo` c`

dastaktl julrtl nè` para ayuharca.

Ca euilr qul el lxpcfnþ lst` fkhuhadclelktl lstada sfkt`kfzaha n`k su pr`pfa

fktufnfþk7 sadåa qul ca `tra e`hlc` lstada dusnakh` apr`danfþk, n`klxfþk y uk lepui`knft`

para slktfrsl eás sloura. ]lr`, hldfh` a sus pr`pfas fkslourfhahls, k` jul napaz hl adrfrsl a

su pr`jukha napanfhah fktuftfva y slktfr rlacelktl ca vucklradfcfhah hl ca rlnfæk ccloaha. Lk

cuoar hl lcc`, rlannf`kþ hlshl sus pr`pf`s eflh`s y anrlnlktþ c`s eflh`s hl ca i`vlk.




-1=2-

Ca narta hl Ilk H. sl lknulktra iust` lk lc p`c` `pulst`9 «Lst`y lk pclk` pr`nls` hl

hfv`rnf`. Aukqul sæ qul p`klr jfk a ef eatrfe`kf` lra c` qul klnlsftada para p`hlr naedfar y

nrlnlr, sfoul rlprlslktakh` uk natancfse` lk ef vfha y aco` qul el atlrra.

·Lc efse` håa rlnfdå h`s nartas. \ka ccloþ p`r n`rrl` y lra hl ef eahrl. N`k lcca

eaktlko` uka rlcanfþk euy nlrnaka lk eunb`s slktfh`s, plr` ef eahrl ls euy haha a cas

n`kvlrsanf`kls pr`jukhaelktl le`nf`kacls. Lk su narta lxprlsada c` `roucc`sa qul sl slktåa

hl eå y ajfreada qul el n`ksfhlrada euy vacflktl p`r slr napaz hl banlr uk naedf` hl lsl

nacfdrl lk ef vfha. Tln`k`nåa qul badåa vfst` qul el hliada oufar p`r efs slktfeflkt`s lk ca

vfha y qul ls` cl parlnåa aco` hfok` hl ahefranfþk. ûs pacadras el le`nf`kar`k

pr`jukhaelktl y sl el cclkar`k c`s ì`s hl cáorfeas. Kukna lk ef vfha el badåa slktfh` tak

arr`pah` p`r ef eahrl. ûs pacadras el hflr`k julrzas y lclvar`k ef lspårftu iust` nuakh`

eás c` klnlsftada.

·Ca sloukha narta lstada s`drl ef elsa hl tradai` y lra hl uka nèpañlra uk p`n`

eay`r qul y`. Badåa hfduiah` uka ccavl y badåa lsnrft` hldai`9 –Æsta ls ca ccavl para lktrar lk

lc rlst` hl tu vfha.― Hlspuæs badåa lsnrft` qul lcca n`kjfada lk eå y sadåa qul tlkåa eunb` qul

`jrlnlr. Hl kulv`, el slktå cclk` hl oranfa hl uka j`rea fklsplraha. ûs pacadras sfokfjfnar`k

eunb` para eå lk aqulc eèlkt`. El trakseftflr`k lc elksail hl qul k` lstada s`c` y qul

badåa acouflk qul el lktlkhåa. Aqulcc`s h`s ant`s hl slrvfnf` julr`k h`s vlrhahlras

s`rprlsas. ¡Ab`ra sflkt` qul pulh` n`k t`h`!·

Har, rlnfdfr y lc hlsl` hl rln`k`nfeflkt`

Hah c` qul tlkoáfs. ]ara acouflk, pulhl slr eli`r hl c` qul iaeás badråafs feaofkah`.

Blkry _ahw`rtb C`kojlcc`w

Lc jfcþs`j` orflo` Lpfntlt` lsnrfdfþ9 «Lc ukfvlrs` k` ls eás qul uka orak nfuhah,

p`dcaha p`r slrls, hfvfk`s y bueak`s p`r katuraclza, qul sl aeak c`s uk`s a c`s `tr`s.·

Nufhark`s c`s uk`s a c`s `tr`s ls uka `dcfoanfþk nþsefna qul t`h`s nèpartfe`s. Naha uk` hl

k`s`tr`s ls uk jraoelkt` fkhfvfhuac hl uk acea n`clntfva y lstae`s ccaeah`s a ayuhark`s

eutuaelktl, a vfvfr n`k uka n`knflknfa nèpasfva hl t`ha ca bueakfhah.




-1=6-

]lr`, sf har y rlnfdfr julrak n`sas slknfccas, ca olktl k` lxplrfelktaråa takta aksflhah,

nucpa y prl`nupanfþk n`k e`tfv` hl lst`s ant`s. Ac fouac qul ca euilr s`drl ca qul ble`s

badcah` aktls, qul k` sl slktåa vac`raha p`r su cad`r nè` v`cuktarfa, t`h`s hldle`s

ajr`ktar lc rlt` hl aprlkhlr a `jrlnlr kulstra ayuha hlsprlkhfækh`k`s hlc hlsl` hl

rln`k`nfeflkt`. \ka euilr rlsuefþ cas le`nf`kls hl eunbas plrs`kas9 «K` ls qul y` julra

dusnakh` acoùk tfp` hl aorahlnfeflkt`, plr` lst`y sloura hl qul badråa sfh` aorahadcl

rlnfdfrc`.· Nflrt`, plr`, eflktras rln`rrae`s lc naefk` hl ca ayuha feplrs`kac y lspfrftuac,

hldlrle`s nèpaofkar lc feplratfv` hl har n`k kulstr` hlsl`s plrs`kacls. Kulstra tarla

n`ksfstl lk fkjukhfr a kulstra annfþk t`ha kulstra jl y kulstra nrllknfa lk su d`khah y

vlrtlrca ac ukfvlrs` para qul `drl fkvfsfdclelktl.

Lktrl ca euctftuh hl nartas qul rlnfdå s`drl ayuhas hlsfktlrlsahas, ca hl Tutb B. ls

uka hl cas eás lknaktah`ras9 «Ayuhar a c`s hleás j`rea partl hlc e`h` lk qul el

lhunar`k. K` ls qul el ah`ntrfkarak s`drl lcc`7 jul lc lilepc` qul el hflr`k efs pahrls, c`s

e`kft`rls hl lxnursf`kfse`, c`s v`cuktarf`s hlc nlktr` hl asfstlknfa, vlnfk`s n`k oakas hl

ayuhar y efs nèpañlr`s hl tradai`. ]`r c` qul s`cåa lxpcfnar ef pahrl, sæ qul a æc taedfæk c`

lhunar`k aså. û pahrl lra p`cfnåa huraktl c`s añ`s hl ca Hlprlsfþk, plr` taedfæk tlkåa uka

plqulña orakia y uk bulrtlnft` a e`h` hl ajfnfþk. N`k `nb` bfi`s, aqulcca ajfnfþk sl n`kvfrtfþ

lk uka klnlsfhah. Naha sádah` p`r ca eañaka ef pahrl y su blreak` eay`r cclkadak uk

narrft` n`k bulv`s y b`rtacfzas y c`s rlpartåak lktrl c`s vlnfk`s qul tlkåak apur`s ln`kþefn`s.Banåak lc rlpart` sfk lspavflkt`s, kf sfquflra ccaeadak a ca pulrta. ^l cfeftadak a hliar ca

nèfha lk c`s p`rtacls hl cas nasas. Banl p`n` bfnl uk nurs` s`drl cfhlrazo` para slrvfr. Hlshl

lkt`knls fktlkt` apcfnar c`s prfknfpf`s qul accå aprlkhå lk lc tradai`, y el prloukt` lk cas

sftuanf`kls hfjånfcls9 –°Nuác ls ca eli`r j`rea hl s`cunf`kar lsta sftuanfþk0― Lst`y e`tfvaha a

ayuhar a c`s hleás a s`drlcclvar sus pr`dcleas y p`r ls` cls bao` sadlr qul k` lsták s`c`s.·

Xbèas Elrt`k, lc jae`s` eåstfn` natþcfn`, lsnrfdfþ uk cfdr` tftucah` Kfkoùk bèdrl

ls uka fsca, qul y` n`ksfhlr` uk tfp` hl tl`còåa pr`pfa hlc tlrnlr nbagra. Elrt`k lxpc`ra lc

hfclea lspfrftuac hl nþe` hldle`s aprlkhlr a aeark`s a k`s`tr`s efse`s ‘`tra j`rea hl

hlnfr qul hldle`s hlsarr`ccar ca aut`lstfea‘ para p`hlr har vlrhahlra, cfdrl l

fkvfsfdclelktl a c`s hleás. Elrt`k hlsnrfdl n`k orak drfccaktlz lc rlt` hl hlsplrtar a ca

vlrhah hl qul nufharsl a uk` efse` takt` nè` a c`s hleás taedfæk ls uka j`rea hl

slrvfrc`s. Hl blnb`, lk lc j`kh`, uk` k` pulhl nufhar olkufkaelktl a `tra plrs`ka ‘cfdrl hl

rlslktfeflkt`s y hl hlsl`s hl rln`k`nfeflkt`‘ a elk`s qul tlkoa ca efsea n`ksfhlranfþk y

lc efse` ae`r p`r så efse`. Elrt`k lsnrfdl9




-11=-

K` p`hle`s aeark`s a k`s`tr`s efse`s a elk`s qul aele`s a c`s `tr`s7 y

k` p`hle`s aear a `tr`s a elk`s qul k`s aele`s a k`s`tr`s efse`s. Eas uk ae`r

lo`åsta hl k`s`tr`s efse` k`s fknapanfta para aear a `tr`s. Ca hfjfnuctah hl lstl

eakhaeflkt` rahfna lk ca parahìa hl qul aeark`s hl j`rea actrufsta p`rqul fkncus`

lc ae`r a k`s`tr`s efse`s ls aco` qul hldle`s a c`s hleás.

°Quæ quflr` hlnfr n`k aeark`s ahlnuahaelktl0 Quflr` hlnfr, lk prfelr

cuoar, hlslar vfvfr, anlptar ca vfha nè` uk fkelks` h`k y uk orak dflk, k` p`r c` qul

k`s ha, sfk` p`rqul k`s napanfta para har a `tr`s.

]lr` sf vfvfe`s para `tr`s, hlsnudrfrle`s orahuacelktl qul kahfl lsplra qul

slae`s nè` hf`sls. Nèprlkhlrle`s qul sè`s bueak`s, nè` t`h` lc eukh`,

qul t`h`s tlkle`s hldfcfhahls y hljfnflknfas, y qul lstas cfeftanf`kls kulstras

hlsleplñak lk paplc sueaelktl fep`rtaktl lk cas vfhas hl t`h`s k`s`tr`s. Ls p`r

lccas qul klnlsftae`s a c`s `tr`s y qul c`s `tr`s k`s klnlsftak a k`s`tr`s. K` t`h`s

tlkle`s c`s efse`s pukt`s hædfcls7 y p`r ls` k`s nèpclelktae`s y k`s

nèpclelktae`s eutuaelktl, ap`rtakh` naha uk` aqulcc` qul cl jacta ac `tr`. ^þc`

nuakh` k`s vle`s lk kulstr` vlrhahlr` n`ktlxt` bueak`, nè` efledr`s hl uka

raza qul lstá ccaeaha a slr uk `roakfse` y «uk nulrp`·, leplzae`s a nèprlkhlr ca

fep`rtaknfa p`sftfva, takt` hl c`s æxft`s nè` hl c`s jranas`s y hl c`s annfhlktls lk

kulstras vfhas.

Aukqul kukna bl n`k`nfh` a kahfl qul tuvflra uka lkjlrelhah tlrefkac nè`

n`kslnulknfa hl badlr hah` hleasfah`, eunba olktl anueuca rlkn`r, rlslktfeflkt` y nlc`s

nuakh` sus lsjulrz`s pasak fkahvlrtfh`s. Lc sujrfeflkt` hlc tlrnlr nbagra ls acj` qul sl pacpa

fkelhfataelktl, k` bay sutfclzas lk cas rlspulstas hl uk lo` h`cfh` ` rlnbazah`. Lc pclx`

s`car ls uka z`ka lklroætfna sueaelktl slksfdcl, y c` ls h`dclelktl p`rqul ls lc nlktr` hl ca

fktufnfþk para ca suplrvfvlknfa. \k` pulhl hlsakorarsl lklroætfnaelktl sf ha hleasfah` hl så

efse` ` har p`r raz`kls lqufv`nahas. Nè` rlsuctah` hl ca jatfoa hlc rlsnatah`r, sl pulhlk

hlsarr`ccar trast`rk`s nè` ca hlprlsfþk, ca jatfoa le`nf`kac ` lc h`c`r nrþkfn`. Xèar

n`knflknfa hlc pr`pf` y`, hl qufækls sè`s y hl c` qul p`hle`s y k` p`hle`s banlr ls uka

hl cas tarlas eás fep`rtaktls hl ca eahuranfþk lspfrftuac y hlc vfail hlc bær`l.




-111-

Oranfa para lc y`

K` nrlle`s lk k`s`tr`s efse` basta qul acouflk k`s rlvlca qul lk c`

eás pr`jukh` hl kulstr` slr bay aco` vacf`s`, hfok` hl slr lsnunbah`,

elrlnlh`r hl kulstra n`kjfakza, saorah` para k`s`tr`s. \ka vlz qul nrlle`s

lk k`s`tr`s efse`s, p`hle`s arrflsoark`s a slr nurf`s`s, a earavfccark`s y a

hlclftark`s lsp`ktáklaelktl ` a nuacquflr lxplrflknfa qul rlvlcl lc lspårftu

bueak`.

L.L. Nueefkos

Lc kanfeflkt` hlc y` ls uka cunba arqultåpfna qul k`s aouarha a t`h`. Hldle`s

leprlkhlr s`c`s kulstr` vfail blr`fn` a jfk hl hlsnudrfr kulstr`s pr`pf`s rlnurs`s

lspfrftuacls. ]lr` a vlnls klnlsftae`s fkspfranfþk y ap`y`, s`drl t`h` ac prfknfpf` hl kulstr`

vfail. Lk eunbas hl cas nartas qul rlnfdå, cas plrs`kas nèpartåak lxplrflknfas hlc tlrnlr

nbagra qul slktåak qul cls badåak j`rtaclnfh`. Acoukas badåak an`ktlnfh` banåa añ`s, plr` sus

ljlnt`s sakah`rls y traksj`reanf`kacls slouåak sflkh` pr`jukh`s. Lstas nartas s`k prlnf`s`s

tlstfe`kf`s hl c` p`n` qul nulsta j`rtaclnlr lc lspårftu hl acouflk.

Cfsa E. lxpcfnþ9 «Ef nèpañlra hl pfs` ls t`ha uka prfknlsfta, y lcca c` aheftl, nuakh`

bay qul banlr aco`, nasf sfleprl s`y y` ca qul tlko` qul arrfear lc bèdr`. Ls hlspfstaha,

lstá euy nlktraha lk så efsea y k` cl fktlrlsa c` qul el pasa lk ef vfha. ]lr` y` ca quflr`

n`k c`nura y ls ef eli`r aefoa. V, nuakh` rlacelktl ca klnlsft`, sfleprl lstá abå para

ayuharel. A prfknfpf`s hl lstl añ`, y` lstada lsplnfacelktl trfstl y hlprfefha a

n`kslnulknfa hl ca ruptura hl uka rlcanfþk. X`has efs plrtlklknfas lstadak lk uk

ouarhaeuldcls y y` lstada vfvflkh` n`k ef aefoa basta qul hlnfhflra quæ naefk` qulråa

tèar. Jul lc pl`r fkvflrk` hl ef vfha, n`k t`klcahas hl kflvl p`r t`has partls. V` tlkåa sfltl

rastrfcc`s para quftar ca kflvl, plr` lstadak lk lc trastlr` y y` lstada c` dastaktl hlprfefhanè` para p`klrel tlstaruha ac rlsplnt`. El leplñada lk sanar ca kflvl hl ef n`nbl

hfrlntaelktl n`k cas eak`s. ]lr` uk håa lk qul lstada t`h` c` daia hl ákfe`s qul sl pulhl

lstar juf a nòlr lc n`nbl y nèpr`dæ qul acouflk cl badåa quftah` t`ha ca kflvl. ¡Badåa sfh` ca

prfknlsfta! Naha håa cl cfepfada lc n`nbl aktls hl qul y` sacflra para lc tradai`. Aqulcc` jul

uka slksanfþk hlsn`k`nfha y efcaor`sa para eå. Ef aefoa el n`kvlknfþ hl qul julra a su

psfqufatra y plksara lk tèar aktfhlprlsfv`s. Juf ac h`nt`r y, sfk klnlsfhah hl járean`s, aqulc

tlrapluta el bfz` uk rloac` euy slknfcc`, uka j`rea hl vlr cas n`sas qul naedfþ rahfnacelktl

ca j`rea lk qul el slktåa n`kefo` efsea y ef sftuanfþk. Lk t`k` hl ouasa, ccaeæ a ef aefoa




-114-

–ca prfknlsfta Earfcyk cfepfah`ra hl ca kflvl―, a c` qul lcca el n`ktlstþ9 –Dulk`, nuakh` vlas

qul ca kflvl sfoul lk su n`nbl p`r ca eañaka, c` eás pr`dadcl ls qul lstæs eli`rakh`.― V, sfk

vanfcanf`kls, n`kj`rel fdak pasakh` cas sleakas, ca prfknlsfta sl cfeftþ prfelr` a hliar lc

rastrfcc` s`drl lc n`nbl, hlspuæs iukt` ac n`nbl y eás ahlcaktl a k` hliar kfkoùk rastrfcc`. Va

lstada nuraha. Aqulcc` jul c` eli`r qul kahfl ba blnb` p`r eå.·

A vlnls, para j`rtaclnlr a `tra plrs`ka ls prlnfs` antuar n`k nflrta hurlza, c` qul k`

lstá rlñfh` n`k lc ae`r. Nuakh` lc hlsl` hl ayuhar ls autæktfn`, cas lclnnf`kls huras ayuhak

takt` ac hah`r nè` ac rlnlpt`r, nè` hlsnrfdfþ sunfktaelktl Bavlk F. lk su narta9 «Nuakh`

tlkåa vlfktftakt`s añ`s y el badåa vulct` a fkv`cunrar slktfelktacelktl n`k uk bèdrl

fkahlnuah`, el lkn`ktræ uka vlz eás lk uk lstah` hl –hraea t`tac― y ccaeæ a Cyk, ef eli`r

aefoa y, sfk cuoar a huhas, ca eás sadfa. Lcca sfleprl badåa lstah` abå para n`ks`carel, plr`

lsta vlz el hfi`9 –Lst`y `nupaha. Xlko` eunbas n`sas lktrl eak`s. K` tlko` tflep` para tf.―

]us` cåeftls. Aqulcca k`nbl cc`ræ y cc`ræ basta qul còræ n`knfcfar lc sulñ`. °Hþkhl lstadak cas

rlspulstas0 °Hþkhl lstada lc n`ksli` qul klnlsftada0 Ab`ra el sflkt` dastaktl rfhånuca

nuakh` pflks` lk t`ha aqulcca bfst`rfa n`k aqulc bèdrl. Cas rlspulstas qul dusnada y lc

n`ksulc` qul klnlsftada lstadak lk ef fktlrf`r. Cyk k` p`håa badlrel e`strah` eás ae`r hl

kfkouka `tra j`rea. Jul lc eay`r lepuiþk qul iaeás el ba hah` kahfl para aprlkhlr a

lsnunbarel y a lktlkhlrel.·

Quflr` añahfr qul c`s bèdrls taedfæk bak hah` hleasfah` p`r raz`kls lqufv`nahasa euilrls lqufv`nahas. Æstl ls uk nèp`rtaeflkt` badftuac qul pr`nlhl hlc eflh` a lstar

s`c`, uk eflh` hlc tlrnlr nbagra.

@tr` rloac` hl ae`r ahefkfstrah` n`k hurlza ls lc qul rlcata lk su narta Gatbcllk G.,

uka lkjlrelra qul lsnrfdfþ9 «El lkn`ktrada lk lc eèlkt` eás dai` hl ef vfha. Ef

eatrfe`kf` hl hflnfsfltl añ`s badåa jranasah`, ef bfi` hl hflnfsfltl añ`s badåa jacclnfh` lk uk

annfhlktl y lstada a pukt` hl plrhlr ef tradai`. Ca ilja hl lkjlrelras el ccaeþ a su

hlspanb`. K` tlkåa kfkoùk e`tfv` para ap`yarel ` para banlr kfkouka `tra n`sa qul

hlsplhfrel. El elrlnåa qul el hlspfhflrak y p`håa badlr plrhfh` lc tåtuc` hl lkjlrelra lsl

efse` håa, c` qul badråa n`kvlrtfh` ef vfha lk ca tflrra lk uk nèpclt` jranas`. ^l

prlslktar`k t`has cas pruldas qul badåa lk ef n`ktra y y` k` tlkåa kaha qul acloar para

hljlkhlrel. Lra nucpadcl y el slktåa nèpcltaelktl buefccaha, nè` sf el budflra jaccaha a

eå efsea y budflra jaccah` a ef pr`jlsfþk. ]lr` lcca el efrþ n`k uka orak nèpasfþk y el

hfi`9 –Gatbcllk, basta qul tù pulhas nrllr lk tf, v`y a banlrc` y`.― El hliþ qul sfouflra

tradaiakh`. El janfcftþ rlnurs`s y ap`y`. ^l n`kvfrtfþ lk ef elkt`ra y ef aefoa. Kukna supl




-11>-

nþe`, p`r quæ ` quæ cl e`tfvþ a antuar hl aqulc e`h`, plr` nrl` qul lk aqulc eèlkt`

naedfþ ef rued`. Lcca el pus` lk lc naefk` hl v`cvlr a nrllr lk eå efsea.·

Kahfl pulhl banlr qul tl sflktas fkjlrf`r sfk tu n`kslktfeflkt`.

Lclak`r T``slvlct

Hlspuæs hl cllr t`has cas lktlrklnlh`ras bfst`rfas qul el lkvfþ ca olktl, kukna

nrllræ qul k` bay kaha qul p`hae`s banlr. ^fleprl p`hle`s banlr aco` p`r `tra plrs`ka sf

rèple`s lc lsqulea elktac hl qul lc taeañ`, ca naktfhah ` lc rlsuctah` hl kulstr` ant`

hltlrefkak su vac`r. Lst` ls lsplnfacelktl nflrt` nuakh` sl trata hl lclvar ca aut`lstfea hl

`tra plrs`ka. ]ara nurar blrfhas le`nf`kacls pulhlk slr klnlsarf`s añ`s hl tlrapfa y tradai`

psfn`cþofn`. ^fk ledaro`, lc ant` hl d`khah eás sfepcl pulhl tlklr eás ljlnt` s`drl lc

dflklstar hl uka plrs`ka qul elsls y elsls hl tlrapfa. Xac vlz lst` sl hlda a qul ls lk cas

fktlrannf`kls n`k `tras plrs`kas h`khl rlsfhl lc p`hlr. Ca lxplrflknfa hlsnrfta lk ca prþxfea

narta ls jukhaelktac para lc tlrnlr nbagra9 slourfhah plrs`kac y aut`lstfea.

Eacykha C. lsnrfdfþ9 «Banl kulvl añ`s tradaiada nè` hlplkhflkta lk uka tflkha hlhfltætfna y lstuhfada katur`patåa y ahefkfstranfþk hl leprlsas. \ka hl efs ncflktas badftuacls

vfk` uk håa y el lktrloþ uk s`drl orakhl hl paplc eakfca. El hfi` qul acouflk qul lcca

n`k`nåa cl badåa plhfh` qul el c` lktrloara. ]`r hlsn`ktah`, y` k` oakada eunb` hfklr` y

hlplkhåa hl cas dlnas ukfvlrsftarfas para ccloar a jfk hl els. Aqulcca euilr el lktrloþ lc

s`drl y sl jul a t`ha prfsa. C` adrå y hlktr` lkn`ktræ uka k`ta rln`rhákhèl qul lstada

banflkh` uk dulk tradai`. Hlnåa qul badåa blnb` uka dulka lclnnfþk ac lstuhfar katur`patåa,

qul tlkåa eunb` qul `jrlnlr y qul lcca cl badåa sfh` hl orak ayuha lk eunbas `nasf`kls.

Xaedfæk lsnrfdåa qul lstada `roucc`sa hl eå y qulråa qul supflra qul ef lsjulrz` k` lstada

pasakh` fkahvlrtfh`. Lk aqulc eèlkt`, rlacelktl klnlsftada sadlrc`. Hlktr` hlc s`drl

taedfæk badåa uk nblqul p`r vac`r hl nflk hþcarls. El qulhæ ak`kahaha. V` sþc` lstada

banflkh` c` qul sæ banlr y sflkh` nè` s`y, plr` lc ljlnt` hl aqulcca k`ta hl ap`y` jul

suplrf`r a c` qul pulh` hlsnrfdfr n`k pacadras. Jul iust` lc lepuiþk qul klnlsftadak ef lo`,

ef elktl y ef n`razþk.·




-11<-

p`rqul lstas plrs`kas k` elrlnåak e`rfr. ]lr` y` eaktlko` qul hldle`s lcfefkar ca pacadra

elrlnlr hl kulstr` v`naducarf`, uka pacadra hlc tlrnlr nbagra qul sþc` pr`nura sujrfeflkt`.

Bay hleasfahas plrs`kas qul sl rlsflktlk p`r ca dulka sulrtl qul tflklk `tr`s y sl

at`relktak p`rqul sflktlk qul lcc`s ` sus jaefcfas k` tflklk c` qul sl elrlnlk.

I`d sl quliþ aktl Hf`s p`rqul k` elrlnåa lc sujrfeflkt` qul cl badåa lkvfah`, plr` ac

jfkac sl rlhfefþ ac n`kjfar lk qul uka sadfhuråa euy suplrf`r a ca suya lstada `drakh` tras cas

lsnlkas hl su vfha.

^f nals lk uk cuoar ls p`rqul Hf`s tl lepuiþ accå.

]r`vlrdf` kfolrfak`

ûp`koae`s qul ble`s sfh` dlkhlnfh`s n`k uka fhla drfccaktl qul k`s lknaktaråa

p`klr lk prántfna, plr` klnlsftaråae`s eunbåsfea ayuha para banlr rlacfhah kulstr` sulñ`.

ûp`koae`s qul Hf`s k`s lkvfara uka s`cunfþk kaha n`kvlknf`kac9 uk hlsn`k`nfh` sfk

rljlrlknfas, adòah` kf n`ktrat`s. °^lråae`s napanls hl ccloar a uk anulrh` lk tacls

n`khfnf`kls0 Xac vlz så, sf supfærae`s cllr n`k ncarfhah cas slñacls hl kulstra fktufnfþk y

tuvfærae`s lc n`rail hl slr jfcls a kulstras n`kvfnnf`kls. Lc aut`r hl ca sfouflktl narta,J`rtlstlr H., sfoul lstakh` aorahlnfh` a uka hlsn`k`nfha qul sl cl anlrnþ y hlnfhfþ, sfk eás

ap`yar su sulñ` hl adrfr uk ofekasf`.

Hlspuæs hl e`ktar su ofekasf`, J`rlstlr k` n`kslouåa atralr a sujfnflktls ncflktls, hl

e`h` qul, para eaktlklrc` adflrt`, tuv` qul bfp`tlnar h`s vlnls su nasa. «V hlspuæs vlkhå

ef nasa, efs euldcls y ef naefþk. ^`drl t`h`, el lxtrañada qul ca olktl k` sl akfeara a

ap`star p`r uka vfha eás saka lk ef prlnf`s` ofekasf`. El oastæ uk`s qufknl efc hþcarls lk

pudcfnfhah y lkt`knls plksæ9 –Ca rlspulsta hldl lstar lk lc taeañ`―. Hl e`h` qul el

trascahæ a uka partl eás n`knurrfha hl ca nfuhah, trfpcfquæ lc taeañ` hlc c`nac y acqufcæ eás

eatlrfac. °Klnlsft` lxpcfnar nþe` sl slktåa ef lstþeao` Wtlrnlr nbagraU eflktras banåa t`h`

ls`0 Abå lstada y`, tlkflkh` qul paoar 1?<.=== hþcarls lk n`knlpt` hl acqufclr hl eatlrfac y

lc trfpcl lk n`knlpt` hl oast`s hl juknf`kaeflkt`. Leplnæ a nulstf`karel p`r quæ tlkåa qul

fksfstfr lk `dtlklr lc nlrtfjfnah` hl eay`r prlstfof`, nèpahlnlrel hl cas plrs`kas qul k`

lsták lk j`rea y tlklr uk ofekasf` lsplntanucar n`k hunbas fkhfvfhuacls, j`t`tlrapfa, uka

hln`ranfþk feplnadcl y uka n`nfka para banlr s`pas sacuhadcls y cclvarc` t`h` y` s`c`,

hlhfnakh` hl nat`rnl a hflnfsæfs b`ras ac håa.·




-11:-

Ac jfkar, J`rlstlr tuv` qul ajr`ktar sus pærhfhas. «Ccaeæ a efs pr`vllh`rls para

badcar s`drl ca hlv`cunfþk hlc eatlrfac acqufcah`. Ccaeæ ac dakn` para lvftar ca qufldra y a ef

olst`r. V hlspuæs ccaeæ a ef qulrfha aefoa L. C`tz, quflk badåa lkn`ktrah` lc prlnf`s` s`car

para e`ktar lc ofekasf`, uk s`car qul ab`ra tlkhråa qul adakh`kar. ûp`ko` qul ccaeæ a L.

p`rqul su kèdrl tlkåa uka nurf`sa rls`kaknfa aqulc håa9 L. C`tz… c`tl… eee. Cl hfil qul

el hada p`r vlknfh`. –Zlkoa… ‘hfi` lcca‘ k` tfrle`s t`havåa ca tàcca. Hæiael banlr aktls

uka ccaeaha.― Ac nad` hl ukas trls b`ras rlnfdå uka ccaeaha hl uka euilr nuy` aplccfh` lra

]`wlrs-Glyls W]`hlrls-CcavlsU qul el hfi` qul lstada fktlrlsaha lk adrfr uk ofekasf` para

euilrls. N`kolkfae`s fkelhfataelktl y ab`ra sè`s s`nf`s. Lc ofekasf` lstá sacvah`, y lk

eunb`s slktfh`s, taedfæk c` lstae`s lcca y y`.·

]lksle`s p`r uk eèlkt` lk t`ha ca n`rlòrajåa nþsefna qul tuv` qul tlklr cuoar

para qul lstl sulñ` puhflra banlrsl rlacfhah. °V sf acouk` hl c`s h`s s`nf`s budflra tlkfh`

hleasfah` eflh` para antuar n`k ca lxtra`rhfkarfa vlc`nfhah hl ca fktufnfþk, y budflsl

prljlrfh` cclvarc` t`h` a ca vlc`nfhah hl ca cþofna, lc paplcl` y lc eflh`0 @dvfaelktl, ca

fkvlrs`ra nrlyþ c` sujfnflktl lk su julrza y su fktufnfþk nè` para k` hlsplrhfnfar uka

`p`rtukfhah qul para lcca jul fktlrvlknfþk hl ca oranfa hlc efse` e`h` qul c` jul su

fkvlrsfþk para J`rlstlr n`kncuyþ su n`rrl` lclntrþkfn` n`k uk párraj` euy fkspfrah`r s`drl

nþe` vl æc su efsfþk para sakar l fkspfrar a c`s hleás9

Zfsfþk ncara9 prèltl plrsloufr tu elta b`krakh` tu vfail n`k ca fktlorfhah hl tu

pacadra. Nrll lk lc p`hlr hl tu napanfhah para plrnfdfr uka elta, y hlspuæs lk tu naefk`

banfa lsa elta, fkncus` lk cas partls eás hfjånfcls. Acada tus lsjulrz`s. Aqulcc`s qul tflklk ca

napanfhah hl vlr eás accá hl c` tlep`rac rlnfdlk su rlnèplksa. ]rèltl b`krar tu vfail lk

nuakt` `dtlkoas c`s rlsuctah`s hl uk pcak pr`huntfv` y n`ksnflktl. Xu napanfhah sþc` lstará

cfeftaha p`r tu januctah hl nrllr qul lc naedf` ls p`sfdcl.

Hf`s k`s ha `p`rtukfhahls para qul vlae`s lk quæ elhfha kulstr` lspårftu lstá

aprfsf`kah` p`r cas lclnnf`kls y n`kslnulknfas hlc pasah`. Ca fktufnfþk pulhl ayuhark`s a

trasnlkhlr ca n`kjusfþk hl ca pròraeanfþk trfdac y lvacuar a cas plrs`kas y cas sftuanf`kls lk

lc prlslktl, sfk lc castrl hl vflias as`nfanf`kls y nrllknfas. Ca elktl ap`rtará raz`kls,

nfnatrfnls le`nf`kacls, uka cltakåa hl lxplrflknfas plrs`kacls p`sftfvas y kloatfvas, eflktras

qul ca fktufnfþk lvacuará ca lklroåa hlc eèlkt`. A jfk hl nulktas, c` qul qulrle`s ls tratar

naha `p`rtukfhah nè` uk p`tlknfac para uk kulv` prfknfpf`. Lst` k`s ccloará hl uk julrtl




-11?-

slktfh` hlc y` y hl uk lspårftu lk lqufcfdrf` ‘aut`rrlsplt`‘ y k`s hará lc n`rail hl efrar

banfa hlcaktl y avakzar.

Ca slourfhah ls prfknfpacelktl uka suplrstfnfþk. K` lxfstl lk ca

katuraclza… Ca vfha ls ` dflk uka `saha avlktura ` k` ls kaha.

Blclk Glcclr

Ca vaclktåa fkjcuyl s`drl c` qul lstae`s hfspulst`s a banlr p`r k`s`tr`s efse`s y p`r

c`s hleás. Eunbas vlnls k`s lkn`ktrae`s lk sftuanf`kls lk qul lc blnb` hl tlkhlr ca eak` a

`tra plrs`ka rlprlslkta uk hlsajå` a cas k`reas ` ca v`cuktah hl kulstra trfdu. Lk tacls

n`yukturas, hldle`s hlnfhfr sf tlkle`s lc vac`r hl antuar sfouflkh` c`s hfntah`s hl ca

fktufnfþk ` sf rlprfefe`s ls`s hfntah`s p`r eflh` ac iufnf` hl kulstra trfdu ` ac rfhånuc`. \ka

euilr k`s ap`rtþ lxantaelktl lstl tfp` hl lxplrflknfa y hle`strþ qul basta lc elk`r ant`

hl slrvfnf` ` nèpasfþk fepcfna vaclktåa. û rlcat` taedfæk eulstra qul cas n`kslnulknfas hl

cas lclnnf`kls `sahas, slak lk lc áedft` plrs`kac ` pr`jlsf`kac, plrhurak para sfleprl.

G. lsnrfdl9 «^`y sarolkt` hl p`cfnåa y tuvl lsta lxplrflknfa nuakh` tlkåa vlfktftræs

añ`s y anadada hl lktrar lk lc nulrp` hl p`cfnåa. Lstada banflkh` lc turk` hl k`nbl y julra

banåa eunb` jrå`. El lkvfar`k, iukt` n`k uk p`cfnåa vltlrak`, a uk s`car vanå` h`khl

lkn`ktrae`s uka parlia hl elkhfo`s y lc plrs`kac paraeæhfn` hlc nulrp` hl dèdlr`s. Caeuilr k` sl lkn`ktrada euy dflk y cl dusquæ uk cuoar para qul pasara ca k`nbl, plr` lk aqulc

acdlroul k` aheftåak bèdrls y c`s h`s qulråak lstar iukt`s. K` sadåa quæ banlr, hl e`h`

qul cl hf ac bèdrl uk hþcar y 4< nlktav`s. C`s lkvfæ a uk dar-rlstauraktl qul lstada adflrt`

t`ha ca k`nbl para qul puhflrak tèarsl h`s najæs p`r uk hþcar, y cl hfil ac bèdrl qul

utfcfzara c`s 4< nlktav`s para ccaearel lk lc nas` hl qul lc lstah` hl ca euilr lepl`rara. Ca

parlia sl hfrfofþ banfa lc dar-rlstauraktl y ef nèpañlr` el ccaeþ ca atlknfþk p`r badlrcls

hah` hfklr`. El prlouktþ sf fda a harcls hfklr` a t`h`s c`s elkhfo`s qul el lkn`ktrara. V`

el juf hl accå plksakh` qul k` badåa sadfh` cclvar ca sftuanfþk.

·Elsls hlspuæs, nuakh` lstada banflkh` `tr` turk`, uk`s nèpañlr`s pfhflr`k

rljulrz`s para hltlklr uka plcla nacclilra. Nuakh` el prlslktæ, rln`k`nå a uk` hl c`s

fepcfnah`s nè` lc elkhfo` hl aqulcca k`nbl. Nuakh` el vf`, hliþ hl `p`klr rlsfstlknfa. C`s

aolktls c` cclvar`k a ca nèfsaråa hl p`cfnåa y c` n`khuilr`k ac nacad`z`. Lc bèdrl leplzþ a

orftar y a hls`dlhlnlr, plr`, lk nuakt` el vf`, hliþ hl banlrc`. V` k` lstadclnå kfkouka

rlcanfþk lktrl su naedf` hl antftuh y ef prlslknfa basta qul `tr` `jfnfac hl p`cfnåa sl c`

prlouktþ y æc cl lxpcfnþ c` hlc hþcar y 4< nlktav`s. Eflktras c` cclvada a ca nárnlc hl n`khah`,

cl prlouktæ p`r quæ lra uk acn`bþcfn` y æc el nèlktþ qul aktls vfvåa lk Kulva V`rg n`k su




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euilr, qul lra lkjlrelra. \k håa, nuakh` æsta v`cvåa hlc tradai`, uk`s kfñ`s tfrar`k uk cahrfcc`

n`ktra su n`nbl. Lc cahrfcc` cl rèpfþ lc paradrfsas y lcca eurfþ ac nb`nar n`ktra `tr` n`nbl. Æc

lra lclntrfnfsta, plr` hlspuæs hl aqulcc`, sl v`cvfþ acn`bþcfn`. Ca ùctfea vlz qul supl hl æc jul

p`rqul el lkvfþ uk elksail a travæs hl `tr` aolktl hl p`cfnåa. Qulråa qul y` supflra qul

lstada vfvflkh` lk uk apartaelkt` y tradaiakh` hl kulv` nè` lclntrfnfsta. ^fleprl qul

pflks` lk lsa bfst`rfa, el anulrh` hl cas pacadras9 –Accå sþc` v`y p`r ca oranfa hl Hf`s―, y ba

aprlkhfh` qul lk ca vfha ca aeadfcfhah fep`rta.·

Elcfsa J. lsnrfdfþ s`drl su eflh` a cas plrs`kas qul vfvlk lk ca naccl, qul lstada

arrafoah` lk su pr`pfa fkslourfhah9 «]ara eå, c`s elkhfo`s bak sfh` uk rlt` hlsn`knlrtaktl.

V` s`cåa har cfe`ska dastaktl a elkuh`, plr` hlspuæs hl ukas nuaktas lxplrflknfas kloatfvas,

leplnæ a slktfrel –lstajaha―. Hlspuæs atravlsæ uk plrf`h` lk qul lra adflrtaelktl

hlsaorahadcl n`k lcc`s y cls hlnåa qul el hliarak lk paz n`k eac`s trat`s aktls hl qul

puhflrak hfrfofrel ca pacadra. Xratæ eac a uk elkhfo` hlcaktl hl uka aefoa eåa, qul para

n`ktrarrlstar efs hlsaorahadcls nèlktarf`s, cl hf` ukas e`klhas. Nuakh` lc elkhfo` sl

bud` fh`, ef aefoa el lxpcfnþ qul aqulc bèdrl lra hl uk rljuof` h`khl cls `dcfoadak a

cclvar h`katfv`s sf qulråak tlklr uk sftf` h`khl h`refr. El slktå jatac p`r badlr sfh`

hlsaorahadcl n`k uk p`drl bèdrl qul sþc` fktlktada aslourarsl uk cuoar hþkhl pasar ca

k`nbl. Leplnæ a vlr qul lstada sflkh` tac eaclhunaha n`k lsa olktl p`rqul ef sftuanfþk

jfkaknflra k` hfstada eunb` hl ca suya. Xlkåa eflh` hl anadar n`kvfrtfækhèl lk ukaelkhfoa y lstada fktlktakh` cunbar n`ktra ef pr`pf` tlrr`r a ca p`drlza t`tac. Ab`ra cls h`y c`

p`n` qul pulh` harcls. Xaedfæk cls hlhfn` uka `ranfþk y cls hlsl` c` eli`r.·

Cfdlrark`s hl cas lxplntatfvas ailkas, para v`cvlr a hark`s a k`s`tr`s

efse`s, abå rlsfhl lc orak sfkoucar p`hlr hlc aut`rrlsplt`.

Iàk Hfhf`k

Lc tle`r a cas `pfkf`kls ailkas pulhl slr uka julrza n`ktr`cah`ra sueaelktl rlac.

Eunba olktl rlprfel su ouåa fktuftfva p`r eflh` a nþe` cls iuzoarák c`s hleás. Lk ca

sfouflktl narta, Eattlw O. tuv` qul lkn`ktrar ca vaclktåa lk su fktlrf`r para ayuhar a uka

plrs`ka, a plsar hl qul feaofkada c` qul p`hråak plksar c`s hleás. «\ka k`nbl, ac sacfr hl ca

januctah hl naefk` ac ofekasf`, `ræ lk sfclknf` (aukqul k` sl tratada hl uka `ranfþk

pr`pfaelktl hfnba, p`rqul y` k` s`y hl lsas plrs`kas hahas a c`s rlz`s, y` sþc` badc`

n`kefo` efse` y hlsl` qul cas n`sas vayak eli`r) y hlslæ qul el ccloara uka `p`rtukfhah

para hle`strar ca d`khah hl ef lspårftu.




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·Apr`xfeahaelktl uk efkut` hlspuæs, vf a uk bèdrl qul vlkåa banåa eå n`k ca

nadlza oanba, taedaclákh`sl uk p`n`7 parlnåa nè` sf cas pflrkas cl julrak a jaccar hl uk

eèlkt` a `tr`. K` tlkåa asplnt` hl elkhfo`, hl e`h` qul plksæ qul tac vlz lstada

lkjlre`. Hl t`h`s e`h`s, slouå `dslrvákh`c` p`rqul el prl`nupada. Leplzþ a naefkar

dai` uk akhaef` y vf qul sl tlkåa qul aoarrar a c`s bflrr`s para eaktlklrsl hlrlnb`. El

hltuvl para vlr sf sl lkn`ktrada dflk. Æc el n`ktlstþ qul så y y` el qulhæ n`k æc uk`s

sloukh`s para aslourarel. Hada ca slksanfþk hl qul k` n`ksloufråa ccloar a h`khl fda, hl

e`h` qul hlnfhå qulharel n`k æc basta qul sl rlnuplrara. Nuakh` sl rlpus` uk p`n`, jul

euy sfepátfn` n`kefo`, aukqul taedfæk lra `dvf` qul lstada d`rranb` nè` uka nuda.

Fkfnfae`s uka n`kvlrsanfþk. El leplzþ a lxpcfnar qul badåa pcaklah` quftarsl cl vfha lsa

efsea k`nbl. K` el p`håa nrllr c` qul lstada `ylkh`. °âdl c` qul ls `år lsas pacadras0 Hl

rlplktl, el slktå rlsp`ksadcl hl sacvarcl ca vfha a aqulc bèdrl. Akhuvl n`k æc y cl prlouktæ

sf p`håa anèpañarcl a acoùk sftf`. El hfi` qul fda ukas p`nas naccls eás arrfda y el nòfþ hlc

draz` nè` sf juærae`s parlia. Akhakh` hl aqulc e`h`, y` el slktåa uk p`n` fknþe`h`, p`r

hlnfrc` hl uka j`rea suavl.

·V` sadåa qul badåa uk acdlroul ukas nuaktas eakzakas eás cli`s, hl e`h` qul

hlnfhå anèpañarc` basta accå. K` sadåa basta hþkhl lstada hfspulst` a ccloar n`k aqulc

bèdrl k` basta quæ pukt` el qulråa rlsp`ksadfcfzar hl æc. C` ùkfn` qul sadåa ls qul k`

p`håa hliarc` s`c` lk aqulc lstah`. ^loufe`s akhakh`, æc sl pus` hl euy dulk bue`r yleplzþ a badcar p`r c`s n`h`s9 lra lvfhlktl qul cl aorahada ef nèpañåa. El badc` s`drl æc

y el hfi` c` aeadcl qul badåa sfh` p`r ef partl pararel para ayuharcl, y añahfþ qul æc k`

s`cåa antuar hl lsl e`h` y qul lra uka dulka plrs`ka. V` c` sadåa p`rqul, hl acoùk e`h`,

p`håa plrnfdfr c` qul badåa hlktr` hl su n`razþk. El n`ke`vfþ pr`jukhaelktl, lra uk

bèdrl rlacelktl lknaktah`r. Hl blnb`, lra eás aefst`s` y lknaktah`r qul eunb`s hl efs

aefo`s. V` cl hfil qul bay eunbas n`sas dulkas lk lc eukh` para vfvfr y qul lra `dvf` qul

Hf`s k` qulråa qul sl quftara ca vfha lsa k`nbl p`rqul, sf k`, k` badråa n`k`nfh` a acouflk

nè` y` para qul cl hflra lsplrakzas.

·@å a varfas plrs`kas rfækh`sl nuakh` pasae`s p`r su cah` ‘y`, uk bèdrl k`reac,

tac vlz n`k uk asplnt` uk p`n` yuppfl, nòfh` hlc draz` hl `tr` bèdrl qul sl taedaclada y

aplstada a ofkldra‘. Aqulc tfp` hl olktl el s`cåa e`clstar y, hl blnb`, el leplzar`k a

e`clstar, plr`, p`r acoùk e`tfv`, aqulcca k`nbl c`s fok`ræ p`r nèpclt`. El hf nulkta,

aukqul tac vlz fkn`ksnflktlelktl, hl qul c` qul badåa plhfh` sþc` h`s efkut`s aktls hl

nruzarel n`k aqulc bèdrl el lstada pasakh` lk aqulc eèlkt`, uka `p`rtukfhah para

banlr lc dflk lk lsta vfha ac kfvlc eás pr`jukh` y sfokfjfnatfv`9 lstada tlkhflkh` ca eak` a




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acouflk qul klnlsftada ayuha. C` anèpañæ basta uka lsqufka y æc sl slktþ y lknlkhfþ uk

pftfcc`. Lkt`knls lra t`h` s`krfsas, hlnfhå frel, aukqul k` anadada hl lstar trakqufc` pulst`

qul, hl blnb`, el badåa hfnb` qul sl fda a eatar. ]lr` parlnåa lkn`ktrarsl eunb` eli`r y y`

k` sadåa quæ eás banlr. K` el hliþ earnbar sfk aktls harel uk orak adraz`, y y` k`tæ cas

efrahas hl `tr`s trakslùktls ncavahas lk k`s`tr`s, c` qul t`havåa el bfz` pasar eás

vlroólkza. ]lr`, °sadl uka n`sa0 Bfnl c` n`rrlnt`, c` qul tlkåa qul banlr lk aqulc eèlkt`.

Lk ca efsea elhfha lk qul æc plksþ qul y` cl ayuhada, æc el ayuhþ a eå, hl vlrhah. Lsplr`

qul c` slpa y y` fktlktæ hlnårslc`. El hf` ca `p`rtukfhah hl slr eli`r plrs`ka uka vlz lk ef

vfha y hl tlkhlr ca eak` a acouflk qul c` klnlsftada. Aqulcc`, para eå, jul uk rloac` tak

orakhl nè` lc qul æc nrlyþ qul y` cl banåa.·

Lc p`hlr hl cas plqulñas n`sas

]asaræ p`r lstl eukh` s`caelktl uka vlz7 p`r takt`, t`h` lc dflk qul

pulha banlr y t`h` lc narfñ` qul pulha hle`strar a `tr` slr bueak`, qufsflra

banlrc` ab`ra7 k` el hliæfs p`stlroarc` ac `cvfh`, puls k` rln`rrlræ `tra vlz

lstl naefk`.

Ltflkkl hl Orlcclt

A ca acqufefsta qul bay lk eå cl lknakta vlr c`s efcls hl j`reas lk qul lc ukfvlrs`

«euctfpcfna c`s pakls y c`s plnls·. K` klnlsftae`s kaha orakhl ` fkelks` para naedfar ca

nacfhah hl kulstras vfhas. Lk lc acea hl naha ant` hl d`khah rlsfhl ca slefcca hl ca

traksj`reanfþk. Ca jl, ca panflknfa, ca rlsfstlknfa y lc rlsplt` taedfæk s`k cas lklroåas

nlktracls hlc tlrnlr nbagra y cas qul k`s ayuhak a hfsnlrkfr quæ hldle`s banlr. X`h` lc

eukh`, lk acoùk pukt` hl su vfha, sl ba nulstf`kah` su napanfhah para natacfzar naedf`spr`jukh`s, plr` ca sfouflktl narta hl ^n`tt C. ls uk trfdut` a cas plqulñas n`sas, qul pulhlk

antfvar lc p`hlr acquåefn` hl ca traksj`reanfþk.

^n`tt lsnrfdfþ9 «Ef bfst`rfa trata s`drl ef vlnfk` ]bfc E. Ls uk bèdrl qul sl sacl hl

c` n`rrflktl, aukqul æc kukna c` vlråa hl lsl e`h`. Hl blnb`, nrl` qul plrtlklnl a uka

lsplnfl qul ya ba hliah` hl lxfstfr. Ls ca plrs`ka eás actrufsta qul iaeás bl tlkfh` lc

prfvfclof` hl n`k`nlr. C` n`k`nå nuakh` el trascahæ a ca nasa qul badåa iukt` a ca suya. Æc lra

n`kslril y tradaiada p`r ca k`nbl, uk bèdrl aeadcl y sueaelktl aorahadcl. \k håa, y`

klnlsftada ayuha para rlparar uk lsnapl qul tlkåa lk ca dañlra. El fkvftþ a pasar. Xlkåa ca




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n`clnnfþk eás fknrlådcl hl cfdr`s, hlshl bfst`rfa hl Tèa basta Kfltzsnbl y ^nb`plkbaulr,

pasakh` p`r Hfnglks7 cfdr` qul kèdradas, cfdr` qul p`slåa. Xlkåa t`has cas parlhls cclkas hl

lstaktlråas rlpcltas hl orakhls k`vlcas. Tlnulrh` c` lstùpfh` qul el slktå ac harel nulkta

hl qul c` badåa prliuzoah` p`r lc blnb` hl slr n`kslril. El hfi` qul badåa asfstfh` a 1:=

b`ras hl ncasl hl cftlratura fkoclsa, plr` qul k` badåa p`hfh` anadar ca narrlra.

·^fleprl qul y` klnlsftada aco`, æc lstada accå para ayuhar. El ayuhþ a rlparar lc

tliah`, a n`c`nar uk t`ch`, a n`kstrufr uk fkvlrkahlr` y a arrlocar lc iarhåk. û olklr`sfhah k`

tlkåa cåeftls nuakh` acouflk klnlsftada ayuha. Oranfas a su ayuha, traksj`reae`s kulstra

nasa, qul lra p`n` eás qul uka p`nfcoa, lk uk cuoar vlkhfdcl y, lk n`kslnulknfa, puhfe`s

trascahark`s a uka nasa eás orakhl. ]bfc kukna k`s hliada hlv`cvlrcl c`s jav`rls. Hl vlz lk

nuakh`, k`s plreftåa paoar ca jantura hlc vltlrfkarf` hl su oat` ` nèprarcl nb`n`catfkas. ]lr`

kukna k`s anlrnae`s kf hl cli`s a hlv`cvlrcl t`h`s c`s jav`rls qul æc k`s bfz`.

·N`kj`rel k`s ådae`s n`k`nflkh`, supl qul badåa tlkfh` uka fkjaknfa euy hura. û

pahrl lra acn`bþcfn` y cls ploada a æc y a sus blreak`s. ]bfc sacfþ eás lktlr` hl t`h` aqulcc`

qul sus blreak`s. Bfz` uk lsjulrz` n`ksnflktl p`r slr p`sftfv` y ap`yar a c`s hleás, nuakh`

tlkåa eunb`s e`tfv`s para slr kloatfv` y hlslktlkhlrsl hl c`s pr`dcleas ailk`s. Nufhþ hl

Earofl, uka euilr qul cclvada nfknulkta añ`s lk uka sfcca hl rulhas. Oranfas a æc, Earofl k`

tuv` qul pasar c`s ùctfe`s añ`s hl su vfha lk uk asfc`. Huraktl c`s elsls prlvf`s a ca eulrtl

hl Earofl, æc hli` hl tradaiar para p`hlr lstar n`k lcca lk lc b`spftac.·Ac p`n` tflep` hl n`k`nlrc`, eurfþ su eli`r aefo`. û vfuha k` tlkåa hfklr`, hl

e`h` qul ]bfc paoþ lc juklrac n`k lc hfklr` qul badåa blrlhah` hl su pahrl, lc nuac badåa

jacclnfh` banåa uk añ`. V taedfæk cl hf` hfklr` a ca vfuha para qul puhflra nruzar lc paås a jfk

hl rlukfrsl n`k su jaefcfa. Aså sl oastþ t`ha ca blrlknfa hl su pahrl. Nuakh` hliþ su nasa para

frsl a vfvfr n`k Earofl, vf qul tlkåa uk pfak` lclntrþkfn` lk su badftanfþk. Cl plouktæ sf c`

sadåa t`nar y æc el hfi`9 –@b, så―, sl slktþ y leplzþ a t`nar uka pflza hl Nb`pfk. ¡Nb`pfk! Cl

hfil qul lk sfltl añ`s kukna cl badåa `åh` prantfnar… y æc el n`ktlstþ qul t`nada p`r ca k`nbl

hlspuæs hl v`cvlr hlc tradai` y qul sl p`kåa c`s nasn`s para k` e`clstar a kahfl. Kulstras

nasas lstadak euy ploahas.

·]`hråa n`ktar eunbas bfst`rfas nè` æstas s`drl nþe` ]bfc hlhfnada y hlhfna su

tflep` y su lklroåa a c`s hleás. V kukna pfhl kaha a naedf`. Ls slknfccaelktl uka dulka

plrs`ka. K` sl ba hliah` atrapar p`r ca prltlksfþk hl banlr orakhls bazañas lk su vfha. K`

tflklk eunb`s aefo`s y pasa eunb` tflep` s`c` plr`, sfk æc ef vfha, ca vfha hl Earofl y ca hl

taktas `tras plrs`kas badråa sfh` euy hfjlrlktl. Æc sl at`relktaråa sf supflra qul lst`y

lsnrfdflkh` t`h` lst` s`drl æc, p`rqul ls uka plrs`ka qul ouarha eunb` su fktfefhah. Cclva




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uka vfha slknfcca y banl c` p`sfdcl p`r banlr cas n`sas dflk håa tras håa. K` tflklk hfklr` y

kfkouka jaefcfa. Nuakh` eurfþ Earofl, banl uk par hl elsls, k` tlkåa ahþkhl fr. Bfz` uk

nèlktarf` s`drl qul tlkåa plksah` trascaharsl a uk nèpcli` hl apartaelkt`s lk rufkas qul

bay nlrna hlc nlktr` hl ca nfuhah. Aey y y` cl prlouktae`s sf qulråa vfvfr lk lc pfs` hl hldai`

hl kulstra kulva nasa. K` k`s c` p`håae`s feaofkar vfvflkh` hl aqulc e`h` hlspuæs hl t`h`

c` qul badåa blnb` p`r `tras plrs`kas. Ab`ra vfvl n`k k`s`tr`s y cl ble`s hfnb` qul sl qulhl

nuakt` quflra. Zfvfe`s lkjrlktl hl ca januctah hl Cltras. Xac vlz ab`ra pulha nèpcltar sus

lstuhf`s. Lk ef vfha aktlrf`r, kukna el badråa rlcanf`kah` n`k uka plrs`ka nè` ]bfc. ]lr`

ab`ra k` pulh` feaofkar nþe` badråa sfh` ef vfha sf k` c` budflra tlkfh` nè` vlnfk`. El

lkslñþ qul k` tflkls qul banlr orakhls n`sas para tlklr uka vfha hfoka y vacf`sa y qul, n`k lc

sfepcl ant` hl har hlsfktlrlsahaelktl, pulhls earnar uka orak hfjlrlknfa. Tlacelktl Hf`s

el ba dlkhlnfh` ac plreftfrel n`k`nlr a uk bèdrl aså.·

Ca bfst`rfa hl ]bfc E. el rlnulrha ca lkslñakza zlk9 «N`rta cl clña y sana aoua hlc

p`z`·, s`drl qul lc blnb` hl p`klr ca atlknfþk lk cas annf`kls qul rlacfzae`s naha håa

n`ktflkl ca vlrhahlra lklroåa hl ca oranfa, lc vlrhahlr` sfokfjfnah` hl c`s ant`s hl p`hlr

fkvfsfdcls.

Lxaelk hlc kùncl` hlc tlrnlr nbagra

@nuct` tras naha ant` hl d`khah qul acouflk banl p`r k`s`tr`s, lstá lc prfknfpf` hl

uka kulva vfha. Naha dulka annfþk, `dra ` pacadra ls uk natacfzah`r hl uka rlannfþk lk

nahlka. N`kj`rel eás atlkt`s lstle`s ac p`hlr hl kulstra pr`pfa fktufnfþk, eás atlkt`s

lstarle`s a c`s hleás.

Lxaefkar lc tlrnlr nbagra fepcfna lxaefkar lc y` y ca vaclktåa qul hltlrefka cas

lclnnf`kls qul banle`s. ûoflr` ac clnt`r qul sl prlouktl a så efse`9

Nè` hah`r9

1. °Klnlsft` rln`k`nfeflkt` p`r c` qul bao` p`r c`s hleás0

4. °Fkjcuylk cas `pfkf`kls hl `tras plrs`kas s`drl c` qul bao` p`r eå efse` y p`r

c`s hleás0

>. °Xle` asuefr rflso`s p`r lc dflk hl `tra plrs`ka0

8. °Lxplrfelktaråa rlslktfeflkt`s sf uka plrs`ka a quflk bfnl uk jav`r el `cvfhara0

<. °El rlsucta hfjånfc akfear ` j`rtaclnlr a `tras plrs`kas0




-148-

8

C`s h`kls hlc n`razþk

Lc ae`r k` pulhl qulharl lk så efse`9 k` tlkhråa kfkoùk slktfh`. Lc

ae`r tflkl qul n`kvlrtfrsl lk annfþk y lsa annfþk ls lc slrvfnf`. °Nþe`

p`hle`s cclvar a ca annfþk lc ae`r para slrvfr a Hf`s0 ^flkh` jflcls a kulstra

jaefcfa. V a c`s hldlrls qul Hf`s k`s ba n`kjfah`. Ah`ptle`s ca j`rea qul

ah`ptle`s, lstle`s napanftah`s ` fknapanftah`s, slae`s rfn`s ` p`drls, c`

qul fep`rta k` ls nuákt` banle`s sfk` nuákt` ae`r p`kle`s lk c` qul

banle`s7 t`ha uka vfha hl nèpartfr ae`r n`k c`s hleás.

Eahrl Xlrlsa hl Nacnuta

\k bèdrl qul asfstfþ a uk`s hl efs slefkarf`s el cclvþ apartl para lxpcfnarel ca

bfst`rfa hl su hfv`rnf`. Jul aco` qul kukna `cvfharæ. Aqulc bèdrl el lxpcfnþ qul su lx euilr

lkn`ktrada fep`sfdcl vfvfr n`k ca nèpasfþk qul æc tlkåa p`r c`s hleás. Nè` el n`ktþ9 «Ef

lx euilr n`ksfhlra qul ca olktl hldl nufhar hl så efsea. V` sfleprl ba nrlåh` qul ca olktl

hldl prl`nuparsl p`r c`s hleás. ^fleprl hfsnutåae`s nuakh` y` qulråa banlr rloac`s hl

Kavfhah a `tras jaefcfas ` h`kar hfklr`, y k` lra p`rqul k` tuvfærae`s sujfnflktl para

k`s`tr`s. Aukqul budfærae`s sfh` efcc`karf`s, ef hlsl` hl ayuhar a `tras plrs`kas cl badråa

sloufh` prl`nupakh`. ^fepclelktl, k` lstada prlparaha para prl`nuparsl p`r kahfl kf kaha

qul k` julra lcca efsea, y jfl eli`r para c`s h`s qul tèárae`s naefk`s hfjlrlktls.· A ca lx

euilr hl aqulc bèdrl k` cl oustada lc ae`r hlsfktlrlsah` kf lc orak n`razþk hl su earfh`.

Cl asustada takt` ca vfha lk olklrac y lstada tak hèfkaha p`r lc eft` hl qul k` bay

sujfnflktl para t`h`s y tak atlrraha p`r sus pr`pfas vucklradfcfhahls qul eaktlkåa

prántfnaelktl a t`h`s lc eukh` a eás hl uk draz` hl hfstaknfa para qul kahfl puhflra

rèplr su jráofc euracca le`nf`kac.




-14:-

Ca prþxfea narta napta ca lslknfa hl ca hfjlrlknfa ‘y ca hfstaknfa‘ lxfstlktl lktrl ca

fktufnfþk para ca suplrvfvlknfa hlc tlrnlr nbagra y ca fktufnfþk hlc n`razþk hlc nuart` nbagra.

Efnbalc _. lsnrfdl9 «\ka tarhl, lstada paslakh` p`r ca avlkfha Zak Klss hl âk

Jraknfsn` lktrl ca badftuac varflhah hl trakslùktls9 iþvlkls parlias nòfhas hl ca eak`,

acoukas plrs`kas eay`rls, dflk s`cas ` lk parlias y, p`r supulst`, c`s elkhfo`s y c`s –sfk

tlnb`―. El hfrfoåa a uk rlstauraktl hl e`ha para nlkar. Nuakh` el lstada anlrnakh` a ca

lsqufka eás prþxfea a ca lktraha hlc rlstauraktl, vf a h`s elkhfo`s. \k` lra hl elhfaka

lhah y lstada slktah` lk ca anlra n`k ca lspacha ap`yaha lk uk duzþk. Fda euy sunf`. û nara,

su plc` klor` y orfs y su darda lstadak nudflrt`s hl sunflhah y suh`r sln`. ûs r`pas lrak

vflias y lstadak `snurlnfhas p`r ca euorl. Dai` cas jr`kh`sas nlias, sus ì`s vfhrf`s`s y su

efraha hlslkj`naha, nè` sf su elktl lstuvflra lk `tra partl. ]`r su j`rea hl badcar ‘

dacdunlaktl l fkn`blrlktl‘ supusl qul lstada lk `tr` eukh` ` qul tac vlz lra

lsqufz`jrækfn`, puls su efraha y sus dacdunl`s el rln`rhadak a c`s hl c`s panflktls qul badåa

vfst` lk uk b`spftac psfqufátrfn` lstatac lk lc qul tradaiæ.

·Hlcaktl hl ca lktraha hlc rlstauraktl badåa uk aknfak` taedfæk vlstfh` n`k barap`s,

aukqul k` lstada tak sunf` y parlnåa trakqufc` y n`blrlktl. âdåa hþkhl lstada y quæ lstada

banflkh` lxantaelktl. Nuakh` el anlrnada a ca lktraha hlc rlstauraktl, uka i`vlk y

atrantfva parlia sacåa hl æc. C`s h`s lrak ouap`s y vlståak dflk, parlnåak jlcfnls, fktlcfolktls y

rfn`s. Ca euilr, i`vlk y blre`sa, cclvada uka naia hl p`rlxpák dcakna n`k nèfha para cclvar.Lc eás aknfak` hl c`s h`s elkhfo`s sl cls anlrnþ y cls hfi`9 –°Hfklr` para nèlr0― Lk aqulc

fkstaktl, y` pasæ rápfhaelktl p`r su cah`, lvftakh` ac elkhfo`. ^loufhaelktl, ca i`vlk acaroþ

ca naia ac aknfak`, quflk nòfþ fkelhfataelktl y cl hfi` n`k sfepatåa9 –¡Oranfas, eunbas

oranfas, Hf`s cl dlkhfoa!― El ofræ para efrar p`rqul c` qul y` badåa lsplrah` k` lra uk

`jrlnfeflkt` y uka anlptanfþk hl nèfha. Lc aknfak` s`krfþ a ca parlia y sl hfrfofþ banfa lc

duzþk, h`khl slktah` lc `tr` elkhfo`. Adrfþ ca naia9 badåa elhfa ranfþk hl nèfha n`k uk

nunbfcc` y uk tlklh`r hl pcástfn`. \tfcfzþ lc nunbfcc` para n`rtar ca tapa hl ca naia7 hlspuæs ca

n`c`nþ n`k nufhah` s`drl lc duzþk y lepuiþ ca eftah hl ca nèfha s`drl ca tapa, h`khl

taedfæk n`c`nþ lc tlklh`r. Hlspuæs sl lkn`rvþ banfa lc `tr` elkhfo` y s`stuv` ca nèfha

hlcaktl hl æc. N`k eunba hlcfnahlza, cl hfi`9 –Lb, blreak`, aquå tflkls aco` para nèlr―.

·Lc bèdrl hl elhfaka lhah c` efrþ n`kjus`. ]arlnåa slr sþc` vaoaelktl n`ksnflktl

hl qul acouflk cl lstada badcakh`. Lc aknfak` cl v`cvfþ a badcar, n`k suea suavfhah9 –Zlkoa,

blreak`, aquå tflkls aco` para nèlr.― Hlshl euy cli`s, aqulc bèdrl leplzþ a v`cvlr euy

clktaelktl. ûs ì`s leplzar`k a lkj`nar parnfacelktl. ]arlnåa n`kjus` eflktras `cjatlada

ca nèfha qul tlkåa hlcaktl. Clktaelktl, v`cvfþ a lstl eukh` y còrþ lktlkhlr qul acouflk cl




-14?-

lstada `jrlnflkh` nèfha. Lc aknfak` lsplrþ panflktlelktl. ]`r ùctfe`, nuakh` lc `tr`

bèdrl parlnåa badlr nèprlkhfh`, lc aknfak` cl v`cvfþ a rlpltfr9 –Zlkoa, blreak`, nèl

aco`.― Feplrtærrft`, lc bèdrl hl elhfaka lhah nòfþ ca nèfha y eureurþ9 –Oranfas―,

lkn`ktrþ lk tlklh`r y leplzþ a nèlr hlspanf`. Lc aknfak` nòfþ ca `tra eftah hl ca nèfha,

sl slktþ ac cah` hlc `tr` bèdrl y sl pusflr`k a nèlr c`s h`s iukt`s.·

Ca nèpasfþk y lc rlsplt` qul e`strþ lc elkhfo` hl eás lhah p`r uka plrs`ka qul

lstada plr` qul æc julr`k lxqufsft`s. ^f k`s hfærae`s nulkta hl qul `tra plrs`ka lstá

eurfækh`sl hl baedrl p`r uka ranfþk hl hfokfhah, °slråae`s napanls hl acliark`s sfk banlr

kaha0 ^f kulstr` lktraeah` lspfrftuac juknf`kara nè` ls hldfh`, ca rlspulsta hldlråa slr9

«K`, p`r supulst` qul k`.· K` lst`y suofrflkh` qul ls` sfokfjfqul qul hldae`s cclkarcl ca

hlsplksa y c`s d`csfcc`s a lsl bèdrl, sfk` qul kulstra napanfhah para plkltrar lk lc kùncl`

hl sus klnlsfhahls y hl slktfr qul su baedrl taedfæk ls lspfrftuac k`s cclvaråa a banlr aco`.

Ca narta hl arrlplktfeflkt` hl Efnbalc rlvlca lk n`kjcfnt` fktlrk` qul sl nrla nuakh`

lc n`razþk k` fok`ra c`s eflh`s pr`nlhlktls hlc fkstfkt` hl suplrvfvlknfa. Lc aut`r sadåa hlshl

lc prfknfpf` qul su n`razþk k` lstadclnlråa uka n`klxfþk le`nf`kac n`k aqulcc`s elkhfo`s.

]lr` ca n`klxfþk le`nf`kac qul så sl rlstadclnfþ lktrl aqulcc`s h`s bèdrls, sfk huha hliþ

uka earna lk su n`knflknfa, ` k` sl badråa tèah` ca e`clstfa hl lsnrfdfr ca narta. ^f Efnbalc

sl budflra parah` lk ca lktraha hlc rlstauraktl y budflra rlsp`khfh` a ca pltfnfþk hlc

elkhfo` n`k nèpasfþk y sfk eflh`, lsa eulstra hl rlsplt` badråa sfh` uk suprle` ant` hlslrvfnfþ. Ca nèfha haha n`k hfokfhah acfelkta takt` lc nulrp` nè` lc lspårftu.

Efnbalc sl lknulktra lk uk pukt` hl fkjclxfþk, ` lk uk pukt` hl ruptura a partfr hlc

nuac pulhl banlr orakhls pròrls`s. Lstá dafcakh` acrlhlh`r hl su nuart` nbagra l fktlktakh`

eftfoar su nucpa ac lsnrfdfr uka narta h`khl ca aheftl, c` qul ls uk dulk lilrnfnf`… p`r uka

vlz. ]lr` cl pulh` prèltlr ‘y pulh` prèltlr ac clnt`r‘ qul tradaiar cas le`nf`kls a

travæs hl ca lsnrftura kukna juknf`ka p`r sloukha vlz. Lk ca prþxfea `nasfþk, lc n`razþk hl

Efnbalc cl `dcfoará a fhlktfjfnarsl n`k lc acea hl sus sleliaktls sfk tlnb` y k` hliará lsqufvar

uka n`klxfþk hlc nuatr` nbagra sþc` p`r eflh`.

Lst`y euy feprlsf`kaha p`r ca hfsp`sfnfþk hl eunbas hl cas plrs`kas qul el

lkvfar`k nartas a lxaefkar aqulccas sftuanf`kls lk qul n`ksfhlrak qul p`hråak badlr antuah`

eli`r, eás nèpasfva y bueakaelktl. ûs bfst`rfas eulstrak qul tflklk uk n`razþk adflrt`

y ca vaclktåa hl efrarsl b`klstaelktl a så efseas y a c` qul cls fepfhfþ antuar. Lk lstl

napåtuc` lxaefkarle`s kulstr`s pr`pf`s eflh`s a lstadclnlr n`klxf`kls le`nf`kacls. C`

nflrt` ls qul sl trata hl uk rlt` euy aktfou`, nè` sl p`kl hl eakfjflst` lk lc sfouflktl

nulkt` hl Orfee s`drl uk aknfak` y su kflt`. A vlnls t`h`s tlkle`s a har ca lspacha ac hædfc




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y ac jráofc, s`drl t`h` nuakh` lsa plrs`ka k`s rlnulrha kulstr` pr`pf` p`tlknfac para ca

lkjlrelhah y lc hltlrf`r`.

Badåa uka vlz uk bèdrl euy aknfak` nuya efraha sl badåa vulct` turdfa, sus

`åh`s aplkas `åak, cl tledcadak cas r`hfccas y, nuakh` sl slktada a ca elsa, a huras

plkas p`håa s`stlklr ca nunbara y nasf sfleprl hlrraeada lc nach` s`drl lc eaktlc `

sl cl rlsdacada p`r ca nara. û bfi` y su kulra c` lkn`ktradak euy hlsaorahadcl, hl

e`h` qul ac jfkac cl pfhflr`k ac adulc` qul sl slktara lk ca lsqufka, hltrás hlc b`rk`,

cl sfrvflr`k ca nèfha lk uk nulkn` hl darr` y cl rlhuilr`k n`ksfhlradclelktl cas

ranf`kls. Æc s`cåa efrar a ca elsa n`k c`s ì`s cclk`s hl cáorfeas. \k håa, sus

tledc`r`sas eak`s k` puhflr`k s`stlklr lc nulkn` y sl cl nayþ ac sulc`, banfækh`sl

añfn`s. û i`vlk kulra cl rfñ`, plr` æc k` hfi` kaha y sl cfeftþ a suspfrar. Lkt`knls cl

nèprar`k uk nulkn` hl eahlra p`r uk`s p`n`s nlktav`s para qul c` utfcfzara para

nèlr. Lstadak t`h`s slktah`s a ca elsa nuakh` lc kflt` plqulñ` hl nuatr` añ`s

leplzþ a rlnòlr tr`nft`s hl eahlra hlc sulc`.

‘°Quæ banls0‘ cl prlouktþ su pahrl.

‘Lst`y jadrfnakh` uk plqulñ` nulkn` ‘n`ktlstþ lc plqulñ`‘ para qul tù y eaeá

p`háfs nèlr nuakh` y` sla eay`r.

Lc bèdrl y ca euilr sl efrar`k huraktl uk`s fkstaktls y, ant` sloufh`, sl pusflr`k acc`rar. Cclvar`k ac aknfak` a ca elsa y, a partfr hl aqulc håa, sfleprl cl hliar`k nèlr

n`k lcc`s y k` cl hfilr`k kaha nuakh` hlrraeada uk p`n` hl nèfha.

Zl` aco` hl Hf`s lk naha uka hl cas b`ras hlc håa

y lk naha efkut` qul n`ktflklk lsas b`ras.

Lk lc rlst` hl c`s bèdrls y euilrls vl` a Hf`s,

y lk ef pr`pf` r`str` qul rljclia lc lspli`, vl` a Hf`s.

Lknulktr` nartas hl Hf`s tfrahas p`r ca naccl

y t`has lccas lsták jfreahas n`k su kèdrl.

_act _bfteak




-1>=-

Nuakh` leplzae`s a vlr kulstra vfha sfedþcfnaelktl y lxaefkae`s kulstr`

pr`pþsft` lspfrftuac, fkfnfae`s uka traksj`reanfþk hl uka vfha dasaha lk lc tle`r hl Hf`s a

uka vfha fktlrf`r, lspfrftuac. V kulstra julrza fktuftfva y lspfrftuac sl lepflza a lxpakhfr.

Ca pacadra ncavl hlc nuart` nbagra ls, nè` nadråa lsplrar, «ae`r·, aukqul lstl

v`nadc` aplkas plreftl aprlblkhlr t`ha ca eaokftuh hl lstl nlktr` lklroætfn`. Lk ca

trahfnfþk bfkhù, lc nuart` nbagra ls ca lklroåa hlc autæktfn` s`kfh` hl ca nrlanfþk. Lc blnb` hl

tèar n`knflknfa hl cas klnlsfhahls hl `tras plrs`kas y hl rlsp`khlr a lccas taedfæk p`sll ca

lklroåa prfe`rhfac hl uk ant` hl nrlanfþk9 ac rlsp`khlr a sus klnlsfhahls, lstadfcfzae`s su

lspårftu, cls trakseftfe`s ca n`kjfakza para sloufr ahlcaktl y natacfzae`s uk kulv` prfknfpf` lk

sus vfhas. Lc ae`r a kulstra vfha, a kulstr` tradai` y a kulstra jaefcfa taedfæk natacfza julrzas

nrlatfvas y kulvas `p`rtukfhahls.

Ac n`ktantar n`k lc n`razþk hl `tra plrs`ka, rln`k`nle`s ca prlslknfa hl Hf`s lk lcca.

Lc nuart` nbagra ls lc vlrhahlr` nlktr` hl p`hlr hl kulstra akatèåa lklroætfna7 ls lc nlktr`

jåsfn` hl kulstr` slr lspfrftuac y n`rp`rac. Lc clea hl lstl nbagra ls «Lc ae`r ls p`hlr hfvfk`.·

Lc lknulktr` lktrl h`s plrs`kacfhahls ls nè` lc n`ktant` lktrl h`s

sustaknfas quåefnas9 sf bay acouka rlannfþk, aedas sl traksj`reak.

Narc O. Iuko

\ka narta lsnrfta p`r Iang Y. hlsnrfdl n`k orak dlcclza ca fktufnfþk hl nuart` nbagra lk

annfþk9 «Xlko` eunb`s rlnulrh`s lsplnfacls y eáofn`s s`drl ef pahrl. \k` hl efs rlnulrh`s

jav`rft`s ls su olklr`sfhah sfclknf`sa. Kukna acarhla pùdcfnaelktl hl c` qul banåa p`r c`s

hleás. ^fepclelktl, banåa euctftuh hl n`sas dulkas y olklr`sas, lkslkákhèl, lktrl `tras

sadfas clnnf`kls, qul ca vfha sl pulhl vfvfr nè` uka `ranfþk n`kvlrtfha lk annfþk. Naha håa hl

Annfþk hl Oranfas, p`r lilepc`, eltå ahfklr` lk uk s`drl y sl c` hada a ef tå`, qul tlkåa uka

tflkha hl acfelktanfþk. Cl hlnåa qul cclkasl uka nlsta n`k t`h`s c`s acfelkt`s lslknfacls para

uka nèfha hl Annfþk hl Oranfas y qul dusnara a uka jaefcfa klnlsftaha y sl ca lktrloara.

Kukna qufs` qul lsas jaefcfas supflrak qul lra æc su ákolc hlc håa hl Annfþk hl Oranfas. V`

badåa eaktlkfh` lsa trahfnfþk p`r ae`r a ef pahrl y taedfæk p`rqul nrl` qul tlkle`s qul

nèpartfr kulstra adukhaknfa n`k c`s hleás. ]lr` lc pasah` håa hl Annfþk hl Oranfas, p`r

acoùk e`tfv`, `cvfhæ lc rftuac. Ca jflsta ccloþ y pasþ y k` jul basta h`s håas hlspuæs qul el hf

nulkta hl qul el badåa `cvfhah` hl ca trahfnfþk. Hl blnb`, el lktrþ lc pákfn` p`rqul slktå

qul cl badåa jaccah` a ef pahrl y badåa r`t` uka aktfoua trahfnfþk. Lk ca fktfefhah hl ef

n`razþk, lkvfæ uk elksail a ef pahrl a travæs hl efs plksaeflkt`s, prlouktákh`cl quæ hldåa




-1>1-

banlr. Eás tarhl lk aqulc efse` håa, vf a uk bèdrl qul efrada jfiaelktl uk trlk lk lc

aparah`r hl uka tflkha hl iuoultls hln`rah` n`k e`tfv`s kavfhlñ`s. ûpl fkelhfataelktl

qul cl lknaktaråa p`hlrcl nèprar aqulc trlk a su bfi`. Lktræ lk ca tflkha y nèpræ lc trlk

para aqulc bèdrl. ]aouæ ac hlplkhflktl y cl plhå qul fkvftara a aqulc bèdrl a lktrar lk ca

tflkha y qul cl hfilra qul –acouflk― badåa qulrfh` qul tuvflra aqulc trlk. Lc bèdrl sl qulhþ

d`qufadflrt`, ads`cutaelktl ak`kahah`. K` hliada hl hlnfr9 –]lr`… °qufæk…, qufæk baråa

aco` aså0 ¡A ef bfi` cl banåa takta fcusfþk tlklr lstl trlk! °Qufæk ba blnb` lst` p`r eå0― Hliæ

ca tflkha cclk` hlc lspårftu hl ef pahrl y n`k uka fkelksa oratftuh p`r badlrel lkslñah`, n`k

su lilepc`, n`sas tak fep`rtaktls.·

Ca fktufnfþk hl nuart` nbagra k`s plreftl slktfr ca sacuh le`nf`kac hl `tras plrs`kas.

Kulstr` n`razþk y kulstra lklroåa k`s ayuhak a adrfrk`s a uk pr`dclea lspfrftuac hfsjrazah`

hl pr`dclea jåsfn`. ]`r lilepc`, uka rlspulsta hlc nuart` nbagra a uka nrfsfs jfkaknflra slråa

pr`jukhaelktl nèpasfva, lk `p`sfnfþk a uka rlspulsta hlc sloukh` nbagra, qul n`ksfstfråa

lk ayuhar a acouflk p`rqul ls aco` n`rrlnt` y ætfn`. Aedas rlspulstas lsták e`tfvahas

lspfrftuac y le`nf`kacelktl, plr` ls jánfc plrnfdfr ca hfjlrlknfa.

\ka vlz, nuakh` lstada lk C`khrls, sl el anlrnþ uk i`vlk jfkcakhæs qul lstada euy

klrvf`s` p`rqul anadada hl plrhlr lc aut`dùs para lc alr`pulrt`. û fkocæs lra dastaktl eac`

(p`r sf a acouflk cl fktlrlsa, ef jfkcakhæs ls kuc`) y tleåa plrhlr lc avfþk. Lstada cc`rakh` y el

puhl feaofkar qul cl rlsuctada sueaelktl hfjånfc plhfr ayuha. Xuvl uka rlannfþk euy slktfhaaktl aqulcca sftuanfþk ‘aqulc i`vlk el rln`rhada eunb` a ef s`drfk`‘, hl e`h` qul paræ

uk taxf, cl hf 1== hþcarls y plhå ac n`khunt`r qul cclvara ac i`vlk ac alr`pulrt`.

Fkhlplkhflktlelktl hl a quæ iulo`s iuloulk n`k k`s`tr`s, k`

hldle`s iuoar a kfkoùk iulo` n`k k`s`tr`s efse`s.

Tacpb _ach` Lelrs`k

Lc eatrfe`kf` ‘ukfþk lspfrftuac‘ ls lc såed`c` y lc sanraelkt` hlc nuart` nbagra.

]lr` ca tarla sfedþcfna qul hldle`s ajr`ktar naha uk` hl k`s`tr`s ls utfcfzar ca lklroåa hl

kulstr` n`razþk para rln`k`nlr nuacfhahls hfvfkas lk naha plrs`ka qul lktra lk kulstras

vfhas. V, ac fouac qul n`k lc tlrnlr nbagra, prfelr` ble`s hl apcfnark`s ca lklroåa a k`s`tr`s

efse`s9 hldle`s aeark`s y rlspltark`s a k`s`tr`s efse`s para p`hlr ukfr kulstr` lspårftu

ac hl `tras plrs`kas.

Lk lc nuart` nlktr` lklroætfn` ls taedfæk h`khl rlsfhl ca nèpasfþk, p`r k`s`tr`s

efse`s y p`r c`s hleás. Ca eay`råa hl cas plrs`kas sl sflktlk eás nþe`has n`k cas




-1>4-

lxprlsf`kls hl aut`vac`ranfþk pr`pfas hlc sloukh` y tlrnlr nbagra qul n`k lc ae`r a så

efseas. ]`r lilepc`, rlnèplksarsl a uk` efse` n`k uk p`strl ` acoùk `tr` prfvfclof`

hlspuæs hl uk eac håa ls uka j`rea hl nufharsl nèpcltaelktl anlptadcl. ]lr` aearsl a uk`

efse` y nèprèltlrsl a b`krar y a rlspltar a ca plrs`ka qul uk` ls y su pr`pþsft` rlsucta

sueaelktl hfjånfc, p`rqul eunba olktl tlel qul lst` sulkl a karnfsfse`. ]lr`, hlc efse`

e`h` qul banle`s lc v`t` ` prèlsa s`clekl hl b`krar a ca parlia lk lc eatrfe`kf`,

hldle`s banlr v`t`s plrs`kacls qul k`s sfrvak nè` fkhfnah`rls le`nf`kacls y lspfrftuacls.

]`r lilepc`, p`hråae`s an`rhar hl uka eaklra uk takt` nþsefna vfvfr prlparah`s para nflrtas

sftuanf`kls qul pulhlk surofr, y prèltlrk`s qul9 «kukna p`hråa fok`rar c`s ccakt`s hl uk

kfñ`· ` «kukna el plrh`karåa sf k` ayuhara a uk aefo`·. Æstas k` s`k sþc` hlncaranf`kls

n`ke`vlh`ras, sfk` prèlsas qul s`k lsnunbahas y rlofstrahas, y qul cl hfnlk ac ukfvlrs` qul

k`s utfcfnl para nuepcfrcas. Cas prèlsas plrs`kacls s`k uk rln`k`nfeflkt` hl qul sè`s

n`ksnflktls hl c` qul ls jukhaelktac para kulstr` dflklstar le`nf`kac y para kulstr`

pr`pþsft` lspfrftuac.

C`s v`t`s hlc n`razþk, nè` c`s hlc eatrfe`kf`, eaktflklk ac n`razþk

plreaklktlelktl sfkt`kfzah` n`k lsl nèprèfs`. ]ara lcc`, banl jacta vac`r. \k

nèprèfs` dasah` lk lc n`razþk, lk lc nuac uka plrs`ka anulrha hl uka eaklra uk takt`

nþsefna vfvfr prlparaha p`r sf suroflra uka sftuanfþk qul aiustara a su nèprèfs`, p`hråa

fkncufr «kukna p`hråa hls`år lc ccakt` hl uk kfñ`· ` «kukna el plrh`karåa sf k` ayuhara…·.Æstas k` s`k sþc` hlncaranf`kls n`ke`vlh`ras. ^`k prèlsas qul lc ukfvlrs` lsnunba y

rlofstra7 y qul cl hfnlk ac ukfvlrs` qul k`s utfcfnl para nuepcfrcas.

Ca sfouflktl narta ls uk lilepc` lktlrklnlh`r hlc p`hlr hl uka prèlsa hlc n`razþk.

Artlefs L. lsnrfdl9 «Banl eunb` tflep`, bfnl uk nurs` s`drl nrlnfeflkt` plrs`kac ac qul

asfstfe`s trlfkta acuek`s. El natacòar`k nè` –anaparah`ra―, acouflk qul sfleprl efra

prfelr` p`r su pr`pf` fktlræs, qul kukna nèpartl kaha n`k c`s hleás, uka plrs`ka y`-y`-

y`. Hlshl lkt`knls, el nèprèltå a prantfnar ca olklr`sfhah. Hlspuæs lstuvl tradaiakh` ca

fhla hl nrlar adukhaknfa y hl cclvar uk rlofstr` hl cas n`sas p`r cas qul lstada aorahlnfha.

Hlnfhå qul qulråa nèpartfr ef adukhaknfa n`k c`s hleás. Ac prfknfpf` cfeftæ lstl hlsl` a efs

aefo`s y jaefcfarls, plr` culo` c` lxtlkhå a t`h` lc eukh`. Adukhaknfa sfokfjfna eunb` eás

qul hfklr`7 sfokfjfna nèpartfr efs h`kls, ef n`k`nfeflkt`, ef aeadfcfhah, ef ae`r. Lc `tr`

håa, nuakh` fda hl nèpras, vf uk par hl ouaktls rlacelktl prlnf`s`s lk uka tflkha hl e`ha.

V` tlkåa qul tlklr aqulcc`s ouaktls, plr`, nuakh` el anlrquæ ac e`strah`r, vf a h`s euilrls

vlstfhas n`k r`pas euy buefchls ahefrakh` c`s ouaktls. Cls prlouktæ sus sl c`s fdak a

nèprar y el n`ktlstar`k qul sþc` badåak vlkfh` a banlr uka vfsfta a uka aefoa qul tradaia




-1>>-

lk ca tflkha. Nuakh` sl julr`k a ca partl hlcaktlra hl ca tflkha, cl nèpræ uk par a naha uka.

\ka hl cas euilrls sl ak`tþ fkahvlrtfhaelktl ef kùelr` hl tlcæj`k`, qul jfourada lk ca

jukha hl ef tarilta hl nræhft`, y el ccaeþ para hlnfrel9 –B`ca slñ`ra, Hf`s ca aea.― ¡Quæ

nurf`s`!, °vlrhah0·

Ae`r fkjfkft`

Hf`s ls ae`r.

Iuak 892

Lc ae`r ls uka j`rea hl oranfa. K`s ha julrzas para s`p`rtar c` qul k`reacelktl k`

slråa s`p`rtadcl. Lc p`hlr hlc ae`r ls tak orakhl qul a vlnls k`s asustak cas lxfolknfas qul

k`s fep`kl lk kulstra vfha. Ac ae`r cl rlsucta euy hfjånfc hlnfr k`. V ca adukhaknfa hl ae`r

pulhl ayuhar a eli`rar basta ca pl`r hl cas nfrnukstaknfas. Lc ae`r traksj`rea naha annfþk lk

uk p`hlr`s` fkstruelkt` hl naedf`. Ca sfouflktl bfst`rfa fcustra plrjlntaelktl lc p`hlr

acquåefn` hlc ae`r y ca d`khah. I`nlcyk T. lsnrfdl9 «C`s ant`s hl slrvfnf` eás s`rprlkhlktls

qul bl rlnfdfh` bak vlkfh` t`h`s hl ef eahrl. Ls nasf fep`sfdcl lclofr uk` s`c` hl c`s rloac`s

qul el bak blnb`, plr` uk dulk lilepc` jul nuakh` el anèpañþ lk n`nbl hlshl kulstra

orakia hl âsgatnblwak basta @dlrcfk, @bf`, h`khl lstada ef ukfvlrsfhah. Badåa ccloah` ac

anulrh` hl nufhar a Eary, uka pr`jls`ra hl cltras ncásfnas iudfcaha hl k`vlkta y slfs añ`s, a

naedf` hl b`splhail. Eary lra nuacquflr n`sa elk`s nfloa kf euha y lra tak tlstaruha y tlkåa

tak p`n`s plc`s lk ca clkoua qul kfkouk` hl sus aefo`s ` jaefcfarls badåak p`hfh` cfepfarcl ca

nasa lk eunb`s añ`s. ]lr` sl cas vf` kloras nuakh` sl lkjrlktþ a ef eahrl, qul oasta uka

nadlz`klråa tak lhunaha nè` eaca clnbl oasta Eary. Ef eahrl y y` rle`vfe`s t`ha ca nasa

para n`kvlrtfrca lk uk cuoar badftadcl eflktras Eary pr`tlstada p`rqul, sloùk lcca, k` banåa

jacta banlr kaha. Lkn`ktrae`s catas hl n`kslrvas hl banåa slslkta añ`s (sloùk cas jlnbas hl

cas ltfqultas) y ousak`s lk c`s lstaktls hl ca n`nfka, V Eary `cåa jatac hl k` dañarsl. Ef eahrl

sþc` slktåa nèpasfþk p`r Eary. Eflktras jr`tada ca vaifcca n`k lstr`pai`s hur`s y cliåa,

badcada a ca aknfaka n`k huczura y, nuakh` sl jul, basta badåa n`ksloufh` banlrcl uk ilrsly hl

pukt`. ^f y` k` budflra n`ksloufh` aqulc tradai` lk nasa hl Eary, k` el p`hråa badlr

n`stlah` c`s lstuhf`s lk ca Lsnulca \kfvlrsftarfa hl @dlrcfk, y, sf ef eahrl k` budflra vlkfh`

n`kefo` para hle`strarel su ae`r, y` k` badråa p`hfh` vfvfr n`k Eary.·




-1><-

v`cvåa hl banlr ljlntfv`s c`s nblquls, lktrloakh` aco` hl hfklr` a acouka plrs`ka klnlsftaha

` qul vfvåa lk ca naccl. V` lstada n`k æc lk uka hl lsas `nasf`kls lk qul v`cvåa hlc dakn`,

nuakh` vf` a nfkn` kfñ`s hl k` eás hl hflz añ`s qul fktlktadak n`carsl lk lc nfkl trlpakh`

p`r uka sacfha hl fknlkhf`s. Efkut`s hlspuæs, t`h`s tlkåak su lktraha lk ca eak`, nèpraha

n`k lc hfklr` efstlrf`s`. Aprlkhå qul har acnakza cas eáxfeas n`tas hl purlza nuakh` sl banl

p`rqul så.·

Ae`r y nuranfþk

Aea ac prþife` nè` a tf efse`.

Clvåtfn` 16912

Ac jfkac hlc håa, c` ùkfn` qul fep`rta ls nþe` k`s ble`s tratah` c`s uk`s a c`s `tr`s.

X`has cas pacadras y ant`s hl d`khah s`k vlbånuc`s hl nuranfþk. ]lr`, nuakh` partfnfpa lc

ae`r, su p`hlr ls t`havåa eay`r. V c` efse` `nurrl n`k cas hleakhas hl tflep` y lsjulrz` a

qul hldlk banlr jrlktl quflkls sl `jrlnlk a ayuhar. Lc ae`r qul e`tfna a uka plrs`ka a

`jrlnlr v`cuktarfaelktl su tflep` a uka naepaña narftatfva k` ls lc efse` qul lc ae`r qul

hlhfna håas ` elsls a nufhar hl `tra plrs`ka. Hl kulv`, quflr` banlr bfknapfæ lk qul uk tfp`

hl ae`r k` ls eli`r qul `tr`7 aed`s s`k ads`cutaelktl klnlsarf`s para ca vfha bueaka.

]lr` nrlnle`s y lv`cunf`kae`s para slr napanls hl asuefr nèprèfs`s naha vlz eay`rls.

Aeae`s a kulstra jaefcfa y aefo`s7 aprlkhle`s a aear a kulstr`s vlnfk`s, a kulstra

nèukfhah y a kulstr`s sleliaktls y a tlklr nèpasfþk p`r t`ha ca bueakfhah. Ca

pr`jukhfhah nè` qul k`s plreftfe`s a k`s`tr`s efse`s slktfr cas klnlsfhahls hl `tra

plrs`ka, fktufr su sujrfeflkt` le`nf`kac ` sus eflh`s y ayuharcl rljclia ca eahurlz hl kulstr`

lspårftu.

Lc ae`r ls c` ùkfn` qul tlkle`s7 ca ùkfna j`rea hl ayuhark`s c`s uk`s

a c`s `tr`s.

Luråpfhls

Lk ca sfouflktl bfst`rfa7 Bakkab B. karra su hlsplrtar a ca napanfhah hl har ae`r a `tra

plrs`ka y lc fknrlådcl p`hlr nuratfv` qul lcc` nèp`rtþ. «Ca oravlhah hl ef pr`pfa




-1>:-

lkjlrelhah el lkslñþ c` fep`rtaktl qul ls tlkhlr ukas p`nas plrs`kas para `roakfzar tu

vfha eflktras tù tl n`knlktras lk rlnuplrartl. Lk 1621 lstada euy lkjlrea y el badåak

hfaok`stfnah` uka h`clknfa –tlrefkac―. Xarhæ eás hl h`s añ`s lk rlnuplrarel. Lk 4==1,

nuakh` lstada prlparákhèl para trascaharel a `tr` cuoar, vlkhlr ef nasa y ef klo`nf` y

rl`roakfzar ef vfha, cl hfaok`stfnar`k uk náknlr a uk bèdrl nè` quflk badåa cclvah` a nad`

uka cad`r hl v`cuktarfah` nè` elhfah`rls s`nfacls. Æc fktlktada sacfr ahlcaktl s`c`, n`k

vaclktåa l fkhlplkhlknfa. Nuakh` el lktlræ hlc hlsajå` ac qul sl lstada lkjrlktakh`,

n`kvlrtå su rlnuplranfþk lk uka prf`rfhah lk ef vfha. I`bk sl vfk` a vfvfr n`k k`s`tr`s. C`

acfelktae`s n`k c` qul p`håa nèlr huraktl ca `plranfþk hl oaroakta y ca rahf`tlrapfa, c`

cclvae`s naha håa ac b`spftac para qul rlnfdflra trataeflkt` hl rahf` y qufef`tlrapfa,

lstuvfe`s a su cah` huraktl lc p`st`plrat`rf` y rlukfrk`s uk orup` hl v`cuktarf`s para qul sl

julrak turkakh` para nufhar hlc æc. û sftuanfþk ln`kþefna leplzþ a banlr aouas huraktl ca

lkjlrelhah. Iukt` n`k `tr`s h`s aefo`s y n`k su plrefs`, jufe`s a su nasa. Hlrruedae`s lc

trastlr`, qul sl lstada naylkh` a tr`z`s, cfepfae`s vlfktl añ`s hl trast`s anueucah`s,

`roakfzae`s sus paplcls jfkaknflr`s y hlsnudrfe`s qul tlkåa uk e`ktþk hl janturas

fepaoahas hl c`s ùctfe`s nfkn` añ`s. N`ktratae`s a uk adòah` para qul rls`cvflra sus

pr`dcleas jfsnacls y sl lknaroara hl cas janturas eæhfnas. @roakfzae`s sudastas hl `dilt`s

usah`s para rlnauhar j`kh`s. N`ktlstae`s cas k`tfjfnanf`kls hlc ayuktaeflkt` y rls`cvfe`s

cas nulstf`kls rlcanf`kahas n`k su pr`pflhah, cl pfktae`s ca nasa, lkn`ktrae`s v`cuktarf`spara qul rlpararak lc tliah` y cas o`tlras. ]aoae`s a su bfia lc vfail hlshl Nacfj`rkfa para qul

puhflra lstar uk tflep` n`k su pahrl y nèpcltae`s t`has cas rlparanf`kls qul tlkåak qul

banlrsl lk su nasa. Aj`rtukahaelktl, I`bk s`drlvfvfþ ac náknlr y puh` rlorlsar a uka nasa

kulva y a uka vfha antfva. Ab`ra sfoul sfrvflkh` a ca nèukfhah nè` elhfah`r y n`knfcfah`r

v`cuktarf`.·

Xac ls lc p`hlr hlc ae`r. ^fk cuoar a huhas, lsta hlhfnanfþk ayuhþ a I`bk a nurarsl.

Kukna p`hrle`s elhfr ` slktfr rlacelktl t`h`s c`s ljlnt`s hl kulstr` ae`r s`drl c`s hleás.

Kahfl p`hrá sadlr iaeás ca j`rea lk qul lc ae`r sl nulca lk kulstras elktls y kulstr`s

n`raz`kls para rl`rhlkar kulstr`s plksaeflkt`s y hlrr`tar ca aut`nèpasfþk y ca hlprlsfþk.

Lc ae`r adrl hl par lk par ca pulrta hl ca oranfa. Ac fouac qul ca `ranfþk, lc ae`r pulhl

clvaktar eur`s n`ktra ca hlslsplranfþk y hark`s n`rail para s`drlvfvfr a c`s eay`rls hlsajå`s.

Aukqul badcara cas clkouas hl c`s bèdrls y hl c`s ákolcls, sf k` tlko` ae`r,

sþc` s`y nè` dr`knl qul rlsulka ` nåedac` qul rltfñl. Aukqul tuvflra lk h`k hl ca

pr`jlnåa y rln`k`nflra t`h`s c`s efstlrf`s y t`ha ca nflknfa7 aukqul tuvflra pclkftuh hl




-1>?-

jl nè` para e`vlr e`ktañas, sf k` tlko` ae`r, kaha s`y. Aukqul rlpartflra t`h`s

efs dflkls lktrl c`s p`drls y lktrloara ef nulrp` a cas ccaeas, sf k` tlko` ae`r, kaha

el apr`vlnba.

1 N`rfktf`s 1>

Eartfk Dudlr lxpcfna lsta n`ke`vlh`ra bfst`rfa lk su cfdr` Nulkt`s iasåhfn`s9

NÞE@ A]TLKHFÞ A AEAT LC TADFK@ ^L Â^@Z

Lc radfk` E`sbl Clfd lxpcfnþ lsta bfst`rfa9

Nþe` aear a c`s bèdrls ls aco` qul y` aprlkhå hl uk naeplsfk`. Æc

lstada slktah` lk uka p`saha iukt` n`k `tr`s naeplsfk`s, dldflkh`. Huraktl

uk dulk rat`, plreaklnfþ tak naccah` nè` lc rlst`, plr`, nuakh` sl akfeþ

n`k lc vfk`, cl prlouktþ a uk` hl c`s bèdrls qul badåa slktah`s a su cah`9

«Hfel, °tù el quflrls ` k` el quflrls0· Lc `tr` cl n`ktlstþ9 «Xl quflr`

eunb`.· ]lr` lc prfelr naeplsfk` cl rlsp`khfþ9 «Hfnls qul el quflrls, plr`,

°sadls quæ klnlsft`0 ^f el qufsflras hl vlrhah, c` sadråas.· Lc `tr` k` sup`

quæ n`ktlstar a lsa prloukta y lc naeplsfk` qul cl badåa j`reucah` v`cvfþ aqulharsl lk sfclknf`.

]lr` y` c` lktlkhå. N`k`nlr cas klnlsfhahls hl c`s bèdrls y cclvar ca

naroa hl sus plkas, æsl ls lc vlrhahlr` ae`r.

A vlnls lc ae`r hldl ahefkfstrarsl n`k nflrta hurlza para ayuhar ` pr`tlolr a

acouflk. V lsl tfp` hl ae`r rlquflrl vaclktåa. Ls eunb` eás jánfc har ca lspacha a uk pr`dclea

qul rlspfrar b`kh` y n`ks`car a acouflk. C`s lkjrlktaeflkt`s plrs`kacls k`s p`klk tak

klrvf`s`s qul tlkhle`s a utfcfzar lc lkjah` lk vlz hl ca nèpasfþk ajlntu`sa p`rqul lc

lkjah` `nucta kulstras vucklradfcfhahls. ]lr` lc ae`r pulhl ayuhark`s lk c`s ant`s hl ayuha

hfjånfcls plr` klnlsarf`s, nè` fcustrak n`k orak dlcclza cas h`s sfouflktls nartas.

Cfsa E. lsnrfdl9 «Banl acouk`s añ`s lstada atravlsakh` uka k`nbl `snura hlc acea.

El slktåa sueaelktl n`kjukhfha y jrustraha. ^fleprl badåa n`kjfah` lk ef fktlcfolknfa para

oufarel, akacfzar, prlhlnfr, n`ktr`car…, plr` ca fktlcfolknfa k` juknf`ka n`k ca k`nbl `snura.

C` qul eás el atlrrada lra qul aparlktlelktl badåa plrhfh` t`h` pr`pþsft`. Acouk`s elsls

hlspuæs, pr`dadclelktl nuakh` lstada prlparaha, lc ant` hl slrvfnf` qul el sfrvfþ hl




-1>2-

rlvucsfv` sl pr`hui` nuakh` ef qulrfh` earfh` el hfi`, n`k t`h` lc ae`r y uk pr`jukh`

slktfh` hl rlsfokanfþk (hlspuæs hl qul el quliara hl aco` qul k` el banåa jlcfz)9 –Lst`y

leplzakh` a plksar qul kukna v`cvlrás a slr jlcfz.― K` c` hfi` lk t`k` hl qulia. ^fepclelktl

lkuknfþ lc blnb`. V el ayuhþ a sacfr hl eå efsea lc tflep` sujfnflktl para vlr lc ljlnt` qul

lstada pr`v`nakh` lk quflkls el qulråak, y taedfæk el hf` uka clnnfþk hl rlacfhah9 el bfz`

vlr uka jutur` lk lc nuac, k` fep`rtada hl qul eaklra, aqulcca jrasl hliaråa hl tlklr slktfh`.

Z`cvlråa a slr jlcfz.·

Cykkl C. lsnrfdl9 «Xlko` ca sulrtl hl tlklr uka aefoa qul ls napaz hl vlr eás accá hl

ef prfelra rlannfþk para sadlr rlacelktl quæ ls c` qul el pasa. ^è`s aefoas hlshl c`s

añ`s slslkta. Ba badfh` eèlkt`s lk qul bl plrhfh` ca nadlza, ca parak`fa el ba iuoah` uka

eaca pasah y bl nrlåh` lqufv`nahaelktl qul c`s e`tfv`s hl ef aefoa lrak hfjlrlktls hl c`s

qul tlkåa. V ca bl anusah` fkiustaelktl. û ayuha ba n`ksfstfh` lk slr napaz hl vlrel n`k

takta ncarfhah qul sadåa qul lc pr`dclea k` tlkåa kaha qul vlr n`k lcca. V su rlspulsta,

eáofna y efcaor`sa, n`ksfståa lk tradaiar n`kefo` hlshl ca plrsplntfva hl ayuharel a

rlnuplrar ca vlrhah y lc ae`r qul k`s ukl.·

]ara qul sl pr`huzna ca nuranfþk, k` ls klnlsarf` qulrlr pr`jukha l åktfeaelktl a

uka plrs`ka. C`s ant`s hl rlsplt` taedfæk s`k p`hlr`s`s n`khunt`rls hl lklroåa sakah`ra,

sl tratl hl s`stlklrcl ca pulrta a acouflk ac lktrar lk uk cuoar ` hl nèpartfr kulstr` lspanf`

hl `ranfþk. Eflktras `roakfzada cas nartas qul el lkvfar`k, el jfiæ lk qul eunbas plrs`kaselknf`kadak bádft`s s`nfacls «plqulñ`s plr` cånft`s· qul prantfnadak p`rqul ca aeadfcfhah

n`ktrfduyl a eli`rar lc aedflktl lk qul vfvfe`s lk olklrac. Lc bádft` qul ca olktl

elknf`kada eás a elkuh` lra, n`k hfjlrlknfa, aouaktarcl ca pulrta a `tra plrs`ka ac lktrar

lk hltlrefkah` cuoar. Dusqule`s uk sfokfjfnah` sfedþcfn` ac blnb` hl s`stlklrcl ca pulrta

adflrta a acouflk. Qul acouflk tl nflrrl ca pulrta lk cas karfnls ls uk ant` hl rlnbaz`

rln`k`nfh` ukfvlrsacelktl y ls lsplnfacelktl h`c`r`s` nuakh` tl c` banlk a pr`pþsft`. Ca

olktl el ba n`ktah` trfstls lxplrflknfas s`drl sus jaefcfas, utfcfzakh` lxprlsf`kls nè` «el

nlrrar`k ca pulrta lk cas karfnls·. ^fedþcfnaelktl, s`stlklrcl ca pulrta a acouflk para qul

pulha lktrar lk hltlrefkah` cuoar rlprlslkta uk rln`k`nfeflkt` y rlsplt` p`r lsa plrs`ka.

Ls uk ant` vfsfdcl qul p`sll uk p`hlr fkvfsfdcl, ac fouac qul uka ccaeaha hl uk aefo` nuakh`

eás c` klnlsftae`s.

Efrakha C. rlnulrha9 «Ca k`nbl aktls hl qul ef hfv`rnf` julra hljfkftfv`, el

`dslsf`kæ n`k qul9 –°V sf el anad` arrlpfktflkh`0―. V` sadåa qul lra lc eflh` quflk lstada

badcakh` lk vlz hl ef n`razþk, plr` k` lra napaz hl p`klrcl jrlk`. Lkt`knls s`kþ lc tlcæj`k`.

Lra ef aefoa Dlngy, nuy` r`str` sl el badåa aparlnfh` ca sleaka aktlrf`r eflktras elhftada.




-1>6-

Aco` el hfi` qul tlkåa qul plhfrcl qul `rara p`r eå, plr`, nè` el hada uk p`n` hl

vlroólkza plhårslc` hfrlntaelktl, ccaeæ a su earfh` y cl plhå qul cl hflra ef elksail.

Nuakh` el ccaeþ, y` hf p`r slktah` qul su earfh` cl badåa lxpulst` ef hlsl`. Lstada

lqufv`naha. Lc earfh` hl Dlngy sl badåa `cvfhah` p`r nèpclt` hl harcl lc rlnah`. Lcca

ccaeada p`r `tr` e`tfv`. Lkt`knls cl lxpcfquæ c` qul el lstada `nurrflkh` y qul sl el badåa

aparlnfh` su r`str` eflktras elhftada y badåa sfh` oufaha a plhfrcl qul `rara p`r eå.

Lkt`knls lcca el lxpcfnþ qul lcca taedfæk sl badåa hfv`rnfah` banåa tflep`, hl e`h` qul

sadåa p`r c` qul y` lstada pasakh`. V lkt`knls bfz` ca n`sa eás lxtra`rhfkarfa, aco` qul iaeás

el badråa atrlvfh` a plhfrcl. Lk vlz hl cfeftarsl a rlnftar cas badftuacls plròruccahas qul tl

hfnl t`h` lc eukh` lk lstl tfp` hl nfrnukstaknfas, nè`9 –âdls, qul, ac jfkac, t`h` frá dflk― y

–Ab`ra ls hur`, plr` lc h`c`r pasará―, Dlngy bfz` aco` nèpcltaelktl hfstfkt`. Antuþ nè` uk

lspli`, rljcliákhèl qufæk lra y` para lcca. K` elknf`kþ a ef earfh`, kf lc hfv`rnf` kf c` eac

qul c` lstada pasakh` y`. Dásfnaelktl, el hfi` qul y` badåa sfh` uka fkspfranfþk para lcca

p`rqul tlkåa euy ncar` qul qulråa sloufr ef naefk` lspfrftuac. Ac ayuharel a vlr y nlktrarel

lk qufæk s`y. Lk vlz hl lk c` qul lstada sfktflkh`, el ayuhþ a harel nulkta hl qul, lk lc

j`kh`, y` tlkåa t`ha ca ncarfhah qul klnlsftada. Hlspuæs hl aqulcca ccaeaha, hlsaparlnfþ ca

aksflhah. Dlngy jul uk ákolc. ^fk su fktlrvlknfþk, kukna badråa lstah` adflrta para vlr t`has

cas slñacls hl ap`y` qul badåa a ef acrlhlh`r.·

\k p`n` hl ae`r pulhl ccloar euy cli`s

C` `pulst` ac ae`r k` ls lc `hf`, ls ca fkhfjlrlknfa.

Lcfl _flslc

Cas prþxfeas nartas rltratak hfstfktas naras hl ca lklroåa sakah`ra hlc ae`r. Ca

prfelra trata s`drl uka fktlknfþk tflrka y n`ksnflktl qul leaka hfrlntaelktl hlc n`razþk. û

aut`ra ls iap`klsa y ca bfst`rfa k` lstá lsnrfta lk plrjlnt` lspañ`c, plr` lcc` k` fepfhl qul

sus pacadras trakseftak ca dlcclza hl su elksail. Xagag` F. lsnrfdfþ9 «Xlko` uka elktl

feparnfac y sfleprl fktlkt` plksar qul c`s `tr`s s`k olktl aorahadcl. Lk lc Iapþk, ca olktl

aplkas hfrfol a `tr`s hlsn`k`nfh`s s`krfsas lk pùdcfn`, plr` hlspuæs hl aprlkhlr qul ls uka

euy dulka n`stuedrl qul tlkæfs lk vulstr` paås, sfleprl tlko` s`krfsas ` slktfeflkt` jlcfnls

p`r `tr`s. A vlnls nuakh` tlkåa pr`dcleas lk lc trlk ` lk ca naccl, acouflk el ayuhþ y slktå ef




-18=-

n`razþk cclk` hl oratftuh. V lst` el bfz` slktfr qul ca olktl hlsn`k`nfha qul k` s`krål pulhl

tlklr dulk`s slktfeflkt`s y lsa fhla el hf` eunb`s ákfe`s.·

Hl j`rea sfefcar, D`kkfl L. lsnrfdl9 «^fleprl ayuh` a `tras plrs`kas nuakh` vl` qul

c` klnlsftak. \ka aktfoua aefoa hlc n`clof` nuy` earfh` anada hl jacclnlr parlnåa

pr`jukhaelktl trfstl y plrhfha eflktras lsplrada lk ca n`ca hlc suplrelrnah`. Kf sfquflra c`

plksæ, el hfrfoå banfa lcca y cl hfil9 –B`ca, °nþe` lstás0 Bl `åh` c` hl tu earfh`.― Cl hf uk

adraz` p`rqul parlnåa klnlsftarc` y cl hfil qul p`håa ccaearel sfleprl qul qufsflra. Kukna

el ccaeþ, plr` eás ahlcaktl hfi` a ef earfh` c` eunb` qul aqulcc` badåa sfokfjfnah` para

lcca.·

Ca fktufnfþk hlc nuart` nbagra ls lxantaelktl nè` hlsnrfdfþ D`kkfl7 k` pflksas lk

aco` y hlspuæs c` banls, antùas y hlspuæs tl has nulkta hl qul bas antuah` sfk plksarc`

n`ksnflktlelktl. A elkuh` huhae`s nuakh` tlkle`s lsl tfp` hl fepucs`s p`r eflh` a qul

kulstras fktlknf`kls ` lsjulrz`s slak rlnbazah`s. Ef lxplrflknfa n`k lst`s fepucs`s ls qul

c`s rlnlpt`rls c`s vac`rak eunb`. C`s fepucs`s fktuftfv`s trakseftlk eás hlprfsa a travæs hl

kulstra katuraclza qul lc plksaeflkt` cþofn`. Ca sfouflktl narta ls uk lilepc` lknaktah`r hl

uk fepucs` hlc nuart` nbagra qul rlsuctþ slr uka dlkhfnfþk n`k ljlnt`s sakah`rls para ca

lefs`ra nè` para ca rlnlpt`ra. Iàkkl A. lsnrfdfþ9 «Ca sleaka pasaha lstada lk ca n`ksucta

hl ef `knþcò` nuakh` ca rlnlpnf`kfsta el nèlktþ c` d`kft`s qul cl parlnåak efs

plkhflktls. ^fk huhar uk eèlkt`, el c`s quftæ y sl c`s hf p`rqul sadåa lk c` eás b`kh` hlef n`razþk qul cl banåa eunba fcusfþk tlklrc`s y qul ls` ca baråa jlcfz. Ac nad` hl h`s håas uka

k`ta hl aorahlnfeflkt` hfnfækhèl qul k` sþc` cl badåa n`ke`vfh` n`k aqulc `dslquf`, sfk`

qul aquæc lra lc prfelr ant` hl d`khah hlsfktlrlsaha qul kahfl badåa blnb` p`r lcca hlshl

qul su earfh`, n`k lc qul cclvada trlfkta añ`s nasaha, jacclnfþ banåa p`snas sleakas. El

qulhæ ak`kahaha.·

Nuakh` kulstr` n`razþk lstá lk pclka nrfsfs le`nf`kac, lc ukfvlrs` pulhl lkvfark`s

uka ouåa a travæs hl uk aefo` hl n`kjfakza p`rqul lstae`s hleasfah` hls`rflktah`s para vlr

cas n`sas n`k ncarfhah. ]aelca N. lsnrfdl9 «Nuakh` t`havåa lstada nè` aklstlsfaha a raåz hlc

cå` n`k `tra euilr qul tlkåa ef earfh` y hlc kanfeflkt` hl ef kulv` bfi`, efs aefoas sl hflr`k

prfsa lk `dslqufarel n`k prlnf`s`s rloac`s. ûs `dslquf`s, sus n`raz`kls y sus h`kls

nuratfv`s `drar`k uk orak naedf` lk eå. El s`rprlkhflr`k lsplnfacelktl cas aefoas qul el

prlslktar`k lk ef nfuhah katac. \ka aefoa ccae` a ef pulrta, el hf` uk adraz`, sl rleakoþ u

sl pasþ h`s håas ayuhákhèl a lsnòlr n`c`rls para pfktar ef nasa a jfk hl harcl uk kulv`

afrl. Hlspuæs sl `jrlnfþ v`cuktarfa para rlukfr a uk orup` hl aefoas para banlrel uka n`cnba.

Lk aqulc eèlkt` y` k` tlkåa kfkoùk fktlræs lk tlklr uka n`cnba kulva, plr` ca n`cnba anadþ




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rlprlslktakh` aqulcca æp`na y lc nac`r y lc rloac` hl ae`r qul el bfnflr`k efs aefoas. ^foul

sflkh` uk såed`c` euy prlnfah` hl aqulc aprlkhfzail.·

Ca vaclktåa pulhl s`p`rtar eunbas j`reas hfjlrlktls y eakfjlstarsl hl eaklra

hfjlrlktl lk naha uk` hl c`s nbagras7 lxfstl ca vaclktåa fktlclntuac (slxt` nbagra), ca vaclktåa

jåsfna (tlrnlr nbagra) y ca vaclktåa nrlatfva (sloukh` nbagra). Lk eunb`s nas̀ s, ble`s hl

hliark`s cclvar p`r lc fkstfkt` vfsnlrac para rlsp`khlr a c`s fepucs`s hlc nuart` nbagra, nè`

fcustra lsta narta hl Tb`kha C., qul eulstra nþe` ca fktufnfþk sl adrl naefk` lktrl lc eflh` y

ca huha. «Banl apr`xfeahaelktl `nb` añ`s, ef blreak` jul arrlstah` y lkvfah` a ca nárnlc.

Lk kulstra nfuhah, t`h` lc eukh` qul lsplra iufnf` plreaklnl lk ræofelk hl prfsfþk

prlvlktfva. Æsta tflkl qul slr hl eáxfea slourfhah para fkncufr a c`s prls`s hl nèltlr c`s

hlcft`s eás oravls. Aqulcc` jul euy traueátfn` para ef blreak` y para t`ha ca jaefcfa. Bfnl

eunbas prlouktas y avlrfoóæ eunbas n`sas s`drl cas vfvfstas a c`s fktlrk`s9 lc b`rarf`, c`s

feprls`s qul badåa hl rlcclkar, c`s rlqulrfeflkt`s hl fhlktfjfnanfþk, cas rlstrfnnf`kls s`drl c`

qul p`håak cclvar c`s vfsftaktls a c`s fktlrk`s y cas k`reas s`drl ca vlstfelkta. Ca sacuh cad`rac

y cas k`reas hl slourfhah rlqulråak qul t`h`s c`s vfsftaktls cclvarak zapat` nlrrah`, k` sl

plreftåak sakhacfas kf nuacquflr `tr` tfp` hl naczah` adflrt`. X`ha plrs`ka qul k` nuepcflra

cas k`reas k` p`hråa vfsftar a c`s prls`s.

·Eflktras lsplrada para vlr a ef blreak`, vf varfas plrs`kas qul cclvadak sakhacfas.

Lra `dvf` qul k` n`k`nåak cas k`reas y, nuakh` cls ccaear`k p`r sus kèdrls, k` pasar`k cafksplnnfþk y k` puhflr`k vlr a sus slrls qulrfh`s. Acouk`s hl lcc`s vlkåak hlshl cli`s y badåak

blnb` lc traylnt` lk traksp`rtl pùdcfn`, hl e`h` qul sl bukhflr`k nuakh`, hlspuæs hl

lsplrar takt`, cls hfilr`k qul tlkåak qul lsplrar uka sleaka lktlra. A ca sleaka sfouflktl,

el jfiæ lk uka i`vlk qul parlnåa euy klrvf`sa p`rqul cclvada sakhacfas. El sup` euy eac p`r

lcca y, hl rlplktl, rln`rhæ qul tlkåa uk par hl zapat`s hl s`dra lk lc n`nbl. Cl prlouktæ sf

qulråa ef par hl zapat`s y anlptþ oust`sa. A partfr hl lkt`knls, naha sleaka cclvada a ca

nárnlc uka d`csa cclka hl zapat`s y sl c`s hliada a nuacquflr plrs`ka qul c`s klnlsftara para ca

vfsfta. C`s r`str`s hl ca eay`råa hl cas plrs`kas qul vfsftak a c`s rlncus`s hlk`tak vfhas cclkas

hl h`c`r y `snurfhah. ]`r uk drlvl lspanf` hl tflep`, pulhl fcuefkar uk p`n` hl acouk`s hl

aqulcc`s r`str`s.·

Ca acloråa y ca plka s`k fkslparadcls…, vflklk iuktas y nuakh` uka sl

sflkta a kulstra elsa…, rln`rhah qul ca `tra lstá hureflkh` lk vulstr` cah`.

Iacfc Ofdrak




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Lc hulc` p`r ca eulrtl hl uk slr qulrfh` fepcfna uk sujrfeflkt` tak orakhl qul nasf ls

uka prlslknfa lk kulstr` fktlrf`r. A vlnls klnlsftae`s aprlkhlr a s`p`rtarc` s`c`s, fkncus`

nuakh` tlkle`s a uk sæquft` hl aefo`s y jaefcfarls hfspulst`s a ayuhark`s a suplrarc`. Ca

eulrtl hl uka parlia ` hl uk bfi` pulhl pr`v`nar uk pr`jukh` eaclstar lk lc nårnuc` s`nfac hl

ca plrs`ka qul ba sujrfh` ca pærhfha. Ca eulrtl hlspflrta eunbas suplrstfnf`kls y `tr`s

pahrls y parlias pulhlk tlelr fkn`ksnflktlelktl qul sla n`ktaof`sa y taedfæk cls vfsftl a

lcc`s. Æsa ls uka hl cas raz`kls hl qul ca olktl hfoa9 «Ccáeael sf bay aco` qul pulh` banlr

p`r tf·, lk vlz hl9 «Xl ccaearæ para nèpr`dar rloucarelktl nþe` c` cclvas.· \ka plrs`ka

hlstr`zaha ls euy rar` qul nìa lc tlcæj`k` para plhfr ap`y` le`nf`kac, p`rqul plhfr ayuha

ls uk lsjulrz` åepr`d`, s`drl t`h` nuakh` uk` lstá le`nf`kacelktl hlstr`zah`. Ac jfkac hl

eunbas hl cas nartas qul rlnfdå, sus aut`rls lsnrfdflr`k9 «V` sulc` slr hl cas plrs`kas qul sl

`jrlnlk a ayuhar, plr` el rlsucta euy vf`clkt` plhfr ayuha.· Lsta rlacfhah s`nfac hl ca vfha

banl qul ca sfouflktl bfst`rfa rlsuctl lxtra`rhfkarfa.

Drlkha C. lsnrfdfþ9 «Ef earfh` y y` cclvádae`s eunb`s añ`s fktlktakh` n`knldfr uk

bfi`. Hlspuæs hl eunb`s elsls hl trataeflkt` y eunb`s jranas`s lk ca ncåkfna hl jlrtfcfhah,

k`s avfsar`k hl qul nuacquflr trataeflkt` ahfnf`kac sup`khråa uka aelkaza para ef sacuh y

qul tac vlz lra lc eèlkt` hl hliar hl fktlktarc`. V` el bukhå. Æsl k` lra lc jutur` qul badåa

feaofkah`. ^fleprl badåa s`ñah` n`k tlklr bfi`s. El n`stþ uk tflep`, plr` sujrå lc hulc` y ac

jfkac c` anadæ lknaiakh`. ]`n` hlspuæs el lktlræ hl qul lstada ledarazaha. Juf ac eæhfn`prl`nupaha p`rqul badåa tlkfh` uka jacta y el prlouktada sf t`h`s c`s járean`s qul badåa

tèah` els lstadak pasakh` jantura. Nuakh` el slktæ lk ca n`ksucta hl ca ofklnþcòa,

prlparaha para `år c` pl`r, c` ùkfn` qul `å jul9 –Drlkha, lstás ledarazaha―. K` c` nrlåa. Cl

plhå qul c` rlpftflra9 –Drlkha lstás ledarazaha.― Lkt`knls cl plhå qul sl c` hfilra a ef

earfh`. û lxprlsfþk k` tlkåa prlnf`. \ka partl hl eå lstada jc`takh`, y kf sfquflra `å a ca

ofklnþcòa y a ef earfh` badcar s`drl c`s fkn`kvlkflktls. Tlnulrh` badlr naptah` cas

pacadras –act` rflso`― y –tlkhrle`s qul n`ktr`car lc pr`nls` efkunf`saelktl―. °Hl quæ

lstadak badcakh`0 K` p`håa `nurrfr kaha eac`. X`h` lra plrjlnt`. Hf ca k`tfnfa a ef jaefcfa y

aefo`s. Xlkåa ukas aefoas earavfcc`sas qul badåak lstah` a ef cah` huraktl ca hura datacca

hlc trataeflkt` hl jlrtfcfhah. K`s rlukfe`s y nèpartå n`k lccas ca k`tfnfa y t`has rlåe`s y

cc`rae`s hl acloråa7 hlspuæs hl t`h`, sl fdak a n`kvlrtfr lk tåas b`k`råjfnas.

·Apr`xfeahaelktl uka sleaka hlspuæs, el clvaktæ uka eañaka n`k uk h`c`r

lspakt`s` y sfk p`hlrel e`vlr. Ef earfh` ccaeþ a uka aeducaknfa y el cclvar`k a urolknfas.

Xras prantfnarel uka lnòrajåa, el hfilr`k qul ef ledaraz` lra lntþpfn` y qul ef dldæ sl

lstada eurflkh`. ^f k` el `plradak, y` taedfæk e`rfråa. ]lhå ac eæhfn` qul lkn`ktrara




-18>-

acouka j`rea hl sacvar ac dldæ, plr` el hfi` qul k` badåa kaha qul banlr y qul ca nfruoåa lra

ca ùkfna `pnfþk p`sfdcl lk ef nas`. El hlsplrtæ hl ca `plranfþk h`c`rfha y le`nf`kacelktl

aklstlsfaha. K` tlkåa kaha lk ef fktlrf`r. Kfkoùk dldæ. Kf trèpas hl Jac`pf`. Kfkouka

lsplrakza hl tlklr bfi`s. Kfkouka cáorfea. Kaha. Hl blnb`, lra uka sftuanfþk n`ks`cah`ra.

Kaha p`håa banlrel hañ` p`rqul kaha p`håa lkolkhrarsl lk ef fktlrf`r. Lstada vanåa.

]lreaklnå lstfraha lk ca naea hlc b`spftac `dslrvakh` ca parlh, nòfækh`cl ca eak` a ef

earfh`.

·Lkt`knls, vfk` a vlrel ef eli`r aefoa9 Caura. ^l slktþ lk uka sfcca iukt` a ef naea y

sl pus` a cc`rar. K` hfi` kf uka pacadra. ^þc` cc`rada. Ca efræ n`k lstup`r. °]`r quæ cc`rada0 Cl

hf ukas paceahftas y cl hfil9 –^bbb, k` pasa kaha. X`h` frá dflk―. ^fk hlnfr pacadra, lcca sfoufþ

cc`rakh`. Lkt`knls sl pus` hl pfl, el hf` uk dls` lk ca elifcca, el hfi` qul el qulråa y sl

jul. V` lstada euha hlc asèdr`. °Hl quæ fda t`h` aqulcc`0 Ef earfh` sl badåa fh` para qul

tuvfærae`s fktfefhah y nuakh` v`cvfþ el prlouktþ s`drl quæ badåae`s badcah`. Cl n`ktlstæ

qul –s`drl kaha― y el h`reå.

·K` jul basta varfas sleakas hlspuæs qul el hf nulkta hl qul Caura ls ca euilr eás

sadfa qul n`k`zn`. Huraktl aqulcc`s prfelr`s håas hl n`ke`nfþk y hlslsplranfþk, nuakh` y`

k` p`håa cc`rar, lcca cc`rþ p`r eå. Lcca cclkþ lsl lspanf` eflktras y` fktlktada s`drlcclvar ca

slksanfþk hl vanå` y lc h`c`r qul sup`kl plrhlr uk dldæ. Nuakh` p`r jfk cc`ræ, sadåa qul tlkåa

lc ap`y` hl uka aefoa. ^fk iufnf`s, sfk lxplntatfvas. Lcca sþc` lstada accå p`r eå. Ab`ra nrl` quluk ant` hl slrvfnf` ls aco` qul sl banl p`r `tra plrs`ka sþc` p`r ae`r y sfk kfkouka

lxplntatfva hl rlnfdfr aco` a naedf`. Caura k` lsplrada kaha hl eå. Zfk` a cc`rar p`r su aefoa.

V y` sfleprl ca qulrræ.·

N`kkfl N. lsnrfdfþ s`drl uka prántfna lktlrklnlh`ra9 «Xlko` uka fkncfkanfþk a banlr

ant`s hl slrvfnf` p`r aqulccas plrs`kas (aefoas ` hlsn`k`nfhas) qul bak plrhfh` a uk slr

qulrfh`, sla a nusa hl uka eulrtl ` hl uk hfv`rnf`. K` cls lsnrfd` k`tas ` cls ccae` para

hlnfrcls9 –k` sæ quæ hlnfr.― ^æ quæ hlnfrcls y sl c` hfo`. El c` sulcl fkhfnar lc Lspårftu. Hlspuæs

hlc n`ktant` fkfnfac, cl bao` uk sloufeflkt`, a elkuh` fktlksfv`, para vlr nþe` c` lsták

cclvakh`. Xaedfæk c` bao` n`k plrs`kas qul bak lstah lkjlreas u b`spftacfzahas.·

V tlko` qul fkncufr lsta n`ke`vlh`ra bfst`rfa hl Kakny G., qul lsnrfdfþ9 «El

lkn`ktrada lk uk lstah` hl pr`jukha ajcfnnfþk, cc`rakh` t`h` lc håa y t`ha ca k`nbl. \k håa

vfk` a vlrel uka aefoa n`k h`s d`csas cclkas hl paqultls hl pañulc`s hl paplc7 c`s badåa hl

t`h`s c`s tfp`s y n`c`rls, plrjueah`s y k` plrjueah`s. C`s rlpartfe`s p`r t`has cas partls,

p`r t`has cas lsqufkas hl ef apartaelkt`. Ef bfz` rlår p`r prfelra vlz lk varfas sleakas. V

aqulcc` lra lxantaelktl c` qul klnlsftada. \tfcfnæ t`h`s c`s paqultls. N`k su olst` el




-188-

trakseftfþ lc elksail hl qul lktlkhåa ef klnlsfhah hl cc`rar y el lstada `jrlnflkh` lc ùkfn`

n`ksulc` qul sl cl p`håa `nurrfr. Jul uk rloac` qul kukna `cvfharæ.·

Lc p`hlr nuratfv` hlc plrhþk

Ca eli`r `dra hl uk orak bèdrl ls plrh`kar y `cvfhar.

N`rák :8918

^f ac prlslktar tu `jrlkha lk lc actar tl anulrhas hl qul uk blreak`

tuy` tflkl aco` n`ktra tf, hlia tu `jrlkha accå, hlcaktl hlc actar, y vl prfelr` a

rln`knfcfartl n`k tu blreak`7 culo` vulcvl y baz ca `jrlkha.

Eatl` <94>-48

^f dflk lc ae`r ls ca lklroåa jukhaelktac hlc nuart` nbagra, su eakhat` ls lc plrhþk.

]`nas hl cas nartas qul rlnfdå badcak s`drl lc plrhþk nè` ant` hl slrvfnf`7 sfk ledaro`, kaha

ls eás p`hlr`s` qul uk ant` hl plrhþk. Hl blnb`, Ilsùs hlhfnþ t`ha su vfha a lkslñar lc

plrhþk. û ùctfe` ant` lk ca nruz jul plrh`kar a quflkls c` badåak plrsloufh` y pfhfþ a Hf`s

qul c`s plrh`kara9 «]lrhþkac`s, ]ahrl, p`rqul k` sadlk c` qul banlk.·

^lr fknapaz hl plrh`kar sfokfjfna vfvfr lk uk fkjflrk`, s`p`rtakh` uka orak naroa,

suefh` lk ca trfstlza y lc lkjah`. Kulstr` lo` lsplra qul aqulcc`s n`k quflkls lstae`s

lkjahah`s lstæk vfvflkh` lk ca lxplntatfva hl qul acoùk håa cls plrh`karle`s. ]lr` c` eás

pr`dadcl ls qul a ca plrs`ka n`k quflk lstae`s rlslktfh`s cl baya hliah` hl fep`rtar

kulstr` sujrfeflkt`. Lcca ba avakzah` y k`s`tr`s sloufe`s lstaknah`s. Lc plrhþk ls uk ant`

euy p`hlr`s` qul tflkl uka vfrtuh sakah`ra para qufkl plrs`ka. Hlspuæs hl t`h`, ca plrs`ka

n`k quflk lstae`s rlslktfh`s k` vfvl lk kulstr` nulrp`7 k`s`tr`s så.

Hldle`s banlr rlorlsar a kulstr` lspårftu hlshl lc pasah`, vfvfr lk lc eèlkt`

prlslktl y plrh`kar a cas plrs`kas qul k`s bak blnb` hañ`. Lc pahrlkulstr` natþcfn` pfhl ca

hfvfka oranfa hl slr plrh`kah` y plrh`kar a c`s hleás. «]ahrl kulstr`, qul lstás lk lc nflc`

*…+ ]lrh`ka kulstras `jlksas nè` taedfæk k`s`tr`s plrh`kae`s a c`s qul k`s `jlkhlk.·

K`tle`s ca orata slksanfþk qul fkvahl kulstr`s n`raz`kls nuakh` fkvftae`s a ca hfvfka oranfa

a lktrar lk kulstr` fktlrf`r y nþe` sl atlkùa nuacquflr rlsqufnf` hl lkjah` ` rlslktfeflkt`




-18<-

qul plreaklnflra n`kolcah` lk lc tflep`. ^fk cuoar a huhas, t`h`s ble`s hah` pas`s

lqufv`nah`s qul ca hfvfka oranfa k`s plrh`kará.

^f uka plrs`ka prloukta a su n`razþk9 «°Nuác ls lc eay`r slrvfnf` qul klnlsft` banlr

para sakar y para slktfrel lk paz0·. °quæ rlspulsta fktufrá0 Ca rlspulsta eás jrlnulktl qul

el hak cas plrs`kas qul asfstlk a efs slefkarf`s ls9 «Ef n`razþk el hfnl qul sfrva a c`s

hleás y qul, a travæs hlc slrvfnf`, `dtlkhræ ca paz fktlrf`r y lc slktfh` qul lst`y dusnakh` a ca

vfha.·

Ca sloukha rlspulsta eás jrlnulktl ls9 «K` lst`y slour`·, lk lc j`kh` lstá hfnflkh`

qul k` cl ousta c` qul cl anada hl hlnfr su fktufnfþk. Badftuacelktl, æsta cl badrá hfnb` qul

tflklk qul plrh`kar a acouflk qul t`havåa sup`kl uka naroa para su n`razþk.

Eary Iakl A. lsnrfdl s`drl lc plrhþk9 «^flkt` qul plrhå uka vacf`sa `p`rtukfhah banl

p`n`s añ`s nuakh` sl lstada eurflkh` ef tåa. \k håa slktå qul klnlsftada hlnfrcl a ef pahrl

qul cl qulhada euy p`n` tflep` para plhfrcl plrhþk a su blreaka. Nrl` qul slktå uka

nèdfkanfþk hl eflh` y lkjah` banfa æc ‘eflh` a qul rlannf`kara n`k fra banfa eå y lkjah`

p`r cas fkiustfnfas qul y` sadåa qul ef pahrl badåa nèltfh` n`k ef tåa‘. °]`r quæ k` fok`ræ

aqulcc`s slktfeflkt`s y sl c` hfil sfk eás0 K` tlko` kf fhla hl p`r quæ huhæ. ]`n` aktls hl

qul ef tåa eurflra, lstas b`khas pacadras el ccloar`k nè` sf sl tratara hl uk elksail

lkvfah` p`r su acea9 –°]`r quæ bas plreftfh` qul lc eflh` k`s eaktlkoa eutuaelktl

acliah`s hl kulstr`s n`raz`kls0―· ûl D. lsnrfdl9 «Ef sulor` jacclnfþ rlnflktlelktl, plr` aktls hl qul c` bfnflra,

prlslknfæ uk eèlkt` earavfcc`s` l fkspfrah`r hl uka jaefcfa rlukfha para har lc ùctfe` ahfþs

a uk slr qulrfh`. H`s håas aktls hl e`rfr, p`r jfk, hfi`9 –@s quflr`― a t`ha ca jaefcfa. K` badåa

hfnb` aqulccas pacadras lk t`ha su vfha. Lk aqulc eèlkt`, efræ a t`h` lc eukh` qul

r`hlada su clnb` y supl fkelhfataelktl qul t`h` c` qul badåa `nurrfh` lk lc pasah` lstada

plrh`kah`. C`s r`str`s hl t`h`s c`s prlslktls c` rljcliadak, aquæc jul uk ant` hl slrvfnf`

cclvah` a nad` p`r uk bèdrl aplkas n`ksnflktl, plr` k`s hfe`s nulkta hl qul sl hada

plrjlnta nulkta hl c` qul lstada hfnflkh` lk aqulc eèlkt`. Aqulcc` sþc` el n`kjfreþ qul

lc nulrp`, ljlntfvaelktl, ls hædfc, plr` ls lspårftu prlvaclnl.·

Nbarclkl X. bfz` ca sfouflktl `dslrvanfþk9 «Nuakh` lstada atravlsakh` uk plrf`h` hl

orakhls hfjfnuctahls, ef qulrfha aefoa Oranl nèpartfþ n`kefo` uka orak vlrhah. X`h`

pr`vflkl hlc ae`r, fkncus` nuakh` k` c` parlnl. Nbrfs Orfsnè hfnl qul, basta aqulccas

plrs`kas qul k`s banlk n`sas qul k`s rlp`rtak sujrfeflkt`, lsták cclvakh` a nad` uk orak

ant` hl slrvfnf`, p`rqul k` lsták pr`p`rnf`kakh` fkj`reanfþk a travæs hl lsa lxplrflknfa

s`drl ahþkhl klnlsftae`s cclvar eás cuz.· V` lst`y hl anulrh` ac nflk p`r nflk n`k lsa




-18:-

lkslñakza y ah`r` ads`cutaelktl lc blnb` hl qul Oranl WOranfaU hflra lsl elksail a su

aefoa.

Ca ùctfea bfst`rfa hl lstl napåtuc` trata s`drl ca nuranfþk y uka blre`sa fktlrvlknfþk

hfvfka. âccy ^. lsnrfdl9 «Ef parlia sl lkn`ktrada hl vananf`kls lsqufakh` lk Jraknfs, plr` y`

hlsnudrå qul k` lstada n`k lc orup` hl aefo`s n`k qul el badåa hfnb` qul fda a fr sfk` n`k

uka euilr dastaktl pr`dcleátfna qul badåa lktrah` lk kulstras vfhas. Lcca lra euy

eakfpucah`ra y tlkåa sloukhas fktlknf`kls lk c` qul sl rljflrl a ef k`vf`. V` hlsnudrå qul

aqulcca euilr sl traåa lktrl eak`s p`r elhf` hl su earfh`. Eflktras atada nad`s l fda

nèprlkhflkh` c`s an`ktlnfeflkt`s qul badåak cclvah` a aqulcca sftuanfþk, el lkn`ktræ

dldflkh` para abòar efs plkas. V` ya badåa pasah` uka æp`na lk ef vfha lk qul badåa

dldfh` lk lxnls`. Cl badåa plhfh` a ef k`vf` qul k` aceanlkara dldfhas acn`bþcfnas lk nasa.

K` el ayuhþ7 kulstr` pfs` parlnåa uk dar, y a lcc` badåa n`ktrfdufh` dastaktl aqulcca euilr

qul k` banåa eás qul lkvfark`s naias hl vfk`.

·Aqulcca euilr tradaiada lk uk dakn`. Hlspuæs hl badlr dldfh` eunb` vfk`, s`c` lk

nasa, plksakh` lk qul ef k`vf` y aqulcca euilr el badåak fktlktah` aslsfkar n`k t`h` aqulc

acn`b`c, hlnfhå ccaear a ca sunursac h`khl lcca tradaiada. Lrak acrlhlh`r hl cas hflz hl ca k`nbl.

K` sæ qufæk nrlåha qul fda a n`ktlstar ac tlcæj`k` a aqulccas b`ras, plr` acouflk c` bfz`. Lrak

uk bèdrl y y` el qulhæ tak s`rprlkhfha qul cl prlouktæ9 –°Qufæk ls ustlh0― –Lc cahrþk hl

dakn`s―, el n`ktlstþ n`k uk lknaktah`r l fk`cvfhadcl anlkt` hl Cfvlrp``c. El rlå y el qulhæprlkhaha hl su v`z fkstaktáklaelktl.

·―¡Badcas nè` I`bk Clkk`k! ‘cl hfil‘. °Quæ hfadc`s lstás banflkh` lk lc dakh` a

lstas b`ras hl ca k`nbl0― I. C., nè` cl ccaeæ y`, el jul hlsnrfdflkh` a c` caro` hl varfas

ccaeahas nþe` lstada n`c`nakh` lxpc`sfv`s lk ca naia julrtl. V` el rlå a narnaiahas. ^loufe`s

ccaeákh`k`s p`r tlcæj`k` lc uk` ac `tr` huraktl t`ha ca k`nbl. Kukna badåa lstah` tak

n`ktlkta y pasákhèlc` tak dflk lk uk` hl c`s eèlkt`s eás trfstls hl ef vfha. Lstuvfe`s

basta cas slfs hl ca eahruoaha n`ktákh`k`s cas bfst`rfas hl kulstras vfhas, rfækh`k`s, basta

qul a eå el sactar`k cas cáorfeas. Lkt`knls æc el lkvfþ uk elksail p`r jax9 –Aouakta, narfñ`.

Xù pulhls nèlrtl lc eukh`―.

·El v`cvfþ a ccaear a cas `nb` hl ca eañaka para nèpr`dar su lstada dflk. V ccaeþ

hl kulv` p`n`s elsls hlspuæs y `tra vlz ac nad` hl uk añ`, y c`s h`s k`s earavfccae`s hl c`s

naedf`s y lc nrlnfeflkt` qul badåae`s lxplrfelktah` lk kulstras vfhas y hl ca fep`rtaknfa

hlc ae`r. ^l ccaea Ife y avlrfoóæ, p`r uk vfofcaktl hlc dakn`, qul ls uk lclntrfnfsta qul

n`ktratar`k para qul fkstacara uk sfstlea hl acarea aqulcca k`nbl. Jul uka vlrhahlra

dlkhfnfþk qul aqulc bèdrl aparlnflra lk ef vfha iust` nuakh` c` bfz`.·




-18?-

^fedþcfnaelktl, ca acarea hl âccy lstada hliakh` hl juknf`kar y uk lclntrfnfsta

nèpasfv` jul napaz hl rln`klntar sus nfrnuft`s para qul puhflra s`drlvfvfr.

Lc ae`r ls panflktl, lc ae`r ls slrvfnfac. K` n`k`nl ca lkvfhfa, k` ls

iantaknf`s`, k` ls lkorlåh`. Ls hln`r`s`, k` dusna su fktlræs, k` sl lkjaha n`k

janfcfhah, k` cclva nulkta hl c`s lrr`rls. Lc ae`r k` sl aclora hl ca fkiustfnfa

plr` sl aclora n`k ca vlrhah. X`h` c` lxnusa. X`h` c` nrll. X`h` c` lsplra.

X`h` c` s`p`rta.

1 N`rfktf`s 1>

Lxaelk hlc kùncl` hlc nuart` nbagra

K` lxfstl uk ant` hl ae`r qul sla fksfokfjfnaktl. Lc p`hlr hlc ae`r lstá prlslktl lk

naha fkspfranfþk qul banle`s. Kulstra fktlknfþk traksj`rea ca lklroåa lk uka julrza

sakah`ra qul feprloka kulstr`s plksaeflkt`s y kulstr`s ant`s, sla ac aouaktar ca pulrta a

uka plrs`ka ` ac pasar uka k`nbl lk vlca n`k acouflk qul anada hl plrhlr a uk bfi`.

Cas sfouflktls prlouktas plreftlk lxaefkar ca fktufnfþk hlc nuart` nbagra, lxpc`rakh`

c` hfspulst`s qul lstae`s a adrfrk`s a c`s hleás. El oustaråa qul lc clnt`r sl j`reucara cas

sfouflktls prlouktas9

Nè` hah`r

1. °N`k quæ tfp` hl plrs`kas ` sftuanf`kls sl n`klnta ef nuart` nbagra0

4. °Nuákh` bl antuah` sfouflkh` c`s fepucs`s hlc nuart` nbagra0 °El aorahþ ` el

hlnlpnf`kþ lc rlsuctah`0

>. °Quæ ls c` qul eás el asusta s`drl lc blnb` hl adrfrel a ca fktufnfþk hlc nuart`

nbagra08. °^`y n`ksnflktl nuakt` nflrr` ef n`razþk a `tra plrs`ka0 °Quæ e`tfva ef

rlspulsta0

<. °Quæ paráeltr`s ba jfiah` ef n`razþk para cfeftar c` qul lst`y hfspulst` a har0

Nè` rlnlpt`r

1. °Klnlsft` ab`ra ap`y` le`nf`kac0

4. °El rlsucta hfjånfc rlnfdfr ae`r hl c`s hleás0

>. °Klnlsft` qul acouflk el plrh`kl ` plrh`kar a acouflk0




-182-

\KA @TANFÞK HLC N\ATX@ NBAGTA

Adr` ef n`razþk para rlnfdfr ae`r. Xac vlz k` sflkta lktrar lsl ae`r

fkelhfataelktl plr` vfvfræ lk ca n`kjfakza hl qul lsl ae`r lepflnl a jcufr lk

ef fktlrf`r lk lc eèlkt` lk qul y` c` pfha y qul lsl jcui` k` tlkhrá jfk. Hfrfi`

ef atlknfþk a ca fktufnfþk hl ef n`razþk y el adr` a rlnfdfr uka ncara

rlvlcanfþk. Dlkhfo` a quflkls el r`hlak y el ap`yak y a aqulcc`s hl nuy`

ap`y` el dlkljfnf` aukqul kukna c`s n`k`nlræ lk lsta vfha.

V bl aquå uka `ranfþk trahfnf`kac bldrla9

Hldæfs aear a vulstr` Hf`s n`k t`h` vulstr` n`razþk, n`k naha fkspfranfþk, n`k

t`h` c` qul tlkæfs.

Ouarhah lk vulstr` n`razþk lstas pacadras qul ab`ra `s hfrfi`.

Lkslñáhslcas nufhah`saelktl a vulstr`s bfi`s, cclvahcas lk ca eak` nè` uka

slñac y eaktlklhcas vfsfdcls aktl vulstr`s ì`s.

Fksnrfdfhcas lk cas iaedas hl cas pulrtas y cas vlrias hl vulstras nasas.




-186-

<

C`s h`kls hl ca lclnnfþk

Zlr quæ ls c` n`rrlnt` y k` banlrc` ls jacta hl vaclktåa ` hl prfknfpf`s.

N`kjunf`

Ef prfelr lknulktr` n`k c` qul ab`ra n`ksfhlr` lc «p`hlr hlc qufkt` nbagra· sunlhfþ

lk elk`s hl uk efkut` y naedfþ t`ha ef vfha. @nurrfþ nuakh` lstada lk prfelr` hl narrlra

hl ca \kfvlrsfhah Natþcfna, h`khl t`h`s c`s k`vat`s tflklk qul fr a ncasls hl rlcfofþk. V` tlkåa

ca antftuh hl «°V qufæk klnlsfta lstuhfar aco` aså0· @ sla qul k` lstuhfæ y sfepclelktl asueå

qul apr`daråa.A elhf` slelstrl, parlnåa ad`naha ac susplks`. Ca pr`jls`ra, acouflk a quflk tlko`

lk orak lstfea hlshl aqulc håa, el parþ lk lc vlståduc` aktls hl lktrar lk ncasl y el hfi`9

«K` lstás rfkhflkh` lk ef ncasl. Ls `dvf` qul lrls fktlcfolktl y ls uka cástfea qul t`havåa k`

tl baya lkslñah` kahfl a utfcfzar ca fktlcfolknfa.· V hlspuæs sl acliþ… sfk eás.

ûs pacadras el hliar`k ak`kahaha. El anadada hl hlnfr aco` qul k`reacelktl el

badråa blnb` slktfrel buefccaha, plr` el slktå fkspfraha, j`rtaclnfha. K` el c` p`håa quftar

hl nadlza. X`h` c` qul r`hlþ aqulc eèlkt` sl el qulhþ oradah`, s`drl t`h` lc lstfc` tak

hlsaploah` qul utfcfzþ ef pr`jls`ra. Jul napaz hl hlnfrel aco` qul klnlsftada `år sfk

banlrel slktfr nè` uk jranas`. û jacta hl rlslktfeflkt` el plreftfþ ads`rdlr s`caelktl ca

oranfa y ca sadfhuråa hl su ouåa. Lk aqulc fktlrnaedf` aprlkhå s`drl lc p`hlr hl ca lclnnfþk y hl

ca fktlknfþk. Tln`rhæ nþe` sl badåa prlslktah` aqulcca pr`jls`ra ac prfelr håa lk ncasl,

hfnflkh`9 «Ef fktlknfþk ls lkslñar`s c` eli`r qul pulha. ^f `s oust` ` k` ls aco` qul narlnl

hl fep`rtaknfa para eå. Ef tarla n`ksfstl lk lkslñar.· Kukna aktls lk ef vfha badåa `åh` a

kahfl ajfrear qul k` cl fep`rtada oustar a k` a c`s hleás. Lk aqulc lkt`knls y`, nè` ca

eay`råa hl cas iþvlkls, nrlåa qul oustar y slr vac`raha lra ca elta hl t`h` c` qul banåae`s.




-1<=-

Ef pr`jls`ra el fktr`hui` lk lc hèfkf` hl c` traksplrs`kac. Ca purlza hl fktlknfþk qul

e`strþ n`k takta blre`sura jul uka hl sus clnnf`kls eás earavfcc`sas.

Ca n`knflknfa hlc qufkt` nbagra

Kulstr` tle`r eás pr`jukh` k` ls a slr fkahlnuah`s. Kulstr` tle`r

eás pr`jukh` ls a tlklr uk p`hlr eás accá hl t`ha elhfha. Ls kulstra cuz, k`

kulstra `snurfhah, c` qul eás k`s asusta.Earfakkl _fccfaes`k

Lc kèdrl sáksnrft` hlc qufkt` nbagra sfokfjfna «purfjfnah`· y sl rljflrl ac naefk`

lspfrftuac hl tèas n`knflknfa hl p`r quæ banle`s c` qul banle`s9 kulstra fktlknfþk. Nuakt`

eás n`ksnflktls k`s v`cvle`s, eás k`s rlsp`ksadfcfzae`s hl cas n`kslnulknfas hl kulstras

annf`kls. Lstl kfvlc hl p`hlr taedfæk rlquflrl ca prántfna hl cas rlntas pacadras nè` ca

hlkèfkak c`s duhfstas, ya qul lc qufkt` nbagra sl lknulktra ac kfvlc hl ca oaroakta. Badcar

n`k rlntftuh fepcfna s`plsar naha plksaeflkt` y naha pacadra, badcar sfknlraelktl plr` n`k

dulk iufnf`, pulst` qul t`h` nulkt` hlnfe`s ajlnta a cas plrs`kas qul k`s r`hlak. Lk lstl

qufkt` kfvlc hl p`hlr, lstae`s ccaeah`s a antuar n`k rlsplnt` a c`s hleás hl j`reas qul

trakseftak uka orak j`rtaclza hl lspårftu y n`kvfnnfþk. Lk nasa lclnnfþk qul banle`s,

hldle`s «^èltlr ca v`cuktah plrs`kac a ca v`cuktah hfvfka·, lc clea hl lstl nlktr`

lklroætfn`.

Nuakh` Duha lkslñ` a badcar n`k rlntftuh a su bfi`, c` prfelr` qul bfz` jul plhfrclqul rljclxf`kara s`drl c` qul fda a hlnfr y qul sl aslourara hl qul lsa «annfþk vlrdac· k`

julra a banlr hañ` a `tras plrs`kas. ^f fda a banlr hañ`, hldlråa hlsfstfr7 sf fda a olklrar

jlcfnfhah, hldlråa sloufr ahlcaktl. ^f blråa a acouflk fklsplrahaelktl, hldlråa rljclxf`kar

s`drl lcc` y n`kjlsárslc` a så efse` l fkncus` a uk ealstr`, uk elkt`r ` uk aefo` lktlkhfh`.

]ara slr sfknlr` nè` uk` efse` taedfæk banl jacta vaclktåa. A elkuh` k` qulrle`s

rln`k`nlr cas vlrhahlras raz`kls qul k`s cclvak a banlr aco` kf nuacquflr n`kslnulknfa

kloatfva hl kulstras annf`kls. Bay eunb`s tfp`s hl vaclktåa qul rlplrnutlk s`drl cas

lclnnf`kls qul banle`s. ]`r lilepc`, klnlsftae`s eunba vaclktåa jåsfna para lktrar lk uk




-1<1-

lhfjfnf` lk ccaeas a jfk hl rlsnatar a uk kfñ` ` para har uk lepuiþk a acouflk n`k lc jfk hl

feplhfr qul c` atr`plccl uk n`nbl qul pasa a t`ha vlc`nfhah. ]lr` klnlsftae`s uka vaclktåa

hfjlrlktl, hl tfp` le`nf`kac, para badcar act` y ncar` y p`sfnf`kark`s n`ktra uka fkiustfnfa `

para fktlrvlkfr lk ca vfha plrs`kac hl `tra plrs`ka. \k bèdrl el hfi`9 «V` aktls sacvaråa a

acouflk hl cas ccaeas ` hl abòarsl qul hlnfrcl a uk dulk aefo` qul sæ qul ls ahfnt`. C` hfo`

p`rqul ya bl lktrah` lk uk fknlkhf` para sacvar a acouflk y lk naedf` tlko` a uk aefo` qul

ls ahfnt` y t`havåa k` bl tlkfh` lc n`rail hl fktlktar sacvarc`.·

]`r c` takt`, lc qufkt` nbagra rlprlslkta ant`s hl slrvfnf` qul rlquflrlk uk tfp` eás

n`ksnflktl hl vaclktåa plrs`kac. Lk lstl kfvlc, ajr`ktae`s cas rlvlcanf`kls fktuftfvas, cas

anlptae`s y antuae`s hl anulrh` n`k lccas. Banle`s lclnnf`kls vftacls hfjånfcls qul

rlplrnutlk s`drl k`s`tr`s efse`s y s`drl `tras plrs`kas.

Zl` lc sanraelkt` nrfstfak` hl ca n`kjlsfþk nè` uk såed`c` hlc p`hlr hlc qufkt`

nbagra, p`rqul ca n`kjlsfþk ‘a k`s`tr`s efse`s a travæs hlc plksaeflkt` ` a uk sanlrh`tl‘

fepcfna sfknlrfhah ads`cuta y ca vaclktåa hl aheftfr qul ble`s blnb` eac. Lstl sanraelkt`

taedfæk rlprlslkta ca purfjfnanfþk, p`rqul ac n`kjlsark`s rltfrae`s n`ksnflktlelktl ca

lklroåa hl aqulccas annf`kls qul k`s arrlplktfe`s hl badlr lilnutah`. Nè` ba lsnrft` Eaya

Akolcù9 «Ca bfst`rfa, a plsar hl su hlsqufnfaktl h`c`r, k` sl pulhl hlsvfvfr, plr`, sf sl

ajr`kta n`k vaclktåa, k` ls prlnfs` v`cvlrca a vfvfr.· Lk lc kfvlc hl p`hlr hlc qufkt` nbagra,

ajr`ktae`s c`s blnb`s y ajr`ktae`s c`s eunb`s asplnt`s hl k`s`tr`s efse`s. V sèltle`skulstra v`cuktah plrs`kac a ca v`cuktah hfvfka.

Lc nrlylktl qul partfnfpa lk ca vfha bueaka, lxp`kfækh`sl a sus

t`relkt`s y sujrfeflkt`s, ls eás hfok` hl n`ksfhlranfþk qul aqulc qul sl

hfstaknfa hlc sujrfeflkt`.

Bahfz hl Fdk Eayá

Bay uk nulkt` trahfnf`kac qul trata s`drl uk aknfak` sadf` qul, ac parlnlr, lra napaz

hl rlsp`khlr a nuacquflr prloukta qul cl j`reucadak y h`s nbfn`s qul fktlktar`k nòlrcl lk

jacta. C`s h`s nbfn`s hlnfhflr`k napturar lk páiar`, cclvárslc` ac aknfak` y prlouktarcl9 «Lc

páiar` qul tlkle`s lk cas eak`s, °lstá vfv` ` eulrt`0· ^f lc aknfak` n`ktlstada qul lstada

vfv`, c` lstruiaråak basta eatarc` para hle`strarcl qul lstada lqufv`nah`7 sf hlnåa qul lstada

eulrt`, ajcìaråak cas eak`s y hliaråak qul sl lsnapara v`cakh`. Hl e`h` qul atrapar`k uk

páiar`, julr`k a vlr ac aknfak` y cl prlouktar`k9

‘°Lc páiar` qul tlkle`s lk cas eak`s lstá vfv` ` eulrt`0 Lc sadf` cls efrþ y cls hfi`9

‘Ljlntfvaelktl, lstá lk vulstras eak`s.




-1<4-

Lk lc qufkt` nbagra rlsfhl lc p`hlr hl ca lclnnfþk y hl ca fktlknfþk, ca v`cuktah. Hlshl

uk pukt` hl vfsta eltajåsfn`, ac banlr uka lclnnfþk traksj`reae`s ca lklroåa lk eatlrfa, lc

plksaeflkt` lk j`rea. Tlacfzae`s lstl rftuac acquåefn` efcls y efcls hl vlnls naha håa,

nuakh` lclofe`s quæ r`pa k`s p`kle`s ` nuakh` hlnfhfe`s ayuhar a uk hlsn`k`nfh`, a uk

elkt`r ` a uk n`cloa hl tradai`. Aprlkhlr a utfcfzar lstl p`hlr hl lclnnfþk lqufvacl a cas

rlntas `dras hl cas lkslñakzas hl Duha.

A ca caroa, lilrnftakh` iufnf`saelktl kulstr` p`hlr hl lclnnfþk, aprlkhle`s a vlr

nþe` k`s`tr`s y kulstras annf`kls p`hle`s lstar lk are`kåa n`k lc eukh` qul k`s rlha. Ls

p`sfdcl qul sþc` lxplrfelktle`s ca oranfa hl vfvfr lk are`kåa n`k lc ukfvlrs` lk uka naktfhah

rlhunfha hl `nasf`kls, plr` lsa lxplrflknfa sfleprl sl narantlrfzará p`r uka slksanfþk hl

n`kjfakza y hl n`klxfþk n`k t`h` c` qul k`s r`hla.

Acoukas hl cas nartas qul rlnfdå rlcatadak lxplrflknfas areþkfnas qul plreftflr`k

sacvar vfhas7 acouk`s hl sus aut`rls `ylr`k fkstrunnf`kls, nè` «Tlhunl ca earnba, ab`ra·

eflktras n`khunåak y, ac sloufrcas, lvftar`k annfhlktls oravls. K` tuvflr`k tflep` para

nulstf`kar ` lvacuar cas fkstrunnf`kls7 sl cfeftar`k a sloufrcas, uka rlspulsta tåpfna a uka

fktlrvlknfþk hfvfka. @tr`s sl sfktflr`k feplcfh`s a badcar n`k uk hlsn`k`nfh` y janfcftarcl

fkj`reanfþk qul sfepclelktl «sl cls prlslktþ·. @tr`s lsnunbar`k uk ouåa fktlrka s`drl så

efse`s.

ûzakkl @. lsnrfdl9 «Huhæ lk ayuharel a eå efsea banl hflz añ`s nuakh` lstadaatravlsakh` uka hlprlsfþk. ^f el budflra hltlkfh` y budflra lsnunbah` aqulcca v`z fktlrf`r

qul el orftada, el p`hråa badlr lvftah` hflz añ`s hl sujrfeflkt`.·

Banle`s lclnnf`kls a partfr hl c`s hat`s hl qul hfsp`kle`s9 «^f nè` lst`,

lkt`knls…7 sf el p`ko` lst`, lkt`knls…7 sf hfo` lst`, lkt`knls…· Hfsp`kle`s hl hat`s

vfsfdcls ‘` jåsfn`s‘ l fkvfsfdcls, ` lklroætfn`s. C`s hat`s lklroætfn`s k`s pfhlk rlspulstas

nrlatfvas, p`tlknfacelktl traksj`reah`ras. ]`r lilepc`, uka plrs`ka qul n`k`zn` tlkåa qul

`plrarsl para qul cl lxtfrparak uk tue`r naknlr`s`. Huraktl c`s añ`s qul prlnlhflr`k ac

hfaokþstfn` hlc tue`r, badåa rlnfdfh` kuelr`sas slñacls lklroætfnas ‘fktuftfvas slksanf`kls

lxtrañas hl qul badåa aco` qul fda eac. Nucpada n`ktfkuaelktl hl su eaca sacuh jåsfna y

le`nf`kac a su eatrfe`kf` y a su tradai`7 trahunnfþk9 fhlktfjfnþ ncaraelktl h`s jant`rls

lstrlsaktls plr` hlnfhfþ k` banlr kaha ac rlsplnt`. û rlspulsta lra9 «°Quæ pulh` banlr09 æc

k` va a naedfar y y` klnlsft` lc tradai`.· û lstræs le`nf`kac y jåsfn` jul auelktakh`

n`kj`rel fdak pasakh` c`s añ`s, eakfjlstákh`sl, nè` sulcl banlr ca tlksfþk fktuftfva

rlprfefha, lk j`rea hl radfltas y nucpakh` hl su aksflhah a cas hljfnflknfas hl `tras plrs`kas.

]`r ùctfe`, lc lstræs lklroætfn` bfz` su aparfnfþk lk lc áedft` n`rp`rac lk j`rea hl náknlr hl




-1<>-

eaea. Lk nuakt` ca lkjlrelhah sl bfz` jåsfna, sus lclnnf`kls sl rlhuilr`k9 tlkåa qul

rlsp`khlr ac pr`nls` jåsfn`. ^fk ledaro`, sf budflra lsnunbah` c`s avfs`s qul cl lkvfadak su

fktufnfþk s`drl su anunfaktl klnlsfhah hl naedfar hl vfha para p`hlr rlnuplrar ca sacuh,

p`hråa badlr acfvfah` su fks`p`rtadcl sujrfeflkt` le`nf`kac y tac vlz ‘sþc` tac vlz‘ fkncus`

lvftah` ca lkjlrelhah.

Ls arrflsoah` lstadclnlr uka rlcanfþk hfrlnta lktrl lc lstræs y ca lkjlrelhah, y, a c`

caro` hl c`s añ`s, bl aprlkhfh` qul k` bay kaha parlnfh` a uk ùkfn` jant`r le`nf`kac, jåsfn` `

hl n`khunta ac qul sl pulha nucpar hl badlr pr`v`nah` uka lkjlrelhah. Auk aså, a vlnls ls

`dvf` qul c`s eac`s bádft`s nè` juear ` lc lstræs n`kstaktl, k`s lkjlreak. Xlkle`s qul

aprlkhlr a nufhark`s, a lsnunbar y hlsnfjrar cas slñacls qul k`s lkvåa lc nulrp` y a

eaktlklrk`s acliah`s hlc naefk` hl ca lkjlrelhah. A elhfha qul auelkta ca plrnlpnfþk

n`ksnflktl hlc kfvlc hlc qufkt` nbagra, lc eukh` fktlrf`r oaka aut`rfhah s`drl lc jåsfn`, y

p`hle`s `år n`k eay`r ncarfhah ca ouåa fktlrf`r y antuar lk n`ks`kaknfa.

Ca narta hl ^blrf B. fcustra ca vaclktåa qul sl klnlsfta para sloufr c`s hfntah`s hl ca

fktufnfþk9 «Banl acouk`s añ`s, y` tradaiada nè` v`cuktarfa lk uk b`spftac c`nac. El hf nulkta

hl qul anadada hl fkorlsar lk urolknfas uk dldæ qul k`s rlspfrada. Fkelhfataelktl plksæ

lk lc såkhrèl hl eulrtl, sùdfta hlc cantaktl, qul lk 1622 sl cclvþ a ef nuart` bfi` nuakh`

sþc` tlkåa trls elsls. Hliæ ca saca h`khl lstada tradaiakh` para vlr sf p`håa `jrlnlr ef ap`y`

a sus pahrls. Ca eahrl lstada julra n`k su sulor`, s`cc`zakh`9 –Lstada dflk nuakh` c` an`stæ.°Nþe` pulhl badlr eulrt`0― Eflktras ca eahrl slouåa cc`rakh`, y` lsplræ lc eèlkt`

`p`rtuk` y el hfrfoå hlspanf` banfa lcc`s. El lxnusæ p`r ef fktrèfsfþk lk uk eèlkt` nè`

aquæc y cl `jrlnå uk tr`z` hl paplc h`khl badåa lsnrft` ef kèdrl y ef kùelr` hl tlcæj`k`,

hlspuæs hl lxpcfnarcl qul y` badåa plrhfh` uk dldæ p`r lc efse` pr`dclea y qul, sf

klnlsftada ayuha ` ap`y`, p`håa ccaearel. Ca eahrl nòfþ lc paplc, el adrazþ y cas h`s k`s

pusfe`s a cc`rar. K`s bfnfe`s dulkas aefoas. Aqulc håa slouå ef fktufnfþk para anlrnarel a

aqulcca euilr qul lstada sujrflkh`.

·Ca hfrlnt`ra hl slrvfnf`s s`nfacls hlc b`spftac prlslknfþ ca lsnlka y sl lkjahþ takt`

qul pfhfþ ac hfrlnt`r hl ca slnnfþk hl v`cuktarf`s qul el hlspfhflra (a plsar hl qul y` lra

v`cuktarfa). El hfi` qul k` tlkåa p`r quæ fktlrjlrfr lk lc pr`nls` hl hulc` hl ca olktl p`rqul

y` k` tlkåa kfkoùk tfp` hl j`reanfþk lk lsl naep`. V` cl prlouktæ sf sl cl badåa eulrt` acoùk

bfi` hl eulrtl sùdfta y lcca el n`ktlstþ qul k`. Cl hfil a eå så y qul ls` el n`kvlrtåa uka

lxplrta lk lc tlea, y añahå qul kfkouka j`reanfþk p`håa prlparar a kahfl para qul supflra

quæ banlr lk uka sftuanfþk nè` æsa eli`r qul ca lxplrflknfa hl badlrca tlkfh` qul vfvfr. Ca

ayuha qul `jrlnå a aqulcca i`vlk eahrl sl qulhþ oradaha lk ef elktl p`rqul tuvl qul sacfr




-1<8-

hl eå efsea y suplrar lc eflh` a fkefsnufrel lk ca vfha hl `tra plrs`ka para lkn`ktrar ca

vaclktåa hl anlrnarel a lcca.·

V` sæ qul pulh` banlr clnturas eæhfnas fktuftfvas, plr` taedfæk sæ qul k` sl cas tlko`

qul banlr a t`h` lc eukh`. El n`ksfhlr` «nþsefnaelktl hfsp`kfdcl·, æsa ls ef n`stuedrl.

^flkt` uka orak lepatåa p`r ca lk`rel naktfhah hl olktl qul sl ba lkn`ktrah` lk ca h`c`r`sa

tlsftura hl rlnfdfr uka ouåa hfrlnta y narlnlr hl ca j`rtaclza hl ákfe` klnlsarfa para sloufrca.

\k fktuftfv` qul t`havåa k` baya lxaefkah` lc sfokfjfnah` hl ca vaclktåa plrs`kac sl

lkn`ktrará lk eás hl uka nrfsfs h`c`r`sa basta qul suplrl nuacquflr rlslrva ranf`kac a antuar

sfouflkh` uka ouåa k` ranf`kac. Lk cas nartas qul rlnfdå eunba olktl lxprlsada sus

rle`rhfeflkt`s p`r k` badlr tlkfh` lc vac`r hl sloufr su ouåa fktuftfva, aså nè` cas

n`kslnulknfas hl lsa lclnnfþk. X`h`s p`hle`s plksar lk acouka nfrnukstaknfa lk ca qul,

efrakh` atrás, k`s badråa oustah` tlklr ca vaclktåa qul lsplrae`s tlklr ab`ra.

Lc narántlr k` sl pulhl hlsarr`ccar lk ca nacea y ca qufltuh. Ls sþc` a

travæs hl ca lxplrflknfa hlc lksay` y lc sujrfeflkt` qul sl j`rtaclnl, sl ancara

ca vfsfþk, sl fkspfra ca aedfnfþk, y sl acnakza lc æxft`.

Blclk Glcclr

Eunbas hl cas nartas qul rlnfdå rlvlcadak uk eflh` a slr fktuftfv` y k` sadlr nþe`

cclvar a ca prántfna nþe` sloufr c`s hfntah`s hl ca fktufnfþk. Lstl eflh` ba ccloah` a nrlar uka

nrfsfs hl n`knflknfa lk acoukas plrs`kas. Quflr` trakqufcfzar a lsas plrs`kas slñacakh` qul k`

tlkle`s ca `dcfoanfþk hl sloufr t`has cas slksanf`kls fktuftfvas qul tlkle`s, plr` hldle`s

lkn`ktrar uka z`ka hl nè`hfhah qul k`s plrefta slktfrk`s a oust` sfk antuar. A elkuh`

plrnfd` hlslqufcfdrf`s y pr`dcleas hl sacuh lk acoukas plrs`kas, plr` raraelktl el anlrn` a

lccas para lxpcfnárslc`, kf taep`n` el sflkt` `dcfoaha a hlnfr aco` lk t`has cas sftuanf`kls. ^f

sl hak cas nfrnukstaknfas qul pr`pfnfak badcar s`drl lcc`, lkt`knls ls p`sfdcl qul nèparta

efs fktufnf`kls. Hl t`h`s e`h`s, y` lvacù` aktls ca sftuanfþk, nè` hldl banlr t`ha plrs`ka

qul tlkoa lstl tfp` hl januctahls. ]lr` k` ls kaha jánfc. Eunbåsfea olktl el ba hfnb` qul sus

januctahls fktuftfvas cl bak nrlah` nrfsfs plrs`kacls y s`nfacls p`rqul k` lsták slour`s hl

nþe` utfcfzarcas. Nè` n`kslnulknfa, anadak rlñfh`s n`k sus januctahls. ]`hle`s vlr lstl

eflh` a ca fktufnfþk y a ca lclnnfþk rljcliakh` fkncus` lk acoukas `dras hl artl y lk lc nfkl.

Ca plcånuca Orakh Naky`k9 lc acea hl ca nfuhah p`r lilepc`, lstá rlpclta hl sfknr`kåas

y ákolcls n`tfhfak`s qul lktrltlilk cas bfst`rfas hl c`s plrs`kails hl j`reas qul naedfak sus

vfhas. \k plrs`kail sl lknulktra a uk dldæ adakh`kah` ac pfl hl uk ardust` huraktl su




-1<<-

narrlra plhlstrl eatutfka hlspuæs hl e`hfjfnar fepucsfvaelktl su ruta badftuac. Lcca lstá

n`kvlknfha hl qul lsl dldæ lsta accå p`rqul lcca tlkåa qul lkn`ktrárslc` y qulhárslc`, y cl

hfnl a su hudftatfv` earfh`9 «^l ba lstadclnfh` acoùk tfp` hl n`klxfþk qul sl hldl cclvar

ahlcaktl.· ^fk ledaro`, su earfh` fktlkta p`klr jfk a ca n`kvlrsanfþk hfnflkh` qul cl hulcl ca

nadlza, plr` lcca n`ktlsta9 «Ls uka rlspulsta fkapr`pfaha tlklr h`c`r hl nadlza lk prlslknfa

hl uk efcaor`.· ^å, ls fkapr`pfah`, plr`, nuakh`, lk vlz hl adrazar lc efcaor`, cl tlkle`s

eflh`, lc h`c`r hl nadlza ls uka rlspulsta dastaktl badftuac.

]artl hl ca prl`nupanfþk s`drl nþe` sloufr c`s hfntah`s hl ca fktufnfþk pr`vflkl hl ca

rltfnlknfa dásfna a adrfrk`s a uka ouåa qul k`s lepuia a traspasar c`s cåeftls, a sacfrk`s hl ca

rutfka y hl kulstr` nårnuc` n`tfhfak`. Ca eay`råa hl cas plrs`kas sþc` quflrlk slr c` dastaktl

fktuftfvas nè` para p`hlr tèar hlnfsf`kls vftacls sadfas s`drl så efseas. ]lr`, lk nuakt`

uka plrs`ka lepflza a tlklr fktufnf`kls, k` pulhl hliar hl tlklrcas. Klnlsfta hlsarr`ccar uka

slksanfþk hl slourfhah s`drl qufæk ls y quæ tarlas tflkl lknèlkhahas lk lsta vfha. Iucfa N.

lsnrfdl9 «Nuakh` fda ac fkstftut`, a elkuh` vlåa nþe` eunb`s hl c`s –tå`s nanbas― hl ca ncasl

sl eltåak n`k uka nbfna hl puldc` qul tlkåa s`drlpls` y lra dastaktl jlùnba. N`k jrlnulknfa

banåak nèlktarf`s hlsaorahadcls nuakh` ca vlåak ` utfcfzadak uk ap`h` b`rrfdcl a lcca. El

sadåa jatac, plr` kukna tuvl ca vaclktåa hl fktlrnlhlr p`r lcca. Ac nad` hl uk tflep`, aqulcca

nbfna hliþ hl vlkfr ac fkstftut`. El `cvfhæ nèpcltaelktl hl lcca basta qul lstada lk ùctfe`

nurs` hl danbfcclrat`. Nè` partl hl ca asfokatura hl psfn`còåa, vfsftae`s uka fkstftunfþkpsfqufátrfna lstatac. Eflktras pasládae`s p`r c`s padlcc`kls, k`s lkn`ktrae`s n`k aqulcca

nbfna. Badåa plrhfh` eunb` pls` y sl badåa vulct` sueaelktl atrantfva. Eunb`s hl c`s nbfn`s

qul cl badåak t`rturah` lstadak lk aqulcca vfsfta. Zf nþe` lcca sl lsnurråa para acliarsl hl

lcc`s y lk aqulc eèlkt` el prlouktæ sf badråa anadah` lk uka fkstftunfþk nè` aquæcca p`r

nþe` ca tratar`k lk lc fkstftut`. Hlslæ n`k t`h` ef n`razþk badlr tlkfh` ca vaclktåa hl

fktlrnlhlr p`r lcca y el prlouktæ quæ badråa `nurrfh` sf uka s`c` plrs`ka sl budflra pulst`

hl su partl.·

X`has cas pacadras qul hlnfe`s y t`h`s c`s plksaeflkt`s qul tlkle`s n`ktflklk

julrza, plr` a vlnls ca eli`r ayuha qul p`hle`s `jrlnlr ls k` hlnfr kaha. Cas pacadras sþc`

s`k uka j`rea hl nèukfnanfþk y k` s`k kf hl cli`s tak p`hlr`sas nè` ca lklroåa qul

n`ktflklk cas annf`kls, c`s plksaeflkt`s, lc clkouail n`rp`rac, lc n`ktant` `nucar y cas

lxprlsf`kls janfacls. âdle`s qul n`kjfae`s eunb` eás lk ca lklroåa qul bay hltrás hl cas

pacadras hfnbas qul lk cas pacadras lk så efseas. Nuakh` hlnfe`s qul k` qulråae`s hlnfr,

sadle`s qul lc fktlrc`nut`r c` rlnòl. Ls aco` qul p`hle`s slktfr.




-1<:-

Xaedfæk p`hle`s slktfr lc ap`y` lklroætfn`, takt` antfv` nè` sfclknf`s`. Eflktras

lstada `roakfzakh` cas nartas qul rlnfdå, el lxtrañþ qul kahfl elknf`kara ca hlnfsfþk hl

ab`rrarsl nèlktarf`s, nråtfnas ` n`tfccl`s s`drl `tra plrs`ka qul p`hråak banlrcl hañ`. Lst`

taedfæk pulhl slr uk ant` hl slrvfnf`. ]rlouktæe`k`s a k`s`tr`s efse`s9 «°Quæ p`sfdcl

e`tfvanfþk pulhl badlr hltrás hl uk nèlktarf` bfrflktl0 °C` qul banle`s sþc` para

prlslknfar ca nausa y lc ljlnt` hl uka nahlka hl blnb`s kloatfv`s0 · C`s n`tfccl`s y c`s

nèlktarf`s kloatfv`s k`s banlk slktfr uka rájaoa hl p`hlr dastaktl plrvlrsa, qul ls

ahfntfva. ]lr` ca nèukfnanfþk atlkta y nèpasfva tflkl ca januctah hl lkorakhlnlr ca vfha,

sakarca y naedfarca para sfleprl, nè` fcustra ca sfouflktl narta.

Ahae O. lsnrfdl9 «^`y eùsfn` hl iazz y banl varf`s añ`s el pfhflr`k a ùctfea b`ra qul

rlukflra uka dakha hl eùsfn`s para antuar lk uk lcloaktl c`nac hlc nlktr` hl C`khrls.

Kfkouka hl cas plrs`kas n`k quflkls sulc` t`nar lstada hfsp`kfdcl, hl e`h` qul ccaeæ a uk`s

iþvlkls eùsfn`s hl iazz euy dulk`s qul n`k`nåa vaoaelktl y qul plksæ qul p`hråak lstar

cfdrls aqulc sádah` p`r ca k`nbl. ^fleprl el badåa blnb` fcusfþk t`nar n`k aqulcc`s eùsfn`s.

^l c` pr`pusl y lcc`s asfktflr`k. Lstada s`rprlkhfh` y bacaoah` hl qul lstuvflrak hfspulst`s a

t`nar n`kefo` y taedfæk uk p`n` klrvf`s` p`rqul el slktåa fkjlrf`r. Tlnulrh` qul plrhå lc

rfte` lk uka fepr`vfsanfþk partfnucarelktl sacvail. Lc lstfc` qul t`nadak aqulcc`s eùsfn`s lra

euy sfkn`pah` y rlsuctada hfjånfc sloufr a elk`s qul tuvflras eunba lxplrflknfa. \k` hl lcc`s,

prlnfsaelktl lc qul y` eás ahefrada, sl hf` nulkta hl qul lstada plrhflkh` lc rfte`. Nòfþuk nlknlrr` y c` t`nþ iust` a tflep`, nè` sf julra uk eltrþkè`, para ayuharel a rlnuplrar

lc nèpás. Aqulcc` el s`rprlkhfþ y el lknaktþ, ahleás hl ayuharel a t`nar n`k eay`r

s`ctura. C` qul bfz` aqulc eùsfn` el cclvþ a slktfr qul j`reada partl hlc orup` lk vlz hl

avlro`kzarel p`r k` tlklr ca s`jfstfnanfþk råtefna qul tlkåak lcc`s. Kukna badcae`s s`drl

aqulcc`, plr` y` el slktå sueaelktl aorahlnfh` y n`ke`vfh` p`r lc blnb` hl qul aqulc

eùsfn` qufsflra ayuhar ac efledr` eás hædfc hlc orup`, lk vlz hl cfeftarsl a nrftfnarel, nè`

sulclk banlr eunb`s eùsfn`s vfrtu`s`s.·

Nuakh` sl nflrra uka pulrta, `tra sl adrl7 plr` a elkuh` efrae`s tak

`dstfkaha y trfstlelktl ca pulrta qul sl ba nlrrah` qul k` vle`s cas qul sl

k`s adrlk.

Aclxakhlr Orabae Dlcc

Eunbas hl cas nartas qul rlnfdå n`ktlkåak rlnulrh`s h`c`r`s`s s`drl pácpft`s k`

lsnunbah`s qul badåak fkstah` a c`s aut`rls a ccaear a hltlrefkaha plrs`ka, sþc` para

nèpr`dar eás ahlcaktl qul aqulcca plrs`ka sl badåa sufnfhah` ` badåa jacclnfh` a




-1<2-

Fktufnfþk y vaclktåa

Bay qul hlnfr ca vlrhah y hlnfrca ajadclelktl, k` sl hldl hlnfr ca

vlrhah hl j`rea hlsaorahadcl, k` sl hldl elktfr sþc` para nèpcanlr, æsta ls

ca cly ltlrka.

Clyls hl Eaku

A elkuh` huhae`s lk sloufr c`s hfntah`s hl ca fktufnfþk p`r eflh`. X`havåa eás a

elkuh`, k`s asustak c`s naedf`s qul pulhlk n`kcclvar kulstras annf`kls lk kulstras vfhas.

^fk ledaro`, ca ouåa fktuftfva sþc` trata s`drl lc naedf`. Ls fkj`reanfþk lklroætfna h`taha hlc

p`tlknfac hl fkjcufr lk lc rlst` hlc eukh`. Xlelr lc naedf` plr` akblcar ca ncarfhah fktuftfva ls

nè` tlelr ca k`nbl jråa y `snura eflktras vlrtle`s aoua s`drl lc julo` qul fcuefka kulstra

nulva. Lk lc qufkt` nbagra, lc nlktr` hl ca «lclnnfþk y ca n`kslnulknfa·, uka rlvlcanfþk hlc

taeañ` hl uk orak` hl e`staza tflkl sujfnflktl julrza nè` para tralr uka fcusfþk hlc

taeañ` hl uka e`ktaña. Ca vlrhah ploa sfk efslrfn`rhfa. Xlele`s a kulstras fktufnf`kls

p`rqul tlele`s lc p`hlr hl traksj`reanf`kac qul n`ktflklk kulstras rlvlcanf`kls.

Nuakh` tlkle`s aheftfr c` qul sadle`s, k`s n`kvlrtfe`s lk vlrhahlr`s lxplrt`s lk

lc artl hl ca fkn`ksnflknfa hlcfdlraha. X`h` pahrl ` eahrl qul ba kloah` huraktl elsls `

añ`s ca ahfnnfþk a cas hròas hl su bfi` c` sadl. X`ha euilr qul ba fok`rah` cas fkjfhlcfhahls

hl su earfh` c` sadl. ]lr` fok`rar ca vlrhah sþc` nrla eás elktfras y lklroåa hlstruntfva.

^fk ledaro`, lk nuakt` aheftfe`s ca vlrhah, kulstra vfha lktra lk uka þrdfta hl

naedf`s, c` qulrae`s ` k`. Acoukas hl cas nartas qul rlnfdå tratadak s`drl ca napanfhah hl sus

aut`rls hl ajr`ktar uka fkj`reanfþk h`c`r`sa. Lcc`s julr`k napanls hl vac`rar ac elksailr`,

lk vlz hl hfspararcl. V, a raåz hl ca anlptanfþk hl c`s blnb`s, an`ktlnfþ uk naedf` plrs`kac

p`sftfv` lk sus vfhas.

^ycvfa C. lsnrfdl9 «C`s ant`s hl slrvfnf` k` sfleprl sl vfvlk nè` aco` aorahadcl7 avlnls ca ayuha ccloa nuakh` acouflk lstá hfspulst` a hlnfrtl aco` qul klnlsftas `år aukqul c`

eás pr`dadcl ls qul k` quflra `årc`. Æstl ls lc tfp` hl ayuha qul y` rlnfd` eás a elkuh` ‘

uk sákhwfnb hl rlacfhah y vlrhah‘. Jrlnulktlelktl k` quflr` `år c` qul el hfnlk, plr`

dlkhfo` a lsas plrs`kas qul s`k napanls hl fok`rar efs raso`s hl plrs`kacfhah y vak

hfrlntaelktl a c` eás pr`jukh` hl ef slr. Ls aco` qul el sana hl qufnf`, plr` c` sfokfjfna t`h`

para eå. Ca vlrhah ls qul sl el quflrl a plsar hl c` sueaelktl `cvfhahfza qul s`y.·

Hld E. lsnrfdfþ9 «Nuakh` el anadadak hl hfaok`stfnar uk trast`rk` dfp`car, c`s

rápfh`s y nåncfn`s naedf`s hl ef lstah` hl ákfe` asustar`k a efs aefo`s, jaefcfarls, vlnfk`s,




-1<6-

y, hlspuæs hl uk julrtl lpfs`hf` eakfan` lk lc tradai`, taedfæk a ef iljl. El n`kjfkæ lk nasa,

hlprfefha, n`k tlkhlknfas sufnfhas y julrtlelktl elhfnaha. Ca hfstrfdufh`ra hl pr`hunt`s

Av`k leplzþ a pasar naha vlz eás tflep` n`kefo` y a lsnunbar ef hlslsplranfþk. Lcca tlkåa

eunbas ncflktas, tradaiada håa y k`nbl, plr` sfleprl lkn`ktrada tflep` para eå. Leplzþ a

sanarel a nèlr h`s vlnls p`r sleaka. Hlslstfeþ t`has cas lxnusas qul y` cl hada „ ef

asplnt` hlsacfñah`, qul k` tlkåa hfklr`, qul lstada hleasfah` naksaha‘. El sanþ hl nasa9

ac s`c, a naefkar (aktfhlprlsfv`s katuracls). Ab`ra y` tlko` cas pulrtas adflrtas para ca olktl y

lsnunb` a c`s hlsn`k`nfh`s. El anulrh` hl nuakh` lstada s`ca y kahfl tlkåa tflep` para

lsnunbarel, kahfl eás qul aqulcca euilr. Lst`y hlv`cvflkh` a c`s hleás c` qul eás el

ayuhþ a eå9 ca atlknfþk ajlntu`sa hl `tra plrs`ka. Lc ùkfn` eèlkt` lk qul huhæ hl ef

aplrtura jul nuakh` el vf`cþ uk n`k`nfh` lk quflk n`kjfada. Fkncus` lkt`knls supl qul ef

aplrtura ls uka partl lslknfac hl eå qul k` p`håa nlrrar. Æsta ls ef `jrlkha ac eukh`9 ca

napanfhah hl lsnunbar y hl n`klntar le`nf`kacelktl n`k t`h` tfp` hl olktl.·

Hl t`h`s e`h`s, cas annf`kls fktuftfvas k` sfleprl tflklk qul vlr n`k lc h`c`r. Lk ca

nara aeadcl hlc blnb` hl nèpartfr n`k vaclktåa, ]at N. lsnrfdl9 «Banl uk añ` y elhf` tèæ ca

hlnfsfþk hl hlnfr lk v`z acta a cas plrs`kas n`k quflk lstuvflra badcakh` nuacquflr nuepcfh` `

plksaeflkt` p`sftfv` qul sl el `nurrflra. Huraktl eunb`s añ`s badåa plksah`9 – °V a qufæk

cl fep`rta c` qul y` pflksl0― Nuakh` el hf nulkta hl qul a ca olktl cl fep`rta elk`s c` qul

pflks` s`drl eå y eás c` qul pflks` s`drl lcca, el rlsuctþ eás jánfc nèpartfr efsplksaeflkt`s. C` qul el e`tfvþ jul nèpr`dar nþe` rlannf`kada ca olktl a c`s nuepcfh`s.

Banl p`n` bl leplzah` a lxpcfnar c` qul bao` n`k ca lsplrakza hl lxtlkhlr lc bádft`.·

A vlnls, cas lxplrflknfas traueátfnas hl `tras plrs`kas k`s ayuhak a nurark`s hl

kulstr`s pr`pf`s traueas. Lc p`hlr hlc qufkt` nbagra fkncuyl slr rlnlptfv` a cas pacadras y

lxplrflknfas hl `tras plrs`kas y sadlr aorahlnlr ca sadfhuråa qul k`s fktlktak fepartfr. Ca

nuranfþk a vlnls rlquflrl uk tlstfo` napaz hl `dslrvar ` lsnunbar nèpasfvaelktl kulstra

plka y eftfoarca. \k tlstfo` nuratfv` pulhl slr nuacquflr plrs`ka, hlshl uk tlrapluta ` uk

eæhfn` basta uk aefo` hl n`kjfakza `, nè` lk ca prþxfea narta, uk plrjlnt` hlsn`k`nfh`.

Nuakh` k`s lkn`ktrae`s n`k uk tlstfo` nuratfv`, hldle`s anlptar ca dlkhfnfþk hl lsl

eèlkt`.

Iaklccl H. lsnrfdl9 «^lktarsl a lsnunbar eflktras acouflk badca y hliar qul lsa

plrs`ka sl lknulktrl n`k sus slktfeflkt`s y lxplrfelktl sus le`nf`kls sfk nèlktar kaha, y

nrlar uk lspanf` slour` para qul lsa plrs`ka pulha lkn`ktrar su naefk`, n`k fkhlplkhlknfa

hl ca n`yuktura lk qul sl lknulktrl, ls uk ant` hl slrvfnf`. Nuakh` tlkåa vlfktfùk añ`s, vfaiæ

p`r Lur`pa banflkh` aut`st`p. El vf`car`k y el adakh`kar`k lk uk árla hlsbadftaha.




-1:=-

Nuakh` rlnuplræ uk p`n` ca nèp`stura, fktlktæ qul acouflk el anlrnara a uka z`ka

badfcftaha. Z`cvå a banlr aut`st`p y el rlnòflr`k trls bèdrls hfjlrlktls lk trls vlbånuc`s

hfjlrlktls. \k` lra uk n`khunt`r hl naefþk qul k` badcada kfkouk` hl c`s h`s fhfèas qul

y` badc`. ^l e`strþ prl`nupah` p`r c` qul el badåa `nurrfh`, plr` k` p`håa nèukfnarsl

n`kefo`. Lc sloukh` bèdrl lra uk k`rtlaelrfnak` qul, dásfnaelktl, nrlåa qul y` badåa

tlkfh` c` qul elrlnåa. Ca tlrnlra plrs`ka qul el parþ jul uk aknfak`. Cclvada trail y tlkåa ca

eás hucnl hl cas s`krfsas. Lk nuakt` el sudå ac n`nbl, sl hf` nulkta hl qul lstada actlraha, y,

ac nad` hl uk rar`, el prlouktþ qul el badåa pasah`. V` sl c` lxpcfquæ y æc sl qulhþ lk

sfclknf` huraktl uk dulk rat`. Ac jfkac, rlspfrþ pr`jukhaelktl y el badcþ. El oustaråa p`hlr

rln`rhar cas pacadras lxantas qul hfi` p`rqul julr`k sueaelktl lc`nulktls. Dásfnaelktl el

n`ktþ qul badåa lstah` lk uk naep` hl n`knlktranfþk huraktl ca oulrra. X`h`s c`s efledr`s

hl su jaefcfa badåak eulrt` lk naep`s hl n`knlktranfþk ` badåak sfh` aslsfkah`s p`r slr

iuhå`s. Kfkouka hl cas plrs`kas qul æc n`k`nfþ aktls y huraktl ca oulrra badåa s`drlvfvfh`.

Badåa sujrfh` takt` y badåa vfst` takt` sujrfeflkt` a su acrlhlh`r qul sadåa qul Hf`s tlkåa uka

jfkacfhah lsplnfac para eaktlklrc` n`k vfha. Hl e`h` qul ab`ra, nuakh` vlåa a acouflk qul

parlnåa klnlsftar aco`, nè` y`, fktlktada ayuharcl p`rqul æc sadåa quæ ls lstar s`c`,

hlsaeparah` y sfk lsplrakzas. V p`r ls` p`håa lktlkhlr c` qul slktåa y p`r c` qul lstada

pasakh`. El hfi`9 –Xl ba `nurrfh` aco` tlrrfdcl. Hf`s tl hará ca `p`rtukfhah hl ayuhar a `tr`s

p`rqul tù bas lxplrfelktah` lc h`c`r qul lcc`s slktfrák. Hf`s tl oufará para qul c` baoas, hlcefse` e`h` qul el ba oufah` a eå t`h`s lst`s añ`s.― Lkt`knls el cclvþ a uk acdlroul

iuvlkfc h`khl pasæ ca k`nbl y arrlocþ cas n`sas para qul el puhflra qulhar taedfæk ac håa

sfouflktl a jfk hl hlsnaksar y rlnuplrarel. V` k` tuvl qul banlr kaha. Ca euilr hlc acdlroul

el nufhþ p`rqul æc sl c` pfhfþ. Kukna supl nþe` sl ccaeada, plr` sus pacadras el ayuhar`k a

lkn`ktrar lc n`ksulc` y, oranfas a æc, puhl hlsnaksar y rlnuplrarel lk uk cuoar slour`.·

Lst` ls oranfa sakah`ra lk annfþk.

Ca vaclktåa hl tèar hlnfsf`kls qul naedfak ca vfha

Oakas julrza, n`rail y n`kjfakza lk naha lxplrflknfa lk ca qul

rlacelktl tl hltflkls a efrar ac eflh` a ca nara. Lrls napaz hl hlnfrtl a tf

efse`9 «Bl vfvfh` lstl b`rr`r. ]ulh` ajr`ktar c` prþxfe` qul el `nurra.·

Hldls banlr aqulcc` qul nrlls qul k` pulhls banlr.

Lclak`r T``slvlct




-1:4-

hfjånfc y y` c` bfnl eli`r qul supl. Lc pr`jls`r k`s hfi` qul tlkhråa cas k`tas ac håa sfouflktl.

Nuakh` cclouæ a ncasl ac håa sfouflktl, lc pr`jls`r el pfhfþ qul julra a su hlspanb`. Nlrrþ ca

pulrta, sl nruzþ hl draz`s hlcaktl hl eå y el hfi`9 –K` sæ nþe` c` bas blnb`, sflkh` kulv` lk

lc nlktr`, plr` k` vas a sacfr hl lstl hlspanb` basta qul el lxpcfquls nþe` n`ksloufstl uka

n`pfa hlc lxaelk y qufæk tl ca janfcftþ.― El qulhl hl pflhra. Kahfl el badåa anusah` iaeás

hl n`pfar lk uk lxaelk. Clvaktakh` ca v`s, lc pr`jls`r rlpftfþ9 –°Nþe` n`ksloufstl lc

lxaelk0― V` leplnæ a cc`rar y æc sl cfeftþ a efrarel jfiaelktl. Cl hfil9 –°]`r quæ nrll qul bl

n`pfah`0― V æc el n`ktlstþ9 –]`rqul lc lxaelk qul pusl ls fep`sfdcl anadarc` lk uka b`ra.

Cas prlouktas sl vak banflkh` naha vlz eás hfjånfcls. K` sþc` n`ktlstæ dflk a cas prlouktas,

sfk` qul bas sanah` ca eli`r k`ta hl t`h`s c`s acuek`s qul bak pasah` p`r ef ncasl lk t`h`s

efs añ`s hl h`nlknfa. K` pulhls badlrc` banb` sfk sadlr prlvfaelktl cas rlspulstas.― Cl hfil

qul ccaeara ac pr`jls`r qul tlkåa lk ef aktfou` fkstftut` p`rqul accå ya badåae`s hah` t`ha ca

eatlrfa qul lktrada lk lc lxaelk. Æc el hfi` qul c` baråa y el hliþ earnbar.

·K` tuvl k`tfnfas suyas basta ac nad` hl apr`xfeahaelktl uka sleaka. C`s hleás

acuek`s hl ef ncasl lstadak a pukt` hl banlr lc lxaelk jfkac para `dtlklr lc tåtuc` hl

danbfcclrat`. Ac jfkac, aqulc pr`jls`r el pfhfþ qul julra a su hlspanb`. –El bl lstah`

fkj`reah` ‘el hfi`‘. Xl sadåas ca eatlrfa, aparlktlelktl. Nuakh` sl baya fh` c`s hleás

acuek`s, tù y y` tlkhrle`s uka tut`råa s`drl df`còåa n`k pr`ylnt`s lsplnfacls.― ^lktå uk

orak acfvf` ac nèpr`dar qul el badåa oakah` su apr`danfþk. Hfsjrutl eunb` n`k c`spr`ylnt`s qul hlsarr`ccae`s iukt`s lk cas h`s sleakas sfouflktls. V tac vlz jul t`havåa eás

fep`rtaktl lc blnb` hl rlnfdfr ca atlknfþk hl uk bèdrl ahuct` y n`ksfhlrah`. Lkt`knls el

hfi`9―Lk lstl fkstftut` lstás plrhflkh` lc tflep`. °Xl oustaråa anadar lc fkstftut` uk añ ` aktls

para fr hfrlntaelktl a ca ukfvlrsfhah0― Arrlocþ cas n`sas para qul puhflra banlr lxantaelktl

ls`. Hlhfquæ lc sfouflktl añ` a nèpcltar acouk`s rlqulrfeflkt`s lstatacls y hlspuæs el

sactæ uk añ` hl danbfcclrat` y lktræ lk ca ukfvlrsfhah. Ahleás, aqulc pr`jls`r c` `roakfzþ t`h`

para qul y` puhflra hfsjrutar hl uka dlna hl lstuhf`s hl nuatr` añ`s y tlklr uk tradai`

nèpatfdcl n`k efs lstuhf`s para sujraoarel c`s oast`s. Lra eunb` eás hl c` qul p`hråak

badlrel hah` efs pahrls. V aqulc pr`jls`r c` bfz` sfk rlnfdfr kfkoùk tfp` hl rln`k`nfeflkt` `

rlnèplksa.

·Aqulc pr`jls`r qulråa qul y` lstuhfara elhfnfka, plr`, nuakh` lcloå bueakfhahls,

k` sl quliþ. El cfnlknfæ y culo` `dtuvl h`s eástlrs y uk h`nt`rah`, t`h`s lk bueakfhahls.

Nuakh` nuepcå trlfkta añ`s, el hlprfeå p`rqul sadåa qul k` lstada banflkh` c` qul sl

sup`kåa hl tlkåa qul banlr. \k håa, lk uka cfdrlråa, clå nè` lc Hr. Acdlrt ^nbwlftzlr, sflkh`

pr`jls`r, badåa slktfh` ca ccaeaha hl lstuhfar elhfnfka. ]lksæ qul, så æc c` badåa blnb`,




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taedfæk p`hråa banlrc` y`. V añahå lc tåtuc` hl h`nt`r lk elhfnfka a ef cfsta hl tåtuc`s. \ka vlz

cfnlknfah`, el an`rhæ hl ef pr`jls`r hl df`còåa y cl lkvfæ uka narta para qul supflra qul,

hlspuæs hl t`h`, badåa anadah` hlhfnákhèl a ca elhfnfka. V ab`ra pr`nur` utfcfzar efs

eak`s para ayuhar a eli`rar ca sacuh y cas vfhas hl efs panflktls.·

Acoukas hl cas eli`rls hlsnaroas fktuftfvas y hl eás act` v`ctail qul rlnfdfe`s k`s

hfnlk quæ hldle`s banlr p`r c`s hleás. C`s pácpft`s fktuftfv`s p`r lc dflk hl `tras plrs`kas

s`k rlsp`ksadfcfhahls nþsefnas, plr` ca olktl a elkuh` c`s hlslstfea prlnfsaelktl p`rqul

lxfolk uk lsjulrz`. Asueáe`sc`, qulrle`s vlr lc rlsuctah` aktls hl arrflsoark`s a antuar.

K`s prlouktae`s9 «°Quæ pfkt` y` lk t`h` lst`0·, y k`s iustfjfnae`s hfnfækh`k`s9 «^þc`

quflr` lstar slour` hl qul k` v`y a hlsplrhfnfar ef lklroåa ` a jranasar.·

Hliah qul vulstras `dras sl baoak p`r lc ae`r hl Hf`s.

Efsbká, Ad`t 491?

Hrlw N. lsnrfdl9 «Banl p`n`s añ`s ccloþ uka parlia a kulstr` vlnfkharf`, qul, p`r

aqulc lkt`knls, lstada dastaktl hltlrf`rah`. Lc árla sl badåa fh` hlsnufhakh` n`k lc pas` hlc

tflep` y, hl acoùk e`h`, c`s vlnfk`s, y` fkncufha, sfepclelktl plreftfe`s qul `nurrflra.]uls dflk ca parlia hl rlnfæk ccloah`s sl pus` a arrlocar su nasa fkelhfataelktl, pfktar`k ca

janbaha y ahlnlktar`k c`s acrlhlh`rls. ]`n` a p`n`, su nasa leplzþ a tlklr uk asplnt` euy

anòlh`r. \ka vlz jfkacfzaha ca eay`r partl hl cas rlj`reas, k`s s`rprlkhflr`k fkvftakh` a

t`h`s c`s vlnfk`s a uka dardanà. Ajadcls y anòlh`rls, lcc`s, ac fouac qul lc rlst` hl c`s

vlnfk`s, k` tlkåak eunb` hfklr`, plr` c` qul cls jactada lk ln`kèåa c` nèplksadak n`k

nrlnls n`k su nrlatfvfhah. El prlouktada qufæk slråa lc prfelr` hlc orup` lk nèlktar c` dflk

qul cls badåak qulhah` cas rlparanf`kls y ca hln`ranfþk. Ac jfkac c` bfnl y` y aqulcc` sfrvfþ para

rèplr lc bflc`. Lksloufha sl fkfnfþ uka n`kvlrsanfþk y lcc`s sl e`strar`k euy adflrt`s y

lknaktah`s hl badcar s`drl lc p`n` hfklr` qul banl jacta oastarsl para rlparar tac n`sa `

ahlnlktar ` hln`rar tac `tra. Ac jfkac hl ca vlcaha, sl badåak `jrlnfh` v`cuktarfaelktl a

fepartfr uk tacclr s`drl nþe` rlk`var kulstras nasas. Ca eay`råa hl c`s vlnfk`s hlc dc`qul

asfstfe`s a ca prfelra hl cas eunbas ncasls qul fepartflr`k, qul jul uk vlrhahlr`

an`ktlnfeflkt` s`nfac ac qul t`h`s anuhfe`s n`k nèfha y hucnls. ]r`kt` aqulccas rlukf`kls

sl n`kvfrtflr`k lk lc an`ktlnfeflkt` hlc els y sl nrlar`k lqufp`s hl tradai` qul leplzar`k

arrlocakh` uk pfs` y hlspuæs sfouflr`k n`k lc rlst` hlc dc`qul. Ac jfkac, kulstr` dc`qul sl

n`kvfrtfþ lk lc tlea hl n`kvlrsanfþk hl t`h` lc puldc`. Huraktl cas vananf`kls, lclofe`s uk




-1:8-

tlea hln`ratfv` y t`h`s iukt`s n`ksloufe`s qul lc dc`qul parlnflra uk cuoar earavfcc`s`. Cas

aefstahls y c`s våknuc`s qul j`riae`s lktrl k`s`tr`s julr`k fknrlådcls. V kulstr` dc`qul sl

n`kvfrtfþ lk uka nèukfhah euy ukfha h`khl rlfkada lc ajlnt`. Bl aprlkhfh` eunbåsfe` hl

lsta lxplrflknfa y, s`drl t`h`, aco` euy fep`rtaktl9 qul c` ùkfn` qul bfz` jacta para fkfnfar

lsta fknrlådcl avlktura jul aprlnfar lc taclkt` hl h`s plrs`kas dulkas y olklr`sas.·

Lk uka bfst`rfa fouac hl earavfcc`sa qul nlcldra ca napanfhah hl cclvar a ca prántfna

fhlas fktuftfvas qul ayuhak a eunb`s, Nbarcls K. lsnrfdl9 «Banl h`s añ`s, nuakh` lstada hl

vananf`kls lk lc Narfdl, vf uka plqulña y hlstartacaha n`kstrunnfþk qul sl parlnåa a cas

nadañas qul n`kstruåae`s nuakh` y` fda ac fkstftut`. ¡Tlsuctþ slr uka lsnulca! Bfnl j`tòrajåas

hl t`h`s aqulcc`s kfñ`s tak e`k`s y ak`tæ lc kèdrl y lc kùelr` hl tlcæj`k` hlc pr`jls`r.

]lksæ qul tac vlz p`hråa lkvfarcls acouk`s cfdr`s y d`cåoraj`s nuakh` rlorlsara a nasa. ]lr`

uka vlz accå plksæ9 –°Hl quæ cls vak s slrvfr a ls`s kfñ`s uk`s nuakt`s cfdr`s y d`cåoraj`s0―

Hld` aheftfr qul sfleprl qufsl slr rf` para p`hlr ayuhar a kfñ`s nè` aquæcc`s. ]uls dflk,

y` ya badåa nuepcfh` nuarlkta y uk añ`s y k` lra rfn`, hl e`h` qul hlnfhå qul k` klnlsftada

slr rfn` para ayuhar a c`s kfñ`s. V tèæ ca hlnfsfþk hl rlnòlr hfklr` para aqulcca lsnulca.

·\ka aefoa eåa qul lstada lk lc Narfdl el `jrlnfþ su ayuha y iukt`s `roakfzae`s uka

rfja. Nèprae`s h`s dfccltls hl avfþk hl fha y vulcta ac Narfdl, y uk b`tlc k`s h`kþ trls

k`nbls para c`s oakah`rls. \ka fep`rtaktl hlstfclråa hl r`k h`kþ r`k para nlcldrar uka

jflsta. Xradaiæ hur` huraktl varf`s elsls. Xlkåa qul feprfefr c`s kùelr`s hl ca rfja y casfkvftanf`kls para ca jflsta y tlkåa qul lkn`ktrar uk rlnfkt` h`khl nlcldrar ca rfja. Aepcfæ cas

j`tòrajåas hl c`s kfñ`s y cas n`couæ lk cas parlhls hlc rlnfkt`. ^`y uk p`n` vao` p`r

katuraclza, plr` t`h` aqulc tradai` k` jul tradai` para eå. Jul hfvlrsfþk y el bfz` slktfrel

euy dflk. Ac jfkac rlnòfe`s nuatr` efc hþcarls y n`k lsl hfklr` nèpræ eatlrfac para trls

lsnulcas ¡H`s hl lccas rlnfdflr`k slkh`s `rhlkah`rls y aqulcc` jul t`h` uk an`ktlnfeflkt`!

Jul ca eli`r lxplrflknfa hl ef vfha. \k plqulñ` lsjulrz` pulhl har orakhls jrut`s lk uk paås

h`khl k` tflklk taktas n`sas nè` lk lc kulstr`. Ab`ra vlkh` c`s hfslñ`s hl r`pa qul banl

ef k`vfa a uka tflkha hl r`pa hl sloukha eak` y lc hfklr` qul sanae`s, iukt` n`k lc hfklr`

lxtra qul pulh` n`ksloufr, ls para lsas trls lsnulcas. Lstl els vulcv` ac Narfdl n`k h`s d`csas

cclkas hl eatlrfac lsn`car. Fræ naha añ` a partfr hl ab`ra.·




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Tlvlcanf`kls sakah`ras hlc qufkt` nbagra

°Bay acouka rlcanfþk lktrl ca nacfhah hl kulstra sacuh y ca nacfhah hl kulstras

lclnnf`kls0 °Lc blnb` hl rlprfefr cas rlvlcanf`kls fktuftfvas tflkl acouka n`kslnulknfa s`drl ca

sacuh0 °Quæ `nurrl lk kulstr` nulrp` nuakh` k`s v`cle`s hlcfdlrahaelktl fkn`ksnflktls a

jfk hl fok`rar c`s hfntah`s hl kulstra ouåa fktlrf`r0 °Quæ fepcfnanfþk tflkl ca sacuh fktuftfva lk

ca sacuh df`cþofna0 Aukqul kukna bl clåh` uk s`c` artånuc` eæhfn` lk lc qul ca «fktufnfþk

rlprfefha· sl baya rln`k`nfh` `jfnfacelktl nè` julktl hl lstræs, hlshl ef plrsplntfva, ca

lclnnfþk hl fok`rar, lvftar ` kloar ca ouåa fktuftfva ls tak tþxfna nè` uk eac bádft`. Ca

rlcanfþk lxfstlktl lktrl kulstr` nulrp` y kulstra katuraclza fktuftfva ls eás qul åktfea.

Kulstr` nulrp` rlsulka n`k naha fepucs` fktuftfv` qul rlnfdfe`s. X`h`s ble`s slktfh` qul

aco` fda eac lk acoùk eèlkt` hl kulstras vfhas y ble`s lxplrfelktah` lc fktlks` eaclstar

qul anèpaña a lsa slksanfþk. Hl j`rea sfefcar, nuakh` rln`k`nle`s ca ouåa fktlrf`r pr` k`

ca sloufe`s p`r eflh`, c` eás pr`dadcl ls qul k`s sfktae`s nucpadcls trfstls ` fkncus`

hlprfefh`s. Kukna el atrlvlræ a lstadclnlr uka n`klxfþk lktrl lkjlrelhahls lsplnåjfnas,

nè` lc náknlr u `tr`s trast`rk`s qul pulhlk p`klr lk plcfor` ca vfha hl uka plrs`ka, y cas

pautas hl nèp`rtaeflkt` fktuftfv` rlprfefh`. ]lr`, nè` eåkfe`, sæ qul uka plrs`ka k`

p`hrá lstar le`nf`kacelktl saka eflktras sfoa trafnf`kakh` su vfha fktlrf`r.

Lxaelk hlc kùncl` hlc qufkt` nbagra

Cas hlnfsf`kls sl lxplrfelktak nè` n`korulktls n`k ca elktl y n`k lc lspårftu. Lst`

ls nflrt` lk cas sftuanf`kls eás hfvlrsas, ya sla qul k`s lstle`s pcaktlakh` nþe` ayuhar a

uk aefo` ` qul hldae`s hlnfhfr sf sloufe`s ` k` uka n`raz`kaha. Lc blnb` hl `dlhlnlr a casadfhuråa hl ca fktufnfþk kukna k`s hliará n`kjus`s ` n`k uka slksanfþk hl badlrk`s

trafnf`kah` a k`s`tr`s efse`s, fkhlplkhflktlelktl hl c`s eunb` qul k`s lxfia lc

nèprèfs` qul tlkoae`s qul asuefr.

K` bay kfkoùk ant` eás p`hlr`s` qul lc hl banlr uk lclnnfþk. Ble`s hl lclofr dusnar

ca prlslknfa sfedþcfna ` lspfrftuac lk nasa eèlkt` ` sftuanfþk hl kulstra vfha. Basta lc ant`

p`sftfv` eás plqulñ` pulhl ayuhar a sakar a `tra plrs`ka.

Lc lxaelk hlc qufkt` nbagra k`s n`khunl ac nlktr` hl c`s pr`nls`s fktuftfv`s y hl tèa

hl hlnfsf`kls. ]r`p`ko` ac clnt`r qul sl rlsp`kha a cas sfouflktls prlouktas.




-1:2-

pr`p`rnf`kárelc` t`h` para p`hlr slr jlcfz. ]`r lxtrañ` qul parlzna, ab`ra s`y eás jlcfz qul

nuakh` vfvåa hèfkah` p`r lc hlsl` hl qul ca vfha julra nè` y` qulråa qul julra. Ca olktl

el prloukta9 °nþe` ls p`sfdcl qul slas tak jlcfz0―, nè` sf tuvflra qul jactarel aco`.

^lknfccaelktl lcloå vlr lc dflk, hl acoùk e`h`, lk ca olktl y aprlnfar c` qul naha håa el tflkl

prlparah`. Aså sl vfvl eli`r.·

Kukna bl hliah` hl kutrfrel hl ca sadfhuråa hl Iang nè` julktl hl j`rtaclnfeflkt`.

Iang bfz` qul su lclnnfþk parlnflra sueaelktl jánfc. K` sl akoustfþ, sl at`relktþ kf suhþ

prlouktákh`sl sf badåa tèah` uka hlnfsfþk n`rrlnta ` fkn`rrlnta. K` cl prl`nupþ ca

p`sfdfcfhah hl qul, a n`kslnulknfa hl su hlnfsfþk hl aprlnfar ca vfha, puhflra plrhlr lc hfklr`

` frsl a pfqul su klo`nf`. ^l cfeftþ a rlspfrar b`kh`, vf` ca cþofna lspfrftuac hl t`h` aqulcc`,

tèþ uka hlnfsfþk y n`kstruyþ uka kulva vfha. Dásfnaelktl, Iang ls uk Duha vfvflktl. Ba

hlsnudflrt` qul lc aplo` ‘a cas n`sas, a ca olktl, a cas fhlas, a cas lxplntatfvas‘ olklra

sujrfeflkt` l fepfhl ca jlcfnfhah y ca aprlnfanfþk hl ca vfha. Iang vfvl lk n`ks`kaknfa n`k cas

k`dcls vlrhahls qul prlhfnþ Duha9 «Ca vfha ls sujrfeflkt`. Lc aplo` ls lc `rfolk hlc

sujrfeflkt`. Lc jfkac hlc aplo` tral n`ksfo` lc jfkac hlc sujrfeflkt`.· Qul Hf`s c` dlkhfoa.

K` vle`s cas n`sas nè` s`k, cas vle`s nè` sè`s k`s`tr`s.

Akaàs Kfk

Ca eáxfea «Naha uk` sl nrla su pr`pfa rlacfhah· ls ca n`cueka vlrtldrac hl ca

n`knflknfa bueaka. Ls uk hlsnudrfeflkt` lslknfac qul hldl rlplrnutfr s`drl t`h`s c`s

asplnt`s hl kulstra vfha. Quflr` ancarar, k` `dstaktl, qul «nrlar kulstra rlacfhah· k` ls lc

hlsl` sfepcfsta hl banlr qul cas n`sas vayak nè` a k`s`tr`s k`s oustaråa7 k` sl trata hl

vlrc` t`h` hl n`c`r hl r`sa y acefdarar t`h`s c`s an`ktlnfeflkt`s. Naha uk` hl k`s`tr`s lcfol

partfnfpar lk ca rlacfhah eás aepcfa qul ba nrlah` Hf`s, y, nè` Iang, t`h`s tlkle`s lc p`hlr

hl lclofr nþe` rlsp`khlr a naha sftuanfþk lk qul k`s lkn`ktrae`s. Ca j`rea lk qul fkjcufe`s

s`drl kulstra rlacfhah y ca e`chlae`s hlplkhl hlc slxt` nbagra, lc nlktr` hl ca lklroåa

elktac. Lk lstl nlktr` hl p`hlr, sl uklk ca elktl y lc lspårftu7 t`h`s kulstr`s eflh`s,

nrllknfas, lsplrakzas, antftuhls, rlnulrh`s, aptftuhls y badfcfhahls fktlclntuacls klo`nfak

eùctfpcls pcak`s hl rlacfhah y plrnlpnfþk.

Lc slxt` nbagra lstá udfnah` lk lc nlktr` hl ca jrlktl, uk p`n` eás arrfda hlc

lktrlnli`, lk lc cuoar h`khl lc artl y cas trahfnf`kls lspfrftuacls n`c`nak lc tlrnlr ì`. Xaedfæk

n`k`nfh` nè` lc ì` eåstfn` hl ^bfva, lc slxt` nbagra rlprlslkta ca fktufnfþk hl ca vfsfþk

nþsefna hfrlnta y partfnfpa lk ca ncarfvfhlknfa, ca sloukha vfsta. Acouk`s akfeacls t`havåa

tflklk uk tlrnlr ì` juknf`kac, ca ocákhuca pfklac, qul jul lc prfelr tfp` hl ì` qul sl




-1:6-

hlsarr`ccþ lk c`s vlrtldrah`s (hl e`h` qul, iukt` n`k uka eæhuca lspfkac jåsfna,

hlsarr`ccae`s ca fktufnfþk, ca lklroåa qul k`s n`klnta n`k ca n`cueka vlrtldrac lspfrftuac). Cas

næcucas hl ca ocákhuca pfklac n`ktflklk lc efse` tfp` hl næcucas slks`rfacls slksfdcls a ca cuz

qul ca rltfka, plr` antuacelktl sl hlsn`k`nl nuác ls lxantaelktl su juknfþk, aukqul t`havåa

parlnl rlnfdfr slñacls pr`nlhlktls hl árlas hlc nlrldr` fepcfnahas lk ca vfsfþk. Lstl tlrnlr ì`

prfeftfv` pr`dadclelktl lra juknf`kac aktls hl qul lc par hl ì`s qul tlkle`s antuacelktl

sl j`reara y sl bfnflra hèfkaktl, y c` eás pr`dadcl ls qul sfoa lkvfakh` fkj`reanfþk a

kulstr` nlrldr` y a kulstr` nulrp`, ayuhákh`k`s a elhfar lktrl hfstfktas rlacfhahls jåsfnas y

hl `tr` tfp`.

Lc ì` n`k lc qul vl` a Hf`s ls lc efse` ì` n`k qul Æc el vl a eå.

Elfstlr Lnglbart

Kulstras nrllknfas y kulstra bfst`rfa plrs`kac fkjcuylk s`drl ca j`rea lk qul

plrnfdfe`s ca rlacfhah. °Nþe` vle`s kulstr` cuoar lk lc eukh`0 °Zle`s a ca hleás olktl

nè` dásfnaelktl dulka0 °^è`s `ptfefstas ` plsfefstas0 °Lxfstlk c`s efcaor`s ` lstae`s

s`c`s lk lc eukh`0 Cas rlspulstas qul k`s hle`s a lstas prlouktas y qul n`ksfhlrle`s

kulstr` pr`pþsft` lk ca vfha fkjcufrák n`ksfhlradclelktl s`drl nþe` k`s sfktae`s n`krlsplnt` ac slrvfnf` a c`s hleás. Eunbas plrs`kas lxprlsar`k sus antftuhls aktl ca vfha lk

olklrac lk sus nartas n`k jrasls nè`9 «V` n`kjå` lk t`h` lc eukh`· ` «Kukna bl tlkfh` ca

sulrtl hl qul ca olktl aparlnflra nuakh` ca klnlsftada, plr` y` sfleprl bl lstah` accå para

ayuhar a c`s hleás· ` «Atrafo` ca ayuha nuakh` ca klnlsft` p`rqul y` el `jrlzn` a ayuhar

nuakh` acouflk c` klnlsfta. –C` sleliaktl sl atral― ls uka cly hl ca qul hlplkh`·.

Lst`s nèlktarf`s rljcliak hfjlrlktls tl`còåas plrs`kacls ` vfsf`kls hl ca rlacfhah

qul n`kj`reak orak partl hl ca lstruntura dásfna hlc slxt` nbagra. Lsta lklroåa elktac

taedfæk ayuha ac ukfvlrs` a `roakfzar sunls`s sfknrþkfn`s a kulstr` acrlhlh`r.

Lk uk eèlkt` hl sfknr`kåa, c`s sunls`s «sfepclelktl `nurrlk· para n`cear

kulstras klnlsfhahls plrs`kacls. Ca vfha lstá o`dlrkaha p`r ca parahìa hl c` hfvfk`,

n`ksfstlktl lk qul, aukqul lc ukfvlrs` sfoul sflkh` uk sfstlea qul juknf`ka hl j`rea

feplrs`kac, elnákfna y eatleátfna, naha uk` hl k`s`tr`s, hl acoùk e`h`, sè`s oufah`s

euy hl nlrna. Ca fktufnfþk ls uka hl cas j`reas lk qul p`hle`s lxplrfelktar ca fktlrvlknfþk

hfvfka lk ca Lsnulca tlrrlka. Cas bfst`rfas s`drl rlsnatls lsplntanucarls s`k lilepc`s `dvf`s

hl sfknr`kåa, plr` bay `tr`s lilepc`s eás sutfcls, p`r lilepc`, fepartfr sadfhuråa a acouflk

iust` nuakh` eás ca klnlsfta lstá tak n``rhfkah` p`r ca hfvfkfhah nè` lc naefþk n`k




-1?=-

rle`cqul qul tèa ca narrltlra p`n` n`knurrfha h`khl sl cl parah` lc n`nbl a acouflk7 tac vlz

narlzna hl susplksl hl uk rlsnatl lk narrltlra, plr` taedfæk p`sll ca pr`pflhah hl ca

sfknr`kåa.

Naha uk` hl k`s`tr`s ls rlsp`ksadcl hl nþe` vl c`s eèlkt`s hl su vfha y hl nþe`

c`s fktlrprlta y aprlnfa. Iukl R. lsnrfdl9 «\k hlsn`k`nfh` qul lra astrþcò` el bfz` uka narta

astrac. \ka vlz nèpcltaha ca clntura astr`cþofna, el hfi`9 –Iukl, rlacelktl lstás dflk.

Tlacelktl lrls c` dastaktl dulk―. X`ha ef vfha el badåa slktfh` nè` sf k` c` julra, plr`, lk

nuakt` `å aqulccas pacadras, cl hfil9 –C` sæ―, y æc el n`ktlstþ –°Ab, så0 El hfrfoå banfa ef n`nbl

y cc`ræ hl le`nfþk p`rqul p`r prfelra vlz lk ca vfha el badåa hah` nulkta hl qul k` sþc` lra

c` dastaktl dulka, lra rlacelktl dulka, l fktlcfolktl l fktuftfva. Hlshl aqulc prlnfs`

eèlkt` bl sfh` uka plrs`ka hfjlrlktl. Nrl` qul c`s ant`s hl slrvfnf` qul bao` s`k hlc

efse` tfp`. Xlko` ca januctah hl banlr qul ca olktl sl sflkta nþe`ha y sloura, sl tratl hl

quflk sl tratl. ]ulh` badcar y badc` n`k t`tacls hlsn`k`nfh`s, iþvlkls y aknfak`s, drèl`

n`k lcc`s y, p`r c` elk`s huraktl uk rat`, n`ksfo` qul sl sflktak dflk n`ksfo` efse`s.

Nuakh` p`r jfk n`ksfouls slktfrtl dflk lk tu pflc, sl tl adrl t`h` uk eukh`. Nrl` qul aeartl

a tf efse` y e`strar ae`r a c`s hleás s`k vlrhahlr`s ant`s hl slrvfnf`.―

Lk lc vfail para lxpakhfr kulstra n`knflknfa, ca n`knflknfa hlc slxt` nbagra, k`s lclva

p`r lknfea hl ca cþofna tlrrlkac fktr`hunfækh`k`s lk lc áedft` hl cas plrnlpnf`kls sfedþcfnas,

c` qul k`s plreftl annlhlr a uk n`kiukt` hl k`reas nèpcltaelktl hfjlrlktl. Ls p`sfdcl qulca elktl ranf`kac k` plrnfda ca s`cunfþk a uka nrfsfs, plr` ca sadfhuråa fktlrf`r y ca fktufnfþk

pulhlk slr ccaeahas a fkfnfar sùdftaelktl uk sunls` sfknrþkfn` aparlktlelktl efcaor`s`.

]`r lilepc`, uka euilr, nuakh` fda a rlpartfr rloac`s hl Kavfhah s`draktls a uka

`roakfzanfþk narftatfva, sl plrhfþ y ccaeþ para qul cl fkhfnarak ca hfrlnnfþk. Lcca nrlyþ qul

lstada earnakh` lc kùelr` hl tlcæj`k` hl ca `roakfzanfþk narftatfva, plr`, nuakh` sfoufþ cas

fkhfnanf`kls, sl hf` nulkta hl qul ca badåak oufah` a uka nasa euy buefchl cclka hl kfñ`s

klnlsftah`s. ^lknfccaelktl earnþ p`r nasuacfhah uk kùelr` lqufv`nah`. Lstl tfp` hl

sfknr`kåas cclva fksnrfta ca bulcca hfvfka.

Lc hfácò` lspfrftuac n`k c` hfvfk` lepflza lk lc slxt` nbagra p`rqul lstl nlktr` hl

p`hlr n`ktflkl kulstras nrllknfas s`drl lc ukfvlrs` lk olklrac, ca d`khah hl c`s hleás y ca

p`sfdfcfhah hl ca fktlrvlknfþk hfvfka. Ca lclntrfnfhah hl ca jl plrtlklnl ac hèfkf` hlc sæptfe`

nbagra, eflktras qul lc p`hlr hl uka elktl adflrta rlsfhl lk lc slxt`.




-1?4-

s`k napas, ca uka s`drl ca `tra, nlrldr` hlktr` hl nlrldr`, lspårftu hlktr` hl lspårftu, násnara

hlktr` hl násnara. ^fouflkh` lstl hfslñ`, k`s`tr`s, c`s bueak`s, nèdfkae`s nlrldr` y

eledraka, lstpårftu y nulrp`, t`h` lcc` sloùk lc `rhlk eás plrjlnt` hlc eukh`.

^fknr`kåa9 lc ant` hl p`hlr fkvfsfdcl p`r akt`kèasfa

\ka hl cas n`sas qul el ba lkslñah` ca vfha9 sf lstás fktlrlsah` lk

aco`, kukna tlkhrás qul dusnar kulv`s fktlrlsls. Lcc`s vlkhrák a tf. Nuakh`lstás autæktfnaelktl fktlrlsah` lk uka n`sa, lsa n`sa sfleprl tl cclva a `tra

n`sa.

Lclak`r T``slvlct

Ca sfouflktl bfst`rfa ls uk blre`s` lilepc` hl sfknr`kåa. Eunba olktl pulhl ahunfr

qul k` rlcata kaha julra hl c` k`reac7 sfk ledaro`, lk ef `pfkfþk, ls prlnfsaelktl c`

nèukls qul s`k lstas n`fknfhlknfas c` qul cas banl tak lxtra`rhfkarfas. Oc`rfa A. lsnrfdl9

«Xlko` uka aefoa euy qulrfha a ca qul k` vl` euy a elkuh`. ^fk ledaro`, sfleprl aparlnl

lk ef nasa ` el ccaea iust` nuakh` eás ca klnlsft`, y y` bao` c` efse` n`k lcca. Aedas

ble`s antuah` hlc efse` e`h` n`k eunbas `tras plrs`kas. V` cl ccae` –rlannfþk vfsnlrac―. ^f

k` pulh` n`ktantar n`k ca plrs`ka, olklracelktl rlz` p`r lcca ` fktlkt` vfsuacfzarca lk uk

lstah` hl ákfe` p`sftfv`. ]ulst` qul y` nrl` qul c`s plksaeflkt`s s`k n`sas, uka feaolk

p`sftfva lkvfaha hl lstl e`h` pulhl slr hl orak ayuha. Xaedfæk s`y hl lsas plrs`kas qul

pflksas qul nuakh` nrl` lk aco`, c` anad` vflkh`.·Hf`s n``rhfka plqulñas y orakhls earavfccas lk kulstras vfhas9 rlnfdfr ca ccaeaha hl

uka plrs`ka iust` nuakh` lstádae`s plksakh` lk lcca7 tèark`s n`k uk aefo` ` n`cloa

fklsplrahaelktl… \ka n`sa ls sloufr uk pácpft` y nòlr lc tlcæj`k` para c caear a acouflk,

plr` `tra dastaktl hfstfkta ls rlnfdfr fkstrunnf`kls fktuftfvas para nakacfzar uk elksail, nè`

sl rlcata lk ca sfouflktl narta.

Dárdara E. lsnrfdfþ9 «]ara eå, lc n`knlpt` hl slrvfnf` ba anadah` sfokfjfnakh` ca

hfsp`sfnfþk a sloufr ca ouåa. Lstada paslakh` uk nacur`s` håa hl vlrak`, nuakh` vf a uk

ah`clsnlktl cc`rakh` n`k ca nadlza ap`yaha s`drl ca elsa lk ca tlrraza hl uk lstadclnfeflkt`




-1?>-

hl nèfha para cclvar. El anlrquæ a æc y el `å a ef efsea hfnfækh`cl9 –^æ qul tu eahrl lstá

lk lc b`spftac y tflkls eflh` hl qul eulra, plr` t`havåa cl jactak eunb`s añ`s para e`rfr.

Eli`rará hlktr` hl uk`s trls håas y p`hrá v`cvlr a nasa hlktr` hl h`s sleakas.― Lc nbfn` sl

aclorþ eunb` hl `år aqulcc` y qufs` qul cl n`ktara eás. Xuvl qul hlnfrcl qul lc Lspårftu badåa

qulrfh` cfdlrar su elktl hl ca prl`nupanfþk p`r su eahrl, plr` qul y` k` hfsp`kåa hl eás

fkj`reanfþk. Cl hfil qul, nuakh` el ccloada fkj`reanfþk hl lstl e`h`, kukna el

lqufv`nada.·

Ca n``rhfkanfþk hl uk sunls` sfknrþkfn` rlquflrl uka lk`rel naktfhah hl lklroåa.

]`hle`s fknrlelktar ca jrlnulknfa hl cas lxplrflknfas sfknrþkfnas lk kulstra vfha

n`kvfrtflkh` lk uka prántfna lc blnb` hl vfvfr lk lc eèlkt` prlslktl. Nè` fktuftfva eæhfna,

bl aprlkhfh` qul ca olktl lstá akncaha lk lc pasah` tflkl hltlrf`rahas cas napanfhahls hl

vfvfr lk lc ab`ra y hl tèar hlnfsf`kls. Lstas plrs`kas k` pulhlk rlsnatar su lklroåa hlc

pasah`, y su jacta hl lklroåa fepfhl qul su elktl, su nulrp` y su lspårftu n``plrlk y taedfæk

hfjfnucta su pr`nls` hl nuranfþk. Lc blnb` hl qul lc lspårftu hl uka plrs`ka sl lxtflkha a c`

caro` hl nuarlkta añ`s hl bfst`rfa y sfoa pr`nlsakh` lxplrflknfas qul tflklk hænahas hl

aktfoólhah elrea su julrza vftac. V` a lst` cl ccae` «pls` psåqufn`·, y, nuakt` eás pls`

psåqufn` cclvle`s lk kulstra elktl y kulstr` n`razþk, eás tlkhrle`s qul lsplrar para qul

`nurrak n`sas lk kulstra vfha, fkncuylkh` c`s ant`s hl asfstlknfa lsp`ktákl`s rlnfdfh`s lk uk

eèlkt` hl klnlsfhah. Nuakh` lc pasah` hl uka plrs`ka lstá vfv` y ls eás rlac qul lcprlslktl, ls elk`s pr`dadcl qul sl pr`huznak sfknr`kåas lk su vfha, aukqul sþc` sla p`rqul

lsa plrs`ka narlnl hlc p`hlr klnlsarf` para rln`k`nlrcas y apr`vlnbar su aparfnfþk. \k

bèdrl el lxpcfnþ uka n`kvlrsanfþk qul eaktuv` n`k uk aefo` eflktras lstadak nèflkh`

lk uk rlstauraktl. Cl nèlktþ a su aefo` qul, sf sl cl prlslktada ca `p`rtukfhah hl plrh`kar

a uka plrs`ka lk partfnucar, ca apr`vlnbaråa sfk huhar uk eèlkt`. Lk nuakt` anadþ hl hlnfr

aqulccas pacadras, ca plrs`ka lk nulstfþk lktrþ lk lc rlstauraktl h`khl lstadak nèflkh` c`s

h`s aefo`s. Lc aefo` cl hfi`9

‘Dulk`, abå lstá tu `p`rtukfhah. Va tflkls c` qul bas plhfh`.

]lr`, aukqul culo` sl arrlplktfråa, lc bèdrl lcfofþ k` anlptar aqulcca n`fknfhlknfa

`rqulstaha p`r ca hfvfkfhah p`rqul, nè` æc hfi`, k` «lstada prlparah` para antuar tak

hlprfsa·.

Ca eay`råa hl ca olktl rlsp`khl aorahlnfha y hl j`rea fkelhfata a lstl tfp` hl

n`fknfhlknfas. Hldle`s lstar hfspulst`s a vfvfr lc eèlkt` prlslktl, a vlr, anlptar y

apr`vlnbar sfk vanfcar cas sfknr`kåas nuakh` sl k`s prlslktlk. ]`r lilepc`, slour` qul k` k`s

c` plksae`s h`s vlnls sf acouflk k`s `jrlnl ayuha nuakh` sl k`s anada hl pfknbar uka rulha.




-1?8-

Lkt`knls, °p`r quæ hliar pasar uka `p`rtukfhah n`rlòrajfaha nþsefnaelktl para rls`cvlr

kulstras hfjlrlknfas n`k acouflk0

C`s sunls`s sfknrþkfn`s k` s`k s`caelktl fktlrvlknf`kls hl lelrolknfa, taedfæk s`k

uka julrza nrlatfva qul k`s adrl kulv`s eukh`s y kulvas `p`rtukfhahls. Lsta narta n`ktflkl

`tra bfst`rfa fknrlådcl qul rlvlca ca katuraclza sakah`ra hlc ukfvlrs`. Lrea D. lsnrfdl9 «Banl

apr`xfeahaelktl uk añ`, rlnfdå uka ccaeaha tlcljþkfna s`cfnftakh` h`kanf`kls para uka

`roakfzanfþk narftatfva. Ca euilr qul el ccaeþ sl prlslktþ hfnflkh`9 –^`y Iakl H. y ccae` lk

kèdrl hl…― ûplraha ef s`rprlsa fkfnfac ac `år su kèdrl, el s`krlå para efs ahlktr`s y cl

hfil9 –Iakl, s`y Cfkha.― Lkt`knls lcca rln`k`nfþ ef v`z y sloufe`s n`kvlrsakh`. Iakl y y` k`s

badåae`s blnb` euy dulkas aefoas a raåz hlc dèdarhl` hlc lhfjfnf` jlhlrac hl ca nfuhah hl

@gcabèa. Lk aqulcca lxpc`sfþk plrhfþ a h`s efledr`s hl su jaefcfa hl n`rta lhah.

Fkelhfataelktl tuvl ca nlrtlza hl qul aqulc rllknulktr` tlcljþkfn` k` badåa sfh` uka

n`fknfhlknfa. A raåz hl aqulcca n`kvlrsanfþk, leplnæ a cclvar rloucarelktl a Iakl a uk

sakah`r euy dulk` qul vfvl a uka b`ra y elhfa hl ef nasa. ^flkt` qul ayuharca lk su naefk`

hl nuranfþk j`rea partl hl ef N`ktrat` âorah`. Xaedfæk ba sfh` uka `p`rtukfhah para qul

y` pulha rls`cvlr acouk`s asukt`s fkn`kncus`s s`drl lc atlktah` hl @gcabèa.·

Bay olktl qul sl el ba quliah` hl qul ca ayuha qul rlnfdfþ «k` jul sujfnflktl·. ^fk

ledaro`, hlshl c`s tflep`s hl ca aktfoua Orlnfa, ble`s nftah` lc hfnb`9 «Hf`s ayuha a

aqulcc`s qul sl ayuhak a så efse`s.· C`s hf`sls k`s sachrák ac lknulktr` p`r c` elk`s aelhf` naefk`, plr` taedfæk k`s hliarák lspanf` para qul baoae`s kulstr` tradai`9 para qul

baoae`s us` hl ca jl, ca v`cuktah y ca fktlknfþk. Ca lclnnfþk hl rln`k`nlr uk rlt` nè` uka

`p`rtukfhah lk kulstr` naefk` sfleprl ls aco` qul hlplkhl hl k`s`tr`s. Eunbas hl cas nrfsfs

qul atravlsae`s lk ca vfha lsták `rqulstahas p`r ca hfvfkfhah para `rflktark`s lk `tra

hfrlnnfþk. Kahfl lstá hfspulst` a clvaktarsl hl uk s`já nþe`h`. Klnlsftae`s lstræs, a vlnls a

h`sfs lclvahas, para rlukfr ca julrza hl v`cuktah klnlsarfa para, p`r jfk, fktlktar aco` kulv` lk

ca vfha. Nè` lsnrfdfþ lc lsnrft`r y psfqufatra E. ^n`tt ]lng9 «Ca vlrhah ls qul kulstr`s

eèlkt`s hl eay`r ncarfhah elktac tflklk eás pr`dadfcfhahls hl `nurrfr nuakh` k`s

slktfe`s pr`jukhaelktl fknþe`h`s, fkjlcfnls ` fksatfsjlnb`s. ]`rqul sþc` lk tacls

eèlkt`s, fepucsah`s p`r lc eaclstar, sè`s pr`ncfvls a sacfrk`s hl kulstra ruta y leplzar a

dusnar e`h`s hfjlrlktls ` rlspulstas eás vlrhahlras.·

El ousta eunb` ca bfst`rfa hl Zaclrfl Z. p`rqul fcustra ca hfsp`sfnfþk a anlptar ca

ayuha `jrlnfha y a nrllr lk lcca fkncus` nuakh` k` parlnl tlklr uka utfcfhah fkelhfata. «Banl

acouk`s añ`s, pasæ uka æp`na euy eaca. Xuvl qul hliar ca nasa qul badåa fktlktah` nèprar.

Ls` supus` tlklrel qul trascahar iukt` n`k ef bfi` a uk pfs` hl acqufclr hfefkut` y lktrloar




-1?:-

Fepartfr sadfhuråa

Kahfl lknflkhl uka cáepara y ca nudrl n`k uka vasfia ` ca p`kl hldai`

hl uk clnb`, sfk` qul ca p`kl s`drl uk nakhlclr`, para qul c`s qul lktrlk

vlak ca cuz. ]uls kaha bay `nucta qul k` qulhl eakfjflst` y kaha slnrlt` qul

k` vlkoa a slr n`k`nfh` y hlsnudflrt`.

Cunas 291:-1?

]artl hlc e`tfv` hl qul tlkoae`s lstl tfp` hl lxplrflknfas lk ca Lsnulca tlrrlkac ls

qul p`hae`s anueucar sadfhuråa a partfr hl ca ayuha qul janfcftae`s a kulstr`s sleliaktls y

hl ca qul rlnfdfe`s hl lcca. Ca sadfhuråa ls ca i`ya lspfrftuac hlc slxt` nbagra. Ca sadfhuråa

trasnflkhl ca elktl plrs`kac, rlpclta hl fcusf`kls, y vl ca vlrhah suplrf`r. Bl lclofh` nartas

qul eulstrak qul c`s ant`s hl slrvfnf` lv`cunf`kak hlshl ca ayuha vfsfdcl ` eatlrfac ‘nè`

lnbar uka eak`‘ a ca ayuha fkvfsfdcl ` lspfrftuac hlc ae`r y lc n`k`nfeflkt`9 ca eak` hl

Hf`s.

Eflktras lstada lsnrfdflkh` lstl cfdr`, lk uka n`kvlrsanfþk n`k uk n`k`nfh` cl

prlouktæ9

‘°Quæ prljlrfråas, tlklr uk efccþk hl hþcarls lk ljlntfv` ` uka i`ya h ca sadfhuråa

vac`raha lk uk efccþk hl hþcarls0

N`k uka s`krfsa hl satfsjannfþk, el n`ktlstþ9

‘Ca lclnnfþk eás sadfa slråa nòlr lc hfklr`.

]lr` ef prloukta k` prltlkhåa takt` p`klrcl a prulda nè` ab`khar lk sus vac`rls. V

æc el hf` uka vac`ranfþk hl ca sadfhuråa dasaha lk lc sloukh` nbagra.

°Zac`rae`s ca sadfhuråa0 °Fkjcuyl ca sadfhuråa lk cas hlnfsf`kls qul tèae`s;0 °K`s

ble`s prlouktah` acouka vlz a k`s`tr`s efse`s nuác ls ca j`rea eás sadfa lk qul p`hle`sayuhar a c`s hleás0 °Quæ p`hle`s nèpartfr n`k lsta plrs`ka para earnar ca hfjlrlknfa a

partfr hl lstl eèlkt`0

Lk lc kfvlc hlc slxt` nbagra, ca sadfhuråa a vlnls ccloa lsp`ktáklaelktl, nè` uk

sùdft` hlsplrtar ` rlvlcanfþk, lk lc nuac ca nèprlsfþk fkukha kulstr` slr. Ca rlvlcanfþk

naedfa kulstra n`knflknfa, qul pasa hl prlouktarsl quæ lclnnfþk hldl banlr a sadlr ac

fkstaktl quæ hldl banlr. @tra j`rea hl plksar lk lc sadlr fkstaktákl` ls nè` uka

lxplrflknfa hl n`korulknfa, lk ca qul t`has cas julrzas hl ca n`knflknfa `drak n`kiukta y

areþkfnaelktl. Lc ljlnt` ls traksj`reanf`kac. Lst` cl `nurrfþ ac astr`kauta Lhoar Eftnblcc,




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quflk, eflktras vlåa ca Xflrra hlshl lc lspanf`, lxplrfelktþ uk naedf` lk ca n`knflknfa

n`ksfstlktl lk vlr a ca bueakfhah nè` «uka ukfhah·. Nè` sf julra uk nbaeák lk uk vfail

fktlrf`r lk vlz hl uk vfailr` p`r lc lspanf` lxtlrf`r, su rlvlcanfþk cl bfz` pasar hl ca sfepcl

anlptanfþk hl uka vlrhah jfc`sþjfna a ca pclka nèprlksfþk hl lsa orak rlacfhah n`k lc nulrp`,

ca elktl y lc lspårftu. Lstl sadlr okþstfn` ` fkstaktákl` naedfþ su vfha y, hl vulcta lk ca

Xflrra, jukhþ lc Fkstftut` hl Nflknfas K`ætfnas, para lxpc`rar y ayuhar a `tr`s a lxpc`rar c`s

paráeltr`s hl ca n`knflknfa.

Acoukas hl cas plrs`kas qul el lsnrfdflr`k lxpcfnar`k hlsplrtarls fouac hl

fkstaktákl`s y qul taedfæk earnar`k naedf`s jukhaelktacls lk ca slkha hl sus vfhas. Iuak

D. lsnrfdfþ9 «Nuakh` tlkåa kulvl añ`s, ef e`kft`r hl n`c`kfas el vf` lsplrakh`

panflktlelktl ac jfkac hl ca n`ca para n`ksloufr uk blcah` n`k kulnls. Nuakh` el anlrquæ ac

e`strah`r hl c`s blcah`s, lc e`kft`r el aorahlnfþ ca panflknfa qul badåa tlkfh`. Lc blnb` hl

qul lc e`kft`r el lcòfara p`r badlr sfh` panflktl el s`rprlkhfþ y el aorahþ. X`havåa

rlnulrh` ef slksanfþk hl `roucc`. Aqulc bacao` el bfz` tèar n`knflknfa hl qul k` sþc` ls

dulk` slr panflktl, taedfæk c` ls hark`s nulkta nuakh` `tr`s c` s`k y vlrdacfzar kulstr`

aprlnf` p`r su n`ksfhlranfþk. Ab`ra, nè` pr`jls`ra sustftuta, lknulktr` euctftuh hl

`p`rtukfhahls para lcòfar a efs acuek`s p`r slr panflktls. C`s lcòfa nuakh` aouaktak ca

pulrta para qul lktrl `tra plrs`ka, p`r sadlr lsnunbar y p`r n`ktrfdufr a ca are`kåa hl ca

ncasl. Nrl` qul t`h` sl rlhunl a c` sfouflktl9 c`s ant`s hl slrvfnf` n`ksfstlk lk b`krark`s yrlspltark`s c`s uk`s a c`s `tr`s n`k uk hlsl pr`jukhaelktl slktfh` hl banlr a c`s hleás c`

qul k`s oustaråa qul k`s bfnflrak a k`s`tr`s. Ef e`kft`r hl n`c`kfas el c` lkslñþ banl eás

hl trlfkta añ`s.·

Iak n`ktfkùa trakseftflkh` n`k su lilepc` lsta slknfcca i`ya hl ca sadfhuråa a nflkt`s

hl kfñ`s. Lcca ls pclkaelktl n`ksnflktl hl c` qul rlprlslkta y hl c` qul banl lk su r`c

arqultåpfn` hl pr`jls`ra. Lstl tfp` hl n`knflknfa ls lk så efsea uk ant` hl p`hlr fkvfsfdcl.

X`h`s as`nfae`s a ca olktl n`k c`s r`cls qul hlsleplña. \ka plrs`ka ls c` qul ls, tac y nè`

lcca sl vl a så efsea, plr` taedfæk ls uk aefo`, uk nèpañlr` hl tradai`, uk iljl, uka eahrl

` uk pahrl7 æst`s s`k c`s arqultfp`s n`k c`s qul sl fepcfna ca olktl nuakh` sl rlcanf`ka n`k

lsa plrs`ka. ^lr pclkaelktl n`ksnflktl hlc p`hlr qul k`s n`kjflrlk c`s eunb`s r`cls qul

hlsleplñae`s k`s ayuha a slr le`nf`kac y lspfrftuacelktl n`korulktls.

Lc arqultfp` hl pr`jls`r p`sll uk p`hlr y uka aut`rfhah fknrlådcls. C`s pahrls y c`s

pr`jls`rls s`k lc lqufp` hl j`reanfþk hl kulstr`s iþvlkls y, sfk cuoar a huhas, partl hl c`s

hfjus`rls trfdacls hl ca sadfhuråa. Eartfk X. lsnrfdl9 «V` juf uk kfñ` eac`, k` tlko` ca elk`r

huha. Lc eatrfe`kf` hl efs pahrls jul uk hlsastrl y, hldfh` a sus pr`pf`s pr`dcleas, k` cls




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qulhþ tflep` para nufhark`s a eå y a ef blreak` elk`r. ]lksakh` rltr`splntfvaelktl, nrl`

qul c` qul el cclvþ a n`kvlrtfrel lk efledr` hl uka dakha iuvlkfc jul qul slktåa ca

klnlsfhah hl slr uk e`hlc` para ef blreak` elk`r. Qulråa qul sl sfktflra slour` p`rqul y`

sadåa qul sl slktåa tak jráofc nè` y`. ]artl hl ca –sustaknfa― hl plrtlklnlr a uka dakha

n`ksfstl lk susplkhlr lk lc n`clof`. El rljflr` a qul °Nþe` vas a slr uk efledr` rlspltah`

hl ca dakha y uk dulk lstuhfaktl0 ^`k h`s n`sas qul k` lknaiak. Lkt`knls, uk håa lc pr`jls`r

hl eatleátfnas el pfhfþ qul el qulhara hlspuæs hl cas ncasls. Katuracelktl y` plksæ qul

el fda a s`ctar uka rlprfelkha ` uk slreþk, plr` lk cuoar hl lcc` el hfi` qul y` tlkåa uk

p`tlknfac fknrlådcl para n`kvlrtfrel lk eatleátfn` ` nflktåjfn`. Tlnulrh` qul el rlå lk su

nara, plr`, ac efse` tflep`, lxplrfelktæ uka slksanfþk hl `roucc` qul prántfnaelktl lxpc`tþ

lk ef fktlrf`r. Kahfl, y el rljflr` a kahfl lk ads`cut`, el badåa hlhfnah` iaeás lsl tfp` hl

atlknfþk y, eunb` elk`s, badåa lcòfah` ef fktlcfolknfa. ]`n`s håas hlspuæs el qulhæ ac

anadar cas ncasls p`rqul qulråa badcar n`k aqulc pr`jls`r. –°Quæ sl tflkl qul banlr para

n`kvlrtfrsl lk eatleátfn`0―, cl prlouktæ. Æc sl `jrlnfþ a banlrel tut`råas hl eatleátfnas

para qul puhflra p`klrel ac kfvlc hlc orup` eás ahlcaktah`. El hfi` qul, sf rlsp`khåa c`

dastaktl dflk, plhfråa qul el naedfarak ac orup` eás ahlcaktah` lc prþxfe` añ`. V añahfþ

qul ef vfha s`nfac pr`dadclelktl oakaråa lk orak elhfha sf hliada ca dakha. Bl hl rln`k`nlr

qul aqulcc` el asustþ eunb`, p`rqul c`s nbfn`s hl ca dakha k` sl akhak n`k t`ktlråas, plr`

aqulc vlrak` el juf rltfrakh` hlc orup` p`n` a p`n`. ]`r hlsn`ktah`, c`s hleás efledr`s hlca dakha sl hflr`k nulkta y el prlouktar`k quæ el pasada, plr` y` sfleprl el dusnada

acouka lxnusa para k` sacfr n`k lcc`s. Nuakh` leplzar`k cas ncasls lc `t`ñ` sfouflktl,

`dvfaelktl sl hflr`k nulkta hl qul y` ya k` fda a su ncasl y qul el badåak pasah` ac orup`

eás ahlcaktah`. V` k` sadåa sf el c` fdak a banlr pasar eac ` fdak a hliarel lk paz.

Aj`rtukahaelktl el hliar`k lk paz y puhl hlhfnar t`ha ef lklroåa a c`s lstuhf`s p`r

prfelra vlz lk ef vfha. Aqulc pr`jls`r k` sþc` sl n`kvfrtfþ lk ef tut`r, sfk` taedfæk lk ef

n`kslilr`, ef n`kjfhlktl y ab`ra ef aefo`. Antuacelktl lst`y anadakh` ef h`nt`rah` lk

eatleátfnas y t`h` sl c` hld` a aqulc bèdrl qul sup` vlr uka nbfspa hl vfha lk uk kfñ` hl

uka jaefcfa n`k pr`dcleas y n`k uka antftuh kloatfva. Lsplr` anadar n`kvfrtfækhèl lk

pr`jls`r y el n`kj`rearåa n`k slr para `tr`s kfñ`s ca eftah hlc pr`jls`r qul æc jul para eå.·

Lc plksaeflkt` n`ksnflktl ls pur` p`hlr. Ca sadfhuråa hl eunbas trahfnf`kls

lspfrftuacls k`s fksta a vfvfr n`k lsa vlrhah, plr` sfleprl ayuha a hfsp`klr fkncus` hl eás

pruldas, y p`r ls` el ousta takt` ca sfouflktl narta, lsnrfta p`r âdrfka N. «Banl trls añ`s el

hfaok`stfnar`k uk náknlr hl eaea qul el tuvflr`k qul lxtfrpar y tuvl qul sèltlrel a uka

rln`kstrunnfþk hl eaea. Xaedfæk tuvl qul sèltlrel a `nb` nfnc`s hl qufef`tlrapfa.




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slrvfnf` a c`s hleás jul c` qul el ayuhþ a s`drlvfvfr. Lc slrvfnf` jul c` qul el eaktuv` a

jc`tl. Lc slrvfnf` jul c` qul el ayuhþ a traksj`rearel lk ca plrs`ka lk quflk nrl` qul el

tlkåa qul n`kvlrtfr. Lc slrvfnf` ba sfh` ef nuranfþk, ef hfrlnnfþk y ef sacvanfþk.

·]`n`s elsls hlspuæs hl ca eulrtl hl ^tlpbakfl, leplnæ a banlr n`sas lk cas qul

aktls kukna badåa plksah`, n`sas qul sfepclelktl el vlkåak a ca nadlza. Lk kulstras

prfelras Kavfhahls sfk lcca, nèpræ rloac`s para uka jaefcfa qul tlkåa hfjfnuctahls

ln`kþefnas y jfreæ ca tarilta qul anèpañada a c`s rloac`s n`k «Zulstr` ákolc hl Kavfhah,

^tlpbakfl·. El hf nulkta hl qul ac banlr aqulcc` el slktåa dflk y k` el badåa slktfh` aså lk

eunb` tflep`. Hlshl lkt`knls, naha håa dusnada acouka j`rea hl ayuhar a `tras plrs`kas. V

ls` sl ba n`kvlrtfh` lk uk vfail fknrlådcl qul el ba cclvah` a uk cuoar ac qul kukna feaofkæ

qul p`hråa ccloar. Ab`ra nèpart` lsl vfail n`k auhflknfas lktlras y el lknakta ca slksanfþk

qul el ledaroa ac a banlrc`. K` banl eunb`, lstada hl pfl lk ca pcaya `dslrvakh` lc aoua y

lc nflc`, nuakh` el fkukhþ uka pr`jukha slksanfþk hl rlvlrlknfa. El slktå nèpcltaelktl

n`klntaha a Hf`s. Hfil lk v`z acta9 –°Nþe` bl ccloah` basta aquå0― L fkstaktáklaelktl el

ccloþ ca rlspulsta9 –Ef bfia ^tlpbakfl el trai`.―

·Quflr` añahfr uk fknfhlktl lktlrklnlh`r qul tuvl n`k ef bfi` ^n`tt. ^fleprl rlz`

p`r cas plrs`kas a cas qul trasp`rtak lk aeducaknfa nuakh` pas` nlrna hl uk annfhlktl, y bl

lkslñah` a efs bfi`s a banlr c` efse`. Banl uk par hl sleakas, sacfe`s t`ha ca jaefcfa lk

dfnfnclta. Efs bfi`s hl hflz y `nb` añ`s fdak hlcaktl hl k`s`tr`s y sl lstadak acliakh`hleasfah`, p`r c` qul leplnæ a p`klrel klrvf`sa. Cl hfil a ef bfi` ^n`tt, hl trls añ`s, qul

julra eás hlprfsa y, nè` k` n``plrada, orftæ a sus blreak`s para qul rlhuilrak ca earnba.

Kf sfquflra `å ca sfrlka. Efræ banfa atrás y vf qul ^n`tt sl badåa daiah` hl ca dfnf. Lstada a pukt`

hl harcl uk orft` para qul sl v`cvflra a sudfr y sl sueara a k`s`tr`s nuakh` vf qul ukåa cas

eak`s s`drl lc plnb`. A plsar hlc eèlkt` y hl efs orft`s, ef plqulñ` hl trls añ`s sl badåa

daiah` hl ca dfnf y lstada rlzakh` p`r cas plrs`kas qul tlkåak pr`dcleas.·

Bay uka ncara hfjlrlknfa lktrl ca sadfhuråa oakaha a pucs` y ca sadfhuråa clåha, hl e`h`

qul, nuakh` uk` tflkl ca `p`rtukfhah hl aprlkhlr hl ca prfelra, elrlnl ca plka

apr`vlnbarca. Æstl ls lc e`tfv` hl qul baya lclofh` ca sfouflktl narta hl Eaea Jayl9 «Xlko`

slslkta y slfs añ`s. El lstada eurflkh` hl uk náknlr clkt` y tlrefka y ab`ra, hlspuæs hl

nfkn` añ`s, s`y ca ncara feaolk hl ca sacuh. ¡¡¡]`rqul c` lcloå!!! âdflkh` qul pulh` nrlar y

n`cad`rar lk ca nrlanfþk hl c` qul quflr` lk ef vfha, aprlkhå s`drl ca aut`nuranfþk y t`has cas

lklroåas qul k`s ayuhak a rlnuplrar ca ukfhah. Ef earfh` ‘æc ls lc vlrhahlr` sakah`r‘ el

akfeþ eunbåsfe`. ¡V ab`ra lc náknlr sl ba fh` y y` sfo` aquå! Lkt`knls tuvl uk fntus. Aqulcc`

jul ca o`ta qul n`ceþ lc vas`. Cunbæ nè` uka hlslsplraha. ^fepclelktl hlnfhå naedfar cas




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n`sas y aquå lst`y ab`ra, ayuhakh` a `tras plrs`kas a nurarsl p`r så efseas. Cls fkhfna nþe`

utfcfzar lc Tlfgf y cls `jrlzn` nuacquflr `tra blrraeflkta qul tlko`, fkncuylkh` aear ef

rlcanfþk n`k lc Nrlah`r, aear ef tradai` y aear ca vfha p`rqul lst`y vfva y pulh` hle`strar

n`k quæ dlcclza `drak ca lklroåa, ca cuz y lc ae`r.·

Hlspuæs hl ca h`dcl eaca sulrtl hlc náknlr y lc fntus, acoukas plrs`kas sl badråak

fkncfkah` a plksar9 «Xac vlz baya ccloah` ef b`ra·, ` «Tlacelktl hld` hl badlr anueucah`

uka plsaha naroa hl kloatfvfhah.· ]lr`, lk cuoar hl lcc`, ca rlspulsta hl Eaea Jayl jul

cunbar hlslsplrahaelktl, c` qul ca ayuhþ a sakar. û bfst`rfa el rlnulrha ac rljrák hlc yòuf

Dlrra9 «K` lstá tlrefkah` basta qul sl tlrefka.· Lstas h`s euilrls, nè` lc eáofn` Iang,

hlnfhflr`k naedfar su rlacfhah ac kfvlc hlc acea. Naktfhahls fkolktls hl plrs`kas lsták

rlnfdflkh` ayuha p`r lc lilepc` hl lstas h`s euilrls qul lcfoflr`k ajr`ktar sus lxplrflknfas

traueátfnas. K` el pulh` feaofkar a kahfl plksakh`9 «Xlko` qul suplrar lsta plsahfcca para

p`hlr slr uka fkspfranfþk para `tras plrs`kas.· Lst` ls rfhånuc`. Ac fouac qul I`d ‘uk bèdrl

n`rrflktl dådcfn`‘ t`h`s sujrfrle`s traolhfas qul s`k fkiustas, qul k` elrlnle`s.

^lktfrle`s qul lstae`s dusnakh` a Hf`s lk vak` y aprlkhlrle`s, tac vlz eunb` eás

ahlcaktl, qul lk nuacquflr hfjfnuctah ‘fkncus` lk ca pærhfha hl uk bfi`‘ Hf`s taedfæk lstá

prlslktl. Ca n`kjfakza lk lc pr`pþsft` lspfrftuac fkvfsfdcl l fkljadcl qul sudyanl lk lc vfail hl

kulstra acea olklra uka oranfa qul fcuefka lc eukh`.

@tr` lilepc` hl sfknr`kåa hfvfka sl eulstra lk ca sfouflktl narta, lsnrfta p`r Iàkfl N.9«Tlnfdå uka ccaeaha fklsplraha s`drl ef eahrl uka tarhl lk qul lstada nèpcltaelktl s`ca

lk nasa. Xuvl qul n`khunfr huraktl h`s b`ras basta lc b`spftac h`khl lstada fkorlsaha.

Nuakh` cclouæ, el hfilr`k qul ef eahrl tlkåa uka klue`kåa euy oravl y c` ùkfn` qul p`håak

banlr lra acfvfarcl lc h`c`r. V` k` sadåa quæ banlr kf nþe` ajr`ktar aqulcc`, hl e`h` qul ccaeæ

a uka aefoa qul rlsuctþ lstar lk nasa y nlrna hlc tlcæj`k` a uka b`ra hlc håa lk qul kukna c`

lstá. Cl lxpcfqul c` qul el `nurråa y lcca el hfi` qul, nuakh` acouflk sl lstá eurflkh`,

klnlsfta trls n`sas9 sadlr qul c` quflrls, sadlr qul c` plrh`kas y sadlr qul pulhl frsl lk paz.

Ca nacea sl ap`hlrþ hl eå y juf napaz hl trakseftfr aqulccas sadfas pacadras a ef blreak` y ef

nuñaha, s`drl quflkls lilrnflr`k lc efse` ljlnt` trakqufcfzah`r. C`s sfouflktls nuatr` håas

qul pasæ n`k ef eahrl julr`k c`s eás fknrlådclelktl n`ke`vlh`rls y sfokfjfnatfv`s hl eå

vfha. V aqulccas p`nas pacadras tak cclkas hl sadfhuråa qul ef aefoa jul napaz hl trakseftfrel

julr`k cas qul earnar`k ca hfjlrlknfa.·

Ca vfha k`s hlpara a t`h`s sftuanf`kls qul prljlrfråae`s k` vfvfr, plr` qul k`

p`hle`s lvftar. ^`k «ant`s hl slrvfnf` klnlsarf`s·, qul k`s hliak n`k lc ùkfn` p`hlr qul

tlkle`s para suplrarc`s ‘lc p`hlr hl lclofr kulstra antftuh‘. âe E. lsnrfdl9 «Banl p`n`s




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añ`s hliæ lc eukh` hl ca acta tlnk`còåa fkj`reátfna, lk lc qul cclvada trlfkta añ`s

tradaiakh`, para banlrel v`cuktarf` hl ca As`nfanfþk hl Lsnclr`sfs Eùctfpcl. Ef bfia tflkl

lsnclr`sfs eùctfpcl. ^l ca hfaok`stfnar`k banl hflz añ`s, ac p`n` tflep` hl cfnlknfarsl p`r ca

\kfvlrsfhah Earqulttl. Xras vfvfr s`ca uk`s p`n`s añ`s, v`cvfþ a nasa nuakh` plrhfþ ca

e`vfcfhah hl cas pflrkas. Hlspuæs hl uk añ` t`rturákhèl n`k prlouktas nè` –°]`r quæ a

lcca0― y –°]`r quæ a k`s`tr`s (a ef euilr y a eå)0―, hlnfhå banlrel v`cuktarf` hl ca As`nfanfþk

hl Lsnclr`sfs Eùctfpcl. Zfsftæ a eunba olktl n`k lsnclr`sfs eùctfpcl l fktlktæ harcls ákfe`s. A

vlnls, c`s eæhfn`s, p`r euy dulk`s qul slak, k` sadlk n`klntar n`k c`s panflktls. V` fktlkt`

cclkar lc vanå` n`k ukas nuaktas s`krfsas, aco` hl n`kvlrsanfþk ` fkj`reanfþk actlrkatfva s`drl

j`reas hl ajr`ktar ca lkjlrelhah, nè` ca elhftanfþk y n`sas p`r lc lstfc`. Fktlkt`

trakseftfrcls ca eáxfea hl ca AE] (antftuh elktac p`sftfva). °Quæ p`r quæ c` bao`0 Dulk`, p`r

ca slknfcca razþk hl qul el banl slktfr dflk, a plsar hl qul acouk`s nas`s s`k euy trfstls.

Banl p`n` vfsftæ a uka kfña hl kulvl añ`s n`k lsnclr`sfs eùctfpcl oravl. Jul euy hur` vlr a

aqulcca plqulña tak hlstr`zaha p`r ca lkjlrelhah. Ca sloukha razþk ls hl narántlr prántfn`.

Cas plrs`kas qul sl lknulktrak lk lsta sftuanfþk k` sadlk hþkhl dusnar ayuha. V` cls

traseft` c` qul sæ. Ba badfh` eèlkt`s lk ef vfha lk qul k` bl rlsp`khfh` a acouflk p`r

acouka razþk, olklracelktl p`r plrlza ` p`r eflh` a lxprlsar efs slktfeflkt`s. Lc h`c`r p`r

k` badlr blnb` kaha ls eunb` pl`r qul cas supulstas hfjfnuctahls qul p`hråa badlrel

lkn`ktrah`. A vlnls ls hleasfah` tarhl para antuar y hlslar badlr antuah` slknfccaelktl k`sfrvl hl kaha kf lvfta lsl h`c`r.·

@tra i`ya hl ca sadfhuråa sl ca hldle`s a Garlk O., quflk lsnrfdfþ9 «K` bay kfkouka

pr`jlsfþk lk lstl pcaklta lk ca nuac k` ayuhls hl acoùk e`h` a `tra plrs`ka. Lsta

nèprlksfþk naedfþ ef plrsplntfva y ca j`rea lk qul antù` lk ca vfha. ^æ qul nuakh` lst`y

lk lc tradai` `jrlnflkh` uk lepcl` a uk nakhfhat`, banflkh` uka rlncaeanfþk a uka nèpañåa

hl slour`s ` fkhfnakh` uka hfrlnnfþk a uk hlsn`k`nfh`, lst`y sfrvflkh` a acouflk. Lst`y

ayuhakh` lk ca vfha hl acouflk. Ls uka lxplrflknfa blre`sa y oratfjfnaktl. Oranfas a ls` bl

aprlkhfh` lc h`k hl ca panflknfa y bl hlsarr`ccah` ca napanfhah hl har eás cfdrlelktl lk vlz

hl qulharel atrapaha lk ef pr`pfa fep`rtaknfa.·

Lc n`k`nfeflkt` ccloa, plr` ca sadfhuråa plreaklnl.

Acjrlh Xlkkys`k

V, para anadar, ca sfouflktl narta `jrlnl uka plrsplntfva s`drl lc slrvfnf` qul ls pura

fkspfranfþk. ]at ^. lsnrfdl9 «Bl `åh` qul lc slrvfnf` ls ca ljusfþk lsp`ktákla hl uk n`razþk

rld`saktl hl ae`r y uka elktl fktlcfolktl. Acouk`s hfnlk qul slrvfr ls aear. V` pflks` lk c`s




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Nè` rlnlpt`r

1. °Ca olktl sulcl ayuharel n`k plksaeflkt`s (sadfhuråa) ` eás dflk n`k n`sas0

4. °Bl rlnfdfh` acouka vlz ayuha sfknrþkfna0

>. °Fkncuyl ef rlacfhah ca nrllknfa hl qul acouflk vlca p`r eå0

8. °Nþe` p`hråa naedfar efs antftuhls para slrvfr a ef pr`pfa vfha y a ef sacuh0

\KA @TANFÞK HLC ^LRX@ NBAGTA

Lxpucs` hl ef elktl c`s eflh`s y cas fhlas hlstruntfvas qul k`

jèlktak sacuh kf lc dflklstar. Ca vlrhah suplrf`r qul k`s traseftlk t`h`s c`s

ealstr`s lspfrftuacls ls qul lc ae`r y lc slrvfnf` a ca bueakfhah sfrvlk ac dflk

eás suplrf`r, fkncuylkh` ef pr`pfa vfha. Zlræ t`h` c` qul baoa b`y nè` uk

ant` hl slrvfnf` p`r lc dflk hl c`s hleás y hl eå efse`.

@b, Hf`s hl paz, qul k`s ba lkslñah`

qul lc rlorls` y lc rlp`s` lkn`ktrarle`s ca

sacvanfþk, y lk ca slrlkfhah y ca n`kjfakza ca j`rtaclza9

Lcævak`s a travæs hlc tu Lspårftu, tl c`

plhfe`s, basta tu prlslknfa, h`khl

plreaklnlrle`s y sadrle`s qul tù lrls Hf`s…

@ranfþk hl ca n`kjfakza slrlka,

Hlc Cfdr` lpfsn`pac hl rlz`s nèukls.




-12<-

?

C`s h`kls hlc lspårftu

Kulstra acea ls uka n`k Hf`s,

d`khah fkeutadcl,

y, p`r takt`,

lktrl Hf`s y kulstra acea

k` bay kf nþclra kf plrhþk

p`rqul k` bay kaha qul c`s slparl.

Iucfaka hl K`rwfnb

\ka clylkha bfkhù trata s`drl uka æp`na euy cliaka lk qul t`h`s c`s slrls bueak`s

lrak hf`sls. ]lr` ca olktl aprlnfada tak p`n` su katuraclza hfvfka qul `tr`s hf`sls hlnfhflr`k

hlspìarca hl lcca. Drabea, lc hf`s suprle`, qulråa lsn`khlr ca hfvfkfhah bueaka lk uk cuoar

h`khl lc bèdrl kukna puhflra lkn`ktrarca, y pfhfþ a c`s hleás hf`sls qul cl ayuharak a

lkn`ktrar lc eli`r lsn`khftl. \k hf`s pr`pus` lktlrrar ca hfvfkfhah bueaka lk cas

pr`jukhfhahls hl ca Xflrra, plr` Drabea plksþ qul slour` qul c`s bèdrls lxnavaråak c`

dastaktl b`kh` nè` para lkn`ktrarca hl kulv`. @tr` hf`s pr`pus` bukhfrca lk cas

pr`jukhfhahls hlc eay`r hl c`s `næak`s, plr` Drabea plksþ qul c`s bueak`s anadaråak

aprlkhflkh` a dunlar sujfnflktl pr`jukhfhah nè` para lkn`ktrarca y cclvarca a tflrra jfrea.

@tr` hf`s suofrfþ hlp`sftarca lk c` eás act` hl ca eás acta hl cas e`ktañas, plr` Drabea sadåa

qul lc bèdrl anadaråa lsnacakh` c` dastaktl act` nè` para n`kqufstar t`h`s c`s pfn`s hl ca

Xflrra. Jrustrah`, lc n`ksli` hl c`s hf`sls n`kncuyþ qul k` badåa kfkoùk cuoar lk ca Xflrra qul

c`s bueak`s k` puhflrak lkn`ktrar y, a ca caroa, n`kqufstar.

]`r takt`, Drabea leplzþ a plksar lk `tras j`reas hl lsn`khlr ca hfvfkfhah bueaka.Lstuv` eunb` tflep` plksakh`. Ac jfk, hfi`9




-12?-

v`cvå a ouarhar lc nfoarrfcc` lk lc d`csfcc`. K` qulråa qul lcca vflra qul y` jueada. K` c` bfnl

para lvftar qul el iuzoara. Hl blnb`, eás dflk ac n`ktrarf`, pulst` qul el slktå

nèpcltaelktl anlptaha p`r aqulcca euilr. Xuvl ca slksanfþk hl qul anlptada a t`h` lc

eukh` tac y nè` lra. El hf nulkta hl qul jul quflk lcca lra, su slr, c` qul el bfz` qulrlr

eli`rar. X`nþ lk eå aco` suplrf`r. Kukna cl badcl s`drl aqulcca lxplrflknfa y ca nulstfþk ls

qul lcca k` bfz` kaha. X`h` vfk` hl quflk lcca lra9 uka plrs`ka aeadcl, narfñ`sa y autæktfna,

qul el fkspfrþ aco` suplrf`r. El pus` lk n`ktant` n`k ef n`knflknfa.·

@tra bfst`rfa s`drl uk ákolc bueak` nuy` slr p`slåa uka oranfa qul fkspfrada a `tras

plrs`kas ls ca qul lsnrfdfþ Gatby E.9 «\k håa, nuakh` tradaiada nè` aolktl hl slourfhah hl

uk orak b`spftac, lstada avakzakh` p`r uk caro` pasfcc` plksakh` lk lc håa tak eac` qul

lstada tlkflkh` lk ca Lsnulca tlrrlkac. Clvaktæ ca vfsta y el hf nulkta hl qul ca ùkfna plrs`ka

qul vlkåa banfa eå lra uk panflktl hlc padlccþk hl lkjlre`s psåqufn`s. V` lstada euy daia hl

ákfe`s y qulråa sloufr efrakh` ac sulc`, plr` puhl slktfr su lklroåa y k`tæ qul el lstada

efrakh` jfiaelktl. ^lktå naha vlz eás lklroåa n`kj`rel el fda anlrnakh` a æc. Lkt`knls vf

aqulcca fknrlådcl s`krfsa lk su r`str` eflktras clvaktada ca eak` ac tflep` qul banåa n`k c`s

hlh`s ca Z hl vfnt`rfa. K` qulrflkh` parlnlr eaclhunaha, y` taedfæk clvaktæ ca eak` l bfnl

lc efse` olst`. Nuakh` k`s t`nae`s y lstadclnfe`s n`ktant` `nucar, `nurrfþ aco` euy

pr`jukh`. K`tæ qul sl pr`hunåak eunb`s naedf`s lk ef fktlrf`r. ^lktå qul ca hfnba fkukhada

t`h` ef nulrp`. Aqulc bèdrl sfepclelktl el tlkhfþ ca eak` `jrlnfækhèl su ae`r, aco`qul y` el slktåa fknapaz hl banlr aqulc håa. El lkslñ` qul uk slr bueak` pulhl fkjcufr

pr`jukhaelktl s`drl `tr` hl ca j`rea eás slknfcca. K` sþc` el naedfþ lc håa, el naedfþ

t`ha ca vfha. Accå lstada y`, ca –aolktl hl slourfhah―, y accå lstada aqulc bèdrl, uk –lkjlre`

elktac―, qul n`ke`vfþ ef n`razþk nè` kfkouka `tra plrs`ka p`håa badlr blnb`. El fkvahfþ

uk pr`jukh` slktfeflkt` hl buefchah.·

Ca aktlrf`r bfst`rfa el rlnulrha a ca aktfoua trahfnfþk hl sbagtfpat , qul cftlracelktl

sfokfjfna «lc hlsnlks` hl ca oranfa·. \k ourù fkjukhl lklroåa lspfrftuac a uk acuek` ` hfsnåpuc`

a travæs hl uka dlkhfnfþk jåsfna, olklracelktl t`nákh`c` lk ca jrlktl lk ca z`ka hlc tlrnlr ì`

` lk ca n`r`kfcca. Lc ljlnt` ls ca hlsnaroa fkstaktákla hl lklroåa hfvfka y lc hlsplrtar hlc

lspårftu. Cas lsnrfturas dådcfnas rlcatak traksjlrlknfas sfefcarls hl lklroåa a travæs hlc n`ktant`

sakah`r, s`drl t`h` lk c`s rlcat`s anlrna hl c`s efcaor`s hl Ilsùs. Lstas nuranf`kls k` s`k sþc`

n`rp`racls, sfk` taedfæk lspfrftuacls7 su `diltfv` ls hle`strar lc p`hlr hfvfk` qul `dra lk

kulstras vfhas, qul k`s rlncaea, qul k`s banl hlsplrtar a kulstra katuraclza suplrf`r. Nè`

n`kslnulknfa hlc n`ktant` sakah`r hl Ilsùs, c`s nulrp`s y aceas hl c`s rlnlpt`rls sl

nèpcltadak y sl saktfjfnadak. C`s ant`s hl slrvfnf` tflklk lc efse` ljlnt`.




-122-

Ilsùs sakþ a c`s nflo`s, c`s lkjlre`s, c`s hædfcls y c`s p`slåh`s p`r lc hle`kf`, y

hlv`cvfþ ca vfha a Cázar` lk uka lsplnfl hl fkvlrsfþk hlc sanraelkt` hl ca lxtrleauknfþk. Lstl

rftuac nrfstfak` sl sulcl as`nfar a ca uknfþk hl uka plrs`ka ao`kfzaktl nè` prlparanfþk para

qul su acea sl lknulktrl n`k Hf`s, plr` p`hle`s atrfdufrcl `tr` sfokfjfnah` sfedþcfn`9

rlncaear a kulstr` lspårftu hlshl lc pasah`, hlshl c` qul ya ba eulrt` lk kulstras vfhas,

prlparákh`k`s para uk kulv` nèflkz`9 ca rlsurrlnnfþk hlc lspårftu. Lk lc rlfk` hlc sæptfe`

nbagra s`k jrlnulktls c`s hlsplrtarls lspfrftuacls. Eunbas hl cas plrs`kas qul el

hlsnrfdflr`k c`s ant`s hl slrvfnf` hl qul julr`k `dilt` nè` an`ktlnfeflkt`s qul cls badåak

naedfah` ca vfha y cls badåak blnb` hlsplrtar a uk eay`r slktfh` y pr`pþsft` lk sus vfhas.

Lk nflrt` e`h`, t`h`s k`s n`kvlrtfe`s lk ca lknarkanfþk hl ant`s hl p`hlr fkvfsfdcls

nuakh` rlsp`khle`s katurac y autèátfnaelktl n`k ae`r, nèpasfþk y d`khah a ca olktl

qul k`s r`hla. Lkt`knls antuae`s n`k ca julrza hlc sæptfe` nbagra, lc fepucs` hfvfk`, n`k lc

nuac tlkle`s eunbas pr`dadfcfhahls hl banlr efcaor`s naha håa.

Ca n`knflknfa hlc sæptfe` nbagra

Hf`s ls ae`r, y quflk aea lstá lk Hf`s y Hf`s lstá lk æc.

Elfstlr Lnglbart

Hl blnb`, ls lk lc sæptfe` nbagra h`khl badftak c`s efcaor`s ‘eakfjlstanf`kls hl ca

j`rea eás pura hl ca lklroåa hl ca oranfa‘. Lstl nlktr` taedfæk n`ktflkl uk p`hlr eåstfn`

hlselsurah`.

^loùk ca trahfnfþk, c`s jflcls eaktlkåak cas hfstaknfas n`k aqulcc`s eåstfn`s elhflvacls

n`k`nfh`s p`r badlr n`ktantah` hfrlntaelktl n`k Hf`s ‘fkncus` aukqul vfvflrak iukt`s lk uk

e`kastlrf`‘ k` julra qul lc «ì` hl Hf`s· parpahlara lk su hfrlnnfþk. ]`nas plrs`kas s`k c`

dastaktl julrtls nè` para s`p`rtar lsa n`rrflktl lcæntrfna hfrlnta a hfarf`. ^fk ledaro`, lk

cas Lsnrfturas c`s efcaor`s a elkuh` sl n`ksfhlradak sfok`s hl ca prlslknfa hl ca eak` hl Hf`s

«aså lk ca tflrra nè` lk lc nflc`·.

Lk lc hèfkf` hlc sæptfe` nbagra, kulstra n`knflknfa y kulstr` lspårftu pulhlk tlklr

uka rlcanfþk n`ksnflktl y uka n`klxfþk lspfrftuac plrs`kac n`k c` hfvfk`. Aquå, «vfvfe`s lk lc

eèlkt` prlslktl·, qul ls lc clea hl lstl nbagra, c` qul banl qul tlkoae`s hfsp`kfdcl t`hakulstra lklroåa para p`hlr lstadclnlr n`klxf`kls efcaor`sas hl act` v`ctail. X`h`s c`s ant`s




-126-

hl slrvfnf` qul bak nèpartfh` n`k k`s`tr`s cas plrs`kas qul aparlnlk lk lstl cfdr` n`ktflkl

oranfa lspfrftuac, plr` acouk`s hl lcc`s slñacak hfrlntaelktl a ca fkjculknfa hfvfka. Lk ca

prþxfea bfst`rfa, p`r lilepc`, Nbfst`pblr lxpcfna uka fktlrvlknfþk akolcfnac lk uk oravl

annfhlktl.

Lsnrfdl9 «Nuakh` tlkåa uk`s nuarlkta y nfkn` añ`s, lstada naylkh` naha vlz eás lk lc

lktuelnfeflkt` elktac y lspfrftuac. Ca ùkfna j`rea lk qul n`kslouåa n`klntarel a ca vfha lra

a travæs hl aqulcca rájaoa hl ahrlkacfka qul el fkukhada nuakh` n`rråa a t`ha vlc`nfhah a

cè`s hl ef e`t`nfnclta, banflkh` lqufcfdrf`s s`drl lsa jfka cåkla qul slpara ca vfha hl ca

eulrtl. Aqulcc` el rlsuctada sueaelktl slhunt`r, nè` uk aeaktl p`r ca qul badråa

paoah` nuacquflr n`sa. Zfvåa hl nbutl hl ahrlkacfka lk nbutl hl ahrlkacfka, sfk slr napaz hl

vlr ca dlcclza lk c` n`tfhfak` kf hl slktfrel aorahlnfþ p`r lc elr` blnb` hl lstar vfv`. X`h`

ls` naedfþ uka blre`sa k`nbl hl cuka cclka lk uka s`cftarfa narrltlra slnukharfa. Ca cuka

drfccada takt` qul y` lstada s`rprlkhfh`. Fda ac h`dcl hl ca vlc`nfhah plreftfha, n`khunflkh`

uka e`t`nfnclta qul y` slktåa nè` uka elra lxtlksfþk hl efs plksaeflkt`s. Bèdrl y

eáqufka lrak uk` y ca ahrlkacfka fkukhada efs slktfh`s. Lk lsl traknl, plrnfdå lc rljcli` hl

h`s ì`s ‘uk nflrv`‘ drfccakh` lktrl c`s ardust`s. Lc tflep` leplzþ a fr eás hlspanf`7 jul

nè` sf acouka julrza sl lstuvflra ap`hlrakh` hl eå. ûpl qul aquæc lra ef hlstfk` lk

aqulcca blre`sa k`nbl. Lc nflrv` rlannf`kþ nè` sf budflra rlnfdfh` uka slñac y leplzþ a

nruzar ca narrltlra. V` aprltæ c`s jrlk`s y nb`nae`s a c`s 14= ge p`r b`ra.·Lc rufh` jul tlrrfdcl. Z`cæ p`r c`s afrls y ca e`t`nfnclta hf` varfas vulctas s`drl så

efsea. Lc nflrv` lstada eulrt`, ca e`t`nfnclta hlstr`zaha, plr` y` slouåa vfv`. K` p`håa

rlspfrar y eunb` elk`s e`vlrel, ¡y lstada lk elhf` hl ca narrltlra! Eflktras lstada accå

lstfrah`, uka v`z ‘lsa v`z fktlrf`r qul k`s ouåa‘ k` hliþ hl rlpltfrel9 –Xl p`khrás dflk―.

Lstada euy `snur` y y` fda vlstfh` hl nulr` klor`7 lra fep`sfdcl qul el vflra kfkoùk n`nbl

aktls hl adacakzarsl s`drl eå. ]lksæ9 –°Anas` bl s`drlvfvfh` ac nb`qul sþc` para qul ab`ra

el atr`plccl uk n`nbl0― Hl rlplktl, `å uk e`t`r apr`xfeákh`sl. Hlspuæs uk p`rtaz` y lc

s`kfh` hl uk`s pas`s rlsulct`s anlrnákh`sl. Nuakh` lcca badcþ, n`k uka v`z slrlka plr` qul

trakseftåa aut`rfhah, k`tl nè` sf ca oranfa el fkukhara. û prlslknfa jul sueaelktl

trakqufcfzah`ra. Kukna `cvfharæ su nèpasfþk. Aqulc blre`s` lspårftu hl ca k`nbl `roakfzþ ef

rlsnatl y p`stlrf`r traksp`rtl lk blcfnþptlr` a ca ukfhah c`nac hl traueat`còåa. Eflktras lcca

lstuv` prlslktl, slktå uka ljusfþk hl ae`r y slourfhah y, nuakh` el acliar`k hl su cah`, ca

k`nbl sl v`cvfþ rlacelktl jråa y h`c`r`sa. Kukna badåa nrlåh` lk c`s ákolcls, plr` el

lkn`ktræ a uk` aqulcca k`nbl. Aukqul kukna vf su r`str`, n`k`zn` su ae`r. Elsls hlspuæs,

fktlktæ har n`k lcca. Tldusquæ lk c`s fkj`rels p`cfnfacls y k` lkn`ktræ kfkouk` h`khl sl




-16=-

elknf`kara su prlslknfa. Lra nè` sf y` julra lc ùkfn` qul sadåa qul lcca badåa lstah` lk ca

lsnlka hlc annfhlktl. Jul uk ákolc qul vfk` para rln`kj`rtarel lk uk eèlkt` hl

klnlsfhah, uk ákolc qul el lkslkþ a n`kjfar lk c`s hleás y qul el e`strþ cas j`reas

earavfcc`sas lk qul `dra lc Lspårftu.

·Ef vfha ahqufrfþ uk kulv` slktfh` y uk kulv` pr`pþsft`. Zlkhå ef e`t` y cl lst`y

euy aorahlnfh` ac p`drl nflrv` y lc paplc qul hlsleplñþ lk ef hlsplrtar. Ef j`rea hl vlr ca

vfha naedfþ rahfnacelktl. Lc Lspårftu `dra para hlsplrtark`s, y parlnl qul, sf k` prlstae`s

atlknfþk a c`s sutfcls elksails qul k`s lkvåa, æst`s auelktak hl v`cuelk l fktlksfhah. Lc håa

hlc nb`qul, badåa rlnfdfh` lc avfs` hl qul rlhuilra ca earnba lk j`rea hl uk n`kli` qul nruzþ

ca narrltlra hlcaktl hl eå. Tlnulrh` c` p`n` qul el jactþ para nb`nar n`k æc y c` lxtrañ` qul

el parlnfþ vlr a uk akfeac nèp`rtarsl hl lsl e`h`. Ab`ra sæ qul aqulcc` jul uka slñac

para qul rlhuilra ca earnba y prlstara eás atlknfþk. Lst`y euy aorahlnfh` ac nb`qul y kukna

c` n`ksfhlraræ uk annfhlktl p`r lc pr`jukh` fepant` qul tuv` lk ef vfha. Bak pasah` c`s

añ`s, plr` y` sfo` lstakh` aorahlnfh` p`r p`hlr rlspfrar, naefkar y nèpartfr ef ae`r n`k

`tras plrs`kas.·

Ca lklroåa hlc sæptfe` nbagra ls traksplrs`kac y lstá åktfeaelktl cfoaha a ca

traksj`reanfþk lspfrftuac. Aqulc ákolc k` sþc` sacvþ ca vfha hl Nbfst`pblr7 æc ‘y lc annfhlktl‘

cl n`khuilr`k a uk pr`jukh` hlsplrtar lspfrftuac.

Hlspuæs hl lxpcfnar ca bfst`rfa hl Nbfst`pblr lk uk slefkarf`, uk acuek` elprlouktþ9

‘°Nþe` ls qul a æc cl ayuhþ y a eå sþc` el ayuha ef vlnfk`0

Lk lsta rlspulsta, sl pulhlk cllr lktrl cåklas cas prlouktas9 «°]`r quæ k` rlnfdå ayuha

nuakh` ca klnlsftada0· ` «°Hþkhl lstá Hf`s nuakh` c` klnlsft`0·. Xaedfæk el bak

prlouktah` sf lxfstl uka `ranfþk lsplnfac qul sl p`kl ca prfelra hl ca jfca nuakh` ccloa ac

nflc`, uk tfp` hl pcloarfa qul lkhlrlzará kulstras vfhas y s`cunf`kará kulstr`s pr`dcleas

iust` nuakh` eás c` klnlsftle`s. C` ùkfn` qul pulh` hlnfr ls c` qul nrl`, qul kfkouka

`ranfþk plreaklnl sfk rlspulsta. Cas rlspulstas a acoukas `ranf`kls tarhak uk p`n` eás lk

eakfjlstarsl7 y acoukas rlspulstas s`k eás hfjånfcls hl hltlntar. Fkncus` nuakh` kulstras

`ranf`kls parlnlk k` badlr sfh` rlsp`khfhas, p`hle`s lstar slour`s hl qul bak sfh`

lsnunbahas y qul ca rlspulsta ya lstá aquå ` lstá lk naefk`. Xac vlz æsta k` ccloul

fkelhfataelktl hlspuæs hl ca `ranfþk ` hl uka j`rea plrs`kac jánfcelktl rln`k`nfdcl ` hl

uka prlslknfa akolcfnac qul k`s oustaråa vlr. ]lr` cas rlspulstas a kulstras pcloarfas sl jfctrak

ac eukh` jåsfn` lk lc eèlkt` ahlnuah`. ^f sè`s ` k` napanls hl plrnfdfr ca rlspulsta ls

aco` qul hlplkhl hl k`s`tr`s. H`s plrs`kas pulhlk vfvfr ca lxplrflknfa hl qul uk




-16>-

n`kvlrtfråa lk ef lx earfh` lstada banflkh` t`h` c` p`sfdcl p`r hlstrufr ef rlputanfþk, ya qul

lra y` ca qul badåa plhfh` lc hfv`rnf`. Eunbas k`nbls el rljuofadak lk ca napfcca hl kulstra

foclsfa y el slktada accå basta elhfak`nbl. Leplnæ a cclvarel uka ace`baha plqulña p`rqul

a vlnls el naksada takt` hl cc`rar qul tlkåa qul nlrrar uk rat` c`s ì`s. \ka k`nbl qul lstada

lk ca napfcca cc`rakh` nè` badåa blnb` taktas vlnls, el lkn`ktrada lsplnfacelktl

hlprfefha. Lstada lkjahaha p`rqul k` p`håa s`p`rtar qul efs bfi`s sujrflrak, plr` taep`n`

p`håa banlr kaha para pr`tlolrc`s. Badåa lstah` rlzakh` y lkt`knls leplnæ a s`cc`zar. V cl

hfil a Hf`s9 –Klnlsft` ayuha y ca klnlsft` iukt` aquå y iust` ab`ra, lk lstl prlnfs` eèlkt`,

p`rqul k` pulh` s`p`rtar kf uk efkut` eás hl lsta sftuanfþk nèpcltaelktl s`ca.―

·Eflktras hlnåa lst`, nòå ca ace`baha y ca caknæ n`ktra lc eur` hl ca napfcca. V el

slktæ lk lc dakh` qul lstada iust` hlcaktl hlc actar, s`cc`zakh`. K` tlkåa julrzas k` para

clvaktarel a rlnòlr ca ace`baha. Fkelhfataelktl sl adrfþ ca pulrta p`stlrf`r hl ca napfcca y

lktrþ uka euilr. Olklracelktl, nuakh` acouflk lktra lk napfcca y vl a `tra plrs`ka rlzakh`,

sl qulha atrás para hliar lspanf`. ]lr` aqulcca euilr k` c` bfz`. ^l hfrfofþ hfrlntaelktl a ef

dakn`, sl slktþ a ef cah` y el n`c`nþ lc draz` s`drl lc bèdr`. Leplzþ a badcarel y t`h` c`

qul el hfi` tlkåa eunb` slktfh`. ^lktåa nè` el fkvahåa ca prlslknfa hl ca paz. °Nþe` p`håa

sadlr aqulcca euilr c` qul lstada pasakh` lk ef vfha0 Kukna ca badåa vfst` aktls, plr` el

badcþ nè` sf budflra lstah` naefkakh` a ef cah` lc ùctfe` añ` huraktl t`h` lc hfv`rnf`.

Nuakh` el trakqufcfnæ, ca efrl y cl hfil9 –K` tl n`k`zn`, plr` el sflkt` nè` sf c` bfnflra.Kukna tl badåa vfst` aktls, kf sfquflra sæ nþe` tl ccaeas.― El adrazþ y el n`ktlstþ9 –El

ccae` Oranl *Oranfa+.― Tlnulrh` qul plksæ9 –Dulk`, tflkl slktfh`.― Hlspuæs sl fkn`rp`rþ y sl

jul, tras hlnfrel qul t`h` sl arrlocaråa. K` ca bl vulct` a vlr hlshl lkt`knls, plr` kukna

`cvfharæ aqulcca k`nbl. ^æ qul sf pfhls ayuha, ca `dtflkls, plr` aqulcca k`nbl el ccloþ n`k

suea rapfhlz. Kf sfquflra tuvl qul hlnfr p`r jav`r, plr`, sfk cuoar a huhas, bl hfnb` oranfas.

Aqulcca k`nbl y` sacå j`rtaclnfha y n`k uka jl rlk`vaha. Kukna el bl vulct` a slktfr tak

hlsaeparaha nè` c` lstada aktls hl qul Oranl lktrara lk ef vfha.·

Hlksl O. taedfæk qufs` nèpartfr su vlrsfþk s`drl uka bfst`rfa hl oranfa. «Nuakh`

efs bfi`s lrak uk`s dldæs, y` vfvåa lk cas ajulras hl ca nfuhah, sfk n`nbl y cli`s hl nuacquflr

partl. \ka vlnfka el ccaeþ vfsfdclelktl actlraha para plhfrel sf cl p`håa prlstar uk d`tl hl

uka earna lk n`knrlt` hl papfcca para su bfi`, qul pahlnåa uka aclrofa fep`rtaktl. V` k` tlkåa

c` qul lcca klnlsftada y lcca k` p`håa utfcfzar c` qul y` tlkåa. Ef aefoa lstada bfstærfna y el

lxpcfnþ qul cl badåa hah` a uk kfñ` lc ùkfn` hfklr` qul tlkåa lk naha para qul sl anlrnara,

n`k ca dfnf qul lcca cl badåa hliah`, a uka tflkha para nèprar papfcca. Lc kfñ` v`cvfþ n`k h`s

d`tls r`t`s y cl lxpcfnþ qul sl ca badåak naåh` lk lc naefk` hl vulcta. Cl hfil a ef aefoa qul




-16:-

eunb` lk ca vfha, plr` c` qul cl jactada hl rfqulza eatlrfac c` nèplksada n`k nrlnls n`k su

rfqulza lspfrftuac. Aqulc ant` slknfcc` y lsp`ktákl` lclvþ ef lspårftu y el n`ke`vfþ

pr`jukhaelktl7 hl blnb`, ab`ra sfo` k`takh` sus ljlnt`s nuakh` pflks` lk lcc`. El sflkt`

rlacelktl aj`rtukaha p`rqul nrl` qul c` hfvfk` el tlkhfþ ca eak` aqulc håa a travæs hl

aqulcca euilr earavfcc`sa nuakh` eás c` klnlsftada. K` pulh` lxpcfnar ca feprlsfþk qul

aqulcc` pr`v`nþ lk eå p`rqul °nþe` p`klr lk pacadras ca slksanfþk hl uka acea tlkhfækh`cl

ca eak` a `tra lsp`ktáklaelktl0 K` bl vulct` a vlr a aqulcca euilr. V` nrl` qul c`s ant`s hl

slrvfnf` ah`ptak ca j`rea jåsfnaelktl hfsnrlta hl ca `ranfþk. El bl pr`dah` a eå efsea uka y

`tra vlz qua cas lsnlkas hl vf`canf`kls vlrdacls ` jåsfnas, p`r lilepc`, sl pulhlk hfsfpar lk

p`n`s efkut`s n`k uka `ranfþk. Kukna bl huhah` hlc p`hlr hl ca `ranfþk, plr` a vlnls vlr

pruldas takofdcls l fkelhfatas tl rlajfrea lk c` qul ya sadåas qul lra nflrt` lk c` eás b`kh`

hl tu slr.·

Lsas s`krfsas vfsfdcls n`ktlkåak uk p`hlr fkvfsfdcl. Julr`k plqulñ`s efcaor`s

lspfrftuacls y jåsfn`s. C`s efcaor`s lsták lk c`s ì`s hlc `dslrvah`r7 ls hlnfr, hljfkfe`s uk

efcaor` p`r c`s ljlnt`s qul tflklk s`drl k`s`tr`s, plr` y` ab`ra n`ksfhlr` qul t`ha ca

d`khah lstá blnba hl eatlrfac hl c`s efcaor`s. Lk ef vfha, bl tlkfh` uka naktfhah kaha

hlsprlnfadcl hl lxplrflknfas qul lktrak lk ca natlo`råa hl efcaor`s. \ka vlz, p`r lilepc`,

nòå uka orfpl j`rtåsfea y el rlsuctada fep`sfdcl fepartfr uk slefkarf` qul tlkåa pròraeah`.

Lc orup` qul patr`nfkada lc slefkarf` jul euy nèprlksfv`, plr` el lsplradak nflkt`s hlplrs`kas y k` tlkåak a kahfl qul el puhflra sustftufr. El prlouktar`k sf p`håa plksar lk

acouflk, nuacquflra, qul puhflra fepartfr lc slefkarf` lk ef cuoar. ]`r acouka razþk qul

hlsn`k`zn`, ca ùkfna plrs`ka qul el vfk` a ca elktl jul uka eæhfna earavfcc`sa, ca h`nt`ra

Ocahys EnOarly, qul vfvl lk Arfz`ka. Ls uka plrs`ka a quflk aprlnf` eunb`, plr` kukna

ble`s hah` ncasls iuktas y lcca ls lxplrta lk ledaraz` y part` ‘k` lxantaelktl ef

lsplnfacfhah‘. Hf lc kùelr` hl tlcæj`k` hl Ocahys a c`s `roakfzah`rls y, nuakh` ca ccaear`k a

su n`ksucta, cls hfilr`k qul lstada julra hakh` uk slefkarf`. Nuakh` prlouktar`k hþkhl

lstada, rlsuctþ qul lstada hakh` ncasls lk lc efse` b`tlc h`khl y` fda a fepartfr ef

slefkarf`, y, p`r sf julra p`n`, lcca `nupada ca badftanfþk qul lstada iust` ac `tr` cah` hlc

vlståduc` hl ca saca s`khl lstada pròraeah` qul y` hflra ef slefkarf`. V t`havåa eás, su

slefkarf` anadada iust` nuakt` lstada pròraeah` qul leplzara lc eå`, hl e`h` qul ef

qulrfha Ocahy sþc` tuv` qul nruzar lc vlståduc` y banlrsl naro` hl ef tradai`. Aqulcc` jul uk

efcaor` y uk n`c`sac ant` hl slrvfnf`, plr` taedfæk c` s`k lc nácfh` sacuh` ` ca s`krfsa hl uk

hlsn`k`nfh` qul k`s n`klnta hl kulv` n`k ca d`khah hlc eukh`, aså nè` ca bfst`rfa qul

jfoura a n`ktfkuanfþk.




-162-

hfil qul Ilsùs c` aeada. Hl rlplktl, slktå ca prlslknfa hl Hf`s lk ef fktlrf`r y lk aqulc

eèlkt` supl qul Hf`s lstada utfcfzakh` ef nulrp` para n`ks`car y rln`kj`rtar a aqulc

bèdrl ao`kfzaktl. û nèpañlr` el badåa hfnb` nþe` sl ccaeada y slouå aslourákh`cl qul

Ilsùs c` aeada. Nrlå qul aqulccas slråak cas ùctfeas pacadras qul `fråa lk lsta vfha y cas

prfelras qul `fråa lk ca prþxfea. Lra uk i`vlk nrfstfak` n`k euilr l bfi`s. û eahrl el

nèlktþ hlspuæs lc n`ksulc` qul badåa supulst` para lcc`s lc blnb` hl qul su bfi` budflra

eulrt` anèpañah` y `ylkh` lc kèdrl hl Hf`s. Aed`s vlkåae`s hl cah`s hfjlrlktls hl ca

hfvfs`rfa y, hlshl aqulc håa, uk orup` ‘j`reah` p`r natþcfn`s y pr`tlstaktls‘ k`s rlukfe`s

naha els para `rar.·

Ca sloukha bfst`rfa efcaor`sa rlvlca ca j`rea lxtra`rhfkarfa lk qul lc ukfvlrs`

lktrlcaza kulstras vfhas. ]auc I. lsnrfdl9 «Lk 1624, y` j`reada partl hl uk orup` hl oays.

Xlkåa vlfktftræs añ`s y lstada uk p`n` hls`rflktah`. Badåa uk bèdrl n`k anlkt` surlñ` qul

parlnåa lstar lk t`has partls ahþkhl fda y`. Badåa nèpartfh` n`k æc efs fhlas s`drl Hf`s y cl

badåa nèlktah` qul k` lstada kaha lktusfaseah` n`k ca trahfnfþk lpfsn`pac lk ca qul el

lhunar`k. \k håa sl prlslktþ n`k uk pukt` hl clntura. Badåa lsnrft` ef kèdrl lk æc lk cltras

lktrlcazahas iukt` n`k uka nfta hl ca Dfdcfa. Cl hf cas oranfas y, nuakh` cclouæ a nasa, c` n`c`quæ

hlktr` hl uk cfdr` y ac p`n` tflep` el `cvfhæ hl æc. Añ`s hlspuæs, lk 166>, ef eukh` sl

lstada hlse`r`kakh`. X`ha ca olktl, lxnlptuakh` efs pahrls, sl lstada eurflkh` hl sfha.

K` pasada uk s`c` håa sfk qul tuvflra qul fr ac b`spftac a vfsftar a uk aefo` ` a nufhar hl efparlia. K` p`håa s`p`rtar takt` h`c`r y takta trfstlza. Juf a lstfrar cas pflrkas y anadæ lk ca

foclsfa lpfsn`pac. Cas pulrtas lstadak adflrtas y rln`rhæ cas pacadras hl n`ksulc` hl ef adulca9

–^f klnlsftas aco`, Hf`s tl c` `frá―.

·Lktræ. ^l lstada fepartflkh` lc slrvfnf` hl c`s iulvls. El fkukhþ uka slksanfþk euy

nácfha. Eflktras prlparadak ca nèukfþk, el hf nulkta hl qul banåa añ`s qul k` nèucoada.

El lkn`ktræ lk ca jfca para nèucoar y, nuakh` lc sanlrh`tl pasþ iukt` a eå, lstaccæ lk ccakt`.

^`cc`næ eflktras rls`kadak lk ef fktlrf`r cas le`nf`kls n`ktlkfhas hl taktas eulrtls y

taktas pærhfhas. N`k uka orak tlrkura, lc sanlrh`tl el clvaktþ ca dardfcca y el efrþ a c`s ì`s,

eflktras el hlnåa qul lc ^lñ`r sadåa c` qul klnlsftada y qul el aeada pr`jukhaelktl.

Culo` aprltþ ef bùelh` r`str` n`ktra su plnb` eflktras y` slouåa cc`rakh` lc ccakt` hl uk

n`razþk r`t`. Hl naefk` a nasa, el slktåa acfvfah`, nè` sf el budflrak rlvlktah` uka

aep`cca le`nf`kac. Lk nasa, ca lkjlrelra qul nufhada hl ef parlia el hfi` qul lstada

hureflkh` pcánfhaelktl. Nòå uk cfdr` hl uka lstaktlråa y vf qul s`drlsacåa lc vfli` pukt` hl

clntura. –¡Quæ nurf`s`! ‘plksæ‘. El prloukt` quæ cl badrá pasah` a aqulc bèdrl tak

lknaktah`r qul el c` rloacþ―. Lstada slour` hl qul badråa eulrt` nè` t`h`s c`s hleás.




-4==-

nadacclr`s, pasæ iukt` a uk tlcæj`k` pùdcfn` h`khl badåa uk cfståk tlcljþkfn` adflrt` ac azar p`r

uka páofka. ]`r acoùk e`tfv`, rlpasæ vfsuacelktl aqulcca páofka y, nuakh` lstada a pukt` hl

nlrrar lc cfståk, el jfiæ lk uk kèdrl y uk kùelr` hl tlcæj`k`. K` badåa ads`cutaelktl kaha

lk aqulc kèdrl ` aqulc tlcæj`k` qul c`s hfjlrlknfara hlc rlst` hl kùelr`s hl ca páofka. Hl

blnb`, sl tratada sþc` hl h`s fkfnfacls y uk aplccfh`. Fkelhfataelktl as`nfæ aqulc kèdrl n`k

lc hl uka euilr qul badåa n`k`nfh` badåa acouk`s añ`s. K` sæ kf p`r quæ bfnl aqulcca

n`klxfþk, pulst` qul kf sfquflra n`fknfhåak c`s aplccfh`s. Aquæc lra lc kèdrl hl s`ctlra y y` ca

n`k`nåa p`r lc hl nasaha. K` rlnulrh` nþe` ` p`r quæ as`nfæ aqulcc`s kèdrls, plr` c` bfnl.

Fktr`huil uka e`klha lk ca nadfka y earquæ. Lcca nòfþ lc tlcæj`k` ac sloukh` tfedrl y lstaccþ

lk narnaiahas, hfnfækhèl qul iustaelktl lk aqulc eèlkt` lstada plksakh` lk eå. Kf

sfquflra k`s n`k`nåae`s euy dflk. Qulhae`s para nèlr. ]asae`s iukt`s varf`s håas y el

lkslñ` eunbas n`sas qul el ayuhar`k a rlnuplrar ca n`kjfakza y a lkn`ktrarel eli`r.

Eaktuvfe`s lc n`ktant` huraktl uk par hl añ`s, plr` culo` cl plrhå ca pfsta. Hl t`h`s e`h`s,

lst`y n`kvlknfh` hl qul, su ca vulcv` a klnlsftar, lcca v`cvlrá.·

Ákolcls y autèþvfcls

K` hldæfs plrhlr ca jl lk ca bueakfhah. Ca bueakfhah ls uk `næak`7

k` sl lksunfa p`rqul acoukas hl sus o`tas lstæk sunfas.

Eabatea Oakhbf

C`s autèþvfcls parlnlk slr lc vlbånuc` qul lcfol lc ukfvlrs` para n`c`nar a uka

plrs`ka lk uka sftuanfþk vucklradcl y lk uk rlsnatl qul sl anada n`kvfrtflkh` lk ukalxplrflknfa lspfrftuac. \ka avlråa ` uk annfhlktl hl n`nbl k` ls uka nrfsfs hlc sæptfe` nbagra a

elk`s qul ca plrs`ka c` plrnfda nè` uka lxplrflknfa pr`jukhaelktl lspfrftuac. Ef pahrl,

uk vltlrak` hl ca ^loukha Oulrra Eukhfac y earfkl hl c`s Lstah` \kfh`s, k`s lkslñþ a eå y a

efs blreak`s lc vfli` hfnb`9 «Lk cas trfknblras k` bay atl`s.· Ef trahunnfþk9 sf Hf`s k`s

asusta c` sujfnflktl, t`h`s leplzae`s a rlzar. C`s annfhlktls hl trájfn` taedfæk parlnlk slr

uk earn` fhlac para qul lc ukfvlrs` baoa n`fknfhfr a plrs`kas qul klnlsftadak lkn`ktrarsl,

aukqul sþc` sla huraktl uk`s efkut`s. ]lr` lk ls̀ s p`n`s efkut`s, sus vfhas naedfak p`r

nèpclt`.




-4=4-

hfe`s nulkta hl qul tlkåae`s uk tacaktl nèpcltaelktl hfjlrlktl hlspuæs hl aqulc

fknfhlktl. K` k`s fep`rtþ qul ca avlråa budflra supulst` plrhlr uk håa lktlr` hl kulstras

drlvls vananf`kls p`rqul slktfe`s qul aqulc håa badåae`s tlkfh` ukas vananf`kls hl

vlrhahlra bueakfhah.·

Xlko` vlfktfnuatr` lilepc`s eás hl bfst`rfas hl «ákolcls y autèþvfcls·. Hf`s lepcla

t`h` tfp` hl hfjfnuctahls ‘annfhlktls, hfsnusf`kls, avlråas‘ para atralr kulstra atlknfþk y

e`strark`s lc p`tlknfac para qul ca oranfa sl eakfjflstl lk kulstras vfhas. K`s`tr`s kukna

sadle`s p`r quæ cas n`sas `nurrlk nè` `nurrlk ` p`r quæ anadae`s suefh`s lk lc hlsastrl,

plr` bay aco` lk`relelktl rln`kj`rtaktl y euy n`kvfknlktl hlshl lc pukt` hl vfsta

lspfrftuac lk ca fhla hl qul, lstle`s h`khl lstle`s, pulhl slr uk lsnlkarf` para qul aco`

pr`jukhaelktl eåstfn` `nurra lk kulstras vfhas.

\k efcaor` akhaktl

LC ]@HLT N\TAXFN@ HL CA JL V LC XL^ÞK

Lc sæptfe` nbagra rlprlslkta uk kfvlc hl n`knflknfa lk lc nuac p`hle`s banlr c` qul

k` sl ba blnb` aktls. V ca v`cuktah hl còrarc` atral a kulstra vfha ca ayuha qul klnlsftae`s.

Lk ef tradai` bl n`k`nfh` a eunba, eunbåsfea olktl ajlntaha p`r lkjlrelhahls oravls

nrþkfnas y p`tlknfacelktl tlrefkacls. Ca euilr s`drl ca qul trata lsta narta, Akkl D., tflkl

lsnclr`sfs eùctfpcl, plr` n`ksfoufþ s`drlp`klrsl a ca ahvlrsfhah. Cas bfst`rfas s`drl plrs`kas

n`k lkjlrelhah hlolklratfva qul n`ksfouflr`k banlrcas rleftfr hldlk slr nèpartfhas

p`rqul fkspfrak lsplrakza. Ca bfst`rfa hl Akkl ls pur` eatlrfac hlc sæptfe` nbagra p`rqul

lsta euilr sl kutrfþ hl uk p`hlr euy suplrf`r a lcca y, lk lc pr`nls`, vf` su lkjlrelhah nè`

uka j`rea hl slrvfr a c`s hleás. Lst`y euy aorahlnfha a su easaifsta tlrapæutfn` T`dlrt N.

p`r badlrsl tèah` ca e`clstfa hl lsnrfdfr lsta bfst`rfa p`rqul k` tlko` kfkouka huha hl qul

lc lspårftu hl Akkl sloufrá fkspfrakh` a `tr`s ac ajr`ktar uka lkjlrelhah oravl.

T`dlrt N. lsnrfdl9 «Nuakh` vf a Akkl p`r prfelra vlz, lstada n`kjfkaha lk uka sfcca hl

rulhas lcæntrfna n`k h`s nfktur`kls aknb`s julrtlelktl aprltah`s acrlhlh`r hlc t`rs` para

eaktlklrca lroufha. Cclvada uk n`ccaråk para s`stlklrcl ca nadlza, ca nuac aplkas p`håa r`tar a

hlrlnba ` fzquflrha sfk h`c`r y lspase`s eusnucarls. Cclvada cas h`s euñlnas lktadcfccahas y




-4=>-

sus pflrkas n`coadak fklrtls. û elktl lstada aprfsf`kaha lk uk nulrp` lkjlre`. V` k` tlkåa

kfkouka j`rea hl sadlr, nuakh` n`k`nå a Akkl, qul tradaiar n`k lcca naedfaråa kulstras vfhas

y ca j`rea lk qul tradai` para sfleprl.

·V` anada hl har uka nbarca lk ca ^`nflhah hl Lsnclr`sfs Eùctfpcl. Lk rahfnac n`ktrastl

n`k su aparflknfa jåsfna, c`s ì`s azucls hl Akkl hlk`tadak lktusfase` y uka orak nurf`sfhah.

El prlouktþ sf p`hråa ayuharca. V` sþc` cclvada uk añ` hl prántfna pr`jlsf`kac, hl e`h` qul

lra hleasfah` i`vlk y tlkåa hleasfah` nlc` efsf`klr` para hlnfr qul k`. Tlslrvæ cas tarhls

hl c`s iulvls para Akkl. Fktr`huil ef naefcca hl easail lk lc n`nbl y n`khuil basta su nasa,

qul lstada a ca sacfha hl ca nfuhah, slktåa uka orak nèpasfþk p`r Akkl. Ca Lsnclr`sfs Eùctfpcl

cl badåa arrldatah` hleasfahas n`sas. Badåa ajr`ktah` varfas vlnls ca eulrtl y tlrrfdcls

pruldas eæhfnas. A eå el badåa s`krlåh` ca vfha, plr` parlnåa qul ca vfha hl Akkl lstada, lk

ca eay`råa hl c`s slktfh`s, earnaha p`r ca nacaefhah. Lc h`c`r lra n`kstaktl. Badåa sfh`

n`khlkaha a ca fke`vfcfhah euy pr`kt` y tlkåa trls bfi`s lk lhah lsn`car. Naha håa tlkåa qul

ajr`ktar uka prulda qul y` sadåa lk c` eás pr`jukh` hl ef n`razþk qul y` efse` k` p`hråa

badlr ajr`ktah`, hl abå pr`nlhåa ef nèpasfþk.

·Lc prfelr trataeflkt` jul uk sfepcl easail rlcaiaktl. Hlspuæs hl ca slsfþk, cl

prlouktæ p`r su kfvlc hl h`c`r y el hfi`9 –Ls hfjlrlktl.― N`k hfjlrlktl, Akkl qulråa hlnfr qul

k` slktåa h`c`r. Lstada eás qul s`rprlkhfha y y` sfeucæ k` lstarc`. Kulstr` vfail badåa

nèlkzah`. Xradaiada n`k Akkl trls sleakas ac els. Lc easail suln` hf` pas` a cavfsuacfzanfþk y ac Tlfgf. C`s lilrnfnf`s ayuhar`k a rlnuplrar vfli`s patr`kls hl e`vfeflkt` ` a

nrlar kulv`s patr`kls h`khl c`s klrvf`s badåak hliah` hl juknf`kar. Ca tlrapfa nrakl`sanrac

jul ncavl y sl pr`hunåak varfas cfdlranf`kls sèat`le`nf`kacls lk naha slsfþk. Badåa eunb`s

n`kjcfnt`s le`nf`kacls y lspfrftuacls sfk rls`cvlr qul n`kvlkåa hfsfpar. Akkl lstada hlnfhfha a

sakar p`r su pr`pfa sacuh y p`r lc dflk hl su jaefcfa. Fkncus` aktls hl qul sl fkfnfara su pr`nls`

hl nuranfþk, lcca cclvada ca nasa, nufhada hl sus bfi`s y lra tak antfva nè` nuacquflr plrs`ka,

a plsar hl tlklr uk nulrp` qul badåa hliah` hl `dlhlnlr cas þrhlkls hlc nlrldr`. Huraktl su

caroa y h`c`r`sa rlnuplranfþk, sfoufþ antuakh` nè` uka plrs`ka qul k` lstuvflra lkjlrea.

Ca lsnclr`sfs eùctfpcl arrufkþ su nulrp`, plr` k` su vfha. ^l bfz` jae`sa lk ca nfuhah nè`

n`kjlrlknfaktl hl ca ^`nflhah hl Lsnclr`sfs Eùctfpcl, ccaeada p`r tlcæj`k` a `tras plrs`kas

qul pahlnåak ca efsea lkjlrelhah, n`cad`rada lk kuelr`s`s nèftæs y banåa hl nakour` a

uk kfñ` hlc vlnfkharf` naha tarhl. A eå el paoada n`k hfklr` qul oakada banflkh` hl

nakour`.

·Lc prfelr vulcn` lk lc pr`nls` hl nuranfþk `nurrfþ uk fkvflrk`. Elhfaktl tænkfnas hl

hfácò` fktlrf`r, n`knlrtæ n`k lc eæhfn` fktlrf`r hl Akkl, uka lktfhah n`k uk hfsnurs`




-4=8-

aslqufdcl ccaeaha h`nt`ra Akkl. Akkl badåa sfh` lkjlrelra lsplnfacfzaha lk náknlr y ca

h`nt`ra Akkl, su eæhfn` fktlrf`r qul c` sadåa t`h`, a elkuh` el oufada lk c`s trataeflkt`s.

Iukt`s el lkslñar`k qul tlkåa qul hfs`cvlr c`s qufstls lklroætfn`s y janfcftar patr`kls hl

e`vfeflkt` areþkfn`. Lk lc nurs` hl cas cfdlranf`kls sèat`le`nf`kacls lk cas qul

rlvfsae`s rlnulrh`s s`drl uka vlz qul lstuv` a pukt` hl abòarsl, lc trauea hlc kanfeflkt`

y ca qufef`tlrapfa, Akkl a elkuh` parlnåa lstar a pukt` hl e`rfr p`r abòaeflkt`. âdåae`s

qul sf lsplrádae`s, aqulcc` pasaråa. A elhfha qul Akkl sl leplzada a rlnuplrar

vfsfdclelktl, `tr`s panflktls ajlntah`s hl lsnclr`sfs eùctfpcl a quflkls lc nfkfse` ailk` cls

badåa hlspìah` hl t`ha lsplrakza leplzar`k a vlr qul lc eukh` lstada cclk` hl

p`sfdfcfhahls.

·Xrlnl añ`s hlspuæs hl qul ca lsnclr`sfs eùctfpcl cl budflra paracfzah` n`kvfrtfækh`ca

nasf lk uka tltrapcæifna, Akkl v`cvfþ a akhar. Lkt`knls leplzþ a p`klrsl eás julrtl. V sl

sunlhflr`k kulv`s bft`s. \k håa hl prfeavlra, nuakh` lcca lstada hl pfl hlcaktl hl su nasa, uk

vlnfk` qul kukna ca badåa vfst` julra hl ca sfcca hl rulhas lstada aparnakh` lk n`nbl lk lc

oarail hl su nasa. V, nuakh` ca vf` p`r lc rltr`vfs`r, nb`nþ n`ktra ca pulrta hl oarail. Akkl

vfaiþ a Fsralc para rlnfdfr uk prlef` p`r su cad`r bueaka lk ca ^`nflhah hl Lsnclr`sfs Eùctfpcl.

Eás ahlcaktl lk lsl efse` añ`, hlnfhfþ qul qulråa v`cvlr a n`khunfr. V` fktlktæ hfsuahfrca

p`rqul el prl`nupada su tflep` hl rlannfþk. ^l sanþ lc plrefs` hl n`khunfr sfk pr`dcleas y

y` hlnfhå k` prl`nuparel p`r su n`khunnfþk. Lkt`knls vlkhfþ su sfcca hl rulhas. Va k` badåavulcta atrás.

·Ac jfkac, Akkl puh` vlkfr lk n`nbl a ef n`ksucta, plr` tlkåa qul sudfr ukas lsnaclras

euy lepfkahas. K` tlkåa eás rlelhf` qul sudfrcas slktákh`sl lk naha lsnacþk. Eunb`s hl

efs ncflktls k` badråak asuefh` lsl rlt` y c` badråak n`ksfhlrah` fkhfok`. Akkl tlkåa eunb`s

pr`dcleas, plr` iaeás sl prl`nupþ p`r uk adsurh` slktfh` hl ca hfokfhah. V` k` p`håa

hlspcazarel a su nasa, hl e`h` qul lcca vlkhråa a ca eåa, n`stara c` qul n`stara. Cas daiahas y

sudfhas hl lsnaclras sl n`kvfrtflr`k lk partl hl su pròraea hl rlbadfcftanfþk. Ca sfouflktl

prfeavlra, Akkl akhuv` trls gfcþeltr`s lk uka naefkata para rlnauhar j`kh`s para ca

^`nflhah hl Lsnclr`sfs Eùctfpcl.

·Ab`ra Akkl ls uka sakah`ra hl fkspfranfþk eltlþrfna y orakhls januctahls. Akkl ls

uk efcaor` akhaktl. Ab`ra sè`s n`cloas y oranfas a lcca tlko` uka kulva hljfkfnfþk hl

«aefo`·. \k aefo` ls acouflk nuya prlslknfa tl fkspfra y tl lclva a c` eli`r qul pulhls slr.·




-4=<-

Lxaelk hlc kùncl` hlc sæptfe` nbagra

Lc sæptfe` nbagra rlprlslkta lc cuoar lk kulstra vfha h`khl k`s jukhfe`s n`k c`

hfvfk`. Ls kulstr` pukt` hl cuz, kulstra rlslrva hl oranfa, kulstra vfha lspfrftuac. Lk vlz hl

nlrrar lstl napåtuc` n`k prlouktas nè` bl blnb` lk c`s aktlrf`rls, quflr` hliar ac clnt`r n`k

h`s `ranf`kls qul lknarkak n`k orak blre`sura ca lslknfa hl ca ukfþk lspfrftuac n`k c` hfvfk`.

\KA @TANFÞK HLC ^Æ]XFE@ NBAGTA

Baz qul lstæ adflrt` y prlslktl a t`ha ouåa qul el hfrfia a pr`p`rnf`kar ap`y`lspfrftuac a `tras plrs`kas. V, nuakh` y` klnlsftl ap`y`, p`r jav`r, hfråolel a quflkls Xù

slclnnf`karåas p`r ef dflk. ^fleprl lstaræ aorahlnfh` p`rqul vlcls tak atlkta, n`ksnflktl y

ae`r`saelktl p`r t`h`s quflkls nèpartfe`s ca vfha lk ca Xflrra. Euy a elkuh` k`

lktlkhle`s p`r quæ hldle`s s`p`rtar c` qul sl k`s pfhl qul s`p`rtle`s7 lk ls`s eèlkt`s,

n`knæhlel ca oranfa hl ca jl. Qul sfleprl sla oufah` a vfvfr uka vfha hl slrvfnf` qul dlkljfnfl

a ca bueakfhah y lclvl ef pr`pf` vfail lspfrftuac.

Ca Cuz hl Hf`s hlcaktl hl eå.

Ca Cuz hl Hf`s hltrás hl eå.

Ca Cuz hl Hf`s s`drl eå.

Ca Cuz hl Hf`s a ef cah`.

Ca Cuz hl Hf`s lk ef fktlrf`r.

Hl ca @ranfþk hl âk ]atrfnf`.




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2

Blnb`s hl p`hlr fkvfsfdcls

Xlklh dlklv`clknfa n`k t`h`s c`s slrls vfv`s, slktfh hfnba aktl ca

vfsfþk hl c`s vfrtu`s`s, nèpasfþk y lepatåa p`r c`s ajcfofh`s, y slh t`clraktls

n`k c`s fkh`clktls y c`s qul sl nèp`rtak eac.

Xattavartbasutra ?911 (Iafkfse`)

Banl añ`s, eaktuvl uka n`kvlrsanfþk n`k uk bèdrl qul el hfi` qul ca vlrhah eás

fep`rtaktl qul badåa aprlkhfh` lra slr aeadcl. El lxpcfnþ qul c` aprlkhfþ nuakh` nòfþ uk

taxf lk Kulva V`rg. Eflktras paoada ac taxfsta, cl hfi`9

‘Oranfas, nadacclr`.

‘Ac lsnunbar lstas pacadras, lc taxfsta hf` uk drfkn`, sacfþ hlc taxf, n`rrfþ acrlhlh`r hlc

n`nbl y adrfþ ca pulrta hlc taxf ac pasailr`. ^`rprlkhfh`, lc bèdrl sacfþ y cl hfi` ac taxfsta9

‘K` banåa jacta qul bfnflra ls`.

A c` qul lc taxfsta rlsp`khfþ9

‘Qulråa banlrc`. \stlh ls ca prfelra plrs`ka hl lstl paås qul el ba blnb` lc b`k`r

hl ccaearel «nadacclr`· y qulråa aorahlnlrcl lsl rlsplt`.

Aqulc bèdrl kukna badåa n`ksfhlrah` lc p`hlr fkblrlktl a uk olst` rlspltu`s`,

plr` hlshl aqulc eèlkt` ca aeadfcfhah sl n`kvfrtfþ lk lc pfcar s`drl lc nuac n`kstruyþ su

vfha y lc cloah` qul lsplrada hliar a sus bfi`s. Aqulc fktlrnaedf`, hfi` æc, naedf` su vfha.

Lktlkhfþ ac kfvlc eás pr`jukh` qul t`h`s sè`s c` efse`, uk blnb` hl p`hlr fkvfsfdcl.

Bl aquå `tr`s blnb`s fkvfsfdcls qul p`hle`s rlvfsar nuakh` kulstr` lspårftu klnlsftluk rln`rhat`rf` hlc p`hlr qul tlkle`s para earnar ca hfjlrlknfa.




-4=?-

BLNB@ KÙELT@ \K@

Ca vfha ls uk vfail lspfrftuac

Hldle`s fkvlstfrk`s hl ca nrllknfa hl qul kulstra vfha ls uk vfail hl pròrls`

lspfrftuac. Xrazas lc eapa hl kulstr` vfail tlkflkh` lk nulkta cas n``rhlkahas lspfrftuacls hlc

pr`pþsft` y ca nèpasfþk k`s ayuhará a `rflktark`s aktl cas t`relktas hlc naedf`. Ca vfha

slrá uka lxplrflknfa cþofna, ranf`kac y n`ktr`cadcl. Acouk`s sunls`s y rlcanf`kls k`s hlclftarák

y `tr`s k`s hlstr`zarák y k`s suefrák lk lc h`c`r. A acoukas plrs`kas cls t`nará ca c`tlråa y

`tras anadarák lk ca rufka p`r nucpa hl lxtrañ`s ofr`s hlc hlstfk`, plr` k` p`hle`s durcar a

c`s vflkt`s hlc naefk` k` slr eás vlc`nls qul lcc`s. âdle`s qul hlspuæs hl ca t`relkta

ccloa ca nacea y qul dai` lc na`s lstá lc `rhlk. \tfcfzarle`s lc p`hlr hl ca jl a e`h` hl aknca9

jl lk qul bay uka razþk hl qul cas n`sas `nurrak nè` `nurrlk7 jl lk qul suplrarle`s uka

nrfsfs7 jl lk qul lstae`s avakzakh` banfa uk cuoar eli`r.

Ac earolk hl qul slae`s k`s`tr`s quflkls k`s lkn`ktrle`s lk ca þrdfta hlc naedf` `

hl qul lstle`s ayuhakh` a `tra plrs`ka a atravlsar uk nfnc` hl jfkacls y kulv`s nèflkz`s, lc

blnb` hl n`ksfhlrar uka nrfsfs ‘sla hlc tfp` qul sla‘ nè` uka lxplrflknfa lspfrftuac hl

«jfkacls y kulv`s nèflkz`s· adrl uk pr`jukh` nakac hl cuz y hl oranfa. \k` hl c`s ant`s hl

slrvfnf` eás j`rtaclnlh`rls ls nrllr lk acouflk nuakh` æc narlnl hl jl para nrllr lk så efse`.

Ca sfouflktl bfst`rfa lxpcfna n`k quæ katuracfhah pulhl ca olktl nakacfzar ca oranfa

banfa `tra plrs`ka qul lstá hlslsplraha. H`kka D. lsnrfdl9 «Banl acouk`s añ`s tuvl uk eac

danbl y el lkjrlktada a cas Kavfhahls sfk dcakna, lk par` y s`ca n`k ef bfia hl uk añ`… ` ls`

nrlåa y`. Ef jaefcfa vfvåa cli`s y k` ap`yada ef rlnflktl hfv`rnf`, p`r c` qul k` lstada

hleasfah` fkncfkaha a ayuharel a `roakfzar lc vfail para nlcldrar cas jflstas t`h`s iukt`s. V`

lra uk p`n` hleasfah` `roucc`sa para lxpcfnar a efs aefo`s c`s oravls pr`dcleas ln`kþefn`s

qul tlkåa, hl e`h` qul el c` ouarhæ t`h` para eå, n`k ca nadlza acta y tradaiakh` ac eáxfe`hl efs p`sfdfcfhahls para qul n`ktfkuara lktrakh` hfklr` lk nasa y sloufr tlkflkh` uk tlnb`

dai` lc qul vfvfr.

·\ka k`nbl, nfkn` håas aktls hlc håa hl Kavfhah, acouflk o`cplþ julrtlelktl ca

pulrta. Nuakh` prlouktæ qufæk lra, k` badåa kahfl, plr` hlcaktl hl ca pulrta badåa hliah` uk

paqultl lkvulct` n`k paplc hl rloac` n`k lc kèdrl hl ef bfia lk uka tariltfta. Ac håa

sfouflktl, nuakh` cclouæ a nasa hlc tradai`, el jfiæ lk qul ca ccavl hl ca pulrta prfknfpac k`

lstada lnbaha. Huhæ uk p`n` lk lktrar. Lnbæ uk vfstaz` lk lc fktlrf`r y vf uka naia lk`rel

s`drl lc s`já r`hlaha hl varfas d`csas hl cas qul s`drlsacåak cunls para ah`rkar uk árd`c hl




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Kavfhah. Acouflk badåa lktrah` lk nasa y el badåa hliah` uk árd`c hl Kavfhah artfjfnfac y

t`h`s c`s ah`rk`s klnlsarf`s para hln`rarc`. Lsa k`nbl v`cvå ` `år uk julrtl o`cpl y n`rrå banfa

ca pulrta lsplrakh` nòlr fk jraoaktf a ef ]apá K`lc, plr` k` juf c` dastaktl rápfha. Lk c`s

lsnac`kls badåa eás rloac`s para eå y para ef bfia. Ca n`sa sfoufþ fouac basta K`nbldulka. Ef

prlnf`s` dldæ y y` tuvfe`s uka blre`sa Kavfhah, n`k vfccaknfn`s, uk árd`c n`k t`h`s sus

ah`rk`s, nèfha hl Kavfhah y iuoultls para ef plqulña. V` lstada ak`kahaha y

pr`jukhaelktl n`ke`vfha. Leplnæ a prlouktar lktrl efs aefstahls qufæk p`håa badlr blnb`

aco` aså, plr` t`h` lc eukh` eaktuv` ca d`na nlrraha. Xarhæ varfas sleakas lk hlsnudrfrc`

t`h`9 slfs plrs`kas badåak n`ktrfdufh` a ef hfnba kavfhlña y, n`k su olklr`sfhah, el badåak

ayuhah` a sacfr hl ca hlslsplranfþk lk ca qul el badåa suefh`. C` eás nurf`s` hl t`h` ls qul

k` sl badåak pulst` hl anulrh` lktrl lccas. X`has badåak antuah` fkhlplkhflktlelktl.

Kukna `cvfharæ nþe` el bfz` slktfr aqulcca lxplrflknfa. Ab`ra sæ a nflknfa nflrta qul kukna

lstae`s s`c`s. V el dasta n`k lv`nar aqulccas Kavfhahls para rln`rharc` hl kulv`.·

BLNB@ KÙELT@ H@^

Kulstra df`còåa y kulstr` lspårftu quflrlk slrvfr a c`s hleás

Ls fep`sfdcl qul lc nulrp` vfva slparah` y apartl hlc vfail hlc lspårftu. Har banl qul

k`s sfktae`s dflk7 k` har banl qul k`s sfktae`s eac. Hlsarr`ccar ca nèpasfþk y adrfr lc

n`razþk ls dulk` para k`s`tr`s y para c`s hleás. û âktfhah lc Hacaf Cae hfnl qul, nuakh`

lra kfñ`, sl lkjahada nè` t`h`s c`s kfñ`s l fkncus` a vlnls fktfefhada a sus nèpañlr`s.

]lr`, tras slslkta añ`s hl elhftanfþk y nuctfv` hl ca nèpasfþk, cas le`nf`kls kloatfvas

nè` lc lkjah` sl lsjuear`k. K` tflkl kf qul lsj`rzarsl lk suprfefr lc lkjah`7 sfepclelktl,kf sfquflra c` sflktl.

^loufr c` qul k`s hfnta ca fktufnfþk ls vftac para kulstr` j`rtaclnfeflkt` y para kulstra

sacuh jåsfna y lspfrftuac. X`h`s c`s naefk`s hl fcuefkanfþk k`s cclvak a dusnar lk kulstr`

fktlrf`r ca lklroåa ahlnuaha para nakacfzarca banfa `tras plrs`kas. K` p`hle`s hlsarr`ccar

kulstr` eáxfe` p`tlknfac sfk lc nèprèfs` hl tlkhlr ca eak` a kulstr`s sleliaktls. Lc

slrvfnf` ls lc ant` eás p`hlr`s` hl t`h`s.




-41=-

lkt`knls jul oufah` a n`c`nar cas eak`s s`drl ca blrfha. El hfi` qul cl badåa vlkfh` a ca

elktl lc plksaeflkt` hl qul tlkåa qul plhfr qul a aqulcca euilr cl ccloara ca nuranfþk a

travæs hl æc. Xaedfæk el hfi` qul k` tlkåa kaha qul vlr n`k æc, qul æc k` lra eás qul uk

fkstruelkt`. El lxpcfnþ qul leplzþ a leakar nac`r hl sus eak`s y qul sup` qul tlkåa qul

parar nuakh` cas eak`s sl cl lkjrfar`k. Lc n`rpuclkt` y vfrfc austracfak` s`krfþ hlspuæs hl vlr

c` qul badåa blnb` ef earfh` y ls` jul t`h`. A c`s eæhfn`s, tlko` qul hlnfrc`, sl cls

lsnapar`k dastaktls rfsftas t`ktas.

·Aqulcca k`nbl, ca parlia jactþ a ca nlka. A cas nfkn` hl ca eañaka sfouflktl o`cplþ ca

pulrta hl kulstr` naear`tl. Cas rahfaktls s`krfsas hl ca parlia fcuefkar`k ca badftanfþk. Ca

euilr lstada nè` lk æxtasfs. K`s hfi` qul fkelhfataelktl hlspuæs hlc lpfs`hf` hl

fep`sfnfþk hl eak`s badåa slktfh` eunb` nac`r, hl e`h` qul hlnfhflr`k qul ac håa sfouflktl

rlorlsaråak a Austracfa para rlnfdfr atlknfþk eæhfna. Æsl slråa lc jfkac hl su s`ñah` vfail.

Nuakh` sl rlncuylr`k lk su naear`tl ca k`nbl aktlrf`r, lstadak hlslsplrahaelktl trfstls y

asustah`s. ]lr`, nuakh` sl hlsplrtar`k p`r ca eañaka, badåak hlsaparlnfh` cas jrakias rìas

hl ca pflrka hl ca euilr y sl badåa j`reah` uka n`stra s`drl ca blrfha. Æsta ya k` quleada y

lstada a tleplratura k`reac. Dulk`, ls jánfc feaofkarsl c` s`rprlkhfha qul el qulhæ y`,

plr`, p`r rar` qul parlzna, ef earfh` anlptþ ca k`tfnfa nè` c` eás katurac hlc eukh`. Lc

orup` hl nfruiak`s taep`n` sacåa hl su asèdr`, aukqul sfoufþ an`ksliakh` a ca parlia qul

fktlrruepflrak lc nrunlr`. K` c` bfnflr`k. Hl blnb`, puhflr`k hfsjrutar jlcfzelktl hlc rlst`hlc vfail.

·J`rear partl hl aqulc an`ktlnfeflkt` jul acj` qul k`s cclkþ hl jlcfnfhah y taedfæk

jul lc prfknfpf` hl uka j`rea vfha kulva y lxtra`rhfkarfa takt` para eå nè` para ef earfh`.

K` ba sfh` jánfc, pulst` qul aqulcc` earn` lc prfknfpf` hl uk naedf` fep`rtaktl lk kulstras

antftuhls, nrllknfas y lstfc` hl vfha.·

BLNB@ KÙELT@ XTL^

Ca fktufnfþk fkjcuyl s`drl t`has cas lclnnf`kls qul banle`s lk ca vfha

^è`s slrls fktuftfv`s. Cas januctahls fktuftfvas s`k tak katuracls nè` ca rlspfranfþk7

k` sl pulhlk p`tlknfar n`k kfkouka hflta, lc fknflks` ` ca arèatlrapfa. Ca fktufnfþk

lv`cunf`ka a ca par hl ca aut`lstfea, qul sl hlsarr`cca nè` sudpr`hunt` hlc aprlkhfzail para

s`drlvfvfr. Ca vfha lspfrftuac jèlkta ca aut`lstfea y k`s n`kjflrl uk slktfh` hl pr`pþsft`,




-411-

qul, a su vlz, fknrlelkta ca n`kjfakza lk ca pr`pfa napanfhah hl suplrvfvlknfa. Ca slksanfþk hl

qul p`hle`s n`khunfr kulstras vfhas ‘uka slksanfþk qul k` sl dasa lk ca anueucanfþk hl

p`hlr ` rfqulzas eatlrfacls, sfk` lk kulstr`s fkstfkt`s lspfrftuacls‘ k`s n`kjflrl c`s rlnurs`s

elktacls, le`nf`kacls y psåqufn`s jukhaelktacelktl para hlsarr`ccar uka julrtl fktufnfþk.

Ca elta hlc vfail blr`fn` hl naha plrs`ka n`ksfstl lk plreftfr qul su fktufnfþk y su

lspårftu sl n`kvflrtak lk sus julktls hl p`hlr hèfkaktls. Bl lclofh` ca sfouflktl bfst`rfa

p`rqul ca euilr s`drl ca qul trata, ahleás hlc pr`jukh` ap`y` lspfrftuac qul pr`p`rnf`ka a

c`s aknfak`s qul lsták dai` su nufhah`, banl uka hlsnrfpnfþk hl så efsea qul rlvlca qul

p`sll uka sakta plrnlpnfþk hl sus paráeltr`s fktuftfv`s. Ilkkfjlr J. lsnrfdl9 «Nè`

lkjlrelra y asfstlktl s`nfac, a elkuh` el sflkt` n`k ca olkl lk su saca hl lstar ` iukt` a su

clnb` lk pclka nrfsfs. A vlnls badc` hlshl `tr` cuoar hl ef fktlrf`r qul y` sæ qul ls ef y`

suplrf`r. Kukna sæ quæ el sachrá, plr` ayuh` a ca olktl hl lsta j`rea. Lsnunbak c` qul cls

hfo` y, nè` n`kslnulknfa, eunbas vlnls sl sflktlk eli`r. V` k` s`y tlrapluta. Lst` ls

hfjlrlktl. A vlnls s`y ca ùkfna plrs`ka qul cls badca s`drl su eulrtl fkefklktl ` su s`clhah.

·\ka euilr hl k`vlkta y `nb` añ`s el prlouktþ9 –Ilkkfjlr, °nþe` sl eulrl uk`0―

V` cl hfil9 –Dulk`, Cfkha, k` c` rlnulrh`, plr` nrl` qul lk tu nah` slrá suavl y

s`sloahaelktl. Xflkls qul fktlktar k` tlklr eflh`.― Cl oustþ ef rlspulsta y culo` k`s

pusfe`s a badcar s`drl n`sas earavfcc`sas, n`sas slknfccas. Bl aquå c` eás fep`rtaktl hl t`h`9

sfleprl el v`y n`k ca slksanfþk hl badlr lstah` n`k slrls lxnlpnf`kacls y el sflkt` euyaj`rtukaha hl p`hlr lstar n`k lcc`s. Xlko` lc b`k`r hl asfstfrcls. Ac banlrc`, aprlkh` a

lkvlilnlr, a e`rfr, a aear ef vfha y a lktlkhlr eás pr`jukhaelktl c` saoraha qul ls ca vfha.

V` antù` nè` elksailra, ayuhakh` a olktl lstuplkha y hfoka hl rlsplt` a rlnfdfr lc ae`r y

c`s nufhah`s hfvfk`s. ^f ca tlrkura qul y` sflkt` ls uka jrannfþk hl c` qul sflktl ca n`knflknfa

akolcfnac banfa t`h`s c`s slrls slksfdcls, lkt`knls lsl slktfeflkt` puråsfe` hldl slr

rlacelktl adrueah`r. K` sæ huraktl nuákt` tflep` lstaræ ayuhakh` a ca olktl hl lstl

e`h`, plr` ae` naha tarla qul sl el lknèflkha. ]`r sf a acouflk cl fktlrlsa, acoukas hl

lsas plrs`kas lsták hlstr`zahas y hlsfcusf`kahas. A vlnls el ba ploah` y lsnupfh`. ]lr`, hl

acoùk e`h`, ca cuefk`sa dlcclza hl sus aceas anada rlspcakhlnflkh`.·

\k ant` hl p`hlr plrs`kac

Ble`s hl n`k`nlr c`s cåeftls hl kulstra fktufnfþk. Ble`s hl prlstar atlknfþk takt` a

cas slñacls df`cþofnas nè` a cas fktuftfvas. N`kvflkl rln`rhar qul lc elr` blnb` hl qul

plrnfdfe`s qul acouflk klnlsfta ayuha k` fepcfna klnlsarfaelktl qul slae`s k`s`tr`s




-414-

quflkls tlkle`s qul ayuharcl. Naha uk` hldl sadlr sf lstá psåqufnaelktl prlparah` para

pr`p`rnf`kar lc tfp` hl ayuha qul ca `tra plrs`ka klnlsfta y, lk nas` kloatfv`, ayuharca n`k

uka `ranfþk y uk plksaeflkt` ajlntu`s`. V` bl aprlkhfh`, a raåz hl ef pr`pfa lxplrflknfa

le`nf`kac, qul k` pulh` banlr t`has cas clnturas fktuftfvas qul el pfhlk qul baoa. Huraktl

uka æp`na dastaktl caroa el slktåa tak nucpadcl qul k` p`håa cllr cas nartas qul el ccloadak

hl t`h` lc eukh`. Ac jfkac, leplnæ a `rar p`r naha uka hl aqulccas plrs`kas, pfhfækh`cl a Hf`s

qul cl lkvfara a acouflk qul cls puhflra ayuhar p`rqul y` k` p`håa. Ca `ranfþk ls uka

elhfnfka euy p`hlr`sa.

BLNB@ KÙELT@ N\AXT@

Ca fktufnfþk y ca olklr`sfhah lv`cunf`kak a ca par hlc p`hlr plrs`kac

Ca olklr`sfhah ls uka lxprlsfþk hl kulstra eahurlz lspfrftuac. Quflr` nèpartfr uk

nèlktarf` sueaelktl rlvlcah`r qul el bfz` uk nadacclr`9 «V` cl haråa a uk aefo` hfklr`

para ayuharcl a sacfr ahlcaktl, plr` k` para qul oakara eás qul y`.· C` qul hldle`s

aprlkhlr ls aco` qul lstl bèdrl t`havåa k` ba aprlkhfh`, qul lc blnb` hl j`rtaclnlr a `tra

plrs`ka j`rtaclnl a t`ha ca bueakfhah y taedfæk k`s j`rtaclnl a k`s`tr`s. Nuakh` anlptle`s

ls` hl vlrhah, k` huharle`s lk ayuhar a c`s hleás.

Lk lc aprlkhfzail hl ca olklr`sfhah, atravlsae`s nuatr` ltapas9 trfdac (prfelr y

sloukh` nbagras), plrs`kac (tlrnlr nbagra), åktfea (nuart` y qufkt` nbagra) y lspfrftuac (slxt` y

sæptfe` nbagra). Lsta lsnaca asnlkhlktl ls euy rlac. Ls tak fep`rtaktl lktlkhlr c` qul uk`

ls napaz hl banlr p`r c`s hleás nè` aqulcc` qul ls fknapaz hl banlr. ]ara j`rtaclnlr lc

lspårftu hl `tra plrs`ka, uk` tflkl qul badlrsl j`rtaclnfh` prlvfaelktl, lkjrlktákh`sl a sus

eflh`s y hákh`sl nulkta hl qul su p`hlr plrs`kac k` sl vlrá elreah`. Lk nas` n`ktrarf`,lstará antuakh` hlshl lc cah` hl cas sèdras hl ca olklr`sfhah.

]`r lilepc`, tuvl uka n`kvlrsanfþk n`k uk bèdrl nuy` bfi` fktlktada

n`kstaktlelktl «oakarsl· ‘æsa ls ca pacadra qul æc lcfofþ‘ su apr`danfþk. V` cl prlouktæ

p`r quæ tlkåa su bfi` qul oakarsl su apr`danfþk y nuákt` cl n`staråa n`ksloufrc`. Æc, n`k uka

s`krfsa hl satfsjannfþk, n`ktlstþ9

‘Xflkl qul oakarsl ef apr`danfþk p`rqul ls` el ayuha a eaktlklrc` lk su sftf`.

]lr` k` sl oakará ef apr`danfþk basta qul y` lstæ vfli` y nb`n`, p`rqul k` quflr` qul el

fok`rl.




-41>-

û bfi` sfoufþ n`rrflkh` uka narrlra qul ya badåa plrhfh` p`rqul su pahrl lstada

hleasfah` fkslour` s`drl su pr`pfa suplrvfvlknfa para j`rtaclnlrc`.

Ca sfouflktl bfst`rfa fcustra uka pr`jukha nèprlksfþk hl quæ fepcfna lc vlrhahlr`

j`rtaclnfeflkt`. Kaèf H. lsnrfdl9 «Ef bfi`, qul p`r aqulc lkt`knls tlkåa hflnfsfltl añ`s, ya

badåa fktlktah` sufnfharsl h`s vlnls. Badåa sfh` b`spftacfzah` y ab`ra c` cclvadak a uk

psfnþcò` y a uk psfqufatra. Lc patrþk qul sl rlpltåa lra qul æc pr`pfnfada uka hfsnusfþk

n`kefo` y culo` ca utfcfzada nè` lxnusa para e`ktar uk kùelr`. \k sádah` p`r ca k`nbl,

nuakh` su pahrl lstada lk lc tradai` y su blreaka hureflkh`, leplzþ a t`narel cas karfnls.

Nuakh` el hf nulkta hl c` qul lstada `nurrflkh`, hlnfhå qul k` el hliaråa lkrlhar y qul cl

plreftfråa banlr c` qul æc qufsflra. K` v`cvlråa a fktlktar hltlklrc`. V` sadåa qul fda a fktlktar

sufnfharsl. Aquæcca lra uka hl cas n`sas eás huras qul badåa blnb` iaeás, plr`, ac tèar

aqulcca hlnfsfþk, el lkn`ktræ lk uk lxtrañ` lstah` hl oranfa. Ef bfi`, ljlntfvaelktl, fktlktþ

sufnfharsl hl kulv` aqulcca k`nbl, plr` lkn`ktrþ ayuha lk sus tlraplutas. Jul su ùctfe`

fktlkt`. Ab`ra lstá dflk. Æc bfz` uk lxtrañ` ant` hl slrvfnf` ac p`klrel lk lc cuoar h`khl y`

tlkåa qul lstar9 hliákh`cl earnbar y hliákh`c` lk cas eak`s hl Hf`s. Aktls hl qul sl julra

hl nasa, lkn`ktræ ca paz lk ef fktlrf`r ac sadlr qul, fkhlplkhflktlelktl hl nuác julra lc

hlslkcanl aqulcca k`nbl, lstaråa lk n`ks`kaknfa n`k lc pcak hfvfk` y k` n`k lc eå`. N`ksfhlr`

qul aquæc jul lc ant` hl slrvfnf` eás orakhl qul kahfl ba blnb` kukna p`r eå, p`rqul ab`ra,

nuakh` el h`y nulkta hl qul lst`y plrhflkh` ca jl, lv`n` aqulcca slksanfþk hl lstar lkoranfa qul sfleprl el n`keulvl pr`jukhaelktl. Nuakh` badcæ n`k ef bfi` s`drl aqulcca

k`nbl, el hfi` qul cl badåa blnb` lc rloac` eás earavfcc`s` qul cl p`håa banlr. Xuv` qul

lclofr p`r så efse` sf qulråa vfvfr ` e`rfr. ^l hf` nulkta hl qul p`håa nufhar hl så efse` ‘

s`drlvfvfr‘ sfk lsplrar qul su eahrl ` su pahrl cl s`cunf`karak cas n`sas. Ls` cl pr`p`rnf`kþ

uka aorahadcl slksanfþk hl aut`vacåa y hl aut`lstfea, y, aukqul lk aqulc eèlkt` k` sadåa

nþe` `roakfzar su vfha, sup` qul qulråa vfvfr.·


Lslknfacelktl, t`has cas j`reas hl slrvfnf` j`rtaclnlk lc acea. N`kvflkl qul

rln`rhle`s qul t`h`s p`hle`s pr`p`rnf`kar lsl p`hlr hl eunbas j`reas hfstfktas9 hakh`

ákfe`s ` lsplrakzas, sflkh` aeadcls n`k kulstr`s sleliaktls ` hlhfnákh`cls uk olst` hl

apr`danfþk.




-418-

BLNB@ KÙELT@ NFKN@

C`s ákolcls y ca oranfa s`k rlacls

V sfepclelktl ls uk blnb`, uka rlacfhah hl ca vfha. ]ukt`.

El ousta eunb` lsta bfst`rfa s`drl uka euilr qul, a plsar hl lkn`ktrarsl lk uka

nfrnukstaknfas qul cl badåa slktfrsl vucklradcl, antuþ nè` uk ákolc hfsjrazah`. N.N. lsnrfdl9

«Lstada lk Tusfa para asfstfr a uka n`kjlrlknfa y cclouæ tarhl ac alr`pulrt` hl E`snù. ]`r rar`

qul pulha parlnlr, k` cclvada hfklr` lk ljlntfv`7 sþc` tlkåa nblquls hl vfail, qul k` sfrvlk hl

kaha lk uk alr`pulrt` paracfzah`. K` tlkåa kf fhla hl hþkhl lstadak cas plrs`kas n`k quflkls

sl sup`kåa qul el tlkåa qul lkn`ktrar y k` tlkåa j`rea hl avlrfouarc`. Anadæ lktrakh` lk lc

n`nbl hl uk bèdrl qul parlnåa slr taxfsta y qul anlptþ qul cl paoara lk lsplnfas,

nèprákh`cl acouk`s artånuc`s lk lc quf`sn` hlc b`tlc. N`kslouå banlrcl lktlkhlr a quæ b`tlc

qulråa qul el cclvara. Lstada tak asustaha qul cl badråa prèltfh` h`s sleakas lk Bawaf

para æc y su euilr n`k t`h`s c`s oast`s paoah`s sf budflra plksah` qul aså el cclvaråa a uk

cuoar slour`. Nuakh` p`r jfk ccloae`s ac b`tlc, el fkj`rear`k hl qul k` badåa kfkouka

rlslrva a ef kèdrl y qul k` cls qulhada kfkouka badftanfþk cfdrl. Ca lknaroaha el `jrlnfþ

uka hura sfcca eltácfna para pasar ca k`nbl.

·^fk sadlr quæ banlr, lktræ lk lc vlståduc` y el cfeftæ a qulharel accå hl pfl,

pltrfjfnaha. Lkt`knls `å a uk bèdrl badcakh` fkocæs. El anlrquæ a æc y cl lxpcfquæ ef

sftuanfþk. El pfhfþ qul cl hfsnucpara uk`s efkut`s eflktras badcada n`k h`s euilrls, y el

hfi` a n`ktfkuanfþk qul a aqulccas h`s euilrls, qul lrak nakahflksls, k` cls fep`rtada qul y`

hureflra aqulcca k`nbl lk lc sulc` hl su hfefkuta badftanfþk. Kukna el badåa slktfh` tak

aorahlnfha. Nuakh` cclouæ a su badftanfþk, nèpr`dæ qul, lktrl su lqufpail y lc eå`, lc

lspanf` qul qulhada lk lc sulc` para c` qul sl sup`kåa fda a slr ef naea elhåa 1,4=e hl

caro` p`r := ne hl aknb`. Hl t`h`s e`h`s, para eå aqulcc` lra nè` uka suftl lk lc Tftz. Caseuilrls pfhflr`k a su fktærprltl qul daiara a plhfrcl a ca lknaroaha uk iulo` hl sádakas y uka

ace`baha para eå. Ac p`n` tflep`, lc fktærprltl v`cvfþ fkj`reakh` hl qul uka euilr rusa sl

b`splhada lk lc b`tlc badåa `åh` ca pltfnfþk hl cas sádakas y badåa `jrlnfh` ca naea hl s`dras

qul badåa lk su badftanfþk a –ca aelrfnaka―. C` prþxfe` qul rlnulrh` ls qul lksloufha el

lkn`ktrada lk ca badftanfþk hl `tra hlsn`k`nfha, t`havåa asustaha y taedfæk baedrflkta.

Aqulcca aeadcl euilr plrnfdfþ ef eaclstar. Tldusnþ lktrl su lqufpail y sanþ uka naia hl

nb`n`catfkas. ûpl fkelhfataelktl qul sl tratada hl uk `dslquf` hl jaefcfa ‘y qul

pr`dadclelktl badråa tlkfh` qul banlr slfs b`ras hl n`ca para nèprarc`, plr` jul c`




-41<-

dastaktl olklr`sa nè` para `jrlnærelc`‘. Nuakh` sl e`vfþ, el hf nulkta hl qul cl h`cåa lc

n`stah` hlrlnb`. ^lñacæ ca z`ka y lcca el fkhfnþ qul cl anadadak hl `plrar hl uk tue`r. Ls

s`rprlkhlktl c` dflk qul sl pulhlk nèukfnar h`s plrs`kas qul k` badcak lc efse` fhfèa.

Nuakh` adrfþ ca eaclta, `dslrvæ su r`pa y el parlnfþ lvfhlktl qul tlkåa euy p`na. V` qulråa

e`strarcl ef aorahlnfeflkt` a aqulcca euilr, qul sl badåa n`kvlrtfh` lk uk ákolc para eå, hl

e`h` qul adrå ef eaclta y cl hf t`has cas prlkhas qul cclvada rlpltfhas. ûs ì`s sl fkukhar`k

hl cáorfeas y taedfæk c` bfnflr`k c`s eå`s. A ca eañaka sfouflktl, k`s slparae`s, plr`

sfleprl ca rln`rharæ n`k uk orak ajlnt`. Ba badfh` p`n`s håas lk ef vfha qul k` baya

rln`rhah` lc r`str` hl ef ákolc rus` n`k ae`r, oratftuh y uka `ranfþk.·


Ble`s hl nrllr lk ca prlslknfa hl c`s ákolcls y lk lc p`hlr hl ca oranfa. V plrnfdfr y

aprlnfar cas sfknr`kåas. Hldle`s eaktlklr ca elktl adflrta y n`kjfar lk qul cas julrzas

hfvfkas lsták `drakh` lk t`h` nuakt` k`s `nurrl, sla aorahadcl ` hfjånfc.

BLNB@ KÙELT@ ^LF^

Kukna lstae`s s`c`s

Hl t`h`s c`s lktlrklnlh`rls nèlktarf`s qul cclkak cas earavfcc`sas nartas qul rlnfdå,

cas bfst`rfas lk cas qul ca olktl sl hada nulkta hl qul k` lstada s`ca lk lc eukh` el

fepantar`k hl uka j`rea lsplnfac. ^fk cuoar a huhas, æsta ls uka clnnfþk jukhaelktac qul

ble`s hl aprlkhlr lk ca Lsnulca tlrrlkac. Ac cllr t`has lsas bfst`rfas, sl el `nurrfþ qul c`

hfvfk` k`s n`c`na lk lsl cuoar hl s`clhah sþc` para qul kulstras vfhas sl cclklk hl kulv`, a jfk

hl qul k`s hle`s nulkta hl c` earavfcc`sa qul ls ca olktl qul nèpartl su vfha n`k

k`s`tr`s.

Fouac hl sfokfjfnatfv` ls ca orak naktfhah hl olktl qul sl hf` nulkta hl qul tlklr uk

dulk aefo` ` uka lxplrflknfa hl ae`r autæktfna dasta para qul ca vfha elrlzna ca plka. ]`r

ls` bl lclofh` ca sfouflktl narta. ]atrfnfa E. lsnrfdl9 «V` qulråa eunb` a ef tåa, qul cclvada

vfvflkh` n`k k`s`tr`s hlshl aktls hl qul kanflra y`. Efs pahrls jacclnflr`k y lcca sfoufþ

vfvflkh` n`kefo` y banfækhèl nèpañåa. V` tlkåa eunb`s pr`dcleas n`k ef blreak` y sueuilr. Hlspuæs hl qul eurflra ef tåa, k` bfnfe`s kfkoùk lsjulrz` p`r rln`knfcfark`s. Hldfh` a




-41:-

uk fknfhlktl jaefcfar, k` qulråa vlrc`s kukna eás. ^l anlrnadak cas jflstas y y` sadåa qul k`

el fdak a fkvftar a su nasa, hl e`h` qul lstuvl julra lc håa hl Annfþk hl Oranfas y huraktl

t`has cas Kavfhahls.

·Ac añ` sfouflktl, leplnæ a tradaiar nè` suplrvfs`ra hl lhunanfþk lsplnfac. N`k`nå a

uka euilr, Xèef, qul sl anadaråa n`kvfrtflkh` lk ef slnrltarfa y lk uka aefoa para t`ha ca

vfha. Lkt`knls y` t`havåa k` ca n`k`nåa dflk, plr`, a elhfha qul sl anlrnadak cas Kavfhahls,

lcca sl hf` nulkta hl qul el pasada aco`. Fksfstfþ lk qul julra a su nasa y pasara cas Kavfhahls

n`k su earfh` y sus nuatr` bfi`s. V` hlncfkæ su fkvftanfþk. Lstada slktaha s`ca lk ca våsplra hl

K`nbldulka, nuakh` s`kþ lc tfedrl hl ca pulrta. Xèef vfvl lk Dr``gcyk y y` lk Qulkks,

plr` accå lstada, fksfstflkh` lk qul julra a su nasa. Cl n`stþ uk p`n` n`kvlknlrel, plr` ac

jfkac anlptæ.

·Jul earavfcc`s`. Badåa rloac`s p`r t`has partls y t`h` lc eukh` lstada n`ktlkt` hl

qul budflra fh`. Kukna el badåa slktfh` aså. Ac nad` hl uk tflep`, el nèpræ uk

apartaelkt` lk Zlre`kt, y ab`ra lcca, su earfh` y sus bfi`s, qul sl bak n`kvlrtfh` lk

bèdrls ahuct`s, vflklk a lsqufar lk fkvflrk` y a pasar partl hlc vlrak`. ]`r jfk tlko` uka

jaefcfa. Hlshl aqulccas Kavfhahls, c` ble`s nèpartfh` t`h`. ]lr` k` jul basta banl p`n`

qul el hf nulkta hl qul Hf`s badåa fktlrvlkfh` para n`c`narel lk lsa sftuanfþk. Bl

partfnfpah` lk sus d`has, sus eulrtls y sus kanfeflkt`s ‘lc vlrhahlr` nfnc` hl ca vfha‘

p`rqul Xèef adrfþ sus draz`s hl par lk par a uka hlsn`k`nfha hl uka eaklralxtra`rhfkarfa. Xac vlz lcca kukna ccloul a sadlr nþe` ba naedfah` ef vfha. El lkslñþ qul lc

ae`r k` pfhl kaha a naedf` y qul, nuakh` tl has a acouflk, Ilsùs lstá accå, a tu cah`. Bl

fktlktah` banlr hlc rlst` hl ef vfha uk e`hlc` hl lstl lspårftu hl olklr`sfhah, hakh` sfk

nulstf`kar kf iuzoar. Ab`ra qul ef blreak` sl ba qulhah` s`c`, y` lstaræ a su cah`. ]ulh`

banlrc` p`rqul uka plrs`ka el lkslñþ qul lc ae`r ls d`khah.·

Lk pacadras hlc efse` Ilsùs9

°Hl quæ sfrvl, blreak`s eå`s, qul acouflk hfoa9 «Xlko` jl·, sf k`

tflkl `dras0 °Anas` p`hrá sacvarcl ca jl0 ^f uk blreak` ` uka blreaka lsták

hlskuh`s y narlnlk hlc sustlkt` hfarf`, y acouk` hl v`s`tr`s cls hfnl9 «Fr`s lk

paz, naclkta`s y sanfa`s·, plr` k` cls ha c` qul klnlsfta lc nulrp`. °Hl quæ cls

slrvfrá0 Aså, taedfæk ca jl, sf k` tflkl `dras, lstá eulrta.

V ac n`ktrarf`, acouk` p`hråa hlnfr9 «°Xù tflkls jl07 puls y` tlko`

`dras.· ]ruædael tu jl sfk `dras y y` tl pr`daræ p`r cas `dras ef jl. °Nrlls

qul bay uk s`c` Hf`s0 Banls dflk. Xaedfæk c`s hle`kf`s c` nrllk y tfledcak.




-41?-

°Quflrls sadlr tù, fkslksat`, qul ca jl sfk `dras ls lstærfc0 Adrabae, kulstr`

pahrl, °k` acnakzþ ca iustfjfnanfþk p`r cas `dras nuakh` `jrlnfþ a su bfi` Fsaan

s`drl lc actar0 °Zls nþe` ca jl n``plrada n`k sus `dras y, p`r cas `dras, ca jl

acnakzþ su plrjlnnfþk0 V acnakzþ pclk` nuepcfeflkt` ca Lsnrftura qul hfnl9

«Nrlyþ Adrabae lk Hf`s y cl jul rlputah` nè` iustfnfa y jul ccaeah` aefo`

hl Hf`s.· Va vlfs nþe` lc bèdrl ls iustfjfnah` p`r cas `dras y k` s`caelktl

p`r ca jl… ]`rqul, aså nè` lc nulrp` sfk lspårftu lstá eulrt`, aså taedfæk ca

jl sfk `dras lstá eulrta.

âktfao` 4918-4:


^fleprl qul k`s sfktae`s s`c`s, `rarle`s. ]lhfrle`s ayuha y hliarle`s qul `nurra

lc rlst`. Kukna sudlstfearle`s c` fep`rtaktls qul sè`s c`s uk`s para c`s `tr`s. Nuakh` k`s

sfktae`s s`c`s, tlkhrle`s prlslktl qul ca s`clhah ls uk cuoar tlep`rac lktrl þrdftas.

Lstae`s hl naefk` banfa `tr` cuoar h`khl lkn`ktrarle`s lc ae`r y kulv`s aefo`s. Ls uk

blnb` hl ca vfha, y y` k` bl lsnrft` cas k`reas. ^þc` cas n`k`zn`.

BLNB@ KÙELT@ ^FLXL

X`h` c` qul banle`s fep`rta

Bl aprlkhfh` eunbåsfe` hl t`has cas plrs`kas earavfcc`sas qul n`ktrfduylr`k a qul

lsnrfdflra lstl cfdr`. ûs bfst`rfas el bfnflr`k harel nulkta ‘harel nulkta ac kfvlc eás

pr`jukh`‘ hl qul t`h` nuakt` hlnfe`s, plksae`s y slktfe`s fep`rta. ]ara eå, lc eukh` slba n`kvlrtfh` lk uk cuoar hfjlrlktl.

Ant`s hl p`hlr plrs`kacls

Lk lc rlfk` hl c` fkvfsfdcl bay eás p`hlr hlc qul p`hle`s feaofkar. Lc p`hlr hlc ae`r,

cas pacadras aeadcls, c`s dulk`s plksaeflkt`s ` uka rlspulsta nèpasfva sþc` s`k acoukas hl

cas lxprlsf`kls qul utfcfzae`s para rljlrfrk`s a ca lklroåa hl ca oranfa. ^fleprl qul k`slkn`ktrle`s lk uk apur` ` lstle`s asustah`s9 «Cclka lstl eèlkt` hl oranfa para qul sl




pulha lkn`ktrar ef naefk`·, y n`kjfarle`s lk ca prlslknfa hl ca oranfa a partfr hl lsl

eèlkt`.

Bl lcad`rah` uk cfstah` hl ant`s hl p`hlr fkvfsfdcls qul sfokfjfnak eunb` para ca

olktl y quflr` nèpartfrc` n`k lc clnt`r, a e`h` hl cfsta hl qulbanlrls para nuakh` sl

prlslktl uka `p`rtukfhah.

1. Aouaktar ca pulrta para qul pulha lktrar `tra plrs`ka.

4. ^`krlår.

>. Har ákfe`s y tlklr uka pacadra aeadcl para c`s hleás.

8. Banlr nuepcfh`s, lcòfar.

el poder invisble en acción - caroline myss, 218

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