efras-landing menu description forcom_vfm/... · efras-landing menu description for ... the landing...

EFRAS-LANDINGMENU

DESCRIPTIONFOR

Arkia AirlinesDemo-Version 23.01.2012

prepared by:Condor Flugdienst GmbH

Flight Operation EngineeringFRA HO/E

For internal use only!

The consent of the editor must be obtained prior to a distribution to others.

EFRAS-Description Chapter 1EFRAS / Landing

Date 23 JAN 20121.1. General

1. EFRAS / LANDING

The “EFRAS / LANDING”-program provides the performance information for landing depend-ing on the respective runway as a function of wind component and ambient temperature forall authorized landing flap settings in compliance with all the applicable regulations. Addition-ally the program offers special functions to cover several abnormal conditions.

The EFRAS - program basically uses two menu - the “MAIN-” and the “DETAILS”-menu.

The main-menu consists of two sections - one for the data input and one to display therequired performance parameters calculated.

The details-menu provides additional detailed performance data as background information.

A description of the two menus is provided in Subchapter 1.2. and 1.3..

1.1. GENERAL

The “EFRAS/LANDING”-program has been developed to fulfill the following requirements:

• Allow the determination of the maximum allowable landing weight using a fixed flap setting combination for approach and landing (i.e landing configuration, e.g. LANDING FLAPS 30 for 757-300). The landing configuration selection may be reduced for certain non normal landing conditions.

• Allow the determination of landing speed and distance together with other landing param-eters like missed approach climb gradient or Vref speed increment.

• Allow the determination of the landing weight, speed and distance in respect to the environ-mental, runway and airplane status conditions, e.g. QNH, wind, temperature or engine anti-ice, without any interpolation.

• Provide calculation of autobrake distances for a given landing weight• Allow the determination of the landing parameters for a runway shortening, VREF incre-

ment or a modified missed approach gradient.• Allow the determination of the maximum allowable landing weight, speed and distance for

all MEL and CDL items or non-normal landing configurartion which will affect the landing performance. The respective limitations due to other items, e.g. runway or airplane condi-tions, are observed.

The following points are general information concerning the use of the EFRAS-program.

• You can navigate within the different menu and selection boxes by using certain keys or key combinations and/or the computer mouse. Generally the movement from one input field to another is possible with the ⇔ (TAB) key. If a submenu opens up you can use the ↑ (up) or ↓ (down) key to move the cursor. This works alternately with any other sub-menu, i.e. alter-nately ⇔ and ↑/↓ for each logical level / submenu.

• Furthermore you can use the F1-F9/F12 keys (e.g. F1 for Landing Config) or ALT-letter combinations (e.g. ALT+O for OAT) to select the different input fields. It is not necessary to confirm the selection with the ↵ (return) key except within a submenu where you see an OK button, but it is recommended to exit the input field with the ⇔ (TAB) key after entering/changing Wind, OAT or QNH values.

• Items which are in general possible but not allowed for the respective conditions are shown in gray color on the different input fields.

• Press F10 to start the calculation.• Exit the program with EXIT or ALT+X.• Settings which are different from the default/standard settings (e.g. AC OFF) are shown in

red color or with red background.


Date 23 JAN20121.2. Main - Menu

1.2. MAIN - MENU

1.2.1. Input-section

The input-section mainly consists of three zones which are indicated by the letters A B and Cin the figure below.

Zone A:This line contains the input fields to define the mission, i.e. the type of aircraft, the flight num-ber, the airport and the runway.

• By entering the aircraft registration the EFRAS-program selects the respective airplane data including MLW, engine type, etc.

• The airport can be entered either with the three or four letter code.• After the selection of the airport the EFRAS-program automatically displays the different

runways available at the respective airport for the selected aircraft (registration).The respective runway selection can also be activated by pressing the F12-key.

For a detailed explanation please refer to 1.2.3. Runway Selection.

• The Missed Approach Climb Gradient (MA GRAD) is displayed next to the runway se-lection (it is possible to change the Missed Approach Climb Gradient value if necessary). Additionally it is also possible to select a different elevation on which the missed approach climb gradient calculation is based by entering the respective value in the Elv-G/A[ft] input field. The default value is the airport elevation.

• RWY-Condition input is available by selecting the respective condition, e.g. WET (see 1.2.4. Runway Condition Selection for details).

Zone B:This line contains the input fields to define the environmental conditions, i.e. the wind, the OATand the QNH. Additionally you will find the input field for the landing weight.

• The Wind should be entered with direction (Dir), velocity (Vel) and gust (Gust) if required. The program then automatically calculates the head/tail-wind component and the cross-wind component. Alternatively the pilot can also enter the wind component directly without entering direction and velocity. The gust value is used for tail- and crosswind.

• The OAT could be entered in degree Celsius (°C) or degree Fahrenheit (°F). The default setting is degree Celsius (°C). Use the radio box to select degree Fahrenheit (°F). The pro-gram automatically displays the unit selected next to the input field.

A

B

C


Date 23 JAN 20121.2. Main - Menu

• The QNH could be entered in hPa or inch HG. As the QNH range for both units do not over-lap each other, you are not required to add the unit when entering the QNH. The program displays automatically the QNH in both units next to the input field.

• The Landing Weight field allows the input of the respective landing weight. Only by enter-ing a specific landing weight the NON NORMALS selection is available.

• The VREF speed increment (VREF inc) could be entered in the respective input field be-low the landing weight.

Zone C:This zone consists of eight selection buttons covering the airplane status conditions (LAND-ING CONFIG, PACKS, A/I (ANTI-ICE), AUTO LAND, NON NORMALS, AUTO BRAKES,MEL/CDL) and a SPECIALS field (e.g. for runway shortening or autoland).

• The LANDING CONFIG button allows the selection of the different landing configurations.• MEL/CDL input fields. The subchapter 1.2.5. MEL / CDL Selection provides more informa-

tion.• The NON NORMALS input field handles the non normal landing configurations. It is only

available if a specific landing weight is entered.For more information refer to chapter 1.2.6. Non Normals.

• The AUTO BRAKES selection is set to OFF as default. When ALL is selected all autobrake settings are calculated at one time. Alternatively it is possible to select only one specific au-tobrake setting, e.g. AUTOBRAKES 3, for calculation.

• The SPECIALS input field provides access to special features like runway shortening, man-ual ground spoilers or residual ice accretion (see 1.2.7. Specials for details).

The following values are choosen as default for the input-menu: Registration 4X-BAFlt Nr IZ 0000Elev. G/A[ft] airport elevationWind:Dir 000Vel 0Gust 0Head 0 (Cross 0)OAT 15°CQNH 1013 hPaLanding Weight: 0VREF inc 0RUNWAY CONDITION1) DRYLanding Config1) LANDING FLAPS 30PACKS1) ONANTI-ICE1) OFFAuto Land1) NONon Normals1) ALL NORMALAuto Brakes1) YESMEL/CDL1) NOSPECIALS1) NO1): Standard values are underlaid in green color, example shown for 757-300



1.2.2. Output - Section

The output-section shows the respective landing data for the selected conditions.

Like the input-section the output-section could also be divided into five zones named A to Has you can see from the figure below.

Zone A:This zone shows the required (i.e. factored) landing field length, the limited landing weightand threshold speed (VREF). [RLD = Required Landing Distance]

A

B

C

D

E

F

H

G



Zone B:This zone displays the selected the landing configuration

Zone C:This zone provides the selected runway condition.

Zone D:Zone D includes the autobrake distance information (if selected in the AUTO BRAKESfield), the max manual distance and the recommended brake cooling time/information(Quck T/A Time - min). The recommend brake cooling time/information is based on therespective table shown in the PI-Section of the FCOM.

Zone E:Additional informations, if available, are displayed in Zone E.

Zone F:Only if a non normal landing configuration is selected the actual (i.e. unfactored) landingdistance and the respective threshold speed for this case is shown in Zone F. If ALL NOR-MAL is selected in the NON NORMALS field (i.e. default value) the Zone F is empty.[ALD = Actual Landing Distance]

Zone G:This zone displays the selected the landing configuration as selected or required by theselected non normal landing configuration.

Zone H:This zone provides the selected runway condition for the non normal landing configuration distance calculation.

Please note that the RLD, ALD and Autobrake distances are shown in Meter [m], the LIMWEIGHT in Ton [t] and THR SPEED in knots [kts].

Background Information: Landing Distance Factors as set in Demo-Version (all based on reverse thrust). Please note that EFRAS allows the setting of additional margin or factors if required.

Required Landing Distance:

• DRY: Actual Landing Distance x 1.67• WET: Actual Landing Distance x 1.67 x 1.15• CONTAMINATED: Actual Landing Distance x 1.15 or WET, whichever is greater

Non-Normal Landing Distance:

• DRY: Actual Landing Distance• WET: not available, use Reported B.A. GOOD instead• CONTAMINATED: Actual Landing Distance (only Reported B.A. available)

Autobrake Landing Distance:

• DRY: Actual Landing Distance• WET: Actual Landing Distance• CONTAMINATED: Actual Landing Distance

Note: No Reverse thrust selection for contaminated runway / reported B.A. is available in the SPE-CIAL menu. Dry and wet runway is always based on no reverse thrust.



1.2.3. Runway Selection

The runway selection window automatically opens by pressing the ⇔ (TAB) key after an air-port entry is made or by pressing the F12 key. By using the ↓ (down) (or ↑ (up)) key you canselect the desired runway which will then appear underlaid in blue color. The selection has tobe confirmed with the ↵ (return) key. Selection by using the mouse is also possible.

All available runways for the selected aircraft are displayed.

All relevant information required to distinguish between the available runways/conditions, e.g.different landing procedures/missed approach gradients or landing distance available, are dis-played in the window. „ALL“ in the RWY&LDG PCD column indicate that the required missedapproach gradient is the same for all available landing procedures for this particular runway(see runway 10, 16 or 20 in the example below). If different missed approach gradients areused for one runway the respective procedure is listed together with the runway (see runway02 in the example below). Also reduced runway length (e.g. due to runway work) are indicatedin this column by respective lables (e.g. DISPL THR (see runway 28) or RWY SHRTNG (seerunway 10)). In addition landing distance available to certain taxiway exits (e.g. TURN OF E5(see runway 20)) are also indicated in this column.

The window is divided into four columns (RUNWAY&LANDING PROCEDURE (RWY&LDGPCD), MA GRAD [Required Missed Approach Climb Gradient], LDA, SLOPE).

.

Note: The nominal climb gradient of the missed approach surface is 2.5%.When a gradient other than the nominal gradient (i.e. 2.5%) is used inthe construction of the missed approach procedure this must be indicat-ed in the instrument approach chart and, in addition to the OCA/H for thespecific gradient the OCA/H applicable to the nominal gradient mustalso be shown.



1.2.4. Runway Condition Selection

The EFRAS program covers the different runway conditions. To activate this function move tothe RUNWAY CONDITION selection box. By pressing the ↓ (down) (or ↑ (up)) key you canselect the respective runway condition.

The calculation for STANDING WATER, SLUSH, COMPACTED SNOW, DRY SNOW andWET ICE is based on the Boeing determined µb (µb = actual airplane braking coefficient) char-acteristic, which depends on the contaminant type and velocity.

If REPORTED B.A. is selected the following pop-up window will open and the respectiveselection of braking action (GOOD, MEDIUM/GOOD, MEDIUM, MEDIUM/POOR or POOR)has to be made. In this case the respective µb value (µb(GOOD) = 0.2, µb(MEDIUM/GOOD)= 0.15, µb(MEDIUM) = 0.1, µb(MEDIUM/POOR) = 0.075, µb(POOR) = 0.05) used in the cal-culation will be treated as a constant value, independent of velocity.

As default reverse thrust is included in the calculation for contaminated or slippery runway. Noreverse thurst credit can be selected in the SPECIALS menu.



Background Information:

W

L

Stopping Force due towheel brakes= µb(W-L)

Airplane Braking Coefficient µb

µb = Average airplane braking coefficient during the stop(Note: this is not tire to ground friction)

The respective landing distance is obtained by using a specific airplane

Reported Braking Action Definition and Correlation with Airplane Braking

braking coefficient (e.g. µb = 0.2 for Reported B.A. GOOD). Do not confuse this µb with the reported / measured runway friction coefficient.The figure below shows an approximate correlation.

Coefficient

Runway Friction

Measurement

Runway

DescriptionCalculated

Airplane Braking

Good

Med

Poor

Dry

Good

Med

Poor

ICAOBetter Braking

Worse Braking

Dry

Wet

Dry Snow

Compact Snow

Wet Snow

Slush

Ice

Wet Ice

QRH

Data

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0.0

Calculated

Airplane

Braking

Coefficient

µAirplane

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

Measured

Runway

Friction

Coefficient

µRunway



1.2.5. MEL / CDL Selection

By pressing ALT+M or F7 you can get to the MEL / CDL SELECTION window. By using the↓ (down) key you can select YES and the selection window (shown below) opens automati-cally.

The EFRAS program automatically observes the different limitations and responds withrespective messages. Please observe the following two special procedures:

The selection of up to four MEL and/or four CDL items at one time is possible.

Additionally you can select ONE MEL / CDL item and press the View button to activate theMEL/CDL -text information (the View option is currently not available).

For certain items, especially CDL, which have a dependence on sub-items, e.g. number ofaffected seals, a separate sub-window will pop-up for the respective data input:



1.2.6. Non Normals

By pressing the ALT-L or F5 followed by the ↓ (down) key the selection window for NON NOR-MALS will open up, provided a specific Landing Weight was entered first.

When selecting a NON NORMAL item the landing configuration and ground spoiler setting areselected by the program automatically. Please note that these settings may differ from theselection made before manually.

If a MEL and/or CDL item is selected parallel, the non normal configuration distance is cor-rected for the MEL and/or CDL penalty.

All required landing distance value determined for NON NORMAL conditions are unfactored(i.e. actual landing distance).



1.2.7. Specials

The SPECIALS input field (F8-Key) covers runway modifications (i.e. shortening), additionalprocedures and performance options if necessary.

• The specials menu offers the possibility to select MANUAL GROUND SPOILERS.• The selection of NO REVERSER THRUST is also possible. When selected the calculation

for contaminated/slippery runway does not include reverse thrust. Please note that reverse thrust is included depending on the respective malfunction when calculating Inflight data, i.e. whether two, one or none reversers are available for the respective Non-Normal condi-tion (e.g. no reverse thrust is available for L and R HYD SYS inoperative).

• EFP AS MISSED APPROACH can be selected. If selected EFRAS determines the maxi-mum allowed landing weight based on the respective takeoff weight for flaps 20 using the EFRAS takeoff application. The respective EFP text is displayed in the Info field.

• INFLIGHT ICING is selectable.• The pilot can select that the MA GRAD is not considered for the calculation, i.e. only the

standard values (2.1% approach climb gradient and 3.2% landing climb gradient) are ob-served by selecting the MA GRAD NOT CONSIDERED line.

• A input fields is available to enter a runway shortening (meter). It is always assumed that the runway shortening is at the end of the runway.

Note: The Performance for 757 differ between APU ON or APU OFF. Thelanding calculation is based on APU ON and valid for APU ON or OFF.

.


Date 23 JAN20121.3. Details - Menu

1.3. DETAILS - MENU

The EFRAS program also provides a page with additional information, accessible with theView Details button (or ALT T) from the main-menu, which displays additional backgroundperformance information. The different weight limitations for field, climb, approach and go-around are presented. Additionally the respective approach climb, landing climb and go-around climb gradients are shown. Also unfactored and factored landing distance values aregiven. Please note that some of the information will not be available for certain conditions.

After pressing the View Details button the window shown below will open in the output menu.

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