ehap review pt. 3
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EHAP REVIEW PT. 3. 18 TH -CENTURY & NAPOLEON. 18 th -cen. Changes. “ Modern world ” : Agricultural Revolution Commercial Rev. Industrial Rev. Political Revs. Enlightenment. Ag. Rev. increased yields due to new tech. Need for LESS peasant ag. labor…cities for jobs New World crops - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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18TH-CENTURY & NAPOLEON
EHAP REVIEWPT. 3
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18th-cen. Changes
“Modern world”:
Agricultural Revolution Commercial Rev. Industrial Rev. Political Revs. Enlightenment
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Ag. Rev.
increased yields due to new tech. Need for LESS peasant ag. labor…cities for
jobs New World crops
Effects: prosperity for estate owners urbanization inventions Enclosure Acts Corn Laws (protectionist in Eng.) conflict b/n middle & upper classes…continued
exploitation of lower classes
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Commercial Rev.
extension of trade routes & growth of towns
Changes: national banks/currencies insurance housesstock exchangesbetter sailing tech.removed guild restrictions
***C. & E. Europe impacted less
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Dutch Economic Empire
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Industrial Rev.
1750 in Eng. textile industries
urban industrial centers (Manchester)factory system (new equipment)reorganized family lifeend of cottage-industry & guild system
• “putting out” system
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Brandenburg-Prussia
Modern Prussia: created in 17th-cen. by Hohenzollern family in N. Ger.
aristocrats, called junkers
Frederick the Great (“enlightened despot”): encouraged the arts & sciences
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War of Austrian Succession (1740-1748)
Fred. the Great (Pruss.) disputed succession of Maria Theresa to Austrian throne
Austria allied w/ Eng. against Fr., Sp., & Ger. States “world war” over colonies & trade Austrian victory
scared of Prussia: Fr. & Austria ally against Prussia w/ Catherine the Great of Russia
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Seven Years War (1756 - 1763)
Fred. the Great (Pruss.) allied w/ Eng. against Fr., Austria, Russia global conflict over colonies Prussians/Eng. win
Eng. (under William Pitt) preoccupied w/ N. America (“Fr. & Indian War”)
Treaty of Paris (1763): Eng. supremacy in colonial N. America & India
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Russia
Before reign of Peter the Great: Russia was decentralized, weak, & feudal
By 17th-cen., Russia turned westward (decline of Poland & Sweden)
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St. Petersburg
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Peter the Great
Peter’s reign: Westernize Russia: St. Petersburg as “window to the
west” Russian Orthodox church under his control state monopolies & national currency system of “colleges & cabinets” to supervise all of Russia schools for civil service & military leaders military service for all land-owners (controlled “boyar”
nobles) cultural changes: banning traditional dress; shaving
beards; changing calendar***MOST RUSSIANS STILL POOR SERFS W/NO
RIGHTS!!!
The Great Northern War: Russia’s triumph over Sweden
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Catherine the Great (Rus.)
1762-1796: imitated the West hospitals & schools active w/ Fr. philosophes (Volatire) changed unfair civil laws patron of arts RUTHLESS
Foreign policy: “League of Armed Neutrality”: stay out of colonial
issues Austria-Russia Pact: divide Balkans & Ottoman’s lands 2 wars w/ Ottomans war w/ Sweden Partitions of Poland
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Poland: powerless kings (“Exploding Diets”) by 1600’s: Prussia to west & Russia to the east
Ottoman Empire: took over Byzantines in 1453 expanded into Europe (Greece & Black Sea) lost Battle of Vienna (1683) by 1800’s: called “sick man of Europe”
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The Enlightenment
Intellectual movement in late 1700’s & early 1800’s
fostered by scientific revolution reason, natural laws, & progress inductive “scientific” method improve condition of mankind
led by “Philosophes” meeting in “salons”
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Enlightenment Ideas
Deism: many philosophes against organized religion believed God did not interfere in human affairs did not believe in prayer
Toleration: religious & political
Education: “learning by doing” (Rousseau, Emile)
Neo-Classical Art/Arch.: imitate classical Greece & Rome
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Enl. Thinkers
Voltaire (Candide): cynical & believed in knowledge through experience; freedom of speech/religion
Rousseau (Social Contract): innate goodness of man
corrupted by civilization glorified “noble savage” Govt’s: agents of the people through “contracts”
Montesquieu (The Spirit of the Laws): no perfect gov’t separation of powers (3 branches gov’t)
Thomas Hobbes (Leviathan): pro absolute monarchy
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Enlightened Despotism
Ideas of the philosophes popular w/ some rulers:
Catherine the Great of Rus. Fred. the Great (invited Voltaire to Prussia) Maria Therese (Austria)
Joseph II
governing in best interests of people…
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Critics of Enlight.
David Hume: “empirical” data only truthEdmund Burke: felt Fr. Rev. too
radical..started idea of conservatismMary Wollstonecraft: females equal
Romanticism: anti neo-classical art/literature emotion, feeling, nature
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THE FRENCH REVOLUTION
Immediate Cause: bankruptcy extravagance & high costs of wars called for higher taxes
Political Causes: corruption “divine-right” to rule weak king (Louis XVI & Marie Antoinette)
Economic Causes: inflation unfair tax system
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Estate System
1st estate = Clergy (2% of pop) 2nd estate = Nobility (1%) 3rd estate = peasants, middle class (97%)
poll tax, income tax, Church tax corvee “forced” labor NO weapons bourgeoisie: commercial middle class (no
political power) cahiers de dolences: leaders of phase 1 of the
revolution
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Intellectual Causes
ENLIGHTENMENT WRITERS!
Voltaire Montesquieu Diderot’s Rousseau
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Phase I
refusal to grant Louis new taxesEstates-General called together…
3rd Estate boycotts & forms National Assembly Tennis Court Oath: create a new constitution for Fr. July 14, 1789: storming of the Bastille (start of Fr. Rev.) burn estates of nobles & “Bread Riots” “March of the Fishwives”: Parisian women marched on
Versailles demanding cheaper bread (captured royal family)
Declaration of the Rights of Man & of the Citizen Constitution of 1791 confiscated Church lands
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Declaration of the Rights of Man
Men are born free & equalPurpose of Gov’t is to protect these rightsFreedom from arbitrary arrestFreedom of assembly, speech, religion &
the press Major ideas came from philosophes
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Phase II (1792-1795):
poorer landless peasants/urban workers dissatisfied food shortages, inflation, & unemployment
Jacobins: ultra-radical party representing “sans-culottes” Leaders: Robespierre, Marat controlled National Assembly at
Hotel de Ville
Girondists: less radical
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The Radical Turn
National Assembly abolished monarchy a new constitution & gov’t (National Convention) Nat. Con. declared Fr. a republic universal male suffrage (only 10% voted) Convention splits: Jacobins (“Mountain”, led by
Robespierre) & Gironde (led by Condorcet)
King Louis XVI: executed in 1793
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First Coalition
After execution: Eng., Sp., Neth., Austria, & Prussia united in First Coalition declared war on Fr.
Spring 1793: Jacobins oust moderate Girondists from Nat. Con.
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Why would the French Revolution be seen as a threat to Austria, Prussia and other European countries?
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Reign of Terror
Robespierre used foreign threat to establish reign of terror
“Republic of Virtue”; the “Incorruptible”quell counter-revolutioncontrol moderates in countrysidecontrol economyhelp the poorCommittee of Public SafetyCommittee of General Security
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Effects
25,000 executed (guillotine) “levee en masse”: military draft censorship price controls (the “Maximum”) confiscated land anti-Church free public educ. & military school metric System adopted new calendar… Roman styles in dress & art; address each other
as “citizen”
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Thermidorian Reaction: Phase III (1794)
began w/ execution of Robespierre (9th of Thermidor)
bourgeois moderates took control of Convention
Jacobins ousted eliminated “Maximum” mob riots
White Terror: many emigres moved back as counter-revolutionaries
many Jacobins murdered
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Constitution of 1795 (Year III)
middle-class constitution bill of rights elections Separation of Powers:
Council of 500 Council of Elders Directory (Napoleon crushes 2 coup d’etat attempts)
Problems of the Directory: still at war w/ Austria & Eng. independent generals coup of Fructidor (1797): legislature controlled by
army Napoleonic war in Egypt (loss to Eng. by Lord Nelson) 2nd Coalition formed
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Coup of Brumaire (1799)
Napoleon seizes Directory in a coup
established the Consulatemilitary dictator: “1st Consul for life”
• established a hereditary monarchyConstitution of 1799:
• ALL male citizens could vote for electors
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Napoleon’s Rule
dictator, but instituted reforms in gov’t, law, the Church, education, & banking
centralized gov’t: appointed prefects secret police censorship appointed loyal family members & lower class individuals Concordat of 1801: w/ Pope Pius VII, recognized Fr.
gov’t & Church lands were returned…but Fr. got to appoint bishops, but had to pay their salaries
Catholicism the “religion of the majority of Frenchmen”
1804: elected Emperor for Life
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Napoleonic Code (1804-1810)
created one simplified code of lawspread through conquered areasguaranteed equality before the lawbut torture still permitted…fathers given dictatorial power over
wives/children provided for marriage & divorcebanned labor unions
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Education & Finance
free public schools (“lycees”)technical schools University of France (1808 )National Bank of Francetax reform for everyone
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Foreign Policy
War of 2nd Coalition (1798-1802): Fr. vs. Russia, Austria, & Eng.
War of 3rd Coalition: Eng. declared war on Fr. (Napoleon sold Louisiana to pay for war)
Battle of Trafalgar (1805): Eng. defeated French navy Nap. reorganized German states Francis II forced to abandon title of Holy Roman
Emperor (*official end of HRE empire)
Continental System: economic blockade against British (failed due to smuggling & Russia’s refusal)
1812: height of power
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Napoleon’s Empire in 1812
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Downfall of Napoleon
Spanish War (1808-13): Nap. invaded Portugal Spain revolted against Nap.’s brother
German Resistance: German nationalism led by philosopher Fichte who glorified Ger. past
1812: failed invasion of Russia 1/2 million men left; 20,000 returned Russians used “scorched earth policy”; harsh “general”
winter
Battle of Leipzig (1813): “Battle of Nations” Napoleon abdicated & exiled to island of Elba
March 1815, Napoleon returned for 100 days defeated at Battle of Waterloo by Wellington exiled to St. Helena
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Napoléon Invades Russia: 1812Napoléon Invades Russia: 1812
Over 500,000 French troopsOver 500,000 French troops
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Napoléon’s Retreat (Early 1813)Napoléon’s Retreat (Early 1813)
Less than 40,000 survive!Less than 40,000 survive!
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Lasting Results of Napoleon
liberal ideals of equality, limited gov’t spread, but a conservative backlash
rise of middle class to powerNapoleonic code spread to C. & E. Europe
led to later revolutions
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