effects of freeze drying on paper. introduction objectives materials used experimental setup...
TRANSCRIPT
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EFFECTS OF FREEZE DRYINGON PAPER
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INTRODUCTION
OBJECTIVES
MATERIALS USED
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
TREATMENT OF SAMPLES
TEST METHODS
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
CONCLUSION
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INTRODUCTION
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INTRODUCTION
to investigate how freeze drying effects paper characteristics critical to preservation of archive and library materials
to determine how freeze drying might effect the mechanical strength and ageing stability of paper
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INTRODUCTION
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MATERIALS USED
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MATERIALS USED
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Groundwood paper / Paper 1
Fibre composition 75 % groundwood and 25 % softwood cellulose
Filler 22 % kaolin clay
Sizing Alum rosin and casein
pH extract 5,9
Ash content, % 20
Grammage, g/m2 80
Producer Unknown. Supplied by STFI
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MATERIALS USED
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Cotton paper / Paper 2
Fibre composition 100 % cotton
Fillers 2-4 % calcium carbonate and 0,5-1 % titandioxide
Sizing Alkyl ketene dimer and polyvinyl alcohol
pH extract 9,9
Ash content, % 2,45
Grammage, g/m2 80
Producer Tumba AB. Supplied by STFI
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MATERIALS USED
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Coated paper / Paper 3
Fibre composition 100 % chemical cellulose
Filler (base) Calcium carbonate
Sizing (base) Alkyl ketene dimer
Sizing (coating) Styrene butadiene latex and carboxy methylcellulose
Pigment (coating) Kaolin clay
pH extract -
Ash content, % 32
Grammage, g/m2 80
Producer Grycksbo. Supplied by Grycksbo
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EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
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Freeze dried cold Freeze dried warm Air driedUnaged Unaged Unaged
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EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
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ReferenceUntreated
Freeze dried cold Freeze dried warm Air driedUnaged Unaged Unaged
Accelerated ageing Accelerated ageing Accelerated ageing Accelerated ageingFreeze dried cold & aged Freeze dried warm & aged Air dried & aged Untreated but aged
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TREATMENT OF SAMPLES
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Soaking in demineralized water
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TREATMENT OF SAMPLES
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Freeze drying by cold chamber wall
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TREATMENT OF SAMPLES
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Freeze drying by warm chamber wall
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TREATMENT OF SAMPLES
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TREATMENT OF SAMPLES
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Accelerated ageing
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TREATMENT OF SAMPLES
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Accelerated ageing
12 days (288 hours)
90 ºC
50 % RH
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TEST METHODS
Moisture content SCAN P 4:63
Alkali reserve ISO 10716
Folding endurance SCAN P 17:77
Tearing resistance SCAN P 11:73
Zero span tensile Cowan/TAPPI 231 (dry and wet determination)
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RESULTS & DISCUSSION
freeze drying particulary influences moisture content, folding endurance and tearing resistance
freeze drying and accelerated ageing influence moisture content, folding endurance and tearing resistance in the samples, but differently from one paperquality to another
the effect on alkali reserve and zero span tensile strength is relatively small
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2,18
2,62
2,3
2,59
1,91 1,97
0,69
0,96
0
1
2
3
4
5
Untreated Freeze dried cold Freeze dried warm Air dried
Log
10
/ G
M
Unaged
Aged
RESULTS & DISCUSSION
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Folding enduranceGroundwood paper / Paper 1
Log
10
/ G
M
Ref
ere
nce
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RESULTS & DISCUSSION
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Zero span dryGroundwood paper / Paper 1
73,2769,1673,07 70,664,78
58.667,55
71,95
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
Untreated Freeze dried cold Freeze dried warm Air dried
Nm
/g /
GM
Unaged
Aged
Nm
/g /
GM
Ref
ere
nce
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RESULTS & DISCUSSION
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Tearing resistanceGroundwood paper / Paper 1
3,863,693,31
3,7
2,42,38
3,172,54
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Untreated Freeze dried cold Freeze dried warm Air dried
mN
m2
/g /
GM
Unaged
Aged
mN
m2/
g /
GM
Ref
ere
nce
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RESULTS & DISCUSSION
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Moisture contentGroundwood paper / Paper 1
8,227,55
8,46
7,66
6,757,5
8,38
4,84
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Untreated Freeze dried cold Freeze dried warm Air dried
Mo
istu
re c
on
ten
t %
Unaged
Aged
Moi
stu
re c
onte
nt
%
Ref
ere
nce
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RESULTS & DISCUSSION
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Folding enduranceCotton paper / Paper 2
2,712,542,61 2,59 2,642,56
2,432,57
0
1
2
3
4
5
Untreated Freeze dried cold Freeze dried warm Air dried
Log
10
/ G
M
Unaged
Aged
Log
10
/ G
M
Ref
ere
nce
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RESULTS & DISCUSSION
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Tearing resistanceCotton paper / Paper 2
8,328,66
7,76
9,22
7,547,87
8,46
7,17
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Untreated Freeze dried cold Freeze dried warm Air dried
mN
m2
/g /
GM
Unaged
Aged
mN
m2/
g /
GM
Ref
ere
nce
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RESULTS & DISCUSSION
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Folding enduranceCoated paper / Paper 3
2,182,02
2,36
1,852,031,93
1,62
2,22
0
1
2
3
4
5
Untreated Freeze dried cold Freeze dried warm Air dried
Log
10
/ G
M
Unaged
Aged
Log
10
/ G
M
Ref
ere
nce
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5,525,48
4,6
5,795,225,23
5,63
4,66
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Untreated Freeze dried cold Freeze dried warm Air dried
mN
m2/g
/ G
M
Unaged
Aged
RESULTS & DISCUSSION
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Tearing resistanceCoated paper / Paper 3
mN
m2/
g /
GM
Ref
ere
nce
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RESULTS & DISCUSSION
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RESULTS & DISCUSSION
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Retention of folding endurance andtearing resistance after accelerated ageing
0
80
160
FC P1 FW P1 AD P1 FC P2 FW P2 AD P2 FC P3 FW P3 AD P3
Re
ten
tio
n %
/ G
M
Folding endurance
Tear index
FC: Freeze dried cold
FW: Freeze dried warm
AD: Air dried
Ret
ent
ion
%
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RESULTS & DISCUSSION
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Retention of zero span tensilestrength after accelerated ageing
0
80
160
FC P1 FW P1 AD P1 FC P2 FW P2 AD P2 FC P3 FW P3 AD P3
Re
ten
tio
n %
/ G
M
Zero span tensile index, dry
Zero span tensile index, wet
FC: Freeze dried cold
FW: Freeze dried warm
AD: Air dried
Ret
ent
ion
%
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CONCLUSION
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CONCLUSION
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freeze drying particularly influences moisture content, folding endurance and tearing resistance
freeze drying and accelerated ageing effect moisture content, folding endurance and tearing resistance differently in various paperqualities
freeze drying of groundwood paper and alum-rosin sized paper with a high amount of fillers reduces the mechanical strength
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CONCLUSION
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freeze drying of cotton paper with a high content of calcium carbonate has a relatively limited effect on mechanical strength and ageing stability
freeze drying of coated paper particularly reduces folding endurance
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CONCLUSION
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
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Jonas Palm, The Royal Library
Grethe Jørgensen, The School of Conservation
Jørn Bredal-Jørgensen, The School of Conservation
Anette Linde, Swedish Pulp and Paper Research Inst.
Poul Jensen, The National Museum
Julie Fryd Johansen, The Royal Library
Stora Papyrus, Grycksbo
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Thank you for yourattention
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:-)