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effects of nuclear weapons – chapter 1

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CHAPTER I GENERAL PRINCIPLES O.F NUCLEAR EXPLOSIONS CHARACTERISnCS OF NUCLEAR EXPLOSIONS INTRODUCTION the ground, however, the term "shock" 1.01 An explosion, in general, re- is used, because he effect is like that of suIts fr om the very rapid release of a a sudden impact. large amount of energy within a limited 1.02 Nuclear weapons are similar to space. This is true for a conventional those of more conventional types insofar "high explosive," such as TNT, as well as their destructive action is due mainly as for a nuclear (or atomic) explosion,' to blast or shock. On the other hand, although the energy is produced in quite there are several basic differences be- different ways (§ 1.11). The sudden tween nuclear and high-explosive liberation of energy causes a consider- weapons. In the first place, nuclear ex- able increase of temperature and pres- plosions can be many thousands (or sure, so that all the materials present are millions) of times more powerful than converted into hot, compressed gases. the largest conventional detonations. Since these gases are at very high tem- Second, for the release of a given peratures and pressures, they expand amount of energy, the mass of a nuclear rapidly and thus initiate a pressure explosive would be much less than that wave, called a "shock wave," in the of a conventional high explosive. Con- surrounding medium-air, water, or sequently, in the former case, there is a earth. The characteristic of a shock much smaller amount of material avail- wave is that there is (ideally) a sudden able in the weapon itself that is con- increase of pressure at the front, with a verted into the hot, compressed gases gradual decrease behind it, as shown in mentioned above. This results in some- Fig. 1.01. A shock wave in air is gen- what different mechanisms for the ini- erally referred to as a "blast wave" tiation of the blast wave. Third, the because it resembles and is accompan- temperatures reached in a nuclear ex- ied by a very strong wind. In water or in plosion are very much higher than in a 'The terms "nuclear'. and atomic" may be used interchangeably so far as weapons, explosions, and energy are concerned. but "nuclear" is preferred for the reason given in § 1.11. I ~~~

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