effects of aging presentation
TRANSCRIPT
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Why do we age?
•
Most likely to be a combination of intrinsic andextrinsic factors.
•Ageing is inevitable.
>300
theories
exist!
Intrinsic
factors
Geneticallycontrolled?
Changes inendocrinesystem?
Cell mutationsfrom alteredreplication?
Free radicals?
Extrinsic
factors
Radiationexposure?
Effects of UVrays?
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Consideration of age Ageing has an effect on all of the bodies systems - skin,
senses, locomotor, nervous (CNS and PNS),cardiovascular, respiratory, endocrine and genito-urinary.
The current inpatient population is mostly elderly -averages of ~65 years in acute wards, ~73 years in
rehabilitation wards and ~81 in continuing care.
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Muscle fibres 2 types
Type 1 = slow fibres thatcontract and relax slowly
Do not fatigue easily and areinvolved in postural support.
Type 2 = fast fibres thatcontract and relax quickly
Used for short periods asthey quickly fatigue.
Large, fast movements suchas correcting balance orsprinting.
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Locomotor changes Muscular:
muscle mass
no. and size of musclefibres
no. and size ofmitochondria
proprioception inmuscles and tendons
repair due to enzymeactivity and proteinturnover
connective tissue andfat
injury and damage
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Locomotor changes Bone:
bone mass/ density –
decalcification
height/stooped posture
(vertebrae affected)
fracture risk
pain disability and discomfort
postural instability
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Bones reach maximum mass between the ages of 25 and 35.
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Osteoporosis ‘brittle’ bones.
Most common in women after menopause.
Affects 50% of people 50 years and older. Responsible for more than 1.5 million fractures annually
– including >300,000 hip fractures, 700,000 vertebralfractures and 250,000 wrist fractures.
Osteoporotic fractures cost the NHS £1.6 billion a year!
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Deterioration of vertebral support
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Combating the effects of ageing on
bones Studies have shown that exercise (weight bearing and
resistive e.g. with theraband) is most effective and canincrease bone density in older people.
Strong muscles are important to maintain good bonedensity and strength.
Balanced diet rich in calcium and vitamin D
Bone density testing and medication where appropriate.
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Locomotor changes Joints:
stability
comfort ease of movement
proprioception
stiffness
energy cost
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Joint structures
Joint
Bone
Jointcapsule
SynovialTissue
Tendons
Ligaments
Cartilage
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Dealing with OA in the elderly Gentle exercise (stretching, strengthening, postural
control)
Acupuncture and massage
Heat application
Avoidance of weight gain
Walking aids/supports
Supportive shoes/orthotics
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Results in... Greater risk of anaemia, aneurysms and thrombus
formation. Thus also increased risk of heart attack andstroke.
Slower response to infection.
Recovery from bleeding episodes is slower.
Slowed adjustments to changes of position = increased
dizziness and falls risk. Older people will tire morequickly and take longer to recover.
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Postural Hypotension The drop in blood pressure which usually occurs on
standing.
Symptoms: dizziness temporary loss of consciousnessfall
Called a syncope and is caused by reduced venous return.
Can also happen after exercising and is more likely if
valves and veins are impaired. Standing up slowly or gently contracting leg muscles
before mobilising can help prevent this.
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Why is knowledge of ageing
important for health professionals? A high proportion of hospital
patients have MDT needs(69%).
A good knowledge of normal
ageing provides a baselineagainst which a thoroughexamination of elderlypatients can be carried out.
Studies have shown thatexercise can extend survival –
even for previously sedentary85 year olds. Exercise can
extend life span by at least afew years. >4hrs weekly =active.
Stereotypical views of theelderly may be that they aretoo old to learn or improve.
Many older people accept thisstereotype. Continued involvement in
learning helps maintain theability to learn.
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