effectively managing building energy with...

U.S. GREEN BUILDING COUNCIL G325

Effectively Managing Building

Energy with MeasurementUSGBCNYU_BEM

Carina Paton, Hugh Henderson31 March 2017

Credit(s) earned on completion of

this course will be reported to AIA

CES for AIA members.

Certificates of Completion for both

AIA members and non-AIA

members are available upon

request.

This course is registered with AIA

CES for continuing professional

education. As such, it does not

include content that may be

deemed or construed to be an

approval or endorsement by the

AIA of any material of

construction or any method or

manner of

handling, using, distributing, or

dealing in any material or product.___________________________________________

Questions related to specific materials, methods,

and services will be addressed at the conclusion

of this presentation.

Historically, and in many cases even still today, the only information we use to manage

building energy performance is monthly utility bills. While this data can be used in metrics

for overall building performance, it is not able to shed light on reasons for higher energy

use.

More recently, building managers have begun collecting more detailed measured data:

with more measurement points, and more often. Analyzing this data in an intelligent way

can shed light on certain aspects of our building operations that can be improved upon—

saving money that can then be used for further improvements.

This session will cover:

• What types of data we can collect and how to decide what is worthwhile measuring,

• Recent advancements in monitoring hardware and software, and what this means for

monitoring in your building,

• What you can learn from the data and how it can make your building management

efficient.

Course

Description

Learning

Objectives

1. Explain the value of sub-metering for building management

2. Identify what energy-related data is able to be collected in a building.

3. Decide which data is worthwhile measuring by balancing cost and benefit

4. Select suitable monitoring technology to match a building's equipment,

layout, and requirements.

5. Use analysis from monitored data to make informed operational and new

asset decisions

At the end of the this course, participants will be able to:


Energy with Measurement: Outline

Knowledgegained from the collected data

Methodsto measure equipment and loads

Benefitsof building energy measurements

NYS Green Building Conference | 31 March 2017 | 5

Cleanest & Cheapest Energy…

negawatt

negathermNYS Green Building Conference | 31 March 2017 | 6

You Can’t Manage What

You Don’t MeasureU

nd

erst

and

Measure current status:

- Energy Use

- Costs

- GHG emissions

Man

age

Identify savings opportunities

Ongoing performance monitoring

Red

uce

Implement energy savings measures

Save:- Energy

- $

- GHG


Monitoring Design Considerations

Monitoring Design

Layout

Loads

Energy Inputs


What Energy Enters

Your Building?

Energy Inputs

Monitoring Design

Layout

Loads

Energy Inputs


Energy Inputs

• Electricity

• Natural Gas

• Steam

Utility Service

• Propane

• Fuel Oil/Diesel

• Biomass

Onsite Fuel

• Steam

• Hot Water

• Chilled Water

Campus Loop


Peer Benchmarking

My Building vs. Similar Buildings

Image from https://www.energystar.gov/buildings.

Benchmarking programs

compare data from 100’s to 100,000’s of

buildings.

𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑈𝑠𝑒 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 (𝐸𝑈𝐼) =𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑢𝑠𝑒

𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐


https://www.energystar.gov/buildings

Peer Benchmarking

Image: Enerlife, https://www.runnymedehc.ca/files/8314/0413/4749/ECDM_Plan_June_27_2014.pdf.

Individual

Buildings

(ranked by

site energy)

Site Energy Intensity (equivalent kWh/s.f.)

20112013

target

This

facility:

12

https://www.runnymedehc.ca/files/8314/0413/4749/ECDM_Plan_June_27_2014.pdf

Self-Benchmarking:

This Year vs. Last Year

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC

AVERAGE NATURAL GAS USE (MCF/DAY)

Last Year

This Year


Data Disaggregation:

Infer Energy by End-Use

natural gas

baseload

natural gas

heating


AVERAGE NATURAL GAS USE (MCF/DAY)


Data Disaggregation:

Infer Energy by End-Use

electric

baseload


AVERAGE ELECTRICITY USE (KWH/DAY)electric

cooling


Predictable Heating Loads

with TemperatureRoswell Park Utilities, Daily Utility Meter Data

-20 0 20 40 60 80 100

Outdoor Temperature (F)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Ga

s (

MM

Btu

/h)

Weekday

Weekend

Peak at -20 F: 122.2 MMBtu/hBase at 80 F: 19.0 MMBtu/hBalance Point: 30.70 MMBtu/h at 54.5 F

Slope (Left): -1.23 MMBtu/h/FSlope (Right): -0.46 MMBtu/h/F

Gas

(MMBtu/h)55 deg. F

Outdoor Temperature (deg. F) 16

Predictable Cooling Loads

with Temperature and Schedule

Roswell

0 20 40 60 80 100


0

50

100

150

200

250E

ne

rgy (

MW

h/d

ay)

WeekdayWeekend

Outdoor Temperature (deg. F)

Electricity

(kW)

Roswell Park Utilities, Daily Utility Meter Data

-20 0 20 40 60 80 100


0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Ga

s (M

MB

tu/h

)

Weekday

Weekend

Peak at -20 F: 122.2 MMBtu/hBase at 80 F: 19.0 MMBtu/hBalance Point: 30.70 MMBtu/h at 54.5 F

Slope (Left): -1.23 MMBtu/h/FSlope (Right): -0.46 MMBtu/h/F

17

Insights on Schedule from

Demand/Load Profiles

Total Building Electrical Demand (kW)


What energy loads/end-uses

are in your building?Monitoring Design

Layout

Loads

Energy Inputs


Commercial Energy by End-Use

Space Heating

Lighting

Space CoolingWater Heating

Ventilation

Refrigeration

Electronics

ComputersCooking

Other

Not Attributable to Specific End-Use

Source: U.S. DOE, Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy, Buildings Energy Data Book, Site Energy, Table

3.1.4, 2010 Commercial Energy End-Use Splits, by Fuel Type, http://buildingsdatabook.eren.doe.gov. 20

http://buildingsdatabook.eren.doe.gov/

Data Disaggregation for

Virtual/Remote Audit

Source: FirstFuel, http://www.firstfuel.com/solutions/government/NYS Green Building Conference | 31 March 2017 | 21

Limits to Utility Meter

(Whole Building) Data:

• Get a glimpse into what’s happening, but

don’t know why

• If you don’t know why, you don’t know

how to fix it.

Solution: Sub-Meter


Why Sub-Meter?

• Characterize energy use by

individual equipment or load groups

– How much

– When

• Track energy over time

• Attribute savings to measures

• Collect more than energy


Where are the loads

in your building?

• (brainstorm/mapping)

Monitoring Design

Layout

Loads

Energy Inputs


Number and Location

Less Important than Before

• Traditionally, monitor the “lumps”

• Technological advances: easier to monitor

more points and distributed loads


Unified Data Collection

Power Meter

Flow Meter

ThermistorGas

MeterEnvironmental

Sensor

Data Collection

System

Electricity Thermal Energy (Flow, Temp.) Gas Space Conditions

Flow Meter

Water

CO2


Data Collection System

• Need system that can

– collect

– store

interval data

• Historic data enables

– data presentation

– data analytics

understand trends

data logger and expansion board


Data Collection Innovations:

Wireless Transceivers

Room 1 Room 2 Meters

Wireless

Transmitter

Wireless

Transmitter

Meters

Wireless

Receiver Data

Collection

System

Electrical/Mechanical Room



Wireless Communications

Data

Collection

System

Wi-Fi

Meter

Wi-Fi

Meter

Wi-Fi

Meter

Wi-Fi

Meter

Wi-Fi

Meter

Wi-Fi

Meter

Wi-Fi

Meter

1stF

loor

2n

d

Flo

or



Combined Approach

Basement Electrical/Mechanical Room 1 Basement Electrical Room 2

Ground Floor


What Can We Measure?

We can measure:

– Electrical voltage (V)

– Electrical current (A)

– Fluid flow (gpm, cfm)

– Fluid temperature (°F)

– Air relative humidity (%)

– Air concentrations: CO2, CO, NO2 (ppm)

This tells us:

– Electricity use

– Thermal energy use

– Fuel use

– Water use

– Space conditions


Electricity Monitoring

End Use

CTs

VTs

A

VData

LoggerPower Meter

A, V, kW,

kWh, Hz,

ø, etc.

CT: current transducer/transformer

VT: voltage tap/transducer/transformer

A: amps (current)

V: volts (voltage)

kW: kilowatts (power)

kWh: kilowatt-hours (energy)

Hz: Hertz (frequency)

ø: phaseNYS Green Building Conference | 31 March 2017 | 33

Electricity Monitoring Innovations:

Split-Core and Flexible CTs

Split Core CTs Rope CTsNYS Green Building Conference | 31 March 2017 | 34


Multi-Circuit Power Meter



Self-Contained Transducers

Fuses



Wireless Power Meters


Other Electricity Metering

Innovations: Communications

• Displays on meters

• Power quality measurements

• Data output (Modbus/BACnet)

• Data recording within meters


Thermal Energy Monitoring

DHW

Space

Flow meter

Thermistor

Direction of flow

Thermal load

Inlet

Outlet

Ti

To

F𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑡𝑜 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 × ∆𝑇

𝐻 = 𝐹 × (𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇𝑜)


Measuring Fluid Flow


Natural Gas Metering

• Pulse output on

utility meter

• Sub-meters

for specific

end uses

inside facility

Pulser


Monitoring Space Conditions

• Temperature

• Relative Humidity

• Carbon Dioxide

• CO, NO2, Etc.


How to Select Data Points &

Monitoring Technology?

Value Effort

Time

Labor Cost

Equipment Cost

CO2

Reductions

Incentives

Energy ($) Savings


Purpose of Data Display and Analysis:

Understand Trends

Understand Trends

Identify Savings Opportunities

Recognize Savings Achieved

Account-ability


Data Display: Web Kiosk Presents

Real-Time Whole-System Overview

10-Feb-17 | 46

http://cloud.cdhenergy.com/esf_chp/

http://cloud.cdhenergy.com/esf_chp/

Lighting Loads, Large County

Building, Weekday vs. Weekend


Whole Panel Power in Hospital


Lighting in School

Before/After Retrofit


HW, DHW, Chilled Water

Flows in School


Generator Efficiency: Combining

Electrical, Thermal, and Gas Data


CO2 Concentration Occupancy

at School


Space Temperature at School


Relative Humidity at School


Web Analytics


Analytic Tools Should:

• Be specific to site

• Be clear and user-friendly

• Give access to raw data

• Ultimately, give useful feedback to

operators/managers

– How, when energy used

– Where energy savings possible



Energy with Measurement: Summary






Energy with Measurement

• Design Factors:

– Cost vs. benefit

– Inputs, loads, and locations

• Submetering:

– Much information already available with

utility meter data alone

– Submetering can provide deeper insight



Energy with Measurement

• New Innovations Mean:

– We can measure more than before practical

– We can bring all data into a central place

– Data (& web) analytics possible and useful

• Data Analytics Provide Feedback:

– How, when energy used

– Where efficiency improvements possible


Contact Us

Carina Paton

[email protected]

Hugh Henderson

[email protected]

www.cdhenergy.com


mailto:[email protected]


http://www.cdhenergy.com/

This concludes The American Institute of Architects

Continuing Education Systems Course

U.S. Green Building Council Tracie Hall, Director-

New York Upstate

[email protected]


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