EECS 294-12EECS 294-12An Information and Communications An Information and Communications

Technology (ICT)Technology (ICT)Framework for Developing RegionsFramework for Developing Regions

Berkeley:Berkeley:

Professor Eric Brewer, EECSProfessor Eric Brewer, EECSTom Kalil, Special Assistant to the ChancellorTom Kalil, Special Assistant to the Chancellor

Professor Richard Newton, Dean of the College of EngineeringProfessor Richard Newton, Dean of the College of EngineeringCMU:CMU:

Rahul Tongia, Institute For Software Research InternationalRahul Tongia, Institute For Software Research InternationalM. Bernardine Dias, Robotics InstituteM. Bernardine Dias, Robotics Institute

Prof. Raj Reddy, Robotics Institute/Computer ScienceProf. Raj Reddy, Robotics Institute/Computer Science

Logistics and Other Practical StuffLogistics and Other Practical Stuff EECS 294-12 (will be cross-listed at Haas for business students), 3 EECS 294-12 (will be cross-listed at Haas for business students), 3

unitsunits Project, 60%; Homework 20%; Class participation 20% of final Project, 60%; Homework 20%; Class participation 20% of final

gradegrade Written project with oral project review in last two weeks of Written project with oral project review in last two weeks of

semestersemester Typical class format: 1 hr of lecture, 1 hr of discussion (3Typical class format: 1 hr of lecture, 1 hr of discussion (3rdrd hr hr

reserved for use when needed)reserved for use when needed) All other details on the web site at:All other details on the web site at:http://courseweb.berkeley.edu/courseweb/pub/courses/2003/FL/COMPSCI/294/012http://courseweb.berkeley.edu/courseweb/pub/courses/2003/FL/COMPSCI/294/012 We will be using the Blackboard system at CMU for additional We will be using the Blackboard system at CMU for additional

communications, etc.: communications, etc.: www.cmu.edu/blackboardwww.cmu.edu/blackboard

Value Creation in Product Value Creation in Product DevelopmentDevelopment

Markets Technologies

ProductProductDefinitionDefinition

FundamentalFundamentalTechnologiesTechnologies

ProductProductImplementationImplementation

... The Way It Used to Be... The Way It Used to Be

e.g. IBM, Hitachi, Digital, Siemens, Fujitsu

$ ROI$ ROI

Source: Stan Shih, Acer, 1992Source: Stan Shih, Acer, 1992

15nm

Value Creation in Product Value Creation in Product DevelopmentDevelopment

ProductDefinition

FundamentalTechnologies

ProductImplementation

Markets Technologies

... The Way It Is Today

e.g. Microsoft, Sony,e.g. Microsoft, Sony,Acer, Cisco, DellAcer, Cisco, Dell e.ge.g. Xilinks,. Xilinks,

Intel, 3MIntel, 3MDisruptive

Technology

$ ROI$ ROI

DisruptiveBusiness Model

Source: Stan Shih, Acer, 1992Source: Stan Shih, Acer, 1992

4 Billion PeopleEarning less than $2,000/year

< $2,000 4,000

‘‘The Bottom of the Pyramid’The Bottom of the Pyramid’

Middle Classin developing

countries

$2,000—$20,000 2,000

WealthyNations

Annual Purchasing PowerParity (PPP) in $US

> $20,000

PopulationIn Millions

100

Source: Prahalad & Hammond, Harvard Business Review, Vol. 80, Issue 9 (Sep. 2002), pp48-58

emerging‘mass’ markets

adjacentmarkets

We Can Build Large and SustainableWe Can Build Large and SustainableBusinesses Based on These MarketsBusinesses Based on These Markets

The Bottom: A Brief DescriptionThe Bottom: A Brief Description 3-4 billion people with per-capita equivalent purchasing 3-4 billion people with per-capita equivalent purchasing

power (PPP) less that US$2,000 per yearpower (PPP) less that US$2,000 per year Could swell to 6-8 billion over the next 25 yearsCould swell to 6-8 billion over the next 25 years Most live in rural villages or urban slums and shanty Most live in rural villages or urban slums and shanty

towns—movement towards urbanizationtowns—movement towards urbanization Education levels are low or no-existent (especially for Education levels are low or no-existent (especially for

women)women) Markets are hard to reach, disorganized, and very local Markets are hard to reach, disorganized, and very local

in naturein nature

http://www.wri.org/meb/wrisummit/pdfs/hart.pdf

Growth in Megacities—An Urban FutureGrowth in Megacities—An Urban Future

Concentrated Population can be Addressed More Efficiently

Example:Example:An Emerging Market—IndiaAn Emerging Market—India

http://www.wri.org/meb/wrisummit/pdfs/hart.pdf

Traditional MNCBusiness Model

Some MNCs?

Local Firms

FutureOpportunity?

The Bottom: Not the Same EverywhereThe Bottom: Not the Same Everywhere

http://www.wri.org/meb/wrisummit/pdfs/hart.pdf

March 1, 2003

Ext

ent

of

ben

efit

des

ired

DESTITUTEDESTITUTE

CONSUMING CLASS

CONSUMING CLASS

RICHRICHCARSCARS

WASHERS

WASHERS

REFRIGERATOR

REFRIGERATOR

BICYCLES

BICYCLES

ASPIRANTSASPIRANTS

CLIMBERCLIMBER

COLOR TV

COLOR TV

B&W TV

B&W TVMIXERSMIXERS

AUDIOAUDIO

Price able to pay

Example: India—Many Price PointsExample: India—Many Price Points

Source: NCAER, Millions of Households in 1999,and Rama BijapurkarSource: NCAER, Millions of Households in 1999,and Rama Bijapurkar

Example: India—Digital Photography Example: India—Digital Photography “Pyramid”“Pyramid”

Phogenix DFX complete system for $39,900

Enterprise

Village Photographer

Target $400 -> $200

Entrepreneurs

100,000s

Photo shop for $3,000

Cheap Photo shop $1,000

SME (1000)s

Source: Dr. Per-Kristian Halvorsen, HP Labs

Telugu and Hindi voice-enablednews retrieval system

Hand-writtten Email sent as bitmap

SpeculativeTechnologies

Source: Dr. Per-Kristian Halvorsen, HP Labs

ICT4B—Hypothesis 1:ICT4B—Hypothesis 1: Current ICT projects for the Developing World Current ICT projects for the Developing World

are just “trickle down” first-world technology:are just “trickle down” first-world technology: Too expensive Assumes reliable infrastructure, power Assumes IT knowledge and significant support Assumes literacy

We can We can directly attackdirectly attack these issues these issues

ICT4B—Hypothesis 2:ICT4B—Hypothesis 2: Thousands of ICT projects, but:Thousands of ICT projects, but:

Almost all focus on devices not infrastructure No single project can afford to build infrastructure,

but all of them would benefit. Existing elements of infrastructure not leveraged

enough! Key Idea:Key Idea: We can enable low-cost infrastructure We can enable low-cost infrastructure

Enhance all of the existing projects Enable new projects that were previously intractable

ICT4B—The Big PictureICT4B—The Big Picture Enhance and enable ICT projects:Enhance and enable ICT projects:

Novel technology (direct attack) Novel deployment/support Support for semi- and illiterate users

Two real-world deployments (validate)Two real-world deployments (validate) Question:Question: Is this really true? Can new Is this really true? Can new

technologies really make a big difference here? technologies really make a big difference here? Or is this market better served by a “trickle down” Or is this market better served by a “trickle down” of existing technology and the real challenge is of existing technology and the real challenge is simply the business model aspect?simply the business model aspect?

ICT4B—Hypothesis 3:ICT4B—Hypothesis 3: There are many applications that can benefit the There are many applications that can benefit the

developing world built upon an affordable, reliable and developing world built upon an affordable, reliable and ubiquitous ICT infrastructure.ubiquitous ICT infrastructure.

There are sufficient productivity gains, opportunities to There are sufficient productivity gains, opportunities to increase government efficiency, and health and well-increase government efficiency, and health and well-being benefits to build sustainable businesses at all being benefits to build sustainable businesses at all levelslevels

By providing these opportunities in the developing By providing these opportunities in the developing world, we will also provide a mechanism to address world, we will also provide a mechanism to address such critical long-term issues as population growth, such critical long-term issues as population growth, human rights, and a sustainable environmenthuman rights, and a sustainable environment

Information and CommunicationInformation and CommunicationTechnologyTechnology

““The Digital ProvideThe Digital Provide””Global Information Technology Report 2001-2002:

Readiness for the Networked World (http://www.weforum.org)(http://www.weforum.org)

Information for EconomicInformation for EconomicDecisionsDecisions

Effective MarketsEffective Markets

Income GainsIncome Gains

EconomicEconomicGrowthGrowth

CapitalCapitalInvestmentInvestment

EconomicEconomicROIROI

Tangible Economic Benefits of ICT4BTangible Economic Benefits of ICT4B ProductivityProductivity

Drives long-term standard of living Large part of U.S. resurgence of productivity growth in 1996-2002 How widespread would it need to be in LDCs to yield significant productivity

increases? Income generationIncome generation

ICT equivalent of “Super Money Maker” irrigation pump—6-9 month payback GrameenPhone—$170/month vs. $368 GDP/capita in Bangladesh

OutsourcingOutsourcing Virtual security guards from Cape Verde Business process outsourcing in India But if 5 percent of developed country service jobs are contestable—only 0.24%

of developing country population ““Digital diaspora” as development resource (brain drain to brain trust)Digital diaspora” as development resource (brain drain to brain trust)

Economic Benefits and ApplicationsEconomic Benefits and Applications

Price discovery—rural farmers able to double Price discovery—rural farmers able to double incomes by discovering price of their crops in the incomes by discovering price of their crops in the capital citycapital city

Improved exports to developed country marketsImproved exports to developed country marketsTransfer of dollars from diaspora—networked Transfer of dollars from diaspora—networked

diaspora as a development resourcediaspora as a development resourceCoordination of transportation and distribution (e.g. Coordination of transportation and distribution (e.g.

crops to markets)crops to markets)Natural disaster mitigation—early warning of Natural disaster mitigation—early warning of

floods, monsoons, etc.floods, monsoons, etc.

Example:Example:ICT for Improving Market EfficienciesICT for Improving Market Efficiencies

“Price dispersion is a manifestation—and, indeed, it isthe measure—of ignorance in the market” (Stigler, 1961)

Source: China Health and Nutrition Survey, 1991

Badiane and Shively (1998) Badiane and Shively (1998) studied monthly maize prices studied monthly maize prices in Ghana from 1980 to 1993: in Ghana from 1980 to 1993: “…the estimated time to fully “…the estimated time to fully transmit a price shock to transmit a price shock to each of two outlying markets each of two outlying markets is about four months.”is about four months.”

Economic Benefits and ApplicationsEconomic Benefits and Applications Price discovery—rural farmers able to double incomes Price discovery—rural farmers able to double incomes

by discovering price of their crops in the capital cityby discovering price of their crops in the capital city Job creation (jobs like data entry that can be shifted to Job creation (jobs like data entry that can be shifted to

developing countries—inexpensive IT workforce)developing countries—inexpensive IT workforce) Improved exports to developed country marketsImproved exports to developed country markets Transfer of dollars from diaspora—networked diaspora Transfer of dollars from diaspora—networked diaspora

as a development resourceas a development resource Coordination of transportation and distribution (e.g. Coordination of transportation and distribution (e.g.

crops to markets)crops to markets) Natural disaster mitigation—early warning of floods, Natural disaster mitigation—early warning of floods,

monsoons, etc.monsoons, etc.

ICT Empowers WomenICT Empowers Women“We get our freedom from the Internet, since in our society girls are not allowed to go wherever we want…the Internet takes us out to other people, places and realities…it is our way of escaping from our closed society. It is vital to us, it gives us liberty.”

A young Muslim girl from Mauritania, Global Information Technology Report 2001-2002: Readiness for

the Networked World

SocietalSocietalROIROI

Information and CommunicationInformation and CommunicationTechnologyTechnology

““The Digital Provide”The Digital Provide”

Information for EconomicInformation for EconomicDecisionsDecisions

Effective MarketsEffective Markets

Income GainsIncome Gains

EconomicEconomicGrowthGrowth

Smaller FamiliesSmaller Families Healthier FamiliesHealthier Families Better EducationBetter Education Capitalism ThrivesCapitalism Thrives

Social Benefits and ApplicationsSocial Benefits and Applications A Platform for Education, Training and ConsultationA Platform for Education, Training and Consultation

Educated women have fewer children and they are healthier

Transparency:Transparency: Cost of obtaining a land title in Madhya Pradesh drops from

$100 to 10 cents (reduced corruption) GIS for location of roads, schools, power plants to reduce

politicization (Bangladesh) Internet-based disclosureInternet-based disclosure

Increased pressure for compliance with environmental regulations

Social Benefits and ApplicationsSocial Benefits and Applications

More voices (ease of publishing, many to many More voices (ease of publishing, many to many communication)communication) Honduras–all media owned by one of 10 wealthiest

families Revistazo.com provides outlet for investigative journalism

EntertainmentEntertainment Developing country “communities of practice”Developing country “communities of practice” Preservation and global sharing of local culturePreservation and global sharing of local culture

Health Benefits and ApplicationsHealth Benefits and Applications E-health (Health information, remote consultation E-health (Health information, remote consultation

using digital cameras, public health networks)using digital cameras, public health networks) SMS “text messages” used to increase SMS “text messages” used to increase

compliance for TB treatment in S. Africa:compliance for TB treatment in S. Africa: 4 tablets 5 times/week for 6 months Non-compliance increases drug resistance Only 1 treatment failure in pilot of 138 patients Very significant life and cost savings possible

Example:Example:Health benefits of ICT—River BlindnessHealth benefits of ICT—River Blindness

IT used to help eradicate black fly that carries IT used to help eradicate black fly that carries river blindness in West Africariver blindness in West Africa

Network of real-time hydrological sensors, Network of real-time hydrological sensors, satellites, and forecasting software determined satellites, and forecasting software determined best time to spray larvicidebest time to spray larvicide

Protects 30 million people from infectionProtects 30 million people from infection Freed up 100,000 square miles of land – Freed up 100,000 square miles of land –

capable of feeding 17 million peoplecapable of feeding 17 million people

But ICT not just VOIP, Computers and But ICT not just VOIP, Computers and Internet…Internet…

MEMS for low-cost “lab on a chip” and drug MEMS for low-cost “lab on a chip” and drug deliverydelivery

Sensors for environmental or food qualitySensors for environmental or food quality Remote sensing for predicting crop yields and Remote sensing for predicting crop yields and

enhancing regional securityenhancing regional security Leveraging “cyber-infrastructure” for science Leveraging “cyber-infrastructure” for science

aimed at developing country problemsaimed at developing country problems

ICT4B—We are Studying Five Main ICT4B—We are Studying Five Main Application AreasApplication Areas

CommerceCommerce HealthHealth EducationEducation GovernmentGovernment Location-based servicesLocation-based services

Team includes social scientists:Team includes social scientists: Professors Stephen Weber, Isha Ray, at Berkeley

ICT4B—Hypothesis 4:ICT4B—Hypothesis 4: It will take new and very innovative approaches It will take new and very innovative approaches

in ‘business models’ to make this work—this is in ‘business models’ to make this work—this is not just about technology!not just about technology! Financing deployment: Grameen Bank, Grameen

Phone, Yahoo BB and DSL Distribution channels: Intel White-Box experience? Working with (or around) local and national

governments and regulations User and technical support models Deployment of services, enabling and encouraging

the development of applications built upon them

15nm

Disruptive Business Models & Disruptive Business Models & ImplementationImplementation

ProductDefinition

FundamentalTechnologies

ProductImplementation

Markets Technologies

... A Major Societal Opportunity

e.g. Microsoft, Sony,e.g. Microsoft, Sony,Acer, Cisco, DellAcer, Cisco, Dell e.ge.g. Xilinks,. Xilinks,

Intel, 3MIntel, 3M

$ ROI$ ROI

Source: Stan Shih, Acer, 1992Source: Stan Shih, Acer, 1992

Example:Example:Grameen Bank—Bangladesh Grameen Bank—Bangladesh Owned entirely by the poorOwned entirely by the poor

Began in one village in 1976 97% of equity owned by the (women) borrowers, remainder

by the government 2.6 million borrowers (95% women), over 1,000 branches in

over 42,000 villages. 12,000 staff. Has loaned more than US$3.9B since inceptionHas loaned more than US$3.9B since inception

Over US$3.5B repaid with interest (98.75% recovery rate); $290M loaned in the last 12 months.

Has never accepted any charity—has always been run Has never accepted any charity—has always been run as a profitable social enterpriseas a profitable social enterprise

46.5% of Grameen borrowers have crossed the poverty 46.5% of Grameen borrowers have crossed the poverty lineline

Grameen TelecomGrameen TelecomA Disruptive Societal-Scale Business ModelA Disruptive Societal-Scale Business Model

‘‘Village Phone’ is a unique idea that provides Village Phone’ is a unique idea that provides modern telecommunication services to the poor modern telecommunication services to the poor people of Bangladesh.people of Bangladesh.

So far over 26,000 loans of average US$200 So far over 26,000 loans of average US$200 have been given to buy mobile phones.have been given to buy mobile phones.

Average Phone Lady income goes up by 3-10x!Average Phone Lady income goes up by 3-10x! The goal is to provide telecommunication The goal is to provide telecommunication

services to the 100 million rural inhabitants in services to the 100 million rural inhabitants in the 68,000 villages in Bangladesh—the largest the 68,000 villages in Bangladesh—the largest wireless pay phone project in the World.wireless pay phone project in the World.

e.g. Cellular& Wireless

Systemse.g. Grameen

Phone

Disruptive Business Models & Disruptive Business Models & ImplementationImplementation

ProductDefinition

FundamentalTechnologies

ProductImplementation

Markets Technologies

... A Major Societal OpportunitySocietalSocietal

ROIROI

Grameen Grameen Bank

Source: Stan Shih, Acer, 1992Source: Stan Shih, Acer, 1992

Key Idea: Can such a model be used to successfully developand distribute other technologies and services?

Source: John Gage, Sun Microsystems and K. C. Claffy, CAIDA, Source: John Gage, Sun Microsystems and K. C. Claffy, CAIDA, UCSDUCSD

So Why Now?So Why Now? Rapidly Expanding Access to Communication Networks Rapidly Expanding Access to Communication Networks

(especially wireless)(especially wireless) Low-Cost Electronics and DevicesLow-Cost Electronics and Devices Intuitive and User/Task-Oriented InterfacesIntuitive and User/Task-Oriented Interfaces Peer-to-Peer (and Device-to-Device) System ArchitecturesPeer-to-Peer (and Device-to-Device) System Architectures Precise Spatial Location (via GPS) Embedded into Every DevicePrecise Spatial Location (via GPS) Embedded into Every Device Sensor fusionSensor fusion Unique Identity SystemsUnique Identity Systems

ICT4B—Hypothesis 5:ICT4B—Hypothesis 5: Key Idea:Key Idea: By developing technologies and services specifically By developing technologies and services specifically

for this market, rather than simply retargeting existing for this market, rather than simply retargeting existing technologies, there is a disruptive opportunitytechnologies, there is a disruptive opportunity Fully-integrated, single-chip handset Chips optimized for server farm management—introspection, power

management, test, diagnosis and ‘self-repair’ Hardware and software interaction in new and unique ways (e.g. to

support privacy, security, reliability, reprovisioning and repair) Key Idea:Key Idea: By co-developing devices and infrastructure, By co-developing devices and infrastructure,

significant efficiencies can be obtained, and such development is significant efficiencies can be obtained, and such development is possible in these relatively “green field” marketspossible in these relatively “green field” markets

New and very powerful architectural control points can and will be New and very powerful architectural control points can and will be established by the early-movers in these marketsestablished by the early-movers in these markets

Given the significant pent up entrepreneurial desire in these Given the significant pent up entrepreneurial desire in these markets, the ‘right’ technologies and services are likely to move markets, the ‘right’ technologies and services are likely to move and grow relatively quickly.and grow relatively quickly.

Novel TechnologyNovel Technology Device cost: 10-100 times reduction Device cost: 10-100 times reduction Infrastructure cost: 10-100 times reductionInfrastructure cost: 10-100 times reduction Device power: 10-100 times lowerDevice power: 10-100 times lower Speech recognition for obscure languages and Speech recognition for obscure languages and

dialectsdialects

What’s the Right Physical Network What’s the Right Physical Network Architecture?Architecture?““I took a map of India and said what if we drew I took a map of India and said what if we drew 5000 circles, 40 km 5000 circles, 40 km in radiusin radius. … Each circle covers a 100 villages, about 5000 sq kms . … Each circle covers a 100 villages, about 5000 sq kms each, on average 25000each, on average 25000 families— families—100,000 people in each circle100,000 people in each circle. . Now that’s a viable scale at which to build [network and Now that’s a viable scale at which to build [network and communication connectivity]. Out of a circle of 100,000 people I can communication connectivity]. Out of a circle of 100,000 people I can see at least a few thousand people effectively using all these see at least a few thousand people effectively using all these technologies … technologies … We try and build 5,000 important centers and not We try and build 5,000 important centers and not outfit 500,000 villagesoutfit 500,000 villages. We build it in a way that any of the 100,000 . We build it in a way that any of the 100,000 people in the centers have access, but only if they are motivated, people in the centers have access, but only if they are motivated, only if they are driven, only if they are driven, only if they are willing to work hard and if they only if they are willing to work hard and if they have a good use for this that has a good ROI.”have a good use for this that has a good ROI.”

Vinod Khosla, KPCB, Stanford, 2000Vinod Khosla, KPCB, Stanford, 2000

Three Layer Architecture VisionThree Layer Architecture Vision DevicesDevices

1-70 users each, $1-10 Short range wireless (WiFi or kiosk at base-station)

Proxies (base-stations)Proxies (base-stations) 100-1000 users, $200 , < $1/user Mixed wired (where exists), wireless (WiMAX with relay),

satellite Transient storage

Data CentersData Centers >100,000 users (more likely 1M users), < $0.10 / user Full power, networking, persistent storage

Question:Question: Is this really just about the communication Is this really just about the communication architecture and aren’t people already deploying such systems in architecture and aren’t people already deploying such systems in the developing world? Won’t this just happen anyway?the developing world? Won’t this just happen anyway?

Exploiting 802.11 and 802.16, and Exploiting 802.11 and 802.16, and Perhaps other Wireless TechnologiesPerhaps other Wireless Technologies

Driver: coming of $5 chipsetsDriver: coming of $5 chipsets Mix of local coverage and long-distance links Mix of local coverage and long-distance links

(50km), likely with relay(50km), likely with relay All IP based: Voice and DataAll IP based: Voice and Data Multiple baseband channels?Multiple baseband channels?

Illegal in US, but fine for India Novel MAC layer? Antennas?Novel MAC layer? Antennas?

DevicesDevices Key Idea:Key Idea: Co-Design Devices/Infrastructure Co-Design Devices/Infrastructure

=> 20-40x lower cost Enables more functionality Storage, processing, human analysis Longer battery life

Novel low-cost OLED-based flexible displaysNovel low-cost OLED-based flexible displays 10-50x cheaper, more robust Printed using an inkjet process

Key Idea:Key Idea: Develop standard SoC => $1-7 per device Develop standard SoC => $1-7 per device Looking at 1mW per device (including radio!) Can still be very profitable!

Low-cost InfrastructureLow-cost Infrastructure Goal: 10-100 times lower costGoal: 10-100 times lower cost Key idea:Key idea: intermittent networkingintermittent networking

Most apps do not need real-time continuous communication Asynchronous is 10-100 times cheaper?

Feel: some spots are highly interactive (continuous Feel: some spots are highly interactive (continuous speech, video), many may be more like e-mail—need to speech, video), many may be more like e-mail—need to validate market here.validate market here.

Novel protocols, application supportNovel protocols, application support

Novel Deployment & SupportNovel Deployment & Support Key Idea:Key Idea: Use micro-franchise model for long Use micro-franchise model for long

term financing and rapid (viral) deploymentterm financing and rapid (viral) deployment Grameen Phone

Remote and self-management for most thingsRemote and self-management for most things Self-contained wireless proxies with ad hoc Self-contained wireless proxies with ad hoc

networking (WiMAX 802.16?)networking (WiMAX 802.16?) No keyboard, monitor, etc. on proxies.No keyboard, monitor, etc. on proxies. Data Centers are widely sharedData Centers are widely shared

SummarySummary New approach for IT in developing regionsNew approach for IT in developing regions Novel technology, infrastructureNovel technology, infrastructure ““Direct attack” on the key challenges and at the extremes—we’re the Direct attack” on the key challenges and at the extremes—we’re the

University!University! Real deployments in the fieldReal deployments in the field Enable and enhance 1,000s of projects worldwide:Enable and enhance 1,000s of projects worldwide:

Speech/communication Access to local/regional/national/international information Integration of sensor networks

Long term: IT for self-sufficiency, stabilityLong term: IT for self-sufficiency, stability (it must be a viable business, not financial aid!) (it must be a viable business, not financial aid!)

Reading for Week 2Reading for Week 2 Prahalad, C K and Hammond, A, Serving the World's

Poor, Profitably, Harvard Business Review, Vol. 80, Issue 9 Sep. 2002, pp48-58

Keniston, K, Grassroots ICT Projects in India: Some Preliminary Hypotheses, ASCI Journal Of Management

Prahalad, C K and Hammond, A, What Works: Serving the Poor, Profitably - A Private Sector Strategy for Global Digital Opportunity, World Resources Institute (WRI), Markle Foundation

Please come prepared! Available via the course web site(s)