el espiral

español

The spiral notebook is a requirement for all levels of Spanish beginning with Level II. It is your own “grammar notebook” which we will add to as the year goes on. It is your reference book and will be used in a variety of ways in class and will be valuable to you as you do homework preparation.

General information:

1. Work neatly. You must be able to read all of your work! Accents marks in the appropriate places are important. Spelling is important. Accuracy is important!

2. Do not add anything to the spiral except what you are told to add. Most of the time you will be free to add your own examples of grammar rules so you can understand what the rule means.

Table of contents:

The inside of the front cover will contain your table of contents.

NEATLY number from 1 - 50 (in three columns)

Number each page in the lower right hand corner

1 Present tense (back) irregular present tense

2 Irregular “yo”

3 “Shoe verbs”

4 Present Progresive

5. Preterite

(back ar spelling change preterite)

6. Irregular preterite

7. Irregular Preterite

8. Shoe Verbs Preterite

9. Imperfect (Back irr. Imperfect)

10. Future (Back irr. Future)

11. Conditional (Back irr. Conditional)

12. Preterite vs. Imperfect13 verbos with Y from uir infinitive14 zco verbs (cer-cir infinitives15. Subjunctive16.Ser vs estar17. Saber vs conocer

24 Verbs I have a hard time remembering25 Interrogative words27 verbs like gustar31 comparatives

(back) irregulars)

32 superlatives

(back) ísimo

33 possessive adjectives

34 tener expressions

42. Passive Voice

43 Subject pronouns

44 Prepositional pronouns

45 Direct object pronouns

46 Indirect object pronouns

47 Two Pronouns together

48 Reflexive pronouns

Present tense: the verb tense which refers to present or near-present actions

-ar (hablar)

hablo

hablas

habla

hablamos

habláis

hablan

-er (comer)

como

comes

come

comemos

coméis

comen

-ir (vivir)

vivo

vives

vive

vivimos

vivís

viven1

Irregular present tense:estar ser ir dar tener

(to be) (to be) (to go) (to give) (to have)

estoy

estás

está

estamos

estáis

están

soy

eres

es

somos

sois

son

Voy doy tengo

vas das tienes

va da tiene

vamos damos tenemos

vais dais teneis

van dan tienen

Verbs with an irregular “yo”

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ser - soy decir - digo to say/tell

estar - estoy saber - sé to know info.

ir – voy- to go venir – vengo to come

tener - tengo to have dar – doy to give

hacer – hago to do/make ver – veo to see

poner – pongo to put/place traer traigo- to bring

salir – salgo to leave oír - oigo to hear

conocer – conozco to know people

Stem-changing verbs: a verb which has some sort of spelling change in the stem. (Also called “shoe verbs”) Follow an L shaped pattern

uue (jugar)

juego jugamos

juegas jugáis

juega juegan

oue

eie

ei

My verb list!!

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El Presente Progresivo:The present progressive tense is used to express an action or activity that is presently going on.

To form the present progressiveuse the present tense of the verbestar + the present participle.

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To form the present participle of most verbs, drop the ending of theinfinitive and add “ando” to ar verbs and add “iendo” to er and irverbs.

Example: hablarEstoy hablando Estamos hablandoEstás hablando Estáis hablandoEstá hablando Están hablando 4

ComerEstoy comiendo Estamos comiendoEstás comiendo Estáis comiendoEstá comiendo Están comiendo

** Note** Traer and Leer have a y in their present participle leyendo trayendo.

4.

Pretérito: The tense used to talk about completed events in the past.

Words or expressions: ayer- yesterdayanteayer day before yesterdayanoche- last nightel año pasado-last yearla semana pasada last week 5

Endings AR ER IRYo é í í Tú aste iste isteUd. ó ió ióél ellaNosotros amos imos imosVosotros asteis isteis isteis Uds. ellos aron ieron ieronEllas 5

AR Preterite 1. There are no stem changes in arpreterite. Ex. Jugar- ella jugó2. Spelling changes (yo forms only)a. car (buscar,practicar) c-qu Ex. Yo busqué.b. gar (pagar, llegar) g-guEx. Yo paguéc. zar (cruzar) z-c Ex. Yo crucé

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El Pretérito irregularHacer Ir/Serhice hicimos fui fuimoshiciste hicisteis fuiste fuisteishizo hicieron fue fueronDar VerDi Dimos Vi VimosDiste Disteis Viste VisteisDio Dieron Vio Vieron 6

Irregular preterite.Querer Venirquise quisimos vine vinimosquisiste quisisteis viniste vinisteisquiso quisieron vino vinieronPoder Ponerpude pudimos puse pusimospudiste pudisteis pusiste pusisteispudo pudieron puso pusieron

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Irregular PreteriteEstar Tenerestuve estuvimos tuve tuvimosestuviste estuvisteis tuviste tuvisteisestuvo estuvieron tuvo tuvieronAndar Saberanduve anduvimos supe supimosanduviste anduvisteis supiste supisteisanduvo anduvieron supo supieron

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Stem Changing verbs in past tenseThe verbs pedir, repetir, freír, servir, preferir, divertirse and vestirse have a stem change in the preterite in the third person forms. The e changes to i.Pedir Repetirpedí pedimos repetí repetimospediste pedisteis repetiste repetisteispidió pidieron repitió repitieron

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The verbs dormir and morir havea stem change in the preterite in the third person forms. The o changes to u.dormirdormí dormimosdormiste dormisteisdurmió durmieron 8.

The imperfectFormation stem + endings AR ER/IR1. aba ábamos 1. ía íamos2. abas abais 2. ías íais3. aba aban 3. ía íanWords that indicate imperfectsiempre todas las semanasmuchas veces a menudotodos los días frecuentamenteEXAMPLE: Hablar Vivir1. hablaba hablábamos 1. vivía vivíamos2. hablabas hablabáis 2. vivías vivíais3. hablaba hablaban 3. vivía vivían 9

Irregular imperfect verbs

Ser Ir Ver1. era éramos 1. iba íbamos 1. veía veíamos2. eras erais 2. ibas ibais 2. veías veíais3. era eran 3. iba iban 3. veía veían

When possible use the phrase in Englishwas/were____________ingused to ________________

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Future:Formation The complete infinitive + endingsEndings Sing. Plural1. é emos2. ás éis3. á ánNote: All of the forms have an accent except nosotros. In English Subj + will +verbExample: Viajar 1. viajaré viajaremos 2. viajarás viajaréis 3. viajará viajarán 10

Irregular future verbs

Poder Podr valer valdrquerer Querr haber habr (helping verb)saber sabrponer pondrsalir saldrhacer hartener tendrvenir vendrdecir dircaber cabr Back of 10

ConditionalFormation complete infinitive + endings Endings 1. ía íamos 2. ías íamos 3. ía íanIn English subject + would + verbUses:•What would or would not happen under certain circumstances. •To make polite requests•To describe future events in relation to an event •in the past

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Irregular formsPoder Podr valer valdrquerer Querr haber habr (helping verb)saber sabrponer pondrsalir saldrhacer hartener tendrvenir vendrdecir dircaber cabr Back of 11

Preterite vs imperfect

• Preterite describes what happened/occurred

• Simple completed actions

• Action occurred during a specific time

• main events

• Imperfect describes what was happening or what used to be.

• habitual repeated actions

• progressive actions• background

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Verbs with “Y” from the uir infinitive

construir destruir1. construyo construímos 1. destruyo destruímos 2. construyes construís 2. destruyes destruís 3. construye construyen 3. distruye destruyen

Distribuir Huír 1. distribuyo distribuímos 1. huyo huímos 2. distribuyes distribuímos 2. huyes huís 3. distribuyes distrbuyen 3. huye huyen 13

ZCO verbs (Cer-Cir infinitives)

Conocer Parecer1. conozco conocemos 1. parezco parecemos2. conoces conocéis 2. pareces parecéis3. conoce conocen 3. parece parecenConducir1. conduzco conducimos2. conduces conducís3. conduce conducenSimilar verbs desaparecer, mercer, obedecer ofrecer pertenecer reconocer producir traducir

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Jo verbs from ger and gir infinitives

coger exigir1. cojo cogemos 1. exijo exigimos2. coges cogéis 2. exiges exigís3. coge cogen 3. exige exigen

Similar verbsescogerprotegerrecogerdirigir

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Present Subjunctive:Formation:• Write the present tense yo form of the verb.• Drop the “o”• Add the opposite endings AR ER/IR1. e emos 1. a amos2. es éis 2. as áis3. e en 3. a an Hablar Tener1.hable hablemos 1. tenga tengamos2. hables habléis 2. tengas tengáis3. hable hablen 3. tenga tengan

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Ser vs EstarHow you feel and where you areAlways take the verb estarSer EstarSoy EstoyEres Estáses EstáSomos EstamosSon Están

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The verbs in the present subjunctive always arein the clause after “que”Stem changing verbs follow the normal L shaped pattern change e<ie o<ue Cerrar Volver1. cierre cerremos 1. vuelva volvamos2. cierres cerréis 2. vuelvas volváis3. cierre cierren 3. vuelva vuelvanIR stem changers have two changesSentir Dormirsienta sintamos duerma durmamossientas sintáis duermas durmaissienta sientan duerma duerman

Car Gar and Zar verbs in subjunctive

Change the letters to preserve pronunciationcar-que gar-gue zar-cetocar pagar organizartoque pague organicetoques pagues organicestoque pague organicetoquemos paguemos organicemostoquéis paguéis organicéistoquen paguen organicen

Uses of the present subjunctive:•Indicative: Gives information•Imperative Gives instructions or commands•Subjunctive Expresses uncertain things

Categories of phrasesSimple A conjugated verb Yo estudio español Ella desea viajar a EspañaCompound: with 2 verbs conjugated together with “y” “o” “pero”Yo estudio español y viajo a México.

Complex: 2 conjugated verbs together with “que”Has 2 clauses.Pattern: Subject+verb/ que+subject +verb+rest independent clause dependent clause

Yo prefiero/que la clase estudie más.Es bueno/que los alumnos hablen españolEstoy segura de/que los habitantes hablen inglés y español.

Subjunctive in noun clausesNoun clause-Group of words with subject and verb used as direct object of the sentenceSUBJUNCTIVE IS USED IN NOUN CLAUSE IF1. Main clause verb causes subjunctive Verbs that cause subjunctive• wishing• emotion• impersonal expressions• doubt• request, advice, permission, command 2. Subjects of 2 clauses must be different.BOTH FACTORS MUST BE PRESENT

Verbs that cause subjunctive: Wishing (Voluntad)querer, desear, esperar, preferir

Ojalá- always causes subjunctive main clause- May Allah grant (I wish, Oh that) Ojalá+que+subj +subjunctive+rest

Verbs and expressions of emotionalegrarse de temerestar encantado de tener miedo deentristecerse estar orgulloso/asentirlamentardeplorar These verbs use pronounsme desilusionate enoja lo iritanos molestales sorprende

Impersonal expressions (It is _________) Cause subjunctiveEs bueno Es aburridoEs malo Es ridículoEs mejor Es raroEs necesario Es sorprendenteEs indispensable Es escandalosoEs importante Es una lástimaEs precioso Vale la penaEs agradable ImportaEs justoNEVER CAUSE SUBJUNCTIVEEs cierto Es verdad Estoy seguro de

Verbs of doubtdudar es imposiblenegar (ie) es improbableno creer no estar seguro dees dudosoes probableSome main clause verbs NEVER cause subjunctivein dependent clausecreersaberestar seguro/aes verdad es cierto

Irregular verbs present subjunctiveIr Servaya vayamos sea seamosvayas vayáis seas seaisvaya vayan sea seansaber darsepa sepamos dé demossepas sepáis des deissepa sepan de denestar haberesté estemos haya hayamosestés estéis hayas hayáisesté estén hayan

Tú commandsUse the familiar command to give instructions toa friend.Fornmation: third person singular of the verbExample: Miguel, abre la ventana

Commands with pronouns::Add the pronoun to the end of the command making one word.Add written accent to the third vowel from the end of the word.Escribe la carta. EscríbelaIf there are not three vowels there is no accent

Negative commands with túFormation: Write no and•use yo form of the verb•drop the “o”•add the opposite 2nd person singular form of the verb. AR=es ER=AsPreparar la cena No prepares la cenaPronouns are placed after the no of a negative command.Car Gar Zar verbs cjhange que,gue,ce

Ud.Uds commandsTo give instructions to a person or many peopleFormation.Use 3rd person singular or plural of the subjunctive3rd person sing= 1 person3rd person plural= more than one person

Example:Señor abra la puertaSeñores, cierren los libros.

To form the negative place no in front of command

Let’s commands (we/us)to make suggestions about what we can doFormation Use nosotros form of the subjunctivehablar hablemosescribir escribamosir vayamosWith reflexive verbs use nosDrop <s> ending of emos add noslevantar-levantémonos

Verbs with special meaning in the preterite

Infinitive Reg.meaning special meaningconocer to know met-1st timepoder to be able succeededquerer to want triedno querer to not want refusedsaber to know found outtener to have got,received

The past participle participio pasadoFormation:Stem+ endings for past participleTHIS FORM IS NEVER ALONEAR= stem + adoER/IR stem+idoIrregular past participlesdecir-dicho morir muertohacer-hecho romper rotoesribir-escrito poner puestover-visto volver vueltoabrir abierto imprimir impresocubrir cubierto

Present perfectFormation: Conjugated form of haber+past participlePronouns are in front of conj. verbUsed to describe events/actions that have been going on up to and into present.Model: Trabajar (Haber trabajado)1. he trabajado hemos trabajado2. has trabajado habéis trabajado3. ha trabajado han trabajadoNosotros hemos trabajado mucho este mes.We have worked a lot this month.

Irregular tú commands. (Mandatos con tú) affirmative Negativevenir ven no vengastener ten no tengasponer pon no pongassalir sal no salgashacer haz no hagasser sé no seasdecir di no digasir ve no vayas

Verbs I have a hard time remembering...

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(This is your page. On it list those verbs that just don’t stick in your brain and their meanings.)

Interrogative words: question asking words; all interrogatives have a written accent mark in Spanish

¿Qué?

¿Cómo?

¿Dónde?

¿Por qué?

¿Cuándo?

¿Quién? ¿Quiénes?

¿Cuál? ¿Cuáles?

¿Cuánto? ¿Cuántos,-as?

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Answering questions

• Decide type of question

• Underline the verb

• Circle the subject

• Write subject

• Write verb

• Decide what you need to answer question

• Answer question.

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Verbs like gustar• Three verbs to express interest,

boredom and pleasure are:

• interesar - to be interesting

• aburrir- to be boring

• gustar - to be pleasing

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Use only 2 forms of these verbs- 3 sing. & 3 pl.interesar - interesa interesanaburrir - aburre aburrengustar - gusta gustan

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They are special because the sentence pattern is backwards.Ejemplo: Me interesa el fútbol.

Soccer is interesting to me.Me interesan los deportes.

Sports are interesting to me.

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Other verbs like gustardolerencantarfaltarimportarparecerenfurecersorprenderenojarasustar

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Pronouns used with gustarMeTeLeNosLes

Comparatives: comparing 1 person or thingto another.

(Comparisons of inequality)En inglés: 1. Add er to adjective.

2. More/less + adj. +than.Rico is smarter than Miguel.En español: más adj. que

menos + adv.+ noun

Rico es más alto que Miguel. 31

Comparisons of equalityEn español: a. tan + adj./adv. + comoMi coche va tan rapido como tu coche,b. tanto/a/os/as + noun + comoYo tengo tanto dinero como mi hermano.

En inglés a. as + adj. + as My car is as fast as your car.b. as many/much + noun + as I have as much money as my brother.

Irregulares: good- better bad- worse

(adj.)Bueno - MejorMalo - PeorViejo - MayorJoven - Menor

DO NOT USEMAS OR MENOS

La Señora Rake es mayor que los estudiantes. Back of 31

Superlativo: to express the highest degreewithin a group. En inglés:(a) “most” “least” (b) est

En español: el/la/los/las + noun+ más + adj.+ de menos

The tallest boy “ the boy most tall.”

Miguel es el chico más alto de todos. (of all)

Miguel es el más atlético de la escuela.Miguel is the most athletic in the school.Don’t use más or menos with the 4 irr. 32

Possessive adjectives: an adjective which shows ownership.In Spanish, as in English, these adjectives precede the noun they modify. In Spanish, however, they must also agree with the noun.

mi, mis - my nuestro, a, os, as - our tu, tus - your (fam) (vuestro, a, os, as) su,sus - his, her, su, sus - their,

your (form) belonging to all of you 33

Ejemplos:

Yo tengo mi coche nuevo.

Pablo pasa sus exámenes.

Nosotros limpiamos nuestra sala.

Ellos limpian su cuarto.

Expressions with tener:Tener calor : to be hot Tener frío To be cold Tener que To have to Tener ganas de to feel likeTener hambre to be hungryTener sed to be thirstyTener razón to be rightTener sueño to be tiredTener miedo to be afraidTener cuidado- to be careful 34

tener prisa to be in a hurrytener suerte to be luckytener vergüenza to be embarrassedtener éxito- to be successful

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Passive voice

Se + third person singular or third person plural verb is used to say “one says” It is impersonal since no one knows or cares who does the action.

Pattern: Se + 3rd sing. verb + singular subject Se + 3rd plural verb + plural subjectExample: Se vende café aquí Coffee is sold here Se venden libros aquí Books are sold here

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Reciprocal actionOnly used with plural verb formsCorresponds to we/they do action to/for eachother

Pattern: Nos + first person plural verb Se + third person plural verbExample:Nos escribimos: We write each otherSe casan They marry each otherNos hablamos We talk to each otherSe aman They love each other

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Subject pronouns: pronouns used as subjects of sentences. Subject pronouns must be in the same PERSON as the VERB (there must be agreement). Subject pronouns are frequently omitted in Spanish (we can not omit them in English)

Singular Pluralyo

tú

usted

él

ella

nosotros

vosotros

ustedes

ellos

ellas 43

Direct object pronouns: Pronouns which function to replace the direct object in a sentence. Direct objects answer the questions “what” or “who” following the verb. Pronouns must agree in number and gender with the nouns they replace.

Placement: 1. Before the conjugated verb in the sentence.

2. Attached to an infinitive

3. Attached to a present participle45

1 me - me nos - us

2 te - you os - you (pl.)

3 lo - it (m), los - them (m)

him you all you(F)

la - it (fem), las - them (f)

her, you (F) you all

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Examples:

Juan lee el libro. Juan lo lee.

Tomás ve a Roberto y a Pilar. Tomás los ve.

Vamos a traer mucha comida.

La vamos a traer.

¿Te puedo ayudar? Sí, me puedes ayudar.

Indirect object pronouns: Pronouns which function to replace the indirect object in a sentence. Indirect objects answer the questions to whom or for whom the action is done. Placement:

Immediately preceding the conjugated verb

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me to/for me nos to/for us

te to/for you (fam) os to/for you all

le to/ for him,her, les to/for you all,

you (formal) themA clarifier is sometimes added to “make clear” the meaning of the third person IDO pronouns: a él, a ustedes, a Ana, etc.

Ejemplos:1. María me da unos dulces. (Mary gives me some candy.)

2. Las profesoras nos dan mucha tarea.

3. Yo le compré un coche nuevo.I bought him, her, you a new car.(To clarify: Add “a + name / noun or pronoun”) Yo le compré un coche nuevo a mi hermano. Back of 46

Reflexive Pronouns: Reflexive pronouns are pronouns used when the action in thesentence is both done and received by the subject. The reflexive pronoun and the verb ending are all the same person.

Lavarseme lavo nos lavamoste lavas os laváisse lava se lavan

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When mentioning an article of clothingor body part, you use the definite article el/la/los/las instead of the possessive adj.Mi tu etc. Me lavo la cara.

Even when we are talking about more than one person we use the singular form of nouns unless objects come in pairs and are logically plural.Se ponen la chaqueta.