eem101 elektrik elektronik mühendisliğine giriş
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EEM101 Elektrik Elektronik Mühendisliğine Giriş
Güz 2019
14-15. Hafta Ders Notları Prof. Dr. Özgül SALOR-DURNA Elektrik ve Elektronik Müh. Böl. KTMÜ
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Introduction • Signal: Any time-varying physical phenomenon that is intended to
convey information. Examples: human voice, sign language, Morse code, traffic signals, voltages on telephone wires, electric fields emanating from radio or television transmitters, variations of light intensity in an optical fiber.
• Noise is a time-varying physical phenomenon,but it usually does not carry useful information and is considered undesirable.
• Systems operate on signals.
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Introduction • Signal: Any time-varying physical phenomenon that is intended to
convey information. Examples: human voice, sign language, Morse code, traffic signals, voltages on telephone wires, electric fields emanating from radio or television transmitters, variations of light intensity in an optical fiber.
• Noise is a time-varying physical phenomenon,but it usually does not carry useful information and is considered undesirable.
• Systems operate on signals.
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• In a communication system a transmitter produces a signal and a receiver acquires it.
• A channel is the path a signal takes from a transmitter to a receiver. Noise is inevitably introduced into the transmitter, channel and receiver, often at multiple points.
• The transmitter, channel and receiver are all components or subsystems of the overall system.
• Scientific instruments are systems that measure a physical phenomenon (temperature, pressure, speed, etc.) and convert it to a voltage or current, a signal.
Introduction
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Types of Signals
Sampling a signal is acquiring values from a continuous-time signal at discrete points in time. The set of samples forms a discrete-time signal.
• Continuous-time and discrete-time • Continuous-value and discrete-value • Random and non-random
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Types of Signals
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Types of Signals
Analog Signal
Digital Signal
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American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII)
Types of Signals: Examples The letters of the alphabet, the digits 0–9, some punctuation characters and several nonprinting control characters, for a total of 128 characters, are all encoded into a sequence of 7 binary bits. The 7 bits are sent sequentially, preceded by a start bit and followed by one or two stop bits for synchronization purposes. Typically, in direct-wired connections between digital equipment, the bits are represented by a higher voltage (2V to 5V) for a 1 and a lower voltage level (around 0V) for a 0.
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Types of Signals: Examples
x(t) = 50 sin(200πt)
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Types of Signals: Examples
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• Images: functions of space instead of time • Spatial signals: Independent variable is space instead of time
Types of Signals: Examples
• Two independent variables: x and y • On the left is an unprocessed X-ray image of carry-on bag at an airport checkpoint. • On the right is the same image after being processed by some image-filtering operations to reveal the presence of a weapon.
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Examples of Systems: A sound-recording system
ADC: Analog-to-Digital Converter
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Using MATLAB for Signal Processing
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MATLAB
Örnekleme frekansı (sampling frequency)
16-bit
Tek kanal kayıt (stereo değil)
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MATLAB
Ses kaydı: ‘Bu bir
deneme kaydıdır’
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MATLAB
Yakınlaştırılmış görüntü
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MATLAB
stem ile örnekler ayrı ayrı görülebilir