eJournal USA

UJ­CE­LFH­CN­DTY­YSQ­LT­GFH­NF­VTYN­CIF­/­FG­HTKM­2008­UJ­LFNJV­13­/­YJ­VTH­4

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eJournal USA 1

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Gt­rby­yf­Jkbv­gbq­crbt­bu­hs­2008­

uj­lf­d­yf­ltélt­clt­kfnm­dct­jn­

ybö­pf­db­cz­ott­lkz­dj­gkj­ot­ybz­

d­ébpym­jkbv­gbq­crj­uj­lt­db­pf­

≤Åsc­nhtt,­ds­it,­cbkm­ytt≥.­D­nj­

ét­dht­vz­cnj­hjy­yb­rb­cf­vsö­hfp­

ysö­bltq,­d­njv­xbc­kt­er­htg­kt­ybz­

ghfd­xt­kj­dt­rf,­cdj­åjl­ysö­CVB­

b­rf­xt­cn­df­jr­he­éfñ­otq­cht­ls­

d­Rb­nft,­nfr­ét­åe­len­cj­gth­yb­

xfnm­pf­vb­hj­djt­dyb­vf­ybt.

J kbv­gbq­crbt­bu­hs­gj­uhf­ab­re­lj­kéys­jn­rhsnm­cz­d­Gt­rb­yt­8­

fd­uec­nf.­Dgth­dst­cj­dht­vty­buh­1988­uj­le­d­Cte­kt­ktn­yzz­Jkbv­gbf­lf­ghj­dj­lbn­cz­d­Dj­cnjx­yjq­Fpbb.­C­vj­vty­nf­jght­ltkt­ybz­uj­hj­lf,­ghb­yb­vfñ­ot­uj­Jkbv­gbq­crbt­bu­hs,­d­2001­uj­le­Vté­le­yf­hjl­ysv­jkbv­gbq­crbv­rj­vb­nt­njv,­Rb­nfq­uj­nj­dbn­cz­r­nj­ve,­xnj­ås­ghb­yznm­dtcm­vbh­d­cdj­tq­cnj­kb­wt.

Ecb­kbz­Rb­nfz­cj­ghj­djé­lf­ñn­cz­öj­hjv­dj­ghj­cjv,­gj­cne­gfñ­obö­jn­yt­ghf­db­ntkm­cn­dty­ysö­jh­uf­yb­pf­wbq,­ghf­dj­pf­obn­yb­rjd­b­lf­ét­yt­rj­nj­hsö­ghf­db­ntkm­cnd,­j­uj­njd­yjc­nb­uj­hj­lf­b­cnhf­ys­r­ghj­dt­lt­ybñ­ukj­åfkm­ysö­cj­cnzpf­ybq,­rj­nj­hst­dj­vyj­ubö­jn­yj­it­yb­zö­cnf­kb­cbv­dj­kjv­ds­cibö­ec­nhtv­kt­ybq­xt­kj­dt­xt­cn­df.­Yt­jv­hf­xf­tn­kb­gj­kj­ét­ybt­c­ghf­df­vb­xt­kj­dt­rf­d­Rb­nft­ghb­nz­pf­ybz­cnhf­ys­yf­ghj­dt­lt­ybt­änbö­cj­htd­yj­df­ybq?­Yf­vfh­njd­crjq­wt­ht­vj­ybb­pf­éét­ybz­Jkbv­gbq­crj­uj­ju­yz­d­Uht­wbb­ghj­ntc­ns­ghj­nbd­gj­kb­nb­rb­Rb­nfz­pf­nvb­kb­cf­vj­cj­ås­nbt.­Rju­lf­vf­hf­ajy­c­Jkbv­gbq­crbv­ju­ytv­lt­kfk­jc­nf­yjd­rb­d­hfp­ysö­uj­hj­lfö,­tuj­ghb­ås­nbt­ås­kj­dcnht­xt­yj­kb­rj­df­yb­tv­jl­ybö­b­yt­uj­lj­df­yb­tv­gj­gj­dj­le­ghj­dt­lt­ybz­Jkbv­gbf­ls­d­Gt­rb­yt­cj­cnj­hj­ys­lhe­ubö.­Rfr­xfc­nj­gj­ljåyfz­cb­nef­wbz­åe­ltn­djp­yb­rfnm­gj­vt­ht­ghb­åkb­ét­ybz­lf­ns­jn­rhs­nbz­Buh?

Ghj­ntc­ns­b­vfh­ib­gj­ke­xf­ñn­yt­uf­nbd­yeñ­ju­kfc­re­d­CVB,­ghb­dkt­rfz­dyb­vf­ybt­r­Rb­nfñ,­rj­nj­hsq­dct­tot­cxb­nf­tn­cz­fd­nj­hb­nfh­ysv­uj­ce­lfh­cn­djv,­cj­ukfc­yj­lj­rkf­le­Uj­ce­lfh­cn­dty­yj­uj­lt­gfh­nf­vty­nf­j­ghf­dfö­xt­kj­dt­rf,­jgeå­kb­rj­dfy­yj­ve­d­vfh­nt­2008­uj­lf.­≤Ghf­db­ntkm­cn­dj­eétc­nj­xb­kj­ju­hf­yb­xt­ybz­yf­cdj­åj­le­ckj­df­b­gt­xf­nb,­jcj­åty­yj­d­jéb­lf­ybb­b­dj­dht­vz­jcj­åj­pyf­xb­vsö­cj­ås­nbq≥,­–­uj­dj­hbn­cz­d­lj­rkf­lt.

Ns­cz­xb­ghtl­cnf­db­nt­ktq­CVB­ghb­tlen­d­Rb­nfq­yf­Jkbv­gbq­crbt­bu­hs.­Tc­kb­jyb­cnjkr­yen­cz­c­ju­hf­yb­xt­yb­zv­yf­lj­cneg,­yt­jå­öj­lb­vsq­lkz­jc­dt­ot­ybz­cj­ås­nbq,­Rb­nfq­vj­étn­dcne­gbnm­d­rjy­akbrn­cj­cdj­bv­ukfd­ysv­gfh­nyt­hjv­gj­jh­uf­yb­pf­wbb­Buh­–­Vté­le­yf­hjl­ysv­jkbv­gbq­crbv­rj­vb­nt­njv,­rj­nj­hsq­d­cj­jn­dtn­cn­dbb­cj­cdj­bv­ec­nf­djv­jåz­pfy­jåtc­gt­xb­dfnm­åkf­ujg­hb­zn­yeñ­jå­cnf­yjd­re­lkz­hf­åj­ns­CVB.­≤VJR­ghtl­ghb­yb­vf­tn­dct­yt­jå­öj­lb­vst­if­ub­lkz­nj­uj,­xnj­ås­jåtc­gt­xbnm­Jkbv­gbq­crbv­bu­hfv­vfr­cb­vfkm­yj­gjk­yjt­jc­dt­ot­ybt­hfp­kbx­ys­vb­CVB­b­rfr­vjé­yj­åj­ktt­

Jkbv gbq crbt bltf ks b vb hj dst htf kbb

GJL UJ NJD RF R BU HFV

Fr­nhb­cf­(ckt­df)­d­hj­kb­lhtd­ytu­ht­xtc­rjq­dth­öjd­yjq­éhb­ws­gt­ht­lf­tn­Jkbv­gbq­crbq­jujym­uht­xtc­rj­ve­nöär­djy­lbc­ne­Fktr­cfy­lhj­ce­Yb­rj­kfb­lb­ce­(cghf­df)­yf­wt­ht­vj­ybb­pf­éét­ybz­ju­yz­d­vfh­nt.­Yf­rj­hjn­rjt­dht­vz­wt­ht­vj­ybñ­ght­hdf­kb­exfcn­yb­rb­lt­vjy­cnhf­wbb­pf­ghf­df­xt­kj­dt­rf.

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eJournal USA 5

ib­hj­reñ­felb­nj­hbñ­d­vb­ht≥,­–­uj­dj­hbn­cz­d­ec­nf­dt­VJR.

D­pf­zd­kt­ybb,­hfc­ghj­cnhf­yty­yjv­gt­htl­wt­ht­vj­yb­tq­pf­é­ét­ybz­ju­yz­d­Uht­wbb,­ght­pb­ltyn­VJR­Éfr­Hju­ut­ds­hf­pbk­äne­lfd­yññ­ghb­dth­éty­yjcnm­jn­rhs­nsv­CVB­d­rjy­ntr­cnt­cgj­hf,­rj­nj­hsq­yf­xfk­cz­d­vft­cj­cnjkr­yjdt­ybq­vté­le­nb­åtn­wf­vb­b­rb­nfq­crb­vb­dkfc­nz­vb.

≤Vs­dt­hbv,­xnj­Rb­nfq­bp­vt­ybn­cz,­jn­rhsd­cnhf­ye­lkz­ghb­cnfkm­yj­uj­dyb­vf­ybz­vb­hj­dj­uj­cj­jå­ot­cn­df­xt­htp­25­000­chtl­cnd­vfc­cj­djq­by­ajh­vf­wbb,­rj­nj­hst­åe­len­ghb­cen­cn­dj­dfnm­yf­Bu­hfö,­–­pf­zdbk­jy.­–­Jkbv­gbq­crbt­bu­hs­–­änj­cb­kf­lj­åhf.­Jyb­zd­kz­ñn­cz­rf­nf­kb­pf­nj­hjv­gt­ht­vty,­f­yt­gf­yf­wt­tq­jn­dctö­åtl≥.

D­uj­ls­gjl­uj­njd­rb­r­Bu­hfv­Rb­nfq­cnht­vbk­cz­lj­åbnm­cz­gt­ht­vty­d­hfp­kbx­ysö­jå­kfc­nzö.­Pf­uhzp­yty­ysq­djp­leö­b­lhe­ubt­ghj­åkt­vs­jr­he­éfñ­otq­cht­ls­ds­ps­df­kb­dj­ghj­cs­j­ghb­ujl­yj­cnb­Gt­rb­yf­r­ghj­dt­lt­ybñ­Jkbv­gbf­ls­tot­yf­änf­gt­jn­åj­hf.­D­jn­dtn­uj­hjl­gj­cktl­jdf­ntkm­yj­ghj­ldb­uf­tn­cz­r­dyt­lht­ybñ­åj­ktt­jåjc­yj­dfy­ysö­ghby­wb­gjd­jö­hf­ys­jr­he­éfñ­otq­cht­ls­d­hfp­ufh­cnht­vb­ntkm­yj­uj­ärj­yj­vb­xtc­rj­uj­hjc­nf.­Ghb­ntö­yb­xtc­rjq­gj­vj­ob­Futyn­cn­df­gj­jö­hf­yt­jr­he­éfñ­otq­cht­ls­CIF­Rb­nfq­cnht­vbn­cz­ekex­ibnm­ec­kj­dbz­b­clt­kfnm­Jkbv­gbf­le­≤pt­kt­yjq≥,­dkj­ébd­d­änb­vt­hjg­hbz­nbz,­rfr­cj­jå­of­tn­­Wty­nhfkm­yjt­nt­kt­db­lt­ybt­Rb­nfz,­120­vkhl.­lj­kkf­hjd.

Pf­cj­cnjz­yb­tv­jr­he­éfñ­otq­cht­ls­d­Gt­rb­yt­b­tuj­djp­vjé­ysv­djp­ltqcn­db­tv­yf­cgjh­nbd­yst­ht­pekm­nf­ns­ckt­lbn­VJR.­D­vfh­nt­2008­uj­lf­d­cdj­tv­pf­zd­kt­ybb,­­jc­yj­dfy­yjv­yf­lfy­ysö­j­ht­pekm­nf­nfö­cj­htd­yj­df­ybq­d­­Gt­rb­yt­d­fd­uec­nt­2007­uj­lf,­VJR­ghb­itk­r­ds­dj­le,­­xnj­≤plj­hj­dmt­cgjh­ncvt­yjd­d­jc­yjd­yjv­yt­eöel­ib­kjcm≥.

Yt­cvjn­hz­yf­änb­ecb­kbz,­yt­rj­nj­hst­cgjh­ncvt­ys­ds­hf­pb­kb­jpf­åj­xty­yjcnm­d­cdz­pb­c­ntv,­xnj­gkj­öjt­rf­xt­cn­dj­djp­le­öf­vj­étn­crf­pfnm­cz­yf­ht­pekm­nf­nfö,­b­nt,­rnj­lt­kf­tn­cnfd­rb­e­åer­vt­rt­hjd,­yt­hfc­cxb­ns­df­ñn­yf­ht­rjh­lyst­lj­cnb­ét­ybz­d­Gt­rb­yt.

Ghb­dkt­xt­ybt­jå­ot­cn­dty­yj­uj­dyb­vf­ybz­r­ib­hj­rj­ve­lbf­gf­pj­ye­cgjh­ysö­dj­ghj­cjd­ds­öj­lbn­d­yt­rj­nj­hsö­cnhf­yfö­yf­cf­vsq­ds­cj­rbq­gj­kb­nb­xtc­rbq­ehj­dtym.­Yt­crjkm­rj­pf­gfl­ysö­kb­lt­hjd­jåüz­db­kb,­xnj­yt­ghb­tlen­yf­wt­ht­vj­ybñ­jn­rhs­nbz­Jkbv­gbf­ls.­Lhe­ubt­jn­dth­uf­ñn­gj­gsn­rb­edz­ps­dfnm­gj­kb­nb­re­b­cgjh­nbd­yst­cj­htd­yj­df­ybz.

D­vj­vtyn­gjl­uj­njd­rb­änjq­geå­kb­rf­wbb­r­gt­xf­nb,­pf­xt­ns­ht­vt­cz­wf­lj­buh,­vs­yt­vj­étv­pyfnm,­xnj­ghj­bpjq­ltn­lj­fd­uec­njd­crj­uj­lyz­jn­rhs­nbz.­Yt­cvjn­hz­yf­dct­dj­ghj­cs­b­yt­zc­yjc­nb,­vs­ghj­ljk­éf­tv­yf­ltznm­cz,­xnj­rb­nfq­crbt­jh­uf­yb­pf­nj­hs­ghb­ven­vb­hj­djt­cj­jå­ot­cn­dj­d­Gt­rb­yt­d­jkbv­gbq­crjv­le­öt­b­xnj­e­cgjh­ncvt­yjd­åe­ltn­ifyc­åktc­yenm­yf­vb­hj­djq­fht­yt.

Jh­urj­vb­ntn­gt­rby­crbö­Buh­jåjå­of­tn­änjn­leö­lt­db­pjv­≤J­lby­vbh­–­jl­yf­vtx­nf≥.­Vtcn­ysq­rj­vb­ntn­gj­zc­yz­tn­änjn­lt­dbp­nfr:­≤Ytc­vjn­hz­yf­hfp­kb­xbz­d­wdt­nt­rj­ét,­zps­rt­b­hf­cj­djq­ghb­yfl­kté­yjc­nb,­vs­hfp­lt­kz­tv­jxf­hj­df­ybt­b­hf­ljcnm­Jkbv­gbq­crbö­buh­b­dvtc­nt­cnht­vbv­cz­r­bltf­ke­vbh­yj­uj­xt­kj­dt­xt­cn­df.­Vs­ghb­yfl­kt­ébv­r­jl­yj­ve­b­nj­ve­ét­vb­he­b­hfp­lt­kz­tv­jl­yb­b­nt­ét­cnhtv­kt­ybz­b­vtx­ns≥.

–­Ifh­kby­Gjh­nth

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Hf­åjn­yb­rb­uj­hjl­crj­uj­öj­pzq­cn­df­d­Gt­rb­yt­uj­nj­dzn­cz­eybx­nj­éfnm­hf­åj­nfñ­obt­yf­eu­kt­gt­xb­d­öj­lt­rfv­gf­ybb­gj­cyb­ét­ybñ­pf­uhzp­yt­ybz­djp­le­öf.­Gj­ljåyst­gt­xb­bc­gjkm­pe­ñn­cz­lkz­ghb­uj­njd­kt­ybz­gb­ob­b­jnjg­kt­ybz­d­cnf­hsö­lj­vfö­b­htc­nj­hf­yfö.

eJournal USA 6

CIF­jn­kb­xf­ñn­cz­jn­åjkm­

iby­cn­df­lhe­ubö­cnhfy,­yf­ghfd­

kzñ­obö­cgjh­nbd­yst­rj­vfy­ls­

yf­Jkbv­gbq­crbt­bu­hs,­cgj­cj­

åjv­jh­uf­yb­pf­wbb­b­gjl­lth­érb­

fn­kt­njd­b­cgjh­nbd­ysö­vt­hj­

ghbz­nbq.

Åhb­létn­Öfy­nth­–­åsd­ifz­

cj­nhel­yb­wf­≤CIF­lfq­dbyu≥,­

yf­wbj­yfkm­yj­uj­ghf­db­ntkm­cn­

dty­yj­uj­dt­ljv­cn­df,­jn­dt­xfñ­

ot­uj­pf­hfp­db­nbt­cgjh­nbd­yj­uj­

ys­hz­ybz­d­CIF.­D­yf­cnjz­ott­

dht­vz­jyf­zd­kz­tn­cz­ht­lfr­

nj­hjv­åñ­hj­vté­le­yf­hjl­ysö­

by­ajh­vf­wb­jy­ysö­ghj­uhfvv­Uj­

ce­lfh­cn­dty­yj­uj­lt­gfh­nf­vty­nf.

Y t­cvjn­hz­yf­nj,­xnj­gj­hz­ljr­exfc­nbz­CIF­d­Jkbv­gbq­

crbö­bu­hfö­ht­ue­kb­he­tn­cz­b­cnb­ve­kb­he­tn­cz­at­lt­hfkm­ysv­pf­rj­yj­lf­ntkm­cn­djv,­fvt­hb­rfy­crjt­jkbv­gbq­crjt­ldb­ét­ybt­jgb­hf­tn­cz­yf­xfc­nysq­åbp­ytc,­kbx­yst­åkf­ujn­dj­hb­ntkm­yst­gj­éth­ndj­df­ybz­b,­ukfd­yjt­–­yf­äyth­ubñ­b­nf­kfy­ns­ns­czx­lj­åhjdjkm­wtd,­xnj­lt­kf­tn­jkbv­gbq­crbt­vtx­ns­ht­fkm­yjc­nmñ­lkz­fvt­hb­rfy­crbö­cgjh­ncvt­yjd­b­nht­yt­hjd.

Jkbv­gbq­crbq­rj­vb­ntn­CIF,­infå­rdfh­nb­hf­rj­nj­hj­uj­yf­öj­lbn­cz­d­Rj­kj­hf­lj­–­änj­rj­jh­lb­yb­heñ­obq­jh­ufy­jkbv­gbq­crj­uj­ldb­ét­ybz­d­cnhf­yt.­Cj­ukfc­yj­lfy­ysv,­ghtl­cnfd­kty­ysv­yf­cfq­nt­jh­uf­yb­pf­wbb­d­By­nth­yt­nt,­tt­wt­kmñ­zd­kz­tn­cz­≤jrf­pf­ybt­gj­vj­ob­d­gj­ke­xt­ybb­lj­cne­gf­r­cgjh­nbd­ysv­pf­yz­nb­zv­dctv­fvt­hb­rfy­wfv,­yt­pf­db­cb­vj­jn­bö­gj­kf,­hf­cs,­djp­hfc­nf,­vtc­nf­éb­ntkm­cn­df­bkb­ab­pb­xtc­rbö­djp­vjé­yjc­ntq≥.

Jkbv­gbq­crbq­rj­vb­ntn­CIF­jn­kb­xf­tn­cz­jn­lhe­ubö­jh­uf­yb­pf­wbq­d­vté­le­yfhjl­yjv­cgjh­nbd­yjv­cj­jå­ot­cn­dt­ntv,­xnj­ab­yfy­cb­he­tn­cz­pf­cxtn­gj­éth­ndj­df­ybq­xfc­nysö­kbw­b­

lt­kj­dj­uj­cj­jå­ot­cn­df.­D­jn­kb­xbt­jn­gj­lfdkzñ­ot­uj­åjkm­iby­cn­df­bp­198­jkbv­gbq­crbö­rj­vb­nt­njd­lhe­ubö­cnhfy,­Jkbv­gbq­crbq­rj­vb­ntn­CIF­yt­gj­ke­xf­tn­gj­cnj­zy­yjq­gj­vj­ob­jn­uj­ce­lfh­cn­df.­Gj­vb­vj­lj­öj­lf,­crkf­ls­dfñ­ot­uj­cz­bp­gj­éth­ndj­df­ybq,­cgjy­cjh­crjq­gj­vj­ob­b­kb­wty­pb­jy­ysö­cåj­hjd,­Jkbv­gbq­crbq­rj­vb­ntn­CIF­gj­ke­xf­tn­ghb­åskm­jn­ghj­lfé­kb­wty­pb­het­vj­uj­bv­jåj­he­lj­df­ybz­b­lhe­ubö­nj­df­hjd­gj­rf­nf­kj­ufv­b­xt­htp­by­nth­ytn.

Ab­yfy­cb­hj­df­ybt­nfr­ét­jce­ot­cn­dkz­tn­cz­≤Fvt­hb­rfy­crbv­ajy­ljv­Jkbv­gbq­crbö­buh≥–­yt­ghf­db­ntkm­cn­dty­yjq­jh­uf­yb­pf­wb­tq,­cj­plfy­yjq­gjc­kt­Jkbv­gbq­crbö­buh­d­Kjc­Fylét­kt­ct­d­1984­uj­le­lkz­cnb­ve­kb­hj­df­ybz­jkbv­gbq­crj­uj­b­kñ­åb­ntkmc­rj­uj­cgjh­nf­d­CIF.­Gth­dj­yf­xfkm­ysq­rf­gb­nfk­ajy­lf­d­hfp­vt­ht­jrj­kj­115­vbk­kbj­yjd­lj­kkf­hjd­ås­kb­gj­ke­xty­jn­ghj­lf­éb­gf­vzn­ysö­jkbv­gbq­crbö­vj­ytn­ghf­db­ntkm­cn­df­CIF­b­lj­gjk­yb­ntkm­ysö­ajy­ljd­åñ­lét­nf­Jkbv­gbq­crbö­buh­1984­uj­lf­d­Kjc­Fylét­kt­ct.

Jh uf yb pf wbz jkbv gbq crj uj ldb ét ybz d CIF

Åhb­létn­Öfy­nth

Åt­yb­nf­Vjc­kb,­jkbv­gbq­crbq­xtv­gb­jy­1984­uj­lf­b­lb­htr­njh­jkbv­gbq­crbö­extå­ysö­wty­nhjd­d­CIF,­e­jkbv­gbq­crj­uj­extå­yj­uj­wty­nhf­d­Xe­kf­Dbc­nt,­Rf­kb­ajh­ybz.­Extå­yst­wty­nhs­nfr­ét­bvt­ñn­cz­d­Rj­kj­hf­lj,­Ymñ­Qjh­rt­b­Vb­xb­uf­yt.

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eJournal USA 7

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eJournal USA 9

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Wt­kmñ­Jkbv­gbq­crjq­öfh­nbb­zd­kz­tn­cz­≤gj­jo­ht­ybt­b­gjl­lth­érf­ghj­ldb­ét­ybz­éty­oby­d­cgjh­nt­yf­dctö­ehjd­yzö­b­dj­dctö­cnher­ne­hfö­c­wt­kmñ­htf­kb­pf­wbb­ghby­wb­gf­hf­dty­cn­df­veé­xby­b­éty­oby≥.­Lkz­ds­gjk­yt­ybz­änjq­pf­lf­xb­jkbv­gbq­crjt­ldb­ét­ybt­jåüt­lb­yz­tn­ecb­kbz­dkbz­ntkm­ysö­jh­uf­yb­pf­wbq­–­Vté­le­yfhjl­yj­uj­jkbv­gbq­crj­uj­rj­vb­nt­nf,­yf­wbj­yfkm­ysö­jkbv­gbq­crbö­rj­vb­nt­njd,­jå­hf­pj­dfy­ysö­bp­ghtl­cnf­db­nt­ktq­cnhf­y­exfcn­ybw,­vté­le­yf­hjl­ysö­at­lt­hf­wbq­b­yt­ghf­db­ntkm­cn­dty­ysö­jh­uf­yb­pf­wbq,­rj­nj­hst­pf­yb­vf­ñn­cz­jh­uf­yb­pf­wb­tq­cgjh­nbd­ysö­cj­htd­yj­df­ybq­yf­vb­hj­djv­ehjd­yt.

Vté­le­yf­hjl­ysq­jkbv­gbq­crbq­rj­vb­ntn,­yf­wbj­yfkm­yst­jkbv­gbq­crbt­rj­vb­nt­ns­b­vté­le­yf­hjl­yst­at­lt­hf­wbb­gj­cnf­db­kb­gt­htl­cj­åjq­pf­lf­xe­edt­kb­xbnm­ghtl­cnf­db­ntkm­cn­dj­éty­oby,­pf­yb­vfñ­obö­rkñ­xt­dst­gj­cns­d­jkbv­gbq­crjv­

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eJournal USA 12

Jyb­jå­ce­lb­kb­yj­dst­djp­vjé­yjc­nb­lkz­åj­ktt­fr­nbd­yj­uj­exfc­nbz­éty­oby­d­cgjh­nt,­bc­gjkm­pj­df­ybz­éty­oby­cgjh­nc­vt­yjr­d­rf­xt­cn­dt­ghb­vt­hjd­lkz­vj­kj­lsö­lt­de­itr,­b­nj,­rfr­rekm­ne­hf­jght­ltkz­tn­lj­cneg­yjcnm­pf­yz­nbq­cgjh­njv­lkz­éty­oby.

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Cf­vjt­ukfd­yjt,­xnj­ås­rfé­lfz­xtc­nj­kñ­åb­dfz­cgjh­ncvty­rf­dyt­ckf­cdjq­drkfl­d­jåtc­gt­xt­ybt­hf­dty­cn­df­d­jkbv­gbq­crjv­ldb­ét­ybb.­Åfh­åf­hf­Rty­lfkk,­xkty­VJR­b­jkbv­gbq­crfz­xtv­gb­jy­rf­gj­dby­lcth­aby­ue,­jn­ghf­db­kf­cj­jå­ot­ybt­vj­kj­lsv­lt­dei­rfv­dct­uj­vb­hf­xt­htp­gjl­rfcn­Vté­le­yfhjl­yj­uj­jkbv­gbq­crj­uj­rj­vb­nt­nf:­≤Tc­kb­ds­ltqcn­db­ntkm­yj­xt­uj­nj­öj­nb­nt,­ds­dctu­lf­yfq­lt­nt­cgj­cjå­änj­uj­lj­cnbu­yenm.­Ckt­leq­nt­pf­cdjb­vb­vtx­nf­vb,­bvty­yj­c­ybö­yf­xb­yf­tn­cz­kñ­åfz­bc­nj­hbz≥.

–­Fktr­cfy­lhf­Få­åel

eJournal USA 13

G j­jrjy­xf­ybb­Jkbv­gbq­crbö­buh­d­fd­uec­nt­d­

Gt­rby­ghb­åe­ltn­dnj­hjq­äit­kjy­äkbn­ysö­cgjh­nc­vt­yjd­vb­hj­dj­uj­rkfc­cf.­Gjx­nb­4000­gf­hf­kbv­gbq­wtd­ghb­tlen­d­Rb­nfq­ghb­vth­yj­bp­140­cnhfy,­xnj­ås­lj­rf­pfnm­cdjt­vfc­nth­cn­dj­yf­ghj­öj­lz­obö­6–17­cty­nzå­hz­Gf­hf­kbv­gbq­crbö­bu­hfö.

Lt­dbp­Vté­le­yfhjl­yj­uj­gf­hf­kbv­gbq­crj­uj­ldb­ét­ybz­–­≤Leö­d­ldb­ét­ybb≥.­Änb­ckj­df­gt­ht­lf­ñn­wtkm­tuj­ecb­kbq­–­≤lfnm­cgjhnc­vt­yfv­kñ­åj­uj­ghj­bc­öjé­lt­ybz­djp­vjé­yjcnm­jåüt­lb­ybnm­cz­yf­jl­yjq­gkj­ofl­rt,­dljö­yjd­kzz­b­hf­lez­vbh­cdjb­vb­lj­cnb­ét­ybz­vb≥.

Vté­le­yf­hjl­ysq­gf­hf­kbv­gbq­crbq­rj­vb­ntn­(VGR),­åf­pb­heñ­obq­cz­d­Åjy­yt,­åt­htn­yf­xf­kj­c­jh­uf­yb­pj­dfy­ysö­d­1948­uj­le­d­Fy­ukbb­cj­htd­yj­df­ybq­lkz­hf­yt­ysö­dt­nt­hf­yjd­Dnj­hjq­vb­hj­djq­djq­ys.­Bu­hs­gj­jkbv­gbq­crj­ve­jå­hfp­we­lkz­cgjh­ncvt­yjd­by­df­kb­ljd­dgth­dst­ås­kb­ghj­dt­lt­ys­d­1960­uj­le,­f­r­1988­uj­le­Gf­hf­kbv­gbq­crbt­bu­hs­cnf­kb­ghj­dj­lbnm­dvtc­nt­c­Jkbv­gbq­crb­vb­bu­hf­vb,­pbv­yb­vb­b­ktn­yb­vb,­d­njv­ét­uj­hj­lt.

Wt­kb­änj­uj­ldb­ét­ybz­ds­öj­lzn­lf­kt­rj­pf­hfv­rb­wbr­kf­lde­öyt­ltkm­ysö­cj­htd­yj­df­ybq,­ghj­dj­lz­obö­cz­rfé­lst­ldf­uj­lf.­Ght­pb­ltyn­Vté­le­yfhjl­yj­uj­gf­hf­kbv­gbq­crj­uj­rj­vb­nt­nf­cäh­Ab­kbg­Rhtq­dty­uj­dj­hbn,­xnj­cgjhn­≤cjp­lf­tn­d­kñ­lzö­cnhtv­kt­ybt­åj­hjnm­cz­pf­ébpym­b­ébnm­gjk­yj­wty­yjq­ébp­ymñ≥.­Rhtq­dty,­ghb­rj­dfy­ysq­r­by­df­kbl­yjq­rj­kzc­rt­d­ht­pekm­nf­nt­yt­cxfc­nyj­uj­cke­xfz­d­ñyjc­nb,­exf­cn­dj­dfk­d­Gf­hf­kbv­gbq­crbö­bu­hfö­gznm­hfp.­Cdjt­vyt­ybt­jy­ds­crf­pfk­d­by­nth­dmñ­jab­wb­fkm­yj­ve­cfq­ne­gt­rby­crbö­Buh.

Gf­hf­kbv­gbq­crbq­rj­vb­ntn­CIF­ccs­kf­tn­cz­yf­bc­ckt­lj­df­ybz,­gj­rf­pfd­ibt,­xnj­ab­pb­xtc­rfz­fr­nbd­yjcnm­gj­vj­uf­tn­dctv­kñ­lzv­ébnm­kex­it­–­e­ybö­ekex­if­ñn­cz­jn­yj­it­ybz­b­rhtg­ytn­joe­ot­ybt­cdj­bö­lj­cnb­ét­ybq,­rj­nj­hjt­ds­öj­lbn­pf­hfv­rb­cj­åcn­dty­yj­ab­pb­xtc­rjq­fr­nbd­yjc­nb,­dkbzz­yf­dct­cnj­hj­ys­bö­ébp­yb.­Fvt­hb­rfy­crbt­gf­hf­kbv­gbq­ws,­döj­lz­obt­d­cj­cnfd­Jkbv­gbq­crj­uj­rj­vb­nt­nf­CIF,­öj­nzn­gt­ht­lfnm­änj­jå­hf­ot­ybt­21­vbk­kbj­ye­fvt­hb­rfy­crbö­by­df­kb­ljd,­e­rj­nj­hsö­ehj­dtym­ab­pb­xtc­rjq­fr­nbd­yjc­nb­jåsx­yj­yb­ét­chtl­yt­uj.

Gj­vb­vj­nht­yb­hj­djr­b­gjl­lth­érb,­jrf­ps­dft­vjq­äkbn­ysv­cgjh­ncvt­yfv,­rj­nj­hsv­ghtl­cnj­bn­cj­cnz­pfnm­cz­yf­vb­hj­djv­ehjd­yt,­fvt­hb­rfy­crbt­gf­hf­kbv­gbq­ws­cnht­vzn­cz­clt­kfnm­cgjhn­åj­ktt­lj­cneg­ysv­by­df­kb­lfv­yf­vtcn­yjv­ehjd­yt­c­wt­kmñ­cj­plfnm­r­2012­uj­le­cj­jn­dtn­cn­deñ­obt­ghj­uhfv­vs­d­250­uj­hj­lfö.

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eJournal USA 14

D­yf­xf­kt­2008­uj­lf­VGR­yf­xfk­ghj­uhfv­ve­≤Gf­hf­kbv­gbq­crbt­gj­cks≥,­yf­pyf­xbd­11­åsd­ibö­b­ys­yti­ybö­cgjh­ncvt­yjd­cdjb­vb­ghtl­cnf­db­nt­kz­vb,­rj­nj­hsv­gj­he­xt­yj­gj­ds­ifnm­jc­dt­ljv­kty­yjcnm­b­gj­yb­vf­ybt­Gf­hf­kbv­gbq­crj­uj­ldb­ét­ybz­cht­lb­vj­kj­lt­éb.

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Exfcn­yb­wf­cj­cnzpf­ybq­gf­hf­kbv­gbq­wtd­yf­by­df­kbl­ysö­rj­kzc­rfö­It­hb­Åkj­dt­yf­cnfh­nt­vf­hf­aj­yf­2008­uj­lf­d­Kjc­Fylét­kt­ct,­rj­nj­hsq­jyf­ds­bu­hf­kf­d­vfh­nt.­Pf­djt­dfd­pj­kj­neñ­vt­lfkm­yf­Gf­hf­kbv­gbq­crbö­bu­hfö­2004­uj­lf,­Åkj­dt­nt­gthm­exf­cn­detn­d­ghj­uhfv­vt­≤Gf­hf­kbv­gbq­crbt­gj­cks≥.

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uj­hjl­b­tuj­lj­cnj­ghbvt­xf­ntkm­yjc­nb­gj­nt­kt­db­lt­ybñ.

Tc­kb­uj­hjl­gj­ke­xbn­cnf­nec­vtc­nf­ghj­dt­lt­ybz­Jkbv­gbf­ls,­vjé­yj­c­edt­hty­yjc­nmñ­uj­dj­hbnm­j­njv,­xnj­d­ytv­yf­xytn­cz­vfc­infå­yjt­cnhjb­ntkm­cn­dj.­Cnhjb­ntkm­cn­dj­yj­dsö­cgjh­nbd­ysö­cj­jhe­ét­ybq­b­ujc­nb­ybx­ysö­rjv­gktr­cjd­lkz­cgjh­ncvt­yjd,­éeh­yf­kbc­njd­b­phb­nt­ktq­cnf­kj­yt­jnütv­kt­vjq­xfc­nmñ­jåz­pfy­yjc­ntq­uj­hj­ljd­jh­uf­yb­pf­nj­hjd­Jkbv­gbq­crbö­buh,­ghb­ukf­ifñ­obö­dtcm­vbh­yf­vt­hjg­hbz­nbt,­rj­nj­hjt­ghj­dj­lbn­cz­jlby­hfp­d­xt­ns­ht­uj­lf.­Kex­

ibt­fh­öb­ntr­nj­hs­vb­hf­lj­åb­df­ñn­cz­gj­ke­xt­ybz­pf­rf­pjd­b­bc­gjkm­pe­ñn­cf­vst­cvt­kst­b­yj­df­njh­crbt­vt­nj­ls­fh­öb­ntr­ne­hs­yf­it­uj­dht­vt­yb.­Cj­plf­dft­vst­bvb­cj­jhe­ét­ybz­jc­nf­ñn­cz­xfc­nmñ­cb­keä­nf­uj­hj­lf­b­cnf­yj­dzn­cz­gf­vzn­yb­rf­vb­änj­uj­lde­öyt­ltkm­yj­uj­cj­ås­nbz,­dj­dht­vz­rj­nj­hj­uj­dpukzl­kñ­ltq­dj­dctv­vb­ht­ghb­rj­dfy­r­jl­yj­ve­b­nj­ve­ét­eujk­re­gkf­yt­ns.­Gt­rby­crbq­jh­uf­yb­pf­wb­jy­ysq­rj­vb­ntn­Buh­ÖÖÈÖ­Jkbv­gbf­ls­(BOCOG)­gjl­lth­éfk­äne­nhf­lb­wbñ,­gj­cnhjbd­yt­crjkm­rj­yj­dsö­gj­nhz­cfñ­obö­cj­jhe­ét­ybq.­Bö­vjé­yj­edb­ltnm­yf­cnhf­yb­wfö­nt­re­ot­uj­ds­gec­rf­äktr­nhjy­yj­uj­éeh­yf­kf­dvtc­nt­c­ghb­vt­hf­vb­fh­öb­ntr­neh­ysö­it­ltd­hjd,­djp­dt­lty­ysö­d­lhe­ubö­vtc­nfö­ghj­dt­lt­ybz­Jkbv­gbq­crbö­buh­pf­gj­cktl­ybt­lt­cz­nb­kt­nbz.

Cyb­vjr­by­nt­hmt­hf­Djl­yj­uj­re­åf­clt­kfy­ghb­ghtl­df­hb­ntkm­yjv­jc­vjn­ht­cj­jhe­ét­ybz­jab­wb­fkm­ys­vb­kb­wf­vb­lj­tuj­gj­rf­pf­éeh­yf­kbc­nfv­d­zy­df­ht­2008­uj­lf.

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eJournal USA 15

Dt­xth­ybq­dbl­Yf­wbj­yfkm­yj­uj­cnf­lbj­yf­d­Gt­rb­yt,­rj­nj­hsq­åsk­gj­cnhj­ty­d­2008­uj­le­cgt­wb­fkm­yj­lkz­ghj­dt­lt­ybz­Jkbv­gbf­ls.­Åkf­uj­lf­hz­eyb­rfkm­yjq­fh­öb­ntr­ne­ht­tuj­yf­ps­df­ñn­≤gnb­xmbv­uytp­ljv≥.­Cnf­lb­jy­cnf­ytn­vtc­njv­ghj­dt­lt­ybz­wt­ht­vj­ybq­jn­rhs­nbz­b­pf­rhs­nbz­ktn­ybö­Jkbv­gbq­crbö­buh­2008­uj­lf­d­Gt­rb­yt,­f­nfr­ét­cj­htd­yj­df­ybq­gj­ktu­rjq­fn­kt­nb­rt.

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eJournal USA 16

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eJournal USA 17

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eJournal USA 18

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eJournal USA 19

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eJournal USA 20

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eJournal USA 24

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eJournal USA 26

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D­kñ­åjv­cke­xft­ghtl­gj­kf­uf­kjcm,­xnj­dj­dctö­nhtö­vfn­xfö­vs­ghj­bu­hf­tv,­gj­änj­ve­yf­yfc­jcj­åty­yj­yb­xt­uj­yt­lf­db­kj.­Rju­lf­jn­nt­åz­yb­xt­uj­yt­élen,­bu­hfnm­ktu­xt.­Yj­

d­nj­ét­dht­vz­yfv­öj­nt­kjcm­xnj­nj­lj­rf­pfnm.­Gj­vyñ,­rfr­d­gth­djv­vfn­xt­e­yfc­ås­kj­ght­bve­ot­cn­dj­ghj­nbd­Fh­uty­nb­ys.­Rj­vfy­lt­Fh­uty­nb­ys­jxtym­gj­dtp­kj.­Jyb­chfd­yz­kb­cxtn­–­1:1­–­pf­ldt­vb­ye­ns­lj­rjy­wf­bu­hs,­rj­nj­heñ­vs­ds­bu­hs­df­kb­c­gth­dj­uj­nfq­vf.­Nfr­xnj­vs­xenm­ås­kj­yt­lj­åb­kbcm­ec­gt­öf.

Dj­dnj­hjv­vfn­xt­vs­bu­hf­kb­c­öj­pzt­df­vb­–­Ñé­yjq­Rj­ht­tq.­Gj­­vjt­ve,­bu­hf­pf­rjy­xb­kfcm­cj­cxt­njv­0:0.­B­djn­vs­ds­öj­lbv­yf­nht­nbq­vfnx­ghj­nbd­Cj­dtn­crj­uj­Cj­ñpf.­Vs­pyf­kb,­xnj­jyb­jxtym­cbkm­ys,­b­e­ybö­d­cj­cnf­dt­ås­kb­ghj­atc­cbj­yfkm­yst­aen­åj­kbc­ns.­D­bnj­ut­vs­ghj­bu­hf­kb­cj­cxt­njv­4:2­rj­vfy­lt,­rj­nj­hfz­d­bnj­ut­dpz­kf­pj­kj­neñ­vt­lfkm.

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Yf ge nb r ec gt öe ås df tn vyj uj gj hf ét ybqNfå­Hf­vjc

Nfå­Hf­vjc­ghfp­lye­tn­gj­åtl­ysq­ujk­d­rdf­kb­ab­rf­wb­jy­yjv­vfn­xt­ab­yf­kf­xtv­gbj­yf­nf­vb­hf­d­1997­uj­le.

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åjkm­yfz­cåjh­yfz­CIF­dgth­dst­ec­gti­yj­cj­gth­yb­xf­kf­yf­ds­cj­rjv­vté­le­yfhjl­yjv­ehjd­yt.

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Änj­åsk­öj­hj­ibq­ehjr,­gf­vzn­ysq­d­cgjh­nt­b­ébp­yb.­Z­/dcgj­vb­yfñ­j­ytv,­rju­lf­bu­hfñ­c­cj­åcn­dty­ys­vb­ltnm­vb,­rj­nj­hst­ed­kt­rf­ñn­cz­aen­åj­kjv,­b­c­lhe­ub­vb­ltnm­vb,­rj­nj­hsö­nht­yb­heñ.­Le­vfñ,­ukfd­yfz­wtkm­–­clt­kfnm­dct,­yf­xnj­ns­cgj­cj­åty.­Änj­dct,­xt­uj­vjé­yj­jn­ct­åz­nht­åj­dfnm.

Z­pf­yb­vfk­cz­rj­vfy­lysv­db­ljv­cgjh­nf,­gj­änj­ve­vju­lt­kfnm­dct­jn­vt­yz­pf­db­cz­ott­njkm­rj­lkz­nj­uj,­xnj­ås­gj­vjxm­vj­tq­rj­vfy­lt­gj­åt­lbnm.­D­bnj­ut,­tc­kb­änj­uj­jrf­ps­df­tn­cz­yt­ljc­nf­njx­yj,­yf­cf­vjv­lt­kt,­vté­le­gj­åt­ljq­b­gj­hf­ét­yb­tv­yt­nf­rfz­eé­åjkm­ifz­hfp­yb­wf.­Tc­kb­ns­lt­kf­tim­dct­djp­vjé­yjt,­xnj­ås­gj­vjxm­cdj­tq­rj­vfy­lt,­ns­lj­kéty­änbv­ujh­lbnm­cz.

Ctq­xfc­gjl­hfc­nf­tn­vyj­uj­ht­åzn,­rj­nj­hst­vtx­nf­ñn­gj­ås­dfnm­yf­Jkbv­gbq­crbö­bu­hfö­bkb­d­jkbv­gbq­crjq­cåjh­yjq­CIF,­yj­bv­yt­elfcn­cz­ghj­åbnm­cz.­Lt­kj­yt­d­

njv,­xnj­jyb­yt­ljc­nf­njx­yj­cnf­hf­ñn­cz.­Ghj­cnj­e­ybö­yt­ödf­nf­tn­nf­kfy­nf­lkz­ds­cneg­kt­ybq­yf­nf­rjv­ehjd­yt.

Rj­ytx­yj,­rfé­lsq­öj­xtn­gj­åt­lbnm,­yj­gj­åt­lb­ntkm,­r­cj­éf­kt­ybñ,­ås­df­tn­njkm­rj­jlby.­Dct­jc­nfkm­yst­ghj­bu­hs­df­ñn.­Gjc­kt­ljk­ujq­rf­hmt­hs­d­aen­åj­kt­z­xfc­nj­uj­dj­hñ­lt­nzv,­rj­nj­hsö­nht­yb­heñ:­≤Z­ghj­bu­hfk­åjkm­it­buh,­xtv­ds­rju­lf­yb­åelm­ds­bu­hft­nt≥.­Änj­cdjq­cn­dty­yj­rfé­lj­ve­cgjh­ncvt­ye,­rj­nj­hsq­ds­itk­yf­ds­cj­rbq­ehj­dtym.­Yeé­yj­ghj­bu­hfnm­jxtym­vyj­uj­buh,­xnj­ås­gj­gfcnm­ne­lf.­Yt­yf­lj­bp­pf­änj­uj­cnhf­lfnm.­Hf­ljcnm­d­njv,­xnj­ås­pf­cnf­dbnm­ct­åz­ghb­kj­ébnm­tot­åjkm­it­ecb­kbq­d­ckt­leñ­obq­hfp.

Gj­ghfd­lt­uj­dj­hz,­z­yt­kñå­kñ­ghj­bu­hs­dfnm,­lf­ét­d­yf­cnjkm­ysö­bu­hfö,­gj­änj­ve­z­yt­uj­dj­hñ,­xnj­gj­hf­ét­ybz­lj­kéys­dfv­yhf­dbnm­cz.­Yj­yf­lj­exbnm­cz­bc­rec­cn­de­lj­åb­dfnm­cz­ec­gt­öf­gjc­kt­gj­hf­ét­ybz,­exbnm­cz­nj­ve,­xnj­dctu­lf­gj­åté­lfnm­yt­djp­vjé­yj,­yj­cnf­hfnm­cz­dct­hfd­yj­yf­lj.­■

Nfå­Hf­vjc­(ckt­df)­yf­gj­kt­d­Gf­hb­ét­d­1998­uj­le,­rju­lf­cåjh­yfz­CIF­ghj­bu­hf­kf­vfnx­Uth­vf­ybb­d­ab­yf­kt­xtv­gbj­yf­nf­vb­hf.

J­nf­åt­hf­vj­ct

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D­jkbv­gbq­crjq­cåjh­yjq­CIF•­ 1988,­Ct­ek:­veé­crfz­aen­åjkm­yfz­rj­vfy­lf.

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Ct ujl yz:­Hf­vjc,­cnfd­ibq­uhfé­lf­yb­yjv­CIF­d­1982­uj­le,­zd­kz­tn­cz­dkf­ltkm­wtv­b­he­rj­dj­lb­nt­ktv­Cgjh­nbd­yj­uj­wty­nhf­Nf­åf­Hf­vj­cf­d­Fåth­lb­yt,­infn­Ymñ­Léth­cb.­Ét­yfn,­bvt­tn­ldj­bö­lt­ntq.

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Yf­cb­kbt­–­änj­ct­hmtp­yfz­ghj­åkt­vf.­Rt­ybz­bp­dtcn­yf­rfr­vbh­yfz­cnhf­yf.­Jyf­dctu­lf­ås­kf­bltf­kjv­vb­hf­lkz­Fa­hb­rb.­Ärj­yj­vb­rf­hfp­db­df­kfcm­öj­hj­ij,­yj­dyt­pfg­yj­cnjkr­yjdt­ybz­dj­dht­vz­ds­åj­hjd­gj­dth­ye­kb­dct­d­byeñ­cnj­hj­ye.­Änj­åtc­gj­rj­bn­vt­yz,­gj­nj­ve­xnj­änj­pf­nhf­ub­df­tn­åt­pj­gfc­yjcnm­vj­bö­lhe­ptq,­dctö­uhfé­lfy­cnhf­ys­b­vj­bö­hjl­cn­dty­yb­rjd­yf­hj­lb­yt.­Vjz­ct­vmz­lj­cbö­gjh­éb­dtn­d­Rt­ybb,­b­änj­vt­yz­åtc­gj­rj­bn.

Tc­kb­le­vfnm­j­öj­hj­itv,­z­dt­hñ,­xnj­änb­ghj­åkt­vs­åe­len­hfp­ht­it­ys,­b­Rt­ybz­cyj­df­cnf­ytn­vbh­yjq­cnhf­yjq.­■

Åth­yfh­Kf­ufn­ds­bu­hs­df­tn­ct­htå­hz­yeñ­vt­lfkm­d­pf­åt­ut­yf­lbc­nfy­wbñ­1500­v,­ec­ne­gbd­kbim­Öb­if­ve­Äkm­Uth­he­ée­yf­Jkbv­gbq­crbö­bu­hfö­d­Fab­yfö­d­2004­uj­le.­Kf­ufn­jn­cnfk­jn­gj­åt­lb­nt­kz­dct­uj­yf­0,12­ct­rey­ls.

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eJournal USA 32

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zn­yj­ghj­dtc­nb­dht­vz­cj­cdjb­vb­lhe­pmz­vb,­cyznm­cnhtcc.­Z­cåbk­cz­c­vfh­ihe­nf­d­vtc­nt,­lj­rj­nj­hj­uj­vjb­lhe­pmz­yt­cvju­kb­lj­åhfnm­cz.­Tlby­cn­dty­ysq­cgj­cjå­cgfc­nb­ébpym­pf­rkñ­xfk­cz­d­ckt­lj­df­ybb­pf­nt­xt­yb­tv­ht­rb­–­b­z­lt­kfk­änj­lj­ntö­gjh,­gj­rf­vjq­cyt­uj­öjl­yt­pf­éf­kj­vté­le­lde­vz­df­ke­yf­vb.­Z­gj­gs­nfk­cz­tuj­ds­nf­obnm,­yj­gj­crjkmp­yek­cz­b­egfk­d­dj­le.­Gjc­kt­änj­uj­z­gj­yzk,­xnj­vjt­gj­kj­ét­ybt­ltqcn­db­ntkm­yj­ct­hmtp­yj,­b­z­r­änj­ve­yt­uj­njd.­Gfkm­nj,­gth­xfn­rb,­ifg­rf,­cgbx­rb­–­yb­xt­uj­änj­uj­e­vt­yz­c­cj­åjq­yt­ås­kj.­Vyt­ghb­ikjcm­ghj­dtc­nb­nfr­dcñ­yjxm,­f­r­en­he­ntv­gt­hf­ne­hf­egf­kf­lj­–31,5­uhf­le­cjd­gj­Wtkm­cbñ.­Z­pf­cnhzk­nfv­yf­18­xf­cjd.

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Bpj dctö cbkHe­kjy­Ufh­lyth

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eJournal USA 33

Z­vkfl­ibq­bp­lt­dz­nb­lt­ntq­d­cdj­tq­ct­vmt,­f­rju­lf­e­nt­åz­dj­ctvm­åhf­nmtd­b­ctc­nth­–­yeé­yj­pyfnm,­rnj­ns,­xt­uj­ns­öj­xtim­b­xt­uj­cj­åb­hf­tim­cz­lj­åbnm­cz­d­ébp­yb.­Yeé­yj­cnfnm­jcj­åty­ysv.­Tlby­cn­dty­ysq­cgj­cjå­clt­kfnm­änj­–­yb­rju­lf­yt­nt­hznm­wt­kt­ec­nhtv­kty­yjcnm.

D­ñyjv­djp­hfc­nt­z­åsk­yt­jxtym­öj­hj­ibv­åjh­wjv.­Vjq­åhfn,­rj­nj­hsq­yf­itc­nyfl­wfnm­vt­cz­wtd­cnfh­it,­gj­cnj­zy­yj­gj­åté­lfk­vt­yz­d­cnfh­ibö­rkfc­cfö,­yj­z­ghj­ljk­éfk­hf­åj­nfnm,­b­d­ds­gec­ryjv­rkfc­ct­ds­bu­hfk­gth­dty­cn­dj­inf­nf.

Jl­yfé­ls­dj­dht­vz­ext­ås­d­rjk­kt­lét­z­crf­pfk­ct­åt:­≤E­nt­åz­tcnm­ifyc­gj­töfnm­yf­Jkbv­gbq­crbt­bu­hs≥.­Z­gj­levfk­jå­änjv­b­crf­pfk­ct­åt,­xnj­rfé­lsq­ltym­z­lj­k­éty­ds­rkf­ls­dfnm­cz­yf­dct­cnj,­xnj­ås­htf­kb­pj­dfnm­cdjq­gj­nty­wb­fk.­Z­yt­cj­åb­hfk­cz­ébnm­dgjk­cb­ks­–­z­cj­åb­hfk­cz­clt­kfnm­dct,­xnj­vju.

Rju­lf­z­yf­xfk­nht­yb­hj­dfnm­cz­lkz­ds­cneg­kt­ybq­d­cj­cnf­dt­jkbv­gbq­crjq­cåjh­yjq,­xtv­gbj­yjv­CIF­d­cdth­önz­ét­kjv­dt­ct­åsk­Vän­Ufa­af­hb.­Jy­pf­yzk­dnj­hjt­vtc­nj­yf­Jkbv­gbq­crbö­bu­hfö­1996­uj­lf,­f­d­1998­uj­le­cnfk­dnj­hsv­yf­xtv­gbj­yf­nt­vb­hf.­Jy­åsk­cbkm­ytt­vt­yz,­yj­z­ghj­ljk­éfk­dcnf­dfnm­rfé­lsq­ltym­b­uj­dj­hbnm­ct­åt:­≤Djp­vjé­yj,­ns­yt­cvj­étim­gj­åt­lbnm­tuj­ct­ujl­yz­bkb­pfd­nhf,­yj­rju­lf­yb­åelm­ns­cvj­étim­tuj­gj­åt­lbnm,­lt­kfq­lkz­änj­uj­dct­rfé­lsq­ltym≥.­Bvty­yj­änj­pf­cnfd­kz­kj­vt­yz­cnf­yj­dbnm­cz­kex­it.

Ctq­xfc­z­xfc­nj­hfp­uj­df­hb­dfñ­c­ltnm­vb­b­uj­dj­hñ­bv,­xnj­e­ybö­tcnm­ifyc­gj­gfcnm­yf­Jkbv­gbq­crbt­bu­hs.­Jyb­cvjn­hzn­yf­vt­yz­b­uj­dj­hzn:­≤Ds­ie­nb­nt≥?­Z­ghj­cnj­hfc­crf­ps­dfñ­bv,­rfr­z­änj­clt­kfk.­Dtcm­dj­ghjc­–­dj­dyen­hty­ytv­jcjp­yf­ybb­nj­uj,­xnj­ns­vj­étim­cnfnm­cbkm­ysv.

Rju­lf­z­töfk­yf­Jkbv­gbf­le,­z­öj­ntk­ghtl­cnfd­kznm­CIF,­z­öj­ntk­ghtl­cnfd­kznm­rfé­lj­uj­xt­kj­dt­rf­d­yf­itq­cnhf­yt,­lf­dfz­tve­gj­djl­lkz­ujh­ljc­nb.­Änj­nj,­xnj­gj­åeé­lf­tn­cgjh­ncvt­yjd­

jkbv­gbq­wtd­cj­htd­yj­dfnm­cz.­Lt­kj­yt­d­pf­djt­df­ybb­vt­lf­ktq.­Ukfd­yjt­–­djp­vjé­yjcnm­ghtl­cnfd­kznm­cdjñ­cnhf­ye­b­kñ­åbnm­nj­vtc­nj,­ult­ns­ds­hjc.­■

He­kjy­Ufh­lyth,­xfc­nj­ds­cne­gfñ­obq­gt­htl­vj­kj­ljq­felb­nj­hb­tq,­exf­cn­detn­d­pf­yz­nb­zö­lkz­åjh­wjd­d­djp­hfc­nyjq­rf­nt­uj­hbb­jn­5­lj­18­ktn.

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Jkbv gbq crbq xtv gb jy d cj cnf dt cåjh yjq CIF•­ 2000­ujl,­Cbl­ytq:­pj­kj­nfz­vt­lfkm­–­uht­rj­hbv­crfz­åjhm­åf,­by­lb­db­le­fkm­yjt­gth­dty­cn­dj,­dt­cj­dfz­rf­nt­uj­hbz­130­ru•­ 2004­ujl,­Fab­ys:­åhjy­pj­dfz­vt­lfkm­–­uht­rj­hbv­crfz­åjhm­åf,­by­lb­db­le­fkm­yjt­gth­dty­cn­dj,­dt­cj­dfz­rf­nt­uj­hbz­130­ru

2001­ujl­–­≤Xt kj dtr uj lf≥­gj­dth­cbb­Fvt­hb­rfy­crjq­fc­cj­wbf­wbb­åjhm­ås

D yf cnjz ott dht vz:­Ufh­lyth­–­jå­ot­cn­dty­ysq­ltz­ntkm­b­fd­njh­fd­nj­åb­ju­hf­abb­≤B­lb­dgt­htl,­yt­jc­nf­yfd­kb­df­zcm≥.­Yf­Jkbv­gbq­crbö­bu­hfö­2008­uj­lf­d­Gt­rb­yt­jy­åe­ltn­exf­cn­dj­dfnm­d­rf­xt­cn­dt­hf­lbj­rjv­vty­nf­nj­hf.

eJournal USA 34

Xed cn dj dj lsLéf­ytn­Ädfyc

Gj­ke­xbd­gznm­jkbv­gbq­crbö­yf­uhfl,­Léf­ytn­Ädfyc­clt­kf­kf­

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cf­vsv­ukfd­ysv.

R ju­lf­z­yf­xf­kf­pf­yb­vfnm­cz­cgjh­njv,­z­ås­kf­yt­nf­rjq­ds­cj­rjq,­rfr­lhe­ubt­lt­nb,­gj­änj­ve­vyt­dctu­lf­uj­dj­hb­kb,­xnj­z­ckbi­rjv­vf­kf­lkz­nj­uj,­

xnj­ås­gj­åté­lfnm­d­gkf­df­ybb.F­gj­­vjt­ve,­änj­yt­bvt­kj­yb­rf­rj­uj­pyf­xt­ybz.­Z­pyf­kf,­

xnj­e­vt­yz­tcnm­cgj­cjå­yjc­nb­b­ét­kf­ybt,­b­ghj­cnj­le­vf­kf,­

xnj­vj­ue­bö­htf­kb­pj­dfnm.­Lf­ét­rju­lf­z­ås­kf­cj­dctv­vf­ktym­rjq,­vt­yz­yt­by­nt­ht­cj­df­kj,­xnj­jåj­vyt­uj­dj­hzn­bkb­le­vf­ñn,­gj­nj­ve­xnj­z­pyf­kf,­yf­xnj­cgj­cjå­yf.

Vyt­ghb­öj­lb­kjcm­cnfk­rb­dfnm­cz­c­cjv­ytybz­vb­yf­cdjq­cxtn­dct­dht­vz,­gj­rf­z­ås­kf­ñybj­hjv­–­d­10,­11,­12­ktn,­dct­dht­vz.­Dcñ­le,­ult­z­ås­kf,­vyt­ghb­öj­lb­kjcm­cj­htd­yj­dfnm­cz­c­lt­dei­rf­vb,­rj­nj­hst­ås­kb­ds­it­vt­yz­hjc­njv­Yj­z­ås­kf­jxtym­lbc­wbg­kb­yb­hj­df­yf.­Ct­vmz­jrf­ps­df­kf­vyt­uhj­vfl­yeñ­gjl­lth­ére.­E­vt­yz­ås­kb­dt­kb­rbt­nht­yt­hs.­E­vt­yz­ås­kf­jn­kbx­yfz­ntö­yb­rf.­E­vt­yz­ås­kj­ght­rhfc­yjt­xed­cn­dj­dj­ls.­B­cf­vjt­ukfd­yjt­–­z­vyj­uj­hf­åj­nf­kf.

Yf­vj­tq­gth­djq­Jkbv­gbf­lt­d­1988­uj­le­vyt­ås­kj­17­ktn,­f­vjq­hjcn­cj­cnfd­kzk­5­ae­njd­(1,5­v).­Z­cj­htd­yj­df­kfcm­c­lt­dei­rf­vb­bp­Dj­cnjx­yjq­Uth­vf­ybb,­chtl­ybq­hjcn­rj­nj­hsö­åsk­5­ae­njd­10­lñq­vjd­(1,75­v).

Léf­ytn­Ädfyc­ds­cne­gf­tn­yf­ktn­ybö­Jkbv­gbq­crbö­bu­hfö­1996­uj­lf­d­Fn­kfy­nt,­rj­nj­hst­jyf­yf­ps­df­tn­­cdj­tq­≤ukfd­yjq­Jkbv­gbf­ljq­–­yt­cvjn­hz­yf­jn­cen­cn­dbt­vt­lf­ktq≥

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Gj­vb­vj­ght­jlj­kt­ybz­ghj­åktv­c­hjc­njv,­z­gj­yz­kf­–­rfr­gjc­kt­cdj­bö­yt­elfx,­rj­nj­hsö­e­vt­yz­ås­kj­jxtym­vyj­uj,­nfr­b­gjc­kt­cdj­bö­ec­gt­öjd­–­xnj­z­vj­ue­clt­kfnm­dct,­yf­xnj­z­yf­cnhj­ñcm.

Nf­rfz­ec­nf­yjd­rf­ås­kf­e­vt­yz­yf­gth­dsö­ldeö­Jkbv­gbf­lfö­–­d­1988­b­1992­uj­lfö.­Z­le­vf­kf,­xnj­tc­kb­z­tle­yf­Jkbv­gbf­le­yt­gj­åté­lfnm,­z­–­yt­elfx­yb­wf.­Z­yb­rju­lf­yt­jc­

nf­yfd­kb­df­kfcm­b­yt­uj­dj­hb­kf­ct­åt:­≤Åj­ét­vjq,­lf­ét­ghtl­cnfd­kznm­cdjñ­cnhf­ye­yf­Jkbv­gbf­lt­–­änj­eét­gj­xtn­yj≥.­D­1988­uj­le­z­ds­bu­hf­kf­nhb­pj­kj­nsö­vt­lf­kb.­D­1992­uj­le­z­ds­bu­hf­kf­pj­kj­nj­b­ct­htå­hj,­yj­vjz­ct­htå­hz­yfz­vt­lfkm­vt­yz­jxtym­hf­pj­xf­hj­df­kf.­Nju­lf­z­cxb­nf­kf,­xnj­cvsck­exfc­nbz­d­Jkbv­gbf­lt­–­njkm­rj­gj­åt­lf.

D­1996­uj­le,­rju­lf­Bu­hs­ghj­dj­lb­kbcm­d­Fn­kfy­nt,­infn­Léjhlébz,­e­vt­yz­åsk­tlby­cn­dty­ysq­d­vj­tq­jkbv­gbq­crjq­rf­hmt­ht­ifyc­ds­cne­gbnm­jn­bvt­yb­cdj­tq­cnhf­ys­e­ct­åz­yf­hj­lb­yt.­Vyt­ås­kj­24­uj­lf,­f­nju­lf­änjn­djp­hfcn­d­gkf­df­ybb­cxb­nfk­cz­ght­rkjy­ysv.­Z­yt­ås­kf­d­af­dj­hb­nfö,­yj­ghj­ljk­éf­kf­åj­hjnm­cz.­Lf­ét­gj­gf­lf­ybt­d­jkbv­gbq­creñ­cåjh­yeñ­ås­kj­lkz­vt­yz­pyf­xb­ntkm­yj­åjkm­ibv­bc­gs­nf­yb­tv,­xtv­hfym­it.

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J­Léf­ytn­Ädfyc

Lf­nf­hjé­lt­ybz:­28­fd­uec­nf­1971­uj­lfVtc­nj­hjé­lt­ybz:­Gkf­cty­nbz­(infn­Rf­kb­ajh­ybz),­CIF

Jkbv gbq crbq xtv gb jy d cj cnf dt cåjh yjq CIF•­ ­1988­ujl,­Ct­ek:­pj­kj­nst­vt­lf­kb­–­gkf­df­ybt­djkm­

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•­ ­1992­ujl,­Åfh­ct­kj­yf:­pj­kj­nfz­vt­lfkm­–­djkm­ysq­­cnbkm­yf­lbc­nfy­wbb­800­v;­ct­htå­hz­yfz­vt­lfkm­–­djkm­ysq­cnbkm­yf­lbc­nfy­wbb­400­v.

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eJournal USA 37

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eJournal USA 40

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eJournal USA 43

rfé­leñ­vb­ye­ne,­åsc­nhj­ldb­ufnm­cz.­Yf­lj­cj­ukf­cj­ds­dfnm­c­rjk­kt­uf­vb,­rj­ve­rf­rbt­cj­htd­yj­df­ybz­jc­dt­ofnm,­åt­ufnm­pf­fd­nj­åe­cf­vb­vté­le­gkj­ofl­rf­vb,­yj­cbnm­gjh­nfnbd­ysq­rjv­gmñ­nth­b­lhe­ueñ­ntö­yb­re,­rj­nj­hfz­c­rfé­lsv­xf­cjv­cnf­yj­dbn­cz­dct­nz­ét­ktt.­Vyt­nfr­ét­ghb­öj­lb­kjcm­ds­bc­rb­dfnm­dht­vz­lkz­pf­gb­cb­tétl­ytd­yj­uj­pde­rj­dj­uj­åñk­kt­nt­yz­cfq­nf­≤J­ukj­åj≥­(www.oglobo.com.br)­jåj­dctv,­xnj­z­jc­dt­ofk­d­njn­ltym.­Ult­nj­d­ghj­vt­éen­rfö­z­gs­nfk­cz­tot­b­gj­tcnm,­b­gj­pdj­ybnm­lj­vjq­ét­yt,­Df­ybb.

Ltym­pf­rfy­xb­df­tn­cz­jå­obv­eéb­yjv­c­rjk­kt­uf­vb,­f­gj­nfnm,­xnj­ås­gjl­uj­nj­dbnm­cz­r­jxt­htl­yj­ve­lyñ­éeh­yf­kbcn­crj­uj­vf­hf­aj­yf.

Rju­lf­z­ghb­töfk­d­Fab­ys,­e­vt­yz­eét­åsk­cgb­cjr­cj­htd­yj­df­ybq,­rj­nj­hst­yf­lj­jc­dt­nbnm,­bc­öj­lz­bp­vjt­uj­éeh­yf­kbcn­crj­uj­jgs­nf­b­ntö­db­ljd­cgjh­nf,­d­rj­nj­hsö­vju­kb­åktc­yenm­åhf­pbkmc­rbt­cgjh­ncvt­ys.

Vj­tq­gth­dj­jxt­htl­yjq­pf­lf­xtq­ås­kb­djkm­yst­eg­hfé­yt­ybz­d­ubv­yfc­nb­rt.­Åhf­pb­kbz­yf­ltz­kfcm,­xnj­pj­kj­neñ­vt­lfkm­gj­ke­xbn­Lf­qf­yt­lei­Cfy­nei,­rj­nj­hfz­d­2003­uj­le­cnf­kf­xtv­gb­jy­rjq­vb­hf.­R­cj­éf­kt­ybñ,­Lf­qf­yt­nhfd­vb­hj­df­kf­yj­ue­b­pf­dth­ib­kf­ab­yfkm­yst­cj­htd­yj­df­ybz­yf­gz­njv­vtc­nt,­egec­nbd­nf­reñ­ét­kfy­yeñ­pj­kj­neñ­vt­lfkm.­Lkz­åhf­pbkm­wtd­änj­ås­kj­cf­vsv­åjkm­ibv­hf­pj­xf­hj­df­yb­tv­yf­faby­crbö­Bu­hfö.

Gjc­kt­hfcc­nhjq­cn­df­c­ubv­yfc­nb­rjq­d­gth­deñ­yt­lt­kñ­vj­tq­ukfd­yjq­pf­lf­xtq­yf­dnj­heñ­yt­lt­kñ­ås­kj­jc­dt­ot­ybt­ds­cneg­kt­ybq­åhf­pbkmc­rjq­veé­crjq­dj­ktq­åjkm­yjq­rj­vfy­ls.­D­njn­vj­vtyn­cj­cnzpf­ybq­Åhf­pb­kbz­ås­kf­yf­ge­nb­r­ab­yf­ke,­bu­hfz­c­Bnf­kb­tq.­Cnfd­rb­lkz­rj­vfy­ls­ås­kb­ds­cj­rb.­Åhf­pb­kbz­d­1992­uj­le­pf­djt­df­kf­pj­kj­neñ­vt­lfkm­d­veé­crjv­dj­ktq­åj­kt,­b­dct­yf­ltz­kbcm­yf­gj­dnj­ht­ybt­änj­uj­ht­pekm­nf­nf.­Vfnx­åsk­ltqcn­db­ntkm­yj­jxtym­yf­ghz­éty­ysv,­yj­Åhf­pb­kbz­ds­bu­hf­kf­ab­yfk­cj­cxt­njv­3:1­b­dpz­kf­pj­kj­nj.

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Änjn­hfc­crfp­hfc­rhs­df­tn­jl­ye­ghj­åkt­ve,­rj­nj­heñ­ds­yeé­lt­ys­ht­ifnm­dct­cgjh­nbd­yst­éeh­yf­kbc­ns­yf­vté­le­yf­hjl­ysö­cj­htd­yj­df­yb­zö,­–­åf­kfyc­vté­le­ghj­atc­cbj­yfkm­ys­vb­jåz­pfy­yjc­nz­vb­b­cj­åcn­dty­ys­vb­ävj­wbz­vb.­Z­éeh­yf­kbcn,­yj­ghb­änjv­tot­b­åhf­pb­ktw.­Gj­änj­ve,­jc­dt­ofz­cj­htd­yj­df­ybz,­z,­rj­ytx­yj,­yf­ltñcm,­xnj­åhf­pbkmc­rbt­cgjh­ncvt­ys­gj­åt­lzn.­D­nj­ét­dht­vz­z­yf­öj­éecm­pltcm­yt­d­rf­xt­cn­dt­åj­ktkm­ob­rf.­Yf­ghj­nz­ét­ybb­cdj­tq­rf­hmt­hs­z­yf­exbk­cz­lth­éfnm­ct­åz­d­he­rfö­b­ckt­lbnm­pf­cj­htd­yj­df­ybz­vb­rfr­yf­åkñ­lf­ntkm,­fr­rht­lb­nj­dfy­ysq­uf­pt­njq­lkz­yf­gb­cf­ybz­vf­nt­hbf­kjd­j­njv,­xnj­z­edb­ltk.­Gb­cfnm­–­änj­vjq­ljku.­Rju­lf­z­gb­ie­lkz­uf­pt­ns,­z­rfr­ås­exf­cn­deñ­d­bc­nj­hbb,­hfc­crf­ps­dfñ­j­njv,­rfr­ds­ukz­lbn­vjz­cnhf­yf­yf­dct­vbh­yjv­ghfp­lyb­rt­–­jkbv­gbq­crbö­cj­cnzpf­yb­zö.­■

Xkt­ys­åhf­pbkmc­rjq­dj­ktq­åjkm­yjq­rj­vfy­ls­ghfp­lye­ñn­gj­åt­le­yfl­Bnf­kb­tq­d­vfn­xt­pf­pj­kj­nst­vt­lf­kb­d­Fab­yfö.

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eJournal USA 44

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crjq­cnj­kb­wt­d­chtl­cn­df­vfc­cj­djq­by­ajh­vf­wbb­lhe­ubö­cnhfy.­Kbim­yt­vyj­ubt­cj­nhel­yb­rb­pf­gfl­yj­uj­nt­kt­db­lt­ybz,­hf­lbj­b­gt­xfn­ysö­CVB­hfp­uj­df­hb­df­kb­yf­vtcn­yjv­zps­rt.

Gj­änj­ve­kñ­åfz­gj­tp­lrf­yf­nfr­cb­ås­kf­ghb­rkñ­xt­yb­tv.­Vf­ib­ys­ås­kb­vf­ktym­rbt,­dj­lb­nt­kb­d­åt­ksö­gth­xfn­rfö­gj­cnj­zy­yj­eks­åf­kbcm­gfc­cf­éb­hfv,­dvtc­nj­nj­uj­xnj­ås­cvjn­htnm­yf­lj­hj­ue­gt­htl­cj­åjq.

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Lde­vz­lyz­vb­hfym­it­dct­bc­gb­cf­kb­rb­gs­åe­vf­ub,­hfc­crf­ps­dfz­j­dt­kb­xfq­itv­pf­åt­ut­d­bc­nj­hbb­cgjh­nf.­Léjy­cj­yf­bpjå­hf­éf­kb­rfr­xe­lj­cgjh­ncvt­yf,­dj­cöb­of­zcm­39­ju­hjv­ys­vb­if­uf­vb,­rj­nj­hst­gt­ht­vtc­nb­kb­tuj­jn­cnfh­nj­dj­uj­gbc­nj­kt­nf­r­ab­yb­ie­b­pj­kj­njq­vt­lf­kb­yf­cnj­vtn­hjd­rt.­B­djn­dct­gj­ikj­ghf­öjv.

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Léjy­cj­yf­gjq­vf­kb­c­gj­kbx­ysv,­gj­nj­ve­xnj­yj­dfz­ntö­yj­kj­ubz­lj­gbyu­rjy­nhj­kz­gj­pdj­kz­kf­åj­ktt­njx­yj­ec­nf­yfd­kb­dfnm­afr­ns­ghb­vt­yt­ybz­pf­ght­oty­ysö­ght­gf­hf­njd.­Gjc­kt­gj­pj­hf­Léjy­cj­yf­lj­gbyu­cnfk­ghb­vt­yznm­cz­dct­ib­ht,­ghb­xtv­pf­änbv­lj­kéys­ås­kb­gj­cgt­dfnm­ntö­yb­xtc­rbt­chtl­cn­df­lkz­ds­zd­kt­ybz­lj­gby­uf.­D­gj­pjh­yjv­cgbc­rt­jrf­pf­kjcm­vyj­uj­pyf­vt­yb­nsö,­f­nt­gthm­åtc­ckfd­ysö­bvty­–­fvt­hb­rfy­crfz­åt­ue­ymz­Vä­hb­jy­Léjyc,­fvt­hb­rfy­crfz­åt­ue­ymz­yf­rj­hjn­rbt­lbc­nfy­wbb­Rtk­kb­Efqn­b­fy­ukbq­crbq­cghby­nth­Le­äqy­Xtv­åthc.­Uht­xtc­rbt­cghby­nt­hs­Rjc­nfc­Rty­nt­hbc­b­Rf­nt­hb­yf­Af­ye­jgj­pj­hb­kb­cdjñ­cnhf­ye,­rju­lf­er­kj­yb­kbcm­jn­ghj­dth­rb­d­Fab­yfö­d­2004­uj­le­b­yt­gjc­htl­cn­dty­yj­gt­htl­Jkbv­gbf­ljq­nf­by­cn­dty­yj­ds­ås­kb­bp­cj­htd­yj­df­ybq.

Yf­Jkbv­gbq­crbö­bu­hfö­2004­uj­lf­d­Fab­yfö­ås­kj­ds­zd­kt­yj­24­yf­he­it­ybz­dj­dctö­lbc­wbg­kb­yfö,­b­ytn­cjv­ytybq­d­njv,­xnj­b­lhe­ubt­åe­len­gs­nfnm­cz­jå­vf­yenm­cbc­nt­ve­d­åe­le­otv.­B­dct­ét­jn­hzl­cgt­wbf­kbc­njd,­ghj­dj­lz­obö­ghj­dth­rb­yf­lj­gbyu,­gj­öj­ét,­ghb­åkb­éf­tn­cz­r­nj­ve,­xnj­ås­bp­åf­dbnm­Jkbv­gbq­crbt­bu­hs­jn­ght­gf­hf­njd,­rj­nj­hst­cgj­cjå­cn­deñn­pf­ds­it­ybñ­cgjh­nbd­ysö­ht­pekm­nf­njd.­■

Rf­yfl­crj­uj­cghby­nt­hf­Åt­yf­Léjy­cj­yf­d­ct­ekmc­rjv­fä­hjgjh­ne­≤Rbv­gj≥­jr­he­éb­kb­éeh­yf­kbc­ns,­rju­lf­jy­gs­nfk­cz­gj­rb­yenm­cnhf­ye.­VJR­kb­ibk­Léjy­cj­yf­pj­kj­njq­vt­lf­kb­pf­gj­åt­le­yf­lbc­nfy­wbb­100­v­gjc­kt­nj­uj,­rfr­ntc­ns­gj­rf­pf­kb,­xnj­jy­ghb­vt­yzk­cnt­hjb­ls.

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Gj­chfd­yt­ybñ­c­ct­ujl­yzi­ybv­lytv­cdzpm­ås­kf­ju­hf­yb­xty­yjq.­Xnj­ås­cdz­pfnm­cz­c­ht­lfr­wb­tq,­vyt­ghb­ikjcm­bc­rfnm­nt­kt­ajy­c­vté­le­yfhjl­yjq­kb­yb­tq,­nj­ét­cf­vjt­lt­kf­kb­b­lhe­ubt­éeh­yf­kbc­ns,­cj­åhfd­ibt­cz­cj­dct­uj­cdt­nf.­Gj­nhtå­yjcnm­d­nt­kt­aj­yfö­ås­kf­ju­hjv­yjq,­änj­ås­kj­ukfd­ysv­ght­gzn­cn­dbtv­d­xhtp­ds­xfq­yjq­jå­cnf­yjd­rt.­Yb­jl­yjq­nt­kt­ajy­yjq­åel­rb­djp­kt­Jkbv­gbq­crjq­lt­htd­yb­yt­jrf­pf­kjcm.­Nfv,­gj­fl­ht­ce­Rjy­yjk­kb­inhfc­ct­31,­fhfå­crbt­nth­hj­hbc­ns­lth­éf­kb­d­pf­kjé­yb­rfö­11­bp­hf­bkmc­rbö­cgjh­ncvt­yjd.

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Yj­jy­tot­yt­pf­rjy­xbk­cz,­lf­kt­rj­yt­pf­rjy­xbk­cz.­Xt­htp­xfc­cj­pdf­kb­yj­deñ­ght­cc­rjy­at­hty­wbñ.­Yf­ctq­hfp­bc­nj­hbz­jrf­pf­kfcm­cj­dth­ity­yj­lhe­ujq­–­yb­rj­uj­yt­cgfc­kb.­Dct­gj­ubå­kb,­cj­jå­ob­kb­yfv.­Åer­dfkm­yj­xt­htp­yt­crjkm­rj­vb­yen­yf­cne­gb­kf­pf­hz.

Z­yf­itk­cnjk,­yf­rj­nj­hjv­yf­gb­cfk­vf­nt­hb­fk,­f­rju­lf­vjq­jn­ltk­ghb­itk­yf­hf­åj­ne,­ghj­lbr­nj­dfk­jrj­kj­1000­ckjd­j­cf­vjq­lkby­yjq­jgt­hf­wbb,­rf­reñ­z­pyfk.­Rfr­b­vyj­ubt­lhe­ubt­éeh­yf­kbc­ns,­z­ds­yeé­lty­åsk­ltqcn­dj­dfnm­gj­jå­cnf­yjd­rt.­Änj­cdb­lt­ntkm­cn­djdf­kj­j­njv,­xnj­ehj­rb,­rj­nj­hst­z­ec­dj­bk,­rju­lf­åsk­cnf­ét­hjv,­jc­nf­ñn­cz­d­cb­kt­b­d­yf­ghz­éty­yjq­cb­nef­wbb.

Vñy­öty­crbt­bu­hs­dj­pjåyj­db­kbcm­b­ås­kb­ghj­lkt­ys­yf­ltym.­Nt,­rnj­yf­ybö­gj­ås­dfk,­yb­rju­lf­bö­yt­pf­åe­len.­Gj­cktl­cn­dbz­c­njx­rb­pht­ybz­åt­pj­gfc­yjc­nb­ås­kb­jxt­dbl­ys:­jkbv­gbq­crj­ve­yf­cnhjñ­ghtl­cnjz­kj­cj­ce­ot­cn­dj­dfnm­c­ecb­kty­yjq­jö­hf­yjq.­Änj­yt­bp­åté­yj.­Jl­yj­vjé­yj­njx­yj­crf­pfnm­j­Vñy­öt­yt­1972­uj­lf.­Ghj­bpj­itl­itt­nfv­jght­ltkb­kj­öf­hfr­nth­gkf­yb­hj­df­ybz­dctö­gj­cktl­eñ­obö­Jkbv­gb­fl,­nfr­åe­ltn­b­dghtlm.­■

Ldf­dth­nj­kt­nf­yt­vtw­rjq­gj­kb­wbb­yf­dpktn­yjq­gj­kj­ct­fdbf­åf­ps­d­Añh­cnty­atkml­åhe­rt­gjc­kt­nj­uj,­rfr­bö­bc­gjkm­pj­df­kb­lkz­gt­ht­djp­rb­dj­jhe­éty­ysö­nth­hj­hbc­njd­b­bp­hf­bkmc­rbö­pf­kjé­yb­rjd­bp­jkbv­gbq­crjq­rj­vfy­ls.­Dth­nj­ktn­yf­gt­ht­lytv­gkf­yt­åsk­eybx­nj­éty­dphs­djv­hex­yjq­uhf­yf­ns,­åhj­ity­yjq­jl­ybv­bp­nth­hj­hbc­njd,­rj­nj­hsq,­gj­­db­lb­vj­ve,­ghtl­gj­xtk­cf­vj­eåbq­cn­dj­gkt­ye.­Gj­ubå­kb­jlby­yfl­wfnm­bp­hf­bkm­nzy­b­jlby­yt­vtw­rbq­gj­kb­wtq­crbq.­Gznm­bp­djcm­vb­nth­hj­hbc­njd­ås­kb­eåb­ns­gj­kb­wb­tq­d­öj­lt­yt­elfd­itq­cz­cgf­cf­ntkm­yjq­jgt­hf­wbb.

Yt­vtw­rbq­gj­kb­wtq­crbq­ds­nfk­rb­df­tn­bp­Jkbv­gbq­crjq­lt­htd­yb­yt­bp­dtcn­yj­uj­jgt­hf­nj­hf,­gs­nfd­it­uj­cz­cyb­vfnm­plf­ybt,­ult­nth­hj­hbc­ns­elth­éb­df­kb­bp­hf­bkmc­rbö­pf­kjé­yb­rjd.

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Jkbv gbf lf d Gt rb ytht tp://en.be ijing2008.cn/

Gf hf kbv gbq crbt bu hs d Gt rb ytht tp://en.be ijing2008.cn/paralympic/

Jab wb fkm ysq cfqn jkbv gbq crj uj ldb ét ybzht tp://www.olympic.org

Bc nj hbz Jkbv gbq crbö buhht tp://www.olympic.org/uk/games/index_uk.asp

Vb ybc nth cn dj äyth ut nb rb CIFCj­tlb­yty­yst­Inf­ns­dpf­bvj­ltqcn­de­ñn­c­Rb­nf­tv­d­hfv­rfö­hfp­kbx­ysö­lde­cnj­hjy­ybö­b­vyj­uj­cnj­hjy­ybö­ghj­tr­njd­gj­dyt­lht­ybñ­ärj­kj­ub­xtc­rb­xbc­nj­uj­b­äa­atr­nbd­yj­uj­gj­nhtå­kt­ybz­äyth­ubb.ht tp://www.energy.gov/ne ws/5080.htm

Futyn cn dj CIF gj jö hf yt jr he éfñ otq cht lsFutyn­cn­dj­gj­jö­hf­yt­jr­he­éfñ­otq­cht­ls­CIF­cj­nhel­yb­xf­tn­c­jh­urj­vb­nt­njv­Jkbv­gbq­crbö­buh­d­Gt­rb­yt,­gj­vj­ufz­uj­hj­le­lj­åbnm­cz­cdj­tq­wt­kb­–­jåtc­gt­xbnm­xbc­nsq­djp­leö­r­ktn­ytq­Jkbv­gbf­lt­2008­uj­lf.ht tp://www.epa.gov/int er national/airandclimate/by region/chinaair.html

Jkbv gbq crbq rj vb ntn CIFht tp://www.usoc.org

Jkbv gbq crjt ldb ét ybt CIF/Cåjh yfz CIFht tp://www.usolymp ict eam.com/19116_18922.htm

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Åfhn Rjy ythJab­wb­fkm­ysq­cfqn:­ht tp://www.ba rtandnadia.com/bi oba rt.html

Bp njr RjgJab­wb­fkm­ysq­cfqn:­ht tp://www.iz tokcop.com/index.php?option=com_conte nt&t ask=view&id=24&Itemid=33

Léf ytn ÄdfycJab­wb­fkm­ysq­cfqn:­ht tp://www.oanetev ans.com/index2.html

Hf kjy Ufh lythJab­wb­fkm­ysq­cfqn:­ht tp://www.rulongardner.com/charity.html

Nfå Hf vjcJab­wb­fkm­ysq­cfqn:­ht tp://t abram os.com/

Ljy Cntq kbJab­wb­fkm­ysq­cfqn:­ht tp://www.dawns ta ley5.com

Ufå hbä kf Cf åjJab­wb­fkm­ysq­cfqn:­ht tp://www.gab isz abo.com/

ÅBÅ­kB­Ju­hF­ABz

RYB UB B LJ RE VTY NS

Billings, Andrew C. Olympic Media: Insi de the Bi ggest Show on Telev ision. New York: Rout led ge, 2007.

Brownell, Susan. Be ijing’s Games: What the Olymp ics Mean to China. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Litt lef ield, 2008.

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Fisc her, David. The Encyclopedia of the Summer Olymp ics. New York: F. Watts, 2003.

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Vñy öty­(2005)Ht­ébc­cth:­Cnb­dty­Cgbk­åthuGhj­ljk­éb­ntkm­yjcnm:­164­vb­ye­nsCñ­étn:­Vñy­öty­crfz­Jkbv­gbf­lf­1972­uj­lf­ås­kf­ght­hdf­yf­gf­ktc­nby­crb­vb­nth­hj­hbc­nf­vb.­Abkmv­hfc­crf­ps­df­tn­jå­änbö­cj­ås­nb­zö­b­gj­cktl­cn­dbzö­≤xth­yj­uj­cty­nzå­hz≥.­D­ytv­ltqcn­de­ñn­gznm­xt­kj­dtr,­rj­nj­hsv­gj­he­xt­yj­kbr­db­lb­hj­dfnm­db­yjd­yb­rjd­nt­hfr­nf.ht tp://www.imdb.com/tit le/tt0408306/

Running Br ave­(1983)Ht­ébc­ct­hs:­L.C.­Ädt­htnn,­Lj­yfkml­It­åbåGhj­ljk­éb­ntkm­yjcnm:­106­vb­yenCñ­étn:­Bc­nj­hbz­fvt­hb­rfy­crj­uj­by­ltq­wf­Åbk­kb­Vbk­kcf,­rj­nj­hj­ve­elf­kjcm­lj­åbnm­cz­bp­dtcn­yjc­nb­gjc­kt­ds­bu­hs­if­d­pf­åt­ut­yf­10­000­vtn­hjd­yf­Nj­rbq­crjq­Jkbv­gbf­lt­1964­uj­lf.ht tp://www.imdb.com/tit le/tt0086220/

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