effect of magnetic fields on fire katsuo maxted aviation fire dynamics march 15, 2013

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Effect of Magnetic Fields on Fire Katsuo Maxted Aviation Fire Dynamics March 15, 2013

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Page 1: Effect of Magnetic Fields on Fire Katsuo Maxted Aviation Fire Dynamics March 15, 2013

Effect of Magnetic Fields on Fire

Katsuo MaxtedAviation Fire Dynamics

March 15, 2013

Page 2: Effect of Magnetic Fields on Fire Katsuo Maxted Aviation Fire Dynamics March 15, 2013

Outline• Introduction• Magnetic Properties in Combustion• Magnetic Confinement Fusion• Magnetic Induction in a Plasma Torch• Modeling Affects on a Diffusion Flame• Benefits Using Magnetism

Page 3: Effect of Magnetic Fields on Fire Katsuo Maxted Aviation Fire Dynamics March 15, 2013

IntroductionMagnetism

• Defined as the phenomena that accounts to forces exerted by magnets

• Depends on other magnetic fields, temperature, and pressure

Page 4: Effect of Magnetic Fields on Fire Katsuo Maxted Aviation Fire Dynamics March 15, 2013

Introduction

N S

Types of Magnets

• Ferromagnets are permanent and have the strongest influence.

Page 5: Effect of Magnetic Fields on Fire Katsuo Maxted Aviation Fire Dynamics March 15, 2013

Introduction

N S

Types of Magnets

• Paramagnets are temporary magnets that created from an applied magnetic field

N S

Page 6: Effect of Magnetic Fields on Fire Katsuo Maxted Aviation Fire Dynamics March 15, 2013

IntroductionTypes of Magnets• Diamagnets are the weakest

magnets that exhibit an opposing magnetic field to an applied one

N S

S N

Page 7: Effect of Magnetic Fields on Fire Katsuo Maxted Aviation Fire Dynamics March 15, 2013

IntroductionTypes of Magnets

• Electromagnets are magnets composed of wires carrying an electric current

N S

Page 8: Effect of Magnetic Fields on Fire Katsuo Maxted Aviation Fire Dynamics March 15, 2013

Introduction

• Bio-magnetics [1]

• Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

• Enhance Combustion Processes

Magnetic Fields have been applied in:

Page 9: Effect of Magnetic Fields on Fire Katsuo Maxted Aviation Fire Dynamics March 15, 2013

Introduction• Units are in T (Tesla) for

strength and T/m (Tesla per meter) for intensity

• Refer to magnetic gradient for multiple field lines

• Paramagnetism, Ferromagnetism, & Diamagnetism

Page 10: Effect of Magnetic Fields on Fire Katsuo Maxted Aviation Fire Dynamics March 15, 2013

Introduction

• Oxygen is known for its paramagnetism

• Nitrogen, Carbon Dioxide, and most hydrocarbon fuels are repelled because of their diamagnetic nature [2, 3]

Magnetic field affects all gases:

http://www.youtube.com/embed/ozhIQG8XBkY

Page 11: Effect of Magnetic Fields on Fire Katsuo Maxted Aviation Fire Dynamics March 15, 2013

Outline• Introduction• Magnetic Properties in Combustion• Magnetic Confinement Fusion• Magnetic Induction in a Plasma Torch• Modeling Affects on a Diffusion Flame• Benefits Using Magnetism

Page 12: Effect of Magnetic Fields on Fire Katsuo Maxted Aviation Fire Dynamics March 15, 2013

Magnetic Properties• In the presence of an external

magnetic field, a flame on wax paper forms an equatorial disk and is more luminous

• Faraday attributed this to deflection of charged particles from the flame

• Von Engel & Cozens said deflection is caused by diamagnetic gases

Background [4, 5, 6]

Page 13: Effect of Magnetic Fields on Fire Katsuo Maxted Aviation Fire Dynamics March 15, 2013

Magnetic Properties• For highly conductive fluids like

plasma and salt water, Lenz’s law indicates that a charged fluid will follow the direction of a magnetically induced electromotive force

• Magnetic field lines perpendicular to fluid flow direction increase it’s speed while parallel magnetic fields do the opposite [2]

Effect on Fluid Flow

Page 14: Effect of Magnetic Fields on Fire Katsuo Maxted Aviation Fire Dynamics March 15, 2013

Magnetic PropertiesEffects in Chemical Reactions

• Spin (S) indicates the angular momentum of a charged particle

• The multiplicity or overall spin of a molecule is defined as 2S + 1 where S = ½*(number of unpaired electrons)

• Maxwell’s theory states that a moving charged particle creates a magnetic moment, indicating that a higher spin generates a stronger magnetic moment

Page 15: Effect of Magnetic Fields on Fire Katsuo Maxted Aviation Fire Dynamics March 15, 2013

Magnetic PropertiesEffects in Chemical Reactions [7]

• Oxygen gas (which is in a singlet state) must be broken into triplets before becoming paramagnetic

• Radicals are paramagnetic with a spin S = ½

• Diamagnetic effects cause radicals to form in pairs, causing doublets to excite to triplets, and after reaction, spins are conserved from diamagnetic predecessors

Page 16: Effect of Magnetic Fields on Fire Katsuo Maxted Aviation Fire Dynamics March 15, 2013

Magnetic PropertiesEffects in Chemical Reactions [7]

• Magnetic control on spin

• Four spin states: exchange interaction, electron spin-dipolar interaction, hyperfine interaction and Zeeman interaction

Page 17: Effect of Magnetic Fields on Fire Katsuo Maxted Aviation Fire Dynamics March 15, 2013

Magnetic PropertiesEffects in Chemical Reactions• Example: Photochemical

Process [8]

Stationary temperature dependence of the reacting system on external radiation value in the presence and in the absence of magnetic field

Page 18: Effect of Magnetic Fields on Fire Katsuo Maxted Aviation Fire Dynamics March 15, 2013

Magnetic PropertiesEffects in Chemical Reactions• Example: Photochemical

Process [8]

Stationary concentration dependence of biradicals on external radiation value in the presence and in the absence of magnetic field

Page 19: Effect of Magnetic Fields on Fire Katsuo Maxted Aviation Fire Dynamics March 15, 2013

Magnetic Properties• Magnetic field Intensity of 1 T is

said to alter combustion characteristics [3, 9]

• Production of 1 T rare-earth magnets can replace the need for electromagnets [10, 11]

Page 20: Effect of Magnetic Fields on Fire Katsuo Maxted Aviation Fire Dynamics March 15, 2013

Magnetic Properties

• Oxygen has randomly oriented dipole moments that align with the applied field

• Nitrogen, Carbon Dioxide and most hydrocarbon fuels form a net dipole moment in opposition to the applied field

Dipole alignment

Page 21: Effect of Magnetic Fields on Fire Katsuo Maxted Aviation Fire Dynamics March 15, 2013

Magnetic Properties• First Regime - At low velocities, gas

flow is diffused through the magnetic curtain.

• Second Regime - At slightly higher flow velocities, gas flow is blocked at the highest magnetic field gradient

• Third Regime - At higher flow rates, the gas flow is allowed to pass though curtain in a pinched fashion

Three Regimes for blocking gas flow [12]:

Magnetic fields do not separate nitrogen and oxygen!

Page 22: Effect of Magnetic Fields on Fire Katsuo Maxted Aviation Fire Dynamics March 15, 2013

Magnetic Properties• Application of magnetic field

gradients of 20-200T/m under 0.5 - 1.4 T decreased combustion temperature from 200 to 100 ˚C

• Combustion rate decreased for location of highest magnetic field strength

• Candle flame, hydrogen flame and methane flame are also deflected toward lesser magnetic field strengths

For combustion of alchohol [1, 2]

Page 23: Effect of Magnetic Fields on Fire Katsuo Maxted Aviation Fire Dynamics March 15, 2013

Magnetic Properties• Candle flame can be quenched

between two cylindrical electromagnets when interacting with a field strength of 1.5 T and intensity gradient of 50-300 T/m in a 5-10 mm space

• Flame is not quenched below 0.9 T

Flame Quenching [3]

Page 24: Effect of Magnetic Fields on Fire Katsuo Maxted Aviation Fire Dynamics March 15, 2013

Magnetic Properties

• Magnetic field near reaction zone greatly increases emission intensity

• Cleaner burning - soot levels are decreased

Radiative Emissions from Diffusion Flames [13]

Page 25: Effect of Magnetic Fields on Fire Katsuo Maxted Aviation Fire Dynamics March 15, 2013

Magnetic Properties

• Larger influence on diffusion flames due to buoyancy induced convective air flow

• Longer burning periods on diffusion flames

• Affects flame shape without pressurized containments

Studies in Microgravity [14, 15, 16]

Page 26: Effect of Magnetic Fields on Fire Katsuo Maxted Aviation Fire Dynamics March 15, 2013

Magnetic Properties

• In microgravity, the magnetic field causes the flame to behave like it’s subjected to buoyant forces (which can be isolated in normal gravity)

• Large soot particles can be decreased

Studies in Microgravity [14, 15, 16]

Page 27: Effect of Magnetic Fields on Fire Katsuo Maxted Aviation Fire Dynamics March 15, 2013

Magnetic Properties• Uniform Magnetic field produces no

observable change

• Combustion is enhanced in the presence of a decreasing magnetic field

• Ferromagnets are ideal for experimentation due to the absence of Ampere and Lorenz forces

Summary

Page 28: Effect of Magnetic Fields on Fire Katsuo Maxted Aviation Fire Dynamics March 15, 2013

Outline• Introduction• Magnetic Properties in Combustion• Magnetic Confinement Fusion• Magnetic Induction in a Plasma Torch• Modeling Affects on a Diffusion Flame• Benefits Using Magnetism

Page 29: Effect of Magnetic Fields on Fire Katsuo Maxted Aviation Fire Dynamics March 15, 2013

Magnetic Confinement FusionPlasma in Relation to Fire• Plasma is defined as a quasineutral gas composed of charged and neutral particles

• The ‘reaction zone’ of a diffusion flame at high pressure may be characterized as a plasma

http://www.youtube.com/embed/uPU9cEK5YsM

Page 30: Effect of Magnetic Fields on Fire Katsuo Maxted Aviation Fire Dynamics March 15, 2013

Magnetic Confinement Fusion

• Stellarator

• Toroidal Tokamak

• Spherical Tokamak

Page 31: Effect of Magnetic Fields on Fire Katsuo Maxted Aviation Fire Dynamics March 15, 2013

Magnetic Confinement Fusion• Stellarator [17]

QPS Coil-sets and plasma. Modular coils are shown in light blue, toroidal field coils are pink, vertical field coils are in tan. Color contours (blue = low field, red = high field) show the magnetic field strength on the outer plasma magnetic flux surface

Page 32: Effect of Magnetic Fields on Fire Katsuo Maxted Aviation Fire Dynamics March 15, 2013

Magnetic Confinement Fusion• Toroidal Tokamak [18]

Page 33: Effect of Magnetic Fields on Fire Katsuo Maxted Aviation Fire Dynamics March 15, 2013

33

Magnetic Confinement Fusion• Spherical Tokamak [19]

Page 34: Effect of Magnetic Fields on Fire Katsuo Maxted Aviation Fire Dynamics March 15, 2013

Outline• Introduction• Magnetic Properties in Combustion• Magnetic Confinement Fusion• Magnetic Induction in a Plasma Torch• Modeling Affects on a Diffusion Flame• Benefits Using Magnetism

Page 35: Effect of Magnetic Fields on Fire Katsuo Maxted Aviation Fire Dynamics March 15, 2013

Plasma Torch[20]• Hybrid (RF + DC) plasma

torch

Page 36: Effect of Magnetic Fields on Fire Katsuo Maxted Aviation Fire Dynamics March 15, 2013

Plasma Torch[20]• Direct Current Induction

Includes anodes, cathode and gas inlets

Page 37: Effect of Magnetic Fields on Fire Katsuo Maxted Aviation Fire Dynamics March 15, 2013

Plasma Torch[20]

• Radio-frequency Induction

Advantages: large volume plasma generation; cleanness; simplicity; easy in-feeding into plasma; long lifecycle

Includes metal water-cooling sections; quarts tube; body corpus and gas former

Page 38: Effect of Magnetic Fields on Fire Katsuo Maxted Aviation Fire Dynamics March 15, 2013

Plasma Torch[20]

Page 39: Effect of Magnetic Fields on Fire Katsuo Maxted Aviation Fire Dynamics March 15, 2013

Plasma Torch[20]

Page 40: Effect of Magnetic Fields on Fire Katsuo Maxted Aviation Fire Dynamics March 15, 2013

Outline• Introduction• Magnetic Properties in Combustion• Magnetic Confinement Fusion• Magnetic Induction in a Plasma Torch• Modeling Affects on a Diffusion Flame• Benefits Using Magnetism

Page 41: Effect of Magnetic Fields on Fire Katsuo Maxted Aviation Fire Dynamics March 15, 2013

Affects on Diffusion Flame [21]

Page 42: Effect of Magnetic Fields on Fire Katsuo Maxted Aviation Fire Dynamics March 15, 2013

Affects on Diffusion Flame [21]

Evolution of the temperature along the flame axis, lift-off height and flame length with the injection velocity of air in the presence of a magnetic field(MF) and without magnetic field(WMF) for two injection velocities of CH4: 0.54(a) and 0.79(d) for a position of the burner Z = +85mm.

Page 43: Effect of Magnetic Fields on Fire Katsuo Maxted Aviation Fire Dynamics March 15, 2013

Affects on Diffusion Flame [21]

Evolution of the visual lift-off height with the injection velocity of air in the presence of a magnetic field (MF) and without magnetic field (WMF) for two injection velocities of CH4: 0.54 and 0.79 m/s for a position of the burner Z = -185mm.

Page 44: Effect of Magnetic Fields on Fire Katsuo Maxted Aviation Fire Dynamics March 15, 2013

Affects on Diffusion Flame [21]

Page 45: Effect of Magnetic Fields on Fire Katsuo Maxted Aviation Fire Dynamics March 15, 2013

Affects on Diffusion Flame [21]

• Analysis

• Magnetic fields of decreasing strength lengthen lift-off height and accelerate normal convection

• Thermo-magnetic convection slows normal convection for fields of increasing strength

Page 46: Effect of Magnetic Fields on Fire Katsuo Maxted Aviation Fire Dynamics March 15, 2013

Field ModelingSolenoid (hollow)

Diffusion Flame

Magnetic Field Lines

Page 47: Effect of Magnetic Fields on Fire Katsuo Maxted Aviation Fire Dynamics March 15, 2013

Field Modeling•Geometry

0

Coil

Page 48: Effect of Magnetic Fields on Fire Katsuo Maxted Aviation Fire Dynamics March 15, 2013

Field Modeling•Biot-Savart Law

Page 49: Effect of Magnetic Fields on Fire Katsuo Maxted Aviation Fire Dynamics March 15, 2013

Field Modeling•Biot-Savart Law

Page 50: Effect of Magnetic Fields on Fire Katsuo Maxted Aviation Fire Dynamics March 15, 2013

Field Modeling•Biot-Savart Law

Page 51: Effect of Magnetic Fields on Fire Katsuo Maxted Aviation Fire Dynamics March 15, 2013

Field Modeling• Biot-Savart Law

• Magnetic field vector in 3D space is determined by the addition of two integrals for two coils.

• Ends of solenoids are connected with a sinusoidal function

• The connectors distort magnetic fields lines so data was taken away from the connectors

Page 52: Effect of Magnetic Fields on Fire Katsuo Maxted Aviation Fire Dynamics March 15, 2013

Field Modeling

Page 53: Effect of Magnetic Fields on Fire Katsuo Maxted Aviation Fire Dynamics March 15, 2013

Observations• Magnetic fields lines running

through the outer regions of the electromagnets are unpredictable and highly sensitive to initial conditions

• Field lines not affected by chaos slightly deviate from their initial linear paths when between magnets

Page 54: Effect of Magnetic Fields on Fire Katsuo Maxted Aviation Fire Dynamics March 15, 2013

Conclusions• More coil windings (and hence a

stronger magnetic field) give straighter magnetic field lines between the two solenoids, giving the flame an increased linear stability

• A longer flame length is due to the stronger influence from the central area of an electromagnet

• Flame behavior in outer regions of electromagnets is unpredictable

Page 55: Effect of Magnetic Fields on Fire Katsuo Maxted Aviation Fire Dynamics March 15, 2013

Outline• Introduction• Magnetic Properties in Combustion• Magnetic Confinement Fusion• Magnetic Induction in a Plasma Torch• Magnetic Field Line Modeling• Benefits Using Magnetism

Page 56: Effect of Magnetic Fields on Fire Katsuo Maxted Aviation Fire Dynamics March 15, 2013

Fire Suppression• Fire scan be suppressed through

electromagnetic pulses, which is an environmentally friendly alternative for water and chemicals

• Pulses are meant to scatter gases necessary for reactions to take place.

• Not applicable to large scale fires!

Page 57: Effect of Magnetic Fields on Fire Katsuo Maxted Aviation Fire Dynamics March 15, 2013

Applications• Useful for entraining oxygen in

microgravity environments

• Flame stabilization in combustion engines

• Experimental research in plasma assisted combustion

Page 58: Effect of Magnetic Fields on Fire Katsuo Maxted Aviation Fire Dynamics March 15, 2013

References

[1] S. Ueno and K. Harada, “Experimental Difficulties in Observing the Effects of Magnetic Fields on Biological and Chemical Processes”, IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, Vol. MAG-22, No.5, September 1986, pp. 868-873.

[2] S. Ueno and K. Harada, “Effects of Magnetic Fields on Flames and Gas Flow”, IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, Vol. MAG-23, No.5, September 1987, pp.2752-2754.

[3] S. Ueno, “Quenching of Flames by Magnetic Fields”, Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 65, No. 3, February 1989, pp. 1243-1245.

[4] Prof. Zantedeschi, “ On the Motions Presented by Flame when under the Electro-Magnetic Influence”, The London, Edinburgh and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science, Series 3, Vol. 31, No. 210, December 1847, pp.401-424.

[5] M. Faraday, “ On the Diamagnetic Conditions of Flame and Gases”, The London, Edinburgh and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science, Series 3, Vol. 31, No. 210, December 1847, pp.401-421.

[6] A. V. Engle and J. R. Cozens, “Flame Plasmas,” Advances in Electronics and Electron Physics, Vol. 20, 1964, pp. 99-146.

[7] U. E. Steiner, “Spin Chemistry: how magnetic fields affect chemical reactions”, Summer School on Magnetic Fields in Science, University of Konstanz, Cargese, Corsica, 2007. Received from http://mfs-cargese.grenoble.cnrs.fr/Steiner_Abstract.pdf.

Page 59: Effect of Magnetic Fields on Fire Katsuo Maxted Aviation Fire Dynamics March 15, 2013

References

[8] A. A. Kipriyanov (Jr.), P. A. Purtov, “Magnetic field effects on chemical reactions near the disturbance of stationary states conditions”, Chaotic Modeling and Simulation (CMSIM) 1: 53-65, 2012

[9] T. Aoki, “Radicals’ Emissions and Butane Diffusion Flames Exposed to Upward Decreasing Magnetic Fields,” Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 28, 1989, pp. 776-785.

[10] J. Baker, M. E. Calvert, K. Saito and R. Vander Wal, “Holographic Interferometry and Laminar Jet Diffusion Flames in the Presence of Non-Uniform Magnetic Fields”, Sixth International Microgravity Conference, 2001, pp. 361-364.

[11] J. Baker, M.E. Calvert, K. Saito and R. Vander Wal, “An Analytical Model for Non-Uniform Magnetic Field Effects on Two-Dimensional Laminar Jet Diffusion Flames”, Sixth International Microgravity Conference, 2001, pp. 361-364.

[12] S. Ueno and M. Iwasaka, “Properties of Magnetic Curtain Produced by Magnetic fields”, Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 67, No. 9, May 1990, pp. 5901-5903.

[13] N. I. Wakayama, “Effect of a Gradient Magnetic Field on the Combustion of Methane in Air”, Chemical Physics Letters, Vol. 188, No. 3, Jan. 1992, pp. 279-281.

[14] N. I. Wakayama, “Magnetic Support of Combustion in Diffusion Flames under Microgravity”, Combustion and Flame, Vol. 107, 1996, pp. 187-192.

Page 60: Effect of Magnetic Fields on Fire Katsuo Maxted Aviation Fire Dynamics March 15, 2013

References

[15] N. I. Wakayama, “Utilization of Magnetic Force in Space Experiments”, Advances in Space Research, Vol. 24, No. 10, 1999, pp. 1337-1340.

[16] F. Khaldi, K. Messadek, A. M. Benselama, “Isolation of Gravity Effects on Diffusion Flames by Magnetic Field”, Microgravity Sci. Technology (2010) 22:1-5.

[17] D. A. Spong, D. J. Strickler, S. P. Hirshman, J. F. Lyon, L. A. Berry, D. Mikkelsen, D. Monticello, A. S. Ware, “confinement physics and flow damping in quasi-poloidal stellarators”, The 14th International Stellarator Workshop, Griefswald, Germany, 2003.

[18] Picture received from http://www.plasma.inpe.br/LAP_Portal/LAP_Site/Text/Tokamaks.htm.

[19] World Nuclear Association, Ian Hore-Lacy (Lead Author);PPPL (Content Source);Cutler J. Cleveland (Topic Editor) "Nuclear fusion power". In: Encyclopedia of Earth. Eds. Cutler J. Cleveland (Washington, D.C.: Environmental Information Coalition, National Council for Science and the Environment). [First published in the Encyclopedia of Earth December 6, 2009; Last revised Date December 6, 2009; Retrieved March 14, 2013 <http://www.eoearth.org/article/Nuclear_fusion_power>

[20] V. Frolov, I. Matveev, D. Ivanov, S. Zverev, B. Ushin, G. Petrov, “experimental investigations of the hybrid plasma torch with reverse vortex stabilization “, Applied Plasma Technologies, 1729 Court Petit, McLean, VA 22101, USA. Received from http://www.nipne.ro/rjp/2011_56_Suppl/0036_0040.pdf.

[21] M. Chahine, P. Gillon, B. Sarh, J. N. Blanchard, V. Gilard, “Magnetic Field Effect on Methane/Air Diffusion Flame Characteristics”, Universite d’Orleans, 16 Rue d’Issoudun – BP 16729 45067 Orleans cedex 2, France. Received from http://data.cas.manchester.ac.uk/database3/SAMPLE%20III/Dropbox%20stuff/ECM/ECM%202011%20Papers/320.pdf.

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Fin