e_english grammar course unit 7 lecture 7 - adverbials

E_English Grammar Course E_English Grammar Course

Unit 7

Lecture 7 - Adverbials

1. Units realizing adverbial functions

2. Classes of adverbials

3. Adjuncts

4. Disjuncts

5. Conjuncts

IssuesIssues

Units realizing adverbial functionsUnits realizing adverbial functions1

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Realization of adverbials

Adverb phrases

Noun phrases

Prepositional phrases

Finite clause

Non-finite clause

Verbless clause


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Adverb phrases

Noun phrases


Finite clause

Non-finite clause

Verbless clause

E.g.: I have never been there.


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Adverb phrases

Noun phrases


Finite clause

Non-finite clause

Verbless clause

E.g.: I saw her last week.


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Adverb phrases

Noun phrases


Finite clause

Non-finite clause

Verbless clauseE.g.: She sat in a dark corner.


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Adverb phrases

Noun phrases


Finite clause

Non-finite clause

Verbless clause

E.g.: When I came to the club, I saw James sitting alone at the window table.


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Non-finite clause

Verbless clause


Adverb phrases

Noun phrases


Finite clause

infinitive -ing participle -ed participle

He plays to win. Seeing Tom, shesmiles.

Whenever left alone,he cried.


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Adverb phrases

Noun phrases


Finite clause

Non-finite clause

Verbless clause

E.g.: The baby was playing, unaware of the danger.

Classes of AdverbialsClasses of Adverbials2

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ADVERBIALS ADJUNCTS

DISJUNCTS

CONJUNCTS

Integrated in clause structure

Peripheral in clause structure


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ADVERBIALS ADJUNCTS

DISJUNCTS

CONJUNCTS

1. can’t appear initially in a negative

declarative clause.

E.g. Quickly, they didn’t leave home.


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ADVERBIALS ADJUNCTS

DISJUNCTS

CONJUNCTS

2. can be contrasted with another

adverbial in an alternative

interrogation (as focus of clause

interrogation)

E.g. Does he write to his parents

because he misses them, or only

because he wants some money?


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ADVERBIALS ADJUNCTS

DISJUNCTS

CONJUNCTS

3. can be contrasted with another

adverbial in alternative negation

(as focus of clause negation)

E.g. We didn’t hate him because of

his appearance, but because of his bad

behavior.


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ADVERBIALS ADJUNCTS

DISJUNCTS

CONJUNCTS

1. can appear initially before a

negative clause in most cases

E.g.: Naturally, he didn’t come.

(disjunct)

Therefore, he couldn’t come.

(conjunct)


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ADVERBIALS ADJUNCTS

DISJUNCTS

CONJUNCTS

2. cannot be contrasted with

another adverbial in alternative

interrogation.

3. cannot be focus of clause

negation


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ADVERBIALS ADJUNCTS

DISJUNCTS

CONJUNCTS

Can serve as a response to an Y-N

question.

E.g.: A: Will he be there?

B: Yes, probably.

AdjunctsAdjuncts

1. Adjuncts can come within the scope of predication pro-form

or predication ellipsis.

E.g.: John greatly admires Bob, and so does Mary.

John greatly admires Bob, and Mary greatly admires Bob.

3

SYNTACTIC FEATURES OF ADJUNCTS

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AdjunctsAdjuncts3


2. Adjuncts can be the focus of limiter adverbials such as “only”.

E.g.: They only want the car for an hour (for an hour not for longer).

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AdjunctsAdjuncts3

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3. Adjuncts can be the focus of additive adverbials such as “also”.

E.g.: They will also meet afterwards.

4. Adjuncts can be the focus of a cleft sentence.

E.g.: It was because of his injury that Mary helped Tony.

AdjunctsAdjuncts

1. Can constitute a comparative construction

E.g.: John speaks English more fluently than his brother does.

2. Have premodifying “however”

E.g.: However strongly you feel about it, you should be cautious

in the way you talk.

3

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ADVERB PHRASES AS ADJUNCTS

AdjunctsAdjuncts

3. Have premodifying “how”

E.g.: How often does she wash her hair?

How carelessly he drives!

4. Have premodifying “so” (+ inversion)

E.g.: So monotonously did he speak that everybody felt asleep.

3

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ADVERB PHRASES AS ADJUNCTS

AdjunctsAdjuncts3

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viewpoint

focusing

intensifier

process

subject

place

time

others

TYPES OF ADJUNCTS

AdjunctsAdjuncts3

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viewpoint

focusing

intensifier

process

subject

place

time

others

TYPES OF ADJUNCTS

+ = ‘if we consider what we

are saying from a [adj. phrase]

point of view’

+ usually in initial position

E.g.: Geographically (speaking),

Vietnam is a diverse country.

Business-wise, it’s not a good

idea to open a fast food

restaurant in this area.

AdjunctsAdjuncts3

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viewpoint

focusing

intensifier

process

subject

place

time

others

TYPES OF ADJUNCTS

limiters

additives

exclusives

particularizers

alone, just, only, purely, simply

chiefly, especially, mainly, etc.

also, either, even, neither, nor, too,as well as, in addition

AdjunctsAdjuncts3

8/21

viewpoint

focusing

intensifier

process

subject

place

time

others

TYPES OF ADJUNCTS

- Cannot be modified

Eg. *very only, *extremely also

- Cannot be coordinated

Eg. *just and exactly, *equally

and likewise

Exception: purely and simply

AdjunctsAdjuncts3

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viewpoint

focusing

intensifier

process

subject

place

time

others

TYPES OF ADJUNCTS

emphasizers

amplifiers

downtoners

clearly, definitely, etc.

by far, well, etc.

maximizers

boosters

completely, etc.

compromisers

diminishers

minimizers

approximators

kind of, quite, etc.

partly, slightly, etc.

a bit, barely, etc.

almost, nearly, etc.

AdjunctsAdjuncts3

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viewpoint

focusing

intensifier

process

subject

place

time

others

TYPES OF ADJUNCTS

+ = in that way/ that way

+ favor final conditions

+ co-occur with dynamic verbs,

not stative verbs

E.g.: They live frugally.

Tear gas was indiscriminatively

sprayed on the protesters.

AdjunctsAdjuncts3

viewpoint

focusing

intensifier

process

subject

place

time

others

TYPES OF ADJUNCTS

E.g.: They walked in single file.

E.g.: I go to school by car.

E.g.: You can cut the apple with that knife.

manner

means

instrument

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AdjunctsAdjuncts3

viewpoint

focusing

intensifier

process

subject

place

time

others

TYPES OF ADJUNCTS

general

volitional

formulaic

With great unease, they elected him as their leader.

deliberately, intentionally, on purpose, willingly, with reluctance, etc.

please, humbly, cordially, kindly, etc.

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AdjunctsAdjuncts3

viewpoint

focusing

intensifier

process

subject

place

time

others

TYPES OF ADJUNCTS

+ denote position, direction,

movement, and passage

+ most are prepositional phrases;

adverb phrases and noun phrases

used frequently

+ used only with verbs of motions or

other dynamic verbs denoting

direction

E.g.: She works a long way from here.

We’re moving some furniture

into the kitchen.

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AdjunctsAdjuncts3

viewpoint

focusing

intensifier

process

subject

place

time

others

TYPES OF ADJUNCTS

direction

position

I take the book from the shelf.She ran past the church.

I live in a small village.He is over there.

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AdjunctsAdjuncts3

viewpoint

focusing

intensifier

process

subject

place

time

others

TYPES OF ADJUNCTS

other relationships

when

duration

frequency

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AdjunctsAdjuncts3

viewpoint

focusing

intensifier

process

subject

place

time

others

TYPES OF ADJUNCTS

other relationships

when

duration

frequency

+ point of time

E.g.: today, tomorrow

+ boundary of time

E.g.: afterwards

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AdjunctsAdjuncts3

viewpoint

focusing

intensifier

process

subject

place

time

others

TYPES OF ADJUNCTS

other relationships

when

duration

frequency + length of time

E.g.: briefly

+ from the preceding

point in time

E.g.: since

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AdjunctsAdjuncts3

viewpoint

focusing

intensifier

process

subject

place

time

others

TYPES OF ADJUNCTS

other relationships

when

duration

frequency

+ definite

- period: E.g.: daily

- number: E.g.: twice

+ indefinite

- usual occurrence: E.g.: usually

- continuous/continual:

E.g.: always

- high: E.g.: often

- low/zero: occasionally, never

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AdjunctsAdjuncts3

viewpoint

focusing

intensifier

process

subject

place

time

others

TYPES OF ADJUNCTS

other relationships

when

duration

frequency

first, still, yet, already, etc.

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AdjunctsAdjuncts3

viewpoint

focusing

intensifier

process

subject

place

time

others

TYPES OF ADJUNCTS

+ expressing purpose, cause, reason,

source or origin

E.g.: He took the book from me.

They symbolically buried the car

as a protest against pollution.

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AdjunctsAdjuncts3

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RELATIVE POSITION OF ADJUNCTS

1. In final position: process – place - time

E.g. He was working with his shears (process) in the garden (place) the whole

morning (time).

2. The normal relative order can be changed to suit the desire for end-focus.

3. A clause normally comes after other structures to avoid ambiguity

E.g. We stood talking for a very long time (A1) where the fire had been (A2).

4. Longer adjuncts tend to follow shorter adjuncts.

E.g. I was studying earlier (A1) in the university library (A2).

DisjunctsDisjuncts4

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DISJUNCTS

Style disjuncts

Attitudinal disjuncts

Most disjuncts are prepositional

phrases or clause

DisjunctsDisjuncts4

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DISJUNCTS

Style disjuncts

Attitudinal disjuncts

• convey the speaker’s comment on

the form of what he is saying,

defining in some way under what

conditions he is speaking

E.g.: Seriously, do you intend to retire?

Personally, I don’t approve of her.

Very frankly, I am tired.

DisjunctsDisjuncts4

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DISJUNCTS

Style disjuncts

Attitudinal disjuncts• convey the speaker’s comment on the

content of what he is saying• generally appear only on declarative

clauses

E.g.: Obviously, no one expected us.

Understandably, they were all

annoyed when reading the letter.

ConjunctsConjuncts5

CONJUNCTS 1. Most conjuncts are adverb phrases

or prepositional phrases.

2. The normal position for most conjuncts

is initial.

3. Conjuncts often have a separate

tone unit.

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ConjunctsConjuncts5

CONJUNCTS

Enumerative

Reinforcing

Equative

Transitional

Summative

Apposition

Result

Inferential

Reformulatory

Replacive

Antithetic

Concessive

Temporal transition

2/15

ConjunctsConjuncts5

CONJUNCTS

Enumerative

Reinforcing

Equative

Transitional

Summative

Apposition

Result

Inferential

Reformulatory

Replacive

Antithetic

Concessive

Temporal transition

first, second, third…; one, two, three…; for one thing, for another thing; for a start, to begin with, next, then…

3/15

ConjunctsConjuncts5

CONJUNCTS

Enumerative

Reinforcing

Equative

Transitional

Summative

Apposition

Result

Inferential

Reformulatory

Replacive

Antithetic

Concessive

Temporal transition

also, furthermore, moreover, in addition, above all,what is more, then (informal), etc.

4/15

ConjunctsConjuncts5

CONJUNCTS

Enumerative

Reinforcing

Equative

Transitional

Summative

Apposition

Result

Inferential

Reformulatory

Replacive

Antithetic

Concessive

Temporal transition

equally, likewise, similarly, in the same way, etc.

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ConjunctsConjuncts5

CONJUNCTS

Enumerative

Reinforcing

Equative

Transitional

Summative

Apposition

Result

Inferential

Reformulatory

Replacive

Antithetic

Concessive

Temporal transition

by the way, incidentally, etc.

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ConjunctsConjuncts5

CONJUNCTS

Enumerative

Reinforcing

Equative

Transitional

Summative

Apposition

Result

Inferential

Reformulatory

Replacive

Antithetic

Concessive

Temporal transition

then, (all) in all, in conclusion, to sum up, etc.

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ConjunctsConjuncts5

CONJUNCTS

Enumerative

Reinforcing

Equative

Transitional

Summative

Apposition

Result

Inferential

Reformulatory

Replacive

Antithetic

Concessive

Temporal transition

namely, in other words, for instance,that is, that is to say, for example, etc.

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ConjunctsConjuncts5

CONJUNCTS

Enumerative

Reinforcing

Equative

Transitional

Summative

Apposition

Result

Inferential

Reformulatory

Replacive

Antithetic

Concessive

Temporal transition

consequently, hence, thus, so, therefore, as a result, etc.

9/15

ConjunctsConjuncts5

CONJUNCTS

Enumerative

Reinforcing

Equative

Transitional

Summative

Apposition

Result

Inferential

Reformulatory

Replacive

Antithetic

Concessive

Temporal transition

else, otherwise, then, in other words, in that case, etc.

10/15

ConjunctsConjuncts5

CONJUNCTS

Enumerative

Reinforcing

Equative

Transitional

Summative

Apposition

Result

Inferential

Reformulatory

Replacive

Antithetic

Concessive

Temporal transition

better, rather, in other words, etc.

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ConjunctsConjuncts5

CONJUNCTS

Enumerative

Reinforcing

Equative

Transitional

Summative

Apposition

Result

Inferential

Reformulatory

Replacive

Antithetic

Concessive

Temporal transition

alternatively, rather, on the other hand, etc.

12/15

ConjunctsConjuncts5

CONJUNCTS

Enumerative

Reinforcing

Equative

Transitional

Summative

Apposition

Result

Inferential

Reformulatory

Replacive

Antithetic

Concessive

Temporal transition

instead, then, on the contrary, in contrast, by comparison, on the other hand, etc.

13/15

ConjunctsConjuncts5

CONJUNCTS

Enumerative

Reinforcing

Equative

Transitional

Summative

Apposition

Result

Inferential

Reformulatory

Replacive

Antithetic

Concessive

Temporal transition

anyhow, anyway, besides, else, however, still

nevertheless, yet, in any case, at any rate, after all

in spite of that, on the other hand, all the same, etc.

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ConjunctsConjuncts5

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CONJUNCTS

Enumerative

Reinforcing

Equative

Transitional

Summative

Apposition

Result

Inferential

Reformulatory

Replacive

Antithetic

Concessive

Temporal transition

meantime, meanwhile, in the mean time, etc.

e_english grammar course unit 7 lecture 7 - adverbials

Documents

clause negation slide

clause structure slide

negative clause

classes of adverbials

addition slide

conjunct slide

focus of clause negation

focus of clause interrogation