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El Origen de la Vida

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Page 1: El Origen de la Vida. Archbishop James Ussher of Ireland In the late 1600's, he calculated the age of the earth based on the geneologies from Adam and

El Origen de la Vida

Page 2: El Origen de la Vida. Archbishop James Ussher of Ireland In the late 1600's, he calculated the age of the earth based on the geneologies from Adam and

Archbishop James Ussher of Ireland

In the late 1600's, he calculated the age of the earth based on the geneologies from Adam and Eve listed in the biblical book of Genesis. According to Ussher's calculations, the earth was formed on October 22, 4004 B.C.

Page 3: El Origen de la Vida. Archbishop James Ussher of Ireland In the late 1600's, he calculated the age of the earth based on the geneologies from Adam and

Eppur si muove

Salviati (Dialogo sopra i due sistema del mondo, Galileo, 1638): Es mucho más probable que el movimiento diurno se deba a la Tierra sola que no al resto del Universo

Las Fronteras del ConocimientoMiguel A. de la Rosa (1996)Addison Wesley, Wilmington, Delaware, USA

Page 4: El Origen de la Vida. Archbishop James Ussher of Ireland In the late 1600's, he calculated the age of the earth based on the geneologies from Adam and

Charles Darwin

On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1859)

Page 5: El Origen de la Vida. Archbishop James Ussher of Ireland In the late 1600's, he calculated the age of the earth based on the geneologies from Adam and

V IIIPG I I II V V V VI I I I I I

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

H H

Na

K

Mg

Ca V Cr

Mo

Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn

B C N O F

Si P S Cl

Se

Sn I

W

LOS ELEMENTOS DE LA MATERIA VIVA

Los Elementos y Moléculas de la VidaLosada, Vargas, Florencio y De la Rosa (1998-9)Editorial Rueda, Madrid

Page 6: El Origen de la Vida. Archbishop James Ussher of Ireland In the late 1600's, he calculated the age of the earth based on the geneologies from Adam and

Combustión de hidrógeno (T ca. 107 K) 41H1 ---> 2He4

Combustión de helio (T ca. 108 K) 22He4 ---> 4Be8 4Be8 + 2He4 ---> 6C12 6C12 + 2He4 ---> 8O16

Combustión de carbono (T ca. 1,4 x 109 K) 26C12 ---> 10Ne20 + 2He4 26C12 ---> 11Na23 + 1H1 28O16 ---> 14Si28 + 2He4 28O16 ---> 16S32 Combustión de silicio (T ca. 1,8 x 109 K) 14Si28 + n2He4 ---> elementos hasta 26Fe56

Síntesis de elementos químicos en el interior de las estrellas

Page 7: El Origen de la Vida. Archbishop James Ussher of Ireland In the late 1600's, he calculated the age of the earth based on the geneologies from Adam and

Los Elementos y Moléculas de la VidaLosada, Vargas, Florencio y De la Rosa (1998-9)Editorial Rueda, Madrid

Page 8: El Origen de la Vida. Archbishop James Ussher of Ireland In the late 1600's, he calculated the age of the earth based on the geneologies from Adam and

Polvo de estrellas

Las estrellas son los crisoles donde se generan los elementos químicos por fusión nuclear

Las Fronteras del ConocimientoMiguel A. de la Rosa (1996)Addison Wesley, Wilmington, Delaware, USA

Page 9: El Origen de la Vida. Archbishop James Ussher of Ireland In the late 1600's, he calculated the age of the earth based on the geneologies from Adam and

Elemento Porcentaje Elemento Porcentaje (en masa) (en masa) Oxígeno 49,4 Titanio 0,6 Silicio 25,8 Cloro 0,2 Aluminio 7,5 Fósforo 0,12 Hierro 4,7 Manganeso 0,10 Calcio 3,4 Carbono 0,08 Sodio 2,6 Azufre 0,06 Potasio 2,4 Argon 0,04 Magnesio 1,9 Nitrógeno 0,03 Hidrógeno 0,9 _____ _____ Total 99 Total 1

Composición elemental de la corteza terrestre

Page 10: El Origen de la Vida. Archbishop James Ussher of Ireland In the late 1600's, he calculated the age of the earth based on the geneologies from Adam and

H

O

N

C

H 2

OH 2

NH 3

CH 4

2

O 2

N 2

CO 2

Bioelemento Atmósfera primitiva

Atmósfera actual

OH

Page 11: El Origen de la Vida. Archbishop James Ussher of Ireland In the late 1600's, he calculated the age of the earth based on the geneologies from Adam and

Experimento de Miller, 1953

calor

descargaeléctrica

frío

NHCH

H H

O

3

4

2

2

Los Elementos y Moléculas de la VidaLosada, Vargas, Florencio y De la Rosa (1998-9)Editorial Rueda, Madrid

Page 12: El Origen de la Vida. Archbishop James Ussher of Ireland In the late 1600's, he calculated the age of the earth based on the geneologies from Adam and

CO

NC

EN

TR

AC

IÓN

T IE M P O (h)

50 10 0 15 000

2

4

6

8N H

(x 100 )

mM

3

am inoácidos (x 1 m )M

H CN (x 10 m )M

Los Elementos y Moléculas de la VidaLosada, Vargas, Florencio y De la Rosa (1998-9)Editorial Rueda, Madrid

Page 13: El Origen de la Vida. Archbishop James Ussher of Ireland In the late 1600's, he calculated the age of the earth based on the geneologies from Adam and

ácido cianhídrico

CN5 H

NC

C

C

NH

NNH

N

2

Adenina

CH

CH

Los Elementos y Moléculas de la VidaLosada, Vargas, Florencio y De la Rosa (1998-9)Editorial Rueda, Madrid

Page 14: El Origen de la Vida. Archbishop James Ussher of Ireland In the late 1600's, he calculated the age of the earth based on the geneologies from Adam and

Vida en la Tierra

En una primera etapa, ciertos tipos de moléculas orgánicas se irían acumulando en las aguas oceánicas hasta formar una especie de “sopa primigenia”

Las Fronteras del ConocimientoMiguel A. de la Rosa (1996)Addison Wesley, Wilmington, Delaware, USA

Page 15: El Origen de la Vida. Archbishop James Ussher of Ireland In the late 1600's, he calculated the age of the earth based on the geneologies from Adam and

El anillo tetrapirrólicoAspectos evolutivos

Clorofilas y grupos hemínicos

Page 16: El Origen de la Vida. Archbishop James Ussher of Ireland In the late 1600's, he calculated the age of the earth based on the geneologies from Adam and

CH

CH

CH

CH

CH

CH

3

3

2

2

H C

H C

3

3

CH CH

CH CH

COOH COOH

2 2

2 2

N N

N N

Fe

GRUPO HEMO

Los Elementos y Moléculas de la VidaLosada, Vargas, Florencio y De la Rosa (1998-9)Editorial Rueda, Madrid

Page 17: El Origen de la Vida. Archbishop James Ussher of Ireland In the late 1600's, he calculated the age of the earth based on the geneologies from Adam and

5

0

10

15

450 500 550 600 650

LO N G ITU D D E O N DA (nm )

CO

EF

ICIE

NT

E D

E E

XT

INC

IÓN

(m

cm

)M

- 1-1

Los Elementos y Moléculas de la VidaLosada, Vargas, Florencio y De la Rosa (1998-9)Editorial Rueda, Madrid

Page 18: El Origen de la Vida. Archbishop James Ussher of Ireland In the late 1600's, he calculated the age of the earth based on the geneologies from Adam and

HEMOGLOBINA(estructura cuaternaria)

12

2 1

Page 19: El Origen de la Vida. Archbishop James Ussher of Ireland In the late 1600's, he calculated the age of the earth based on the geneologies from Adam and

Max Perutz, the Austrian-born Nobel laureate who unravelled the structure of haemoglobin

News in Nature (2002) 415, 724 - 725

Page 20: El Origen de la Vida. Archbishop James Ussher of Ireland In the late 1600's, he calculated the age of the earth based on the geneologies from Adam and

Evolutionary tree showing how the globin protein family arose, starting from the most primitive oxygen-binding proteins, leghemoglobins, in plants.

Page 21: El Origen de la Vida. Archbishop James Ussher of Ireland In the late 1600's, he calculated the age of the earth based on the geneologies from Adam and

C H

C H

C H

C H

C H R

2

3

3

2

H C

H C

3

3

C H

C H

C O

2

2

H

H

H

C O O M eO

N N

N N

M g

1 6 0

1 2 0

8 0

4 0

04 0 0 5 0 0 6 0 0 7 0 0

L O N G I T U D D E O N D A ( n m )

CO

EF

ICIE

NT

E D

E E

XT

INC

IÓN

(m

c

m

)M

-1-1

CLO RO FILA S y a b

Los Elementos y Moléculas de la VidaLosada, Vargas, Florencio y De la Rosa (1998-9)Editorial Rueda, Madrid

Page 22: El Origen de la Vida. Archbishop James Ussher of Ireland In the late 1600's, he calculated the age of the earth based on the geneologies from Adam and

luz

energíabiológica

anhídrido carbóniconitrógeno atmosfériconitratossulfatosfosfatos

H2O +

carbohidratoslípidosproteínasácidos nucleicos

+ O2

fotosíntesis

respiración

Las Fronteras del ConocimientoMiguel A. de la Rosa (1996)Addison Wesley, Wilmington, Delaware, USA

Page 23: El Origen de la Vida. Archbishop James Ussher of Ireland In the late 1600's, he calculated the age of the earth based on the geneologies from Adam and

5000

4000

3000

2000

1000

0

Antigüedad (millones de años)

Formación de la Tierra (atmósfera primitiva)

Formación del núcleo terrestre

Sistemas oceánicos estables, primeras rocas sedimentarias

Producción biológica de oxígeno

Niveles de O >3%2

Formación de los continentes actuales

moléculas primitivas(CH4 , NH3 , H2O, H2, SH2 , PH 3)

moléculas orgánicas prebiológicas

polímeros prebiológicos

primeras células (heterotróficas, procarióticas)

algas verde-azuladas (autotróficas, procarióticas)

primeras células eucarióticas

metazoos eucarióticos

invertebrados peces reptiles y anfibios, plantas terrestres mamíferos y aves hombre

evol

uci

ón q

uím

ica

y p

reb

ioló

gica

evol

uci

ón b

ioló

gica

o d

arw

inia

na

Page 24: El Origen de la Vida. Archbishop James Ussher of Ireland In the late 1600's, he calculated the age of the earth based on the geneologies from Adam and

Bada & Lazcano (2002) Science 296, 1982-3

How did life emerge?

Various steps thought to be involved in the origin of life on Earth. The shaded area represents the contribution from the metabolist theory to the overall scheme

Organicfrom space

Page 25: El Origen de la Vida. Archbishop James Ussher of Ireland In the late 1600's, he calculated the age of the earth based on the geneologies from Adam and

G.F. Joyce (2002) Nature 418, 214

The antiquity of RNA-based evolution

Timeline of events pertaining to the early history of life on Earth, with approximate dates in billions of years before the present.

Page 26: El Origen de la Vida. Archbishop James Ussher of Ireland In the late 1600's, he calculated the age of the earth based on the geneologies from Adam and

Life in extreme environmentsRothschild &Mancinelli (2001) Nature 409, 1092

Sulfolobus acidocaldarius (pH 3, 80ºC) Yellowstone National Park, USA

Page 27: El Origen de la Vida. Archbishop James Ussher of Ireland In the late 1600's, he calculated the age of the earth based on the geneologies from Adam and

Life in extreme environmentsRothschild &Mancinelli (2001) Nature 409, 1092

Alkaline hotspring (pH 8-8.3)Yellowstone National Park, USA

Synechococcus

Thermocrinis

Chloroflexus

Page 28: El Origen de la Vida. Archbishop James Ussher of Ireland In the late 1600's, he calculated the age of the earth based on the geneologies from Adam and

Life in extreme environmentsRothschild &Mancinelli (2001) Nature 409, 1092

Temperature limits for life

Page 29: El Origen de la Vida. Archbishop James Ussher of Ireland In the late 1600's, he calculated the age of the earth based on the geneologies from Adam and

Life in extreme environmentsRothschild &Mancinelli (2001) Nature 409, 1092

pH limits for life

Page 30: El Origen de la Vida. Archbishop James Ussher of Ireland In the late 1600's, he calculated the age of the earth based on the geneologies from Adam and

Life in extreme environmentsRothschild &Mancinelli (2001) Nature 409, 1092

Cyanidium caldarium (pH ~3, 50ºC) Yellowstone National Park, USA

Page 31: El Origen de la Vida. Archbishop James Ussher of Ireland In the late 1600's, he calculated the age of the earth based on the geneologies from Adam and

Life in extreme environmentsRothschild &Mancinelli (2001) Nature 409, 1092

The BioPan halophile experiment:Expose to space environment in Earth’s orbit

Dunaliella

Synechococcus

Haloarcula in a NaCl crystal

Page 32: El Origen de la Vida. Archbishop James Ussher of Ireland In the late 1600's, he calculated the age of the earth based on the geneologies from Adam and

Life in extreme environmentsRothschild &Mancinelli (2001) Nature 409, 1092

Thermus aquaticus, the organism from which Taq polymerase was obtained. Yellowstone National Park, USA

Page 33: El Origen de la Vida. Archbishop James Ussher of Ireland In the late 1600's, he calculated the age of the earth based on the geneologies from Adam and

Life in extreme environmentsRothschild &Mancinelli (2001) Nature 409, 1092

Page 34: El Origen de la Vida. Archbishop James Ussher of Ireland In the late 1600's, he calculated the age of the earth based on the geneologies from Adam and

Life in extreme environmentsRothschild &Mancinelli (2001) Nature 409, 1092

Page 35: El Origen de la Vida. Archbishop James Ussher of Ireland In the late 1600's, he calculated the age of the earth based on the geneologies from Adam and

Life in extreme environmentsRothschild &Mancinelli (2001) Nature 409, 1092

Page 36: El Origen de la Vida. Archbishop James Ussher of Ireland In the late 1600's, he calculated the age of the earth based on the geneologies from Adam and

Materia, energía y vida

Las criaturas vendrían a ser como pequeños torbellinos de orden dentro del desorden torrencial del Universo

Las Fronteras del ConocimientoMiguel A. de la Rosa (1996)Addison Wesley, Wilmington, Delaware, USA

Page 37: El Origen de la Vida. Archbishop James Ussher of Ireland In the late 1600's, he calculated the age of the earth based on the geneologies from Adam and

Los orígenes del hombre

Page 38: El Origen de la Vida. Archbishop James Ussher of Ireland In the late 1600's, he calculated the age of the earth based on the geneologies from Adam and

Vida primitiva El instinto animal

Page 39: El Origen de la Vida. Archbishop James Ussher of Ireland In the late 1600's, he calculated the age of the earth based on the geneologies from Adam and

Cráneo Descubrimiento del fuego

Page 40: El Origen de la Vida. Archbishop James Ussher of Ireland In the late 1600's, he calculated the age of the earth based on the geneologies from Adam and

El uso de instrumentos

Page 41: El Origen de la Vida. Archbishop James Ussher of Ireland In the late 1600's, he calculated the age of the earth based on the geneologies from Adam and

De los pictogramas a la escritura

Page 42: El Origen de la Vida. Archbishop James Ussher of Ireland In the late 1600's, he calculated the age of the earth based on the geneologies from Adam and

JeroglíficosAlfabeto árabeEscritura china

Hebreo Cuneiforme

Page 43: El Origen de la Vida. Archbishop James Ussher of Ireland In the late 1600's, he calculated the age of the earth based on the geneologies from Adam and

La evolución de la escritura

Page 44: El Origen de la Vida. Archbishop James Ussher of Ireland In the late 1600's, he calculated the age of the earth based on the geneologies from Adam and

Caballero itálico Banquete romano

De la guera a la civilización

Page 45: El Origen de la Vida. Archbishop James Ussher of Ireland In the late 1600's, he calculated the age of the earth based on the geneologies from Adam and

Las religiones en el mundo actual

Page 46: El Origen de la Vida. Archbishop James Ussher of Ireland In the late 1600's, he calculated the age of the earth based on the geneologies from Adam and

1. Complejidad y alto grado de organización

2. Función específica, como por ejemplo: Ácidos nucleicos Información genética y Catálisis Proteínas Estructura y Catálisis Lípidos Estructura y Reserva energética Carbohidratos Estructura y Reserva energética 3. Extracción y transformación de materia y energía del entorno

4. Reproducción

Características diferenciadoras de los seres vivos

Page 47: El Origen de la Vida. Archbishop James Ussher of Ireland In the late 1600's, he calculated the age of the earth based on the geneologies from Adam and

¿Cuándo empieza la vida?

Samuel Butler: A hen is nothing more than an egg’s way of making another egg

Las Fronteras del ConocimientoMiguel A. de la Rosa (1996)Addison Wesley, Wilmington, Delaware, USA

Page 48: El Origen de la Vida. Archbishop James Ussher of Ireland In the late 1600's, he calculated the age of the earth based on the geneologies from Adam and

Tipo de estructura Masa (Da) Ejemplos Precursores del entorno 10-50 CO2, H2O, O2, NO3

-, N2, SO42-, PO4

3- Intermediarios 50-300 Piruvato, citrato, malato Sillares estructurales 100-500 Aminoácidos, nucleótidos, monosacáridos Macromoléculas 103-109 Proteínas, ácidos nucleicos, polisacos, polisacáridos Asociaciones 106-109 Ribosomas, microtúbulos, supramoleculares complejos enzimáticos Orgánulos Núcleo, cloroplastos, mitochondria Células Glóbulos rojos y blancos, hepatocitos Órganos y Tejidos Corazón, hígado, riñones, tejido adiposo Organismos y Poblaciones Individuo, sociedades, pueblos

Niveles de organización biológica

Page 49: El Origen de la Vida. Archbishop James Ussher of Ireland In the late 1600's, he calculated the age of the earth based on the geneologies from Adam and

 

  Nos arrogamos demasiada importancia a nosotros mismos si suponemos que cuidar de nosotros es el trabajo principal de Dios, más allá del cual no se extiende ni su sabiduría ni su poder Galileo Galilei (1524-1642)Diálogo sobre dos nuevas ciencias

Las Fronteras del ConocimientoMiguel A. de la Rosa (1996)Addison Wesley, Wilmington, Delaware, USA

Page 50: El Origen de la Vida. Archbishop James Ussher of Ireland In the late 1600's, he calculated the age of the earth based on the geneologies from Adam and

Lavine et al. (2002) Science 295, 995

“I could stay young and chipper and I'd lock it with a zipper, if I only had a heart”, sang the Tin Man to his companions in the 1939 movie The Wizard of Oz.

There is hope yet for the Tin Man. Spurred on by a severe shortage of donor organs for transplantation, bioengineers, cell biologists, and clinicians are combining their talents to design off-the-shelf replacement parts for the human body.

Page 51: El Origen de la Vida. Archbishop James Ussher of Ireland In the late 1600's, he calculated the age of the earth based on the geneologies from Adam and

Lavine et al. (2002) Science 295, 995

The bionic cat

Page 52: El Origen de la Vida. Archbishop James Ussher of Ireland In the late 1600's, he calculated the age of the earth based on the geneologies from Adam and

La película de la vida

¿Evolucionará la especie humana hasta dar origen a nuevos seres más inteligentes y complejos?

Las Fronteras del ConocimientoMiguel A. de la Rosa (1996)Addison Wesley, Wilmington, Delaware, USA

Page 53: El Origen de la Vida. Archbishop James Ussher of Ireland In the late 1600's, he calculated the age of the earth based on the geneologies from Adam and

El paso hacia el Hombre

Clair E. Folsone (El origen de la vida, 1985): Quizá lleguemos a ser una especie de ingeniosos monos que han diseñado computadores aún más ingeniosos para realizar el trabajo real del Universo

Las Fronteras del ConocimientoMiguel A. de la Rosa (1996)Addison Wesley, Wilmington, Delaware, USA

Page 54: El Origen de la Vida. Archbishop James Ussher of Ireland In the late 1600's, he calculated the age of the earth based on the geneologies from Adam and

Progreso e inadaptación social

Arnold J. Toynbee: Existe una incapacidad de nuestro desa- rollo emocional para marchar al paso de nuestro desarrollo intelectual

Las Fronteras del ConocimientoMiguel A. de la Rosa (1996)Addison Wesley, Wilmington, Delaware, USA

Page 55: El Origen de la Vida. Archbishop James Ussher of Ireland In the late 1600's, he calculated the age of the earth based on the geneologies from Adam and

Modernización y desarrollo

Vivir rodeado de pobreza e ignorancia es tener que aprender que la miseria es consecuencia de una serie de fuerzas que escapan al propio control

Las Fronteras del ConocimientoMiguel A. de la Rosa (1996)Addison Wesley, Wilmington, Delaware, USA

Page 56: El Origen de la Vida. Archbishop James Ussher of Ireland In the late 1600's, he calculated the age of the earth based on the geneologies from Adam and
Page 57: El Origen de la Vida. Archbishop James Ussher of Ireland In the late 1600's, he calculated the age of the earth based on the geneologies from Adam and

N

N

Mg2+

clorofila

NN CH2

CH 2CH

H C3

CH3

CH3 (en clorofila a)CHO (en clorofila b)

H C3

CH 3

C CH3O

O

CH2

CH2CHC

CH3

CH 2

CH2

CO

O

CH2CH

CH 3

CH2 CH2H

3

O