Egypt was ruled by all-powerful

rulers called pharaohs.

The history of Egypt is divided into 3 periods:

Old KingdomMiddle KingdomNew Kingdom

Egypt’s Old Kingdom began in 2600 B.C. and lasted until 2300 B.C.

Egypt grew and prospered during the

Old KingdomEgyptiansBuilt

Cities

Expanded

TradeSet up a Strong

Government

“Pharaoh” is a Greek term which

means “great house”

Egypt was ruled by

kings called pharaohs

who lived in palaces

1.Believed the unity of their kingdom depended on a strong leader

2. Considered the pharaoh to be the son of the

god Re – the sun god and a god on earth

People showed honor and respect to the Pharaoh

in public by:

playingmusic on flutes and

cymbals

bowing down to smell

the earth or touch their heads

to the ground

The pharaohs’ word was law and had to be obeyed

The Pharaoh appointed officials to:

make sure crops were planted

make sure irrigation canals and grain

storehouses were built

control trade andcollect tax payments

of grain from farmers

The pharaoh carried out ritual ceremonies that Egyptians believed helped control their welfare such as:

1. Riding a sacred bull around the capital city of Memphis to ensure fertility of the soil

(bull = symbol of fertility) 2. cutting the first ripe grain to

ensure a good harvest.

Details about Egyptian pharaohs

Lived inpalaces

Were all-powerful

Considered to be

gods onEarth

Carry-out Religious

rituals

Appointed Government

officials

Let’s Review…All about pharaohs

Egyptians believed in many gods and

goddesses and in life after death for the

pharaohs.

Religion was deeply woven into Egyptian culture

Egyptians believed many deities or gods and goddesses controlled the forces of nature and human activities

The main Egyptian gods included:

1. Re, the sun god who ruled over the rising and setting of the sun, represented the importance of a sunny climate for good harvests

2. Hapi was ruler of the Nile River who represented the importance of water for growing crops.

3. Isis represented the loyal wife and mother who ruled over

the dead with her husband Osiris, god of the underworld and afterlife.

Egyptian Gods & Goddesses:

“The Sacred ‘Trinity’”

Egyptian Gods & Goddesses:

“The Sacred ‘Trinity’”

Osiris Isis Horus Osiris Isis Horus

THE FAMILY OF THE EGYPTIAN GODS

RA

SHU TEFNUT

GEB

HATHOR

NUT RA

OSIRIS

HORUS

NEPHTHYS

ANUBIS

SETISIS OSIRIS

NEKHEBET

Egyptian Creation Myth

Egyptian Creation Myth

The Goddess Nut The Goddess Nuthttp://www.ancientegypt.co.uk/gods/story/main.html

Unlike the Mesopotamians, who imagined a gloomy life after death, the Egyptians thought the afterlife would be a place of peace and plenty

Journey to the Underworld

Journey to the Underworld

A boat for the journey is

provided for a dead pharaoh

in his tomb.

A boat for the journey is

provided for a dead pharaoh

in his tomb.

The dead travel on the “Solar Bark.”

The dead travel on the “Solar Bark.”

Egyptian Book of the Dead

Egyptian Book of the Dead

Read from the Book of the Dead , a collection of spells and prayers that Egyptians studied to obtain life after death.

Egyptians believed they must lead a good life and know the magic spells to gain the afterlife.

Egyptian Book of the Dead

Egyptian Book of the Dead

Osiris met the dead in the next

world and judged whether to grant them

life after death.

The Underworld

• This scene shows what Egyptians believed happened to the soul after it descended into the Underworld.

The Final JudgementThe Final Judgement

Osiris Anubis Horus

Osiris Anubis Horus

Egyptians believed

it important for the pharaoh’s

spirit to reach the next world where

he could continue to

care for Egypt.

Through the embalming

process, Egyptians prepared

the pharaoh’s body

to accept his spirit in the

afterlife

Shabtis: The Pharaoh’s Servants

in the Afterlife

Shabtis: The Pharaoh’s Servants

in the Afterlife

1. remove the brain2. remove the lungs, liver,

stomach, and intestines and place in canoptic jars

3. wash the body with wine4. salt the body with natron and bury it in the desert sands to dry

5. remove the body from the sands, fill it with spices and perfumes, and stitch it closed.

6. cleanse the body with oils7. wrap the body with long strips of cotton-

linen cloth

8. place inside a wooden coffin and put it into a sarcophagus

Materials Used in Mummification

Materials Used in Mummification

1. Linen 6. Natron2. Sawdust 7. Onion3. Lichen 8. Nile Mud4. Beeswax 9. Linen Pads5. Resin 10. Frankinsense

1. Linen 6. Natron2. Sawdust 7. Onion3. Lichen 8. Nile Mud4. Beeswax 9. Linen Pads5. Resin 10. Frankinsense

Preparation for the Afterlife

Preparation for the Afterlife

Egyptian MummiesEgyptian Mummies

Seti I1291-1278

B. C.

Seti I1291-1278

B. C.

Queen Tiye, wife of

Amenhotep II1210-1200 B. C.

Queen Tiye, wife of

Amenhotep II1210-1200 B. C.

Ramses II1279-1212

B. C.

Ramses II1279-1212

B. C.

Preparations for the Underworld

Preparations for the UnderworldPriests

protected your KA, or soul-spirit

Priests protected your KA, or soul-spirit

ANUBIS weighs the dead person’s heart against a feather.

ANUBIS weighs the dead person’s heart against a feather.

Egyptian Beliefs

Belief in many gods

hopeful viewof life

after death

Pharaoh neededbody forafterlife

Osiris judged

whether or notto grant them

afterlife

Magic spellsneeded to gainlife after deathThe Book of

the Dead

Let’s Review…Egyptians’ beliefs

Egyptian doctors

used herbs and drugs to treat many different

illnesses

specialists to treat

particular parts of the body

world’s first medical

books on papyrus

scrolls

became skilled at sewing up

cuts and setting

broken bones

Ancient EgyptThe Nile Valley

Chapter 2, Section 2World History

Mrs. Thompson

The Egyptians of the Old Kingdom built

huge stone pyramids as tombs for their

pharaohs.

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/Luxor_Hotel.jpg

Egyptians built mountain-like pyramids, entirely of stone, as tombs for the pharaohs

They were the size of several city blocks and were meant to protect the dead bodies of pharaohs from:

floodswild animalsgrave robbers

Pyramids were filled with supplies that the might need in the spirit world such as pharaoh :

clothingfurniturejewelryfood

Each pyramid sat on a square base with entrance facing north

Egyptians used astronomy to determine true north

Egyptians developed 365 day/12 month calendar which is basis for modern calendar

About 2540 B.C., Egyptians built the largest and grandest of the pyramids known as the Great Pyramid

Located about 10 miles from Cairoand stands in Giza on the west bank

of the Nile River

Rises nearly 5oo ft. above desert andcovers an area about 9 football fields

Contains more than 2 million stone blocks, each about 2.5 tons

Tallest structure on the world for morethan 4,000 years and is equal to

size of a 48 story building

Largest of about 80 pyramids found in Egypt

Egyptian advances in Math helped them determine angle measurements and amount of stone needed for pyramids

Advances inMathematics

System of written numbers based on 10

Creation of fractions and usingthem with whole numbersto add, subtract, & divide

Locate stone from

hundreds of miles

away

Load stones on

barges and float to

building site

Unload stones and

drag or push up

ramps to be set in place

Use copper tools to cutthe stone

intohuge blocks

Tie blocks towooden sleds

and pull them to Nile over a path paved with

logshttp://www.classzone.com/cz/books/ms_wh_survey/resources/html/animations/pyramid_anim/wh04_pyramid.html

Thousands of people and many years to build the pyramids

Most of the builders were farmers

Surveyors, engineers, carpenters, and stonecutters also lent skills to pyramid building