educazione, lavoro, ben-essere. un percorso sociale

7/25/2019 Educazione, lavoro, ben-essere. Un percorso sociale.

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Kiu`dzcoek, ldvoro, ake-ksskrk.

[e pkròrso so`cdlk

d ùrd ic Deirkd @dssdeo

k Detoeco Fcdmpcktro

prkndzcoek ic Deirkd @dssdeo

Dttc ikl òevkfeo DIC

Iottordeic d ldvorovolumk C


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LKL[EK

@ollded ic stuic k tkstcicrkttd id

Detoeco Fcdmpcktro

X 1 ]


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5/162

Kiu`dzcoek, ldvoro, ake-ksskrk.

[e pkròrso so`cdlk

d ùrd ic Deirkd @dssdeo

k Detoeco Fcdmpcktro

Dttc ikl òevkfeo DIC Iottordeic d ldvoro

olumk C


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òpyrcfgt 1249KMRDYKSDKICZCOECPkik ce Adrc, CtdlcdcenoBkmpdtkyd.ctwww.kmpdtkyd.ct

@omctdto P`cketcò ic Fdrdezcd:Fcovdeed Id Molce, Fdarcklld Ndl`c``gco, Dlakrto Noredsdrc,

Fcuskppk Mceceec, Lucsd Pdetkllc Ak``kfdto

@ollded Lk Luek, e. 1

Kiu`dzcoek, ùlturd k ake-ksskrkDutorc (ce oricek dlndaktcò): Ecòld Deircdec, Defkld Drtcòec, ^cto Adlzdeo,Cmmdòldtd Aruekttc, Fdarcklld @dlvdeo, Fcuskppk @cequkpdlmc, dlketced Ikpkrfold,

Drturo Fcdelu`d Ic Fcovcek, Mdrcd Lucsd Fcde`dspro, Deed Iord Mde`d, Krc`d Mde`cec,Dmklcd Mdeutc, Mdrcdefkld Mdr`gksk, Dectd Rcs dzzc

@urdtorc: Deirkd @dssdeo, Detoeco FcdmpcktroRrkndzcoek ic: Deirkd @dssdeo

Fkekrk: opkrd òllkttdekd - dttc ic òevkfeo - vol. CNormdto: lcaro. @oi. kict.: KMR226

Adrc, fkeedco 1249CPAE: 367-77-32;630-4-7Lofo òllded: Lucsd Qossc

Ce òpkrtced: Mc`gklk @oeir, Rdksdffco dnrc`deo(pdrtcòldrk)(cmmdfcec dut. pkr Kmpdtkyd Kiczcoec)


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Rrkndzcoek


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> KI[@DZCOEK, LDÔQOKAKE-KPPKQK. [ERKQ@OQPOPO@CDLK

DEIQKD@DPPDEO

P[LQ[OLOIKLLDQC@KQ@D

Cl ldvoro ic rc`kr`dtork scùrdmketk ueo ikc pc vdrc k

protkcnormc trd lk vdrck `dtkforck pronksscoedlc k scùrdmketk qukstdpkùlcdrct lo `drdttkrczzd de`gk dl ic nuorc ikl moeio uecvkrsctdrco.Ceiuaacdmketk cendttc `gc nd rc`kr`d pu dvkrk prolc molto icvkrsc, dskòeid ikl rdmo s`cketcò ce ùc opkrd. Pkezd iuaaco pkr `gc ldvordeklldmacto ikllk s`ckezk umdek cl moius opkrdeic sdr molto icnnkrketkrcspktto d qukllo ikc òllkfgc dttcvc eklldrkd ikllk s`ckezk mdtkmdtc`gk,sc`gk o edturdlc.

LDsso`cdzcoek ikc Iottordeic k ikc Iottorc ic Qc`kr`d

Ctdlcdec (DIC) dttrdvkrso ld rkdlczzdzcoek ic dttcvct ic promozcoek kicvulfdzcoek, ce qukstc deec, std opkrdeio de`gk pkr skescaclczzdrk sullksnumdturk, sullk icvkrsct ikl ldvoro s`cketcò ikc rc`kr`dtorc k pkrndr rcòeos`krk ld fcustd cmportdezd d qukstd `dtkforcd pronksscoedlk.

Yuttdvcd proprco pkr quklld ceiktkrmcedtkzzd `gk `drdttkrczzd clldvoro ic rc`kr`dtork, vcsto idllkstkreo ikl moeio d``dikmcò, su icksso possoeo ksskrk òstructc stkrkotcpc k pskuio-rdpprksketdzcoec ic

vdrcd edturd. Dezc, sc potrkaak icrk `gk proprco cl edturdlk acsofeo ic`dtdlofdrk ki ktc`gkttdrk de`gk k soprdttutto lk rkdlt pc òmplkssktkeik d ndvorcrk ld eds`ctd ic rdpprksketdzcoec so`cdlc dlqudeto ikvcdetcsuc rc`kr`dtorc. @gc nd quksto ldvoro pu ksskrk vcsto òmk ue ekriovvkro òmk qudlùeo `gk vcvk `gcuso ekc ldaordtorc uecvkrsctdrc oekllk acalcotk`gk pkr ikic`drsc d strdmpdldtc ki kvdeks`ketc profkttc.Oppurk potrkaak ksskrk dedlczzdto òmk ue prk`drco `roecò skezdnuturo, `gk ekl mcflcork ikc `dsc sdr òstrktto di kmcfrdrk. O pkffco,cl rc`kr`dtork pu ksskrk òescikrdto òmk ue rd`òmdeidto `gk rcus`cto d ndrsc pcdzzdrk id qudl`gk vk``gco adroek pkr lkfdmc icsdefuk o dmc`czcd. Pk qukstk rdpprksketdzcoec so`cdlc sul ruolo iklld


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P[LQ[OLOIKLLDQC@KQ@D 6

rc`kr`d spksso ndeeo `dpolceo ekllk vctk ic `gc prk`drcdmketk ic rc`kr`dtketd ic vcvkrk, cl mkrcto de`gk ikllk polctc`gk edzcoedlc, `gk ekflcultcmc deec gdeeo cevkstcto poò k mdlk ekllceeovdzcoek s`cketc`d keklld ùlturd. [eopkrd qudsc duto-ikecfrdtorcd, qudl`gk deeo nd akescetktczzdtd idlld ndmosd mdsscmd trkmoetcded ikl eoe sc vcvk ic pdekk Icvced @ommkicd. [ed nrdsk `gk nu ake pc ic ueo slofde sk scpkesd `gk d cikdrld stdto ue pkrsoedffco `gk, trd ldltro, ekl moeiod``dikmcò sc normdto k òstructo, ue dnorcsmd rcòlmo ic cpo`rcscd`gk `kldvd ld eoe voloet ikc fovkrec ic cmpkfedrsc ce ue pkròrsoscùrdmketk òmplksso k poò spkeicaclk klkttordlmketk òmkqukllo ic cevkstcrk rcsorsk ce ceeovdzcoek. Rkròrso driuo, `krto, mdek`kssdrco, ce ue òetksto kòeomcò ovk ld òeòrrkezd ikc pdksckmkrfketc ic ndtto cmpkics`k ic potkr rcproporrk moikllc kòeomc`cadsdtc sullk proiuzcoec ic mdssd ic proiottc òesolcidtc suc mkr`dtc,òmk d``diuto ce pdssdto.

Acsofekrkaak cevkstcrk ce ceeovdzcoek k rc`kr`d de`gk solo pkreoe dnnoeidrk, md quksto pro`ksso dppdrk skmprk pc òefkldto, skde`gk lk ultcmk rcnormk ce dtto skmardeo tkeikrk d rciurrk lk rcsorskd icsposczcoek pkr flc dtkekc k d ndvorcrk ld prk`drczzdzcoek `roec`d ikc

rc`kr`dtorc. Rkr fdrdetcrk ld tkeutd kòeomc`d ikl eostro pdksk skmard`gk sc prknkrcs`d cevkstcrk su normk ic prklckvo s`dlk ikl tutto cecqukk `dstrdetc pkr uekvketudlk cpotktc`d rcprksd kòeomc`d. Id ue ldtosc fdrdetcsòeo ce`ketcvc lcmctdtc di ue eumkro rcstrktto ic `dtkforckpronksscoedlc, idlldltro sc dsscùrdeo ketrdtk dttrdvkrso scstkmc ictdssdzcoek skmprk pc `krvkllotc`c k òmplkssc. Md sk ld rc`kr`d ceCtdlcd eoe vd eoe `krto solo òlpd iklldzcoek polctc`d, o`òrrk de`gk`gk cl moeio d``dikmcò nd``cd ued skrcd duto`rctc`d pkr `dpcrk òsd

sce quc eoe gd nuezcoedto ekl `lduic`detk pdeordmd iklld rc`kr`d ceCtdlcd, soprdttutto ce òescikrdzcoek ikl ndtto `gk ce dltrc pdksc c eostrc`krvkllc dppdcoeo spksso molto dppktcaclc.

Eoe mc rcnkrcsò eklld ndttcspk`ck dl scstkmd ic vdlutdzcoek krk`lutdmketo ikc rc`kr`dtorc gk scùrdmketk, eoeostdetk vdrc cetkrvketceormdtcvc, dppdrk dssdc ldùeoso k tkeik d eoe ce`ketcvdrk rkdlmketkcl ldvoro ikc pc mkrctkvolc, md di ue dltro icnktto ikl eostro scstkmd.Ppksso cendttc ekllk eostrk uecvkrsct vkicdmo sorfkrk oecttc stkrclc trd c

vdrc fruppc s`cketc c `gk ic ndtto rkeioeo deòrd pc icn`clk portdrk clldvoro svolto idc rc`kr`dtorc di ue lcvkllo tdlk id dvkrk rc`diutk oe`rktk


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7 KI[@DZCOEK, LDÔQOKAKE-KPPKQK. [ERKQ@OQPOPO@CDLK

sullk polctc`gk kòeomc`gk edzcoedlc k sul Rdksk rkdlk. K qukstovdlk ce pdrtcòldr moio pkr lk s`ckezk so`cdlc, qukllk umdecstc`gkprotdfoecstk ic quksto volumk.

Mc spckfo mkflco: offc vcvcdmo ceiuaacdmketk ce ue òetksto

fkekrdlk ce ùc normk ic icsdfco ic vdrcd edturd òeiczcoedeo ldquotcicdect ic moltk pkrsoek. @c iovuto scùrdmketk dlld `rcsckòeomc`d k ikl moeio ikl ldvoro `gk dttdedflcd cl eostro Rdkskòmk moltk dltrk edzcoec dl pueto id portdrk dlld rcadltd sctudzcoec icsonnkrkezd so`cdlk, pscòlofc`d, k di kvcikezcdrk rctc`ct eklld sctudzcoekikmofrd`d òrrketk. Molto cmportdetk de`gk ld vdlutdzcoek iklruolo ikllk cstctuzcoec kiu`dtcvk k normdtcvk ekl qudiro floadlk:qudeto ld sùold k rkdlt dnec possoeo òetrcaucrk dl supkrdmketoikllk proalkmdtc`ct iklld sctudzcoek dttudlk? Idltro deto lk ics`cplcekpkidfofc`gk, pscòlofc`gk, so`colofc`gk k ikmofrd`gk gdeeordffcueto svcluppc tdlc id dvkr mksso ce kvcikezd scd proalkmdtc`gksce quc poò òeos`cutk idlld frde pdrtk ikc `cttdicec, scd strumketcutclc pkr dnnroetdrk `rctc`dmketk tdlc proalkmdtc`gk. ^c soeo moltcskttorc ic svcluppo s`cketcò `gk potrkc `ctdrk pkr mkflco `gcdrcrkqudeto iktto sce quc: lk mdffcorc òeos`kezk `gk sc soeo icnnusk

suflc cetkrvketc kiu`dtcvc prkò`c pkr soffkttc dnnkttc id icsturao ikllospkttro dutcstcò, cl ruolo noeidmketdlk `gk gd dssueto cl supportopscòlofcò pkr dnnroetdrk icsdfc lkfdtc dl moeio ikl ldvoro o,deòrd, ldumketdtd òesdpkvolkzzd ikl acsofeo ic svolfkrk ceidfcecikmofrd`gk dppronoeictk pkr dedlczzdrk c posscaclc svcluppc ikc usscmcfrdtorc. Pc trdttd solo ic dlùec kskmpc ce frdio ic mostrdr`c ld vdrcktic tkmc `gk possoeo dnnroetdrk lk ics`cplcek umdecstc`gk pkr ce`cikrksulld qudlct iklld vctd ic moltc ceicvciuc k pkr stcmoldrk lo svcluppo ic

dikfudtk polctc`gk so`cdlc.Eoe icmketc`gcdmo`c ceoltrk `gk lk s`ckezk umdek possoeoidrk ue cmpulso noeidmketdlk dl tkrzo skttork, supportdeiolceeovdzcoek s`cketc`d k òetrcaukeio dlld `rks`ctd kòeomc`d iccmprksk `gk voflcdeo proporrk cikk ce frdio icstcefukrsc ekl mkstos`kedrco dttudlk. @omk iktto, cendttc, offc eoe gd skeso rcproporrkmoikllc ic proiuzcoek `dpctdlcstc`d ic mdssd ormdc sprkmutc ekflcdeec Ottdetd k Eovdetd (d mkeo `gk eoe sc voflcd ndrk dnidmketo

ks`luscvo d moikllc ic iklo`dlczzdzcoek `gk portdeo cekvctdaclmketk due profrksscvo k cedrrkstdaclk cmpovkrcmketo floadlk), md o`òrrk


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cevkstcrk ce ceeovdzcoek k skrvczc. Ce `gk moio lk s`ckezk umdekpossoeo òetrcaucrk ce tdl skeso? Ce rkdlt c po`gc skttorc ce `rks`ctdekl òetksto dttudlk, òmk qukllo di kskmpco ikc so`cdl mkicd, gdeeoacsofeo ic òmpktkezk `gk rcfudrideo dspkttc òmk ld òeos`kezddppronoeictd ic icedmc`gk òmuec`dtcvk, ld normdzcoek òetceudk d icstdezd, lcmplkmketdzcoek ic polctc`gk orfdeczzdtcvk ksscaclck icedmc`gk. Pc trdttd, quceic, ic skttorc `gk rc`gckioeo òeos`kezkcekrketc lk s`ckezk pscòlofc`gk, iklld omuec`dzcoek k iklld normdzcoek.

Pk id ue ldto quceic sc dproeo squdr`c ic lu`k cetkrkssdetc pkr`gc opkrd ekc skttorc s`cketc`c su``ctdtc, spksso vkicdmo sorfkrk ikflcstu``gkvolc òecttc, skaakek ce normd sostdezcdlmketk cmplc`ctd, trdlk vdrck òmuect `gk opkrdeo eklldmacto umdecstcò. Mc rcnkrcsòdl ndtto - k `gc nrkquketd fcoredlmketk c icpdrtcmketc uecvkrsctdrc losd akek - `gk spksso io`ketc k rc`kr`dtorc ic dmactc ics`cplcedrc pco mkeo dnec eoe icdlofdeo, eoe òlldaordeo, rctkekeio ld proprcdmdtkrcd pc `rkicaclk k solcid ikllk dltrk. Ppksso sc tkeik d rctkekrk `gkcl proprco skttork ic rc`kr`d scd ce frdio ic potkr òetrcaucrk ce moiodutoeomo dllo svcluppo ikl akeksskrk pscòlofcò, so`cdlk, òllkttcvok ceicvciudlk. Tuksto scùrdmketk eoe ce`ketcvd uednnkrmdzcoek

ikllcmmdfcek iklld rc`kr`d umdecstc`d òmk ndttork cmportdetk icceeovdzcoek so`cdlk. Rrofkttc òmplkssc ki dmpc òmk qukllc `gkgdeeo òmk oackttcvo cl mcflcordmketo ikl akeksskrk òllkttcvorc`gckioeo òlldaordzcoek k icdlofo trd kspkrtc ic pc ics`cplcekekllceicvciudzcoek ikllk proalkmdtc`gk k eklld òopkrdzcoek pkrmkttkrk d pueto moidlct ic cetkrvketo. ovvco `gk ofec rc`kr`dtorkikaad dvkrk ued proprcd normdzcoek mktoiolofc`d k rcspkttdrk lk`drdttkrcstc`gk kpcstkmolofc`gk iklld proprcd ics`cplced ic rcnkrcmketo,

md ikvk posskikrk de`gk uedpkrturd mketdlk tdlk id ceicvciudrk cskttorc ce ùc lk proprck òmpktkezk rcsultceo prkfedetc k qukllc ce ùcicvketd ek`kssdrco òlldaordrk òe kspkrtc ic dltrk drkk. Ce tdl skesocl òevkfeo Iottordeic d ldvoro orfdeczzdto idllk skic puflckscikllDIC, ic ùc sc rd`òlfoeo c òetrcautc ce quksto volumk, gd dvutoquksto oackttcvo prcmdrco, `gcdmdrk d rd`òltd fcovdec rc`kr`dtorc icdrkk dnec pkr mkttkrlc d òetdtto k tdstdrk kvketudlc posscaclct icòlldaordzcoec, rksk posscaclc idlld rkdlczzdzcoek ic profkttc ic rc`kr`d ic

dmpco rkspcro edlczzdtc d ce`ketcvdrk cl mcflcordmketo ikl akeksskrkòllkttcvo k potkezcdtc idlld òopkrdzcoek ic kspkrtc ce pc skttorc.


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Ce sostdezd iuequk sc `kr`dto ic òetrcaucrk dl supkrdmketoic stk``dtc k òeec ics`cplcedrc, `gk spksso edsòeo spoetdekdmketkekc icpdrtcmketc uecvkrsctdrc. Pc `kr`dto, cevk`k, ic promuovkrk cikkic rc`kr`d ceeovdtcvk, dmaczcosk, rkdlczzdaclc dttrdvkrso ld ikiczcoek kld òlldaordzcoek ic pc kspkrtc cmpkfedtc eklldmacto umdecstcò.Ceoltrk òe ld puaalc`dzcoek ikflc dttc lDIC sc std cmpkfedeio de`gkd rkdlczzdrk ueo strumketo ic ioùmketdzcoek pkr c rc`kr`dtorc ikllk

vdrck drkk ics`cplcedrc. Ce ue `krto skeso, òmk sc pdrld ic auoekprdtc`gk eklld sùold sc pu pdrldrk ic auoek prdtc`gk de`gk eklldrc`kr`d k lDIC sc std ikic`deio dlld promozcoek k icvulfdzcoek ictuttk lk posctcvct kmkrfketc idl ldvoro ic ceeovdzcoek s`cketc`d, `gkeds`k ekflc dtkekc puflcksc.

Eoe `c sc vuolk, tuttdvcd, lcmctdrk d idrk vcscaclct k d rkeikrkomdffco dl ldvoro ic rc`kr`d `gk prkeik vctd ekl eostro tkrrctorco,md sc vuolk sollk`ctdrk ued ioùmketdzcoek fkekrdtcvd. Pc cetkeik,`co, sottolcekdrk òmk ld prksketdzcoek ikllk rc`kr`gk portdtd dvdetcdttrdvkrso cl oevkfeo k flc dttc eoe ikaad ksskrk ue pueto ic drrcvo, mdic pdrtkezd. Kssc ikvoeo ksskrk lo strumketo pkr fkekrdrk, dppueto,euovk òeos`kezk, euovc sdpkrc k euovk cikk profkttudlc. Ikvoeo

stcmoldrk ld òopkrdzcoek trd rc`kr`dtorc ic drkk dnec pkr pkrskfucrkec òmuec, dttrdvkrso ld promozcoek ic cikk ic rc`kr`d nortkmketkceeovdtcvk. Ikvoeo sollk`ctdrk ld oeicvcscoek ic strumketc ic ceidfcek,ic mktoiolofck ic rc`kr`d o skmplc`kmketk ic puetc ic vcstd.

Ce sueto, lDIC sc nd soffktto promotork ic ue icdlofo ostruttcvo`gk possd de`gk ndr dvvc`cedrk eoe solo cl moeio d``dikmcò dl ldvoroikc fcovdec rc`kr`dtorc, md de`gk stuiketc k `cttdicec, ce moio tdlk ididrk ued òe`rktd tkstcmoecdezd ic òmk ld rc`kr`d possd ksskrk ued

rcsorsd rkdlk pkr pkrskfucrk ue mcflcordmketo ikl akeksskrk òllkttcvo.Ce tdl skeso lDIC gd idto k `kr`gkr ic idrk cl proprco òetrcauto pkrpromuovkrk ued rdpprksketdzcoek pc rkdlcstc`d k posctcvd ikl moeioiklld rc`kr`d dllkstkreo ikllk dulk uecvkrsctdrck. Tukstd opportuect scpotr oe`rktczzdrk de`gk dttrdvkrso ld dpd`ct ic profkttdrk, ovvkrold `dpd`ct ic prockttdrk cl proprco ldvoro ic rc`kr`d ce ued icmkescoekso`cdlk dmpcd, prkvkikeio posscaclc rcsvoltc k rc`diutk. Ld profkttudlct,idltro `deto, ld `dpd`ct stkssd ic idrk vctd dl proprco ldvoro, ldaclct

`gk mdffcormketk lDIC vuolk promuovkrk trd lk omuect ikc fcovdecrc`kr`dtorc dttrdvkrso cl proprco cmpkfeo òstdetk.


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Ce quksto volumk, iuequk, sc potr òestdtdrk qudeto dmpcoscd cl rdffco ic dzcoek ikllk s`ckezk umdecstc`gk dttrdvkrso prksketdzcoecic rc`kr`gk k dedlcsc vdrck k òmplkssk `gk to``deo vdrck proalkmdtc`gkòmk lcetkrdzcoek uomo-md``gced, ld lktturd `rctc`d ikc tkstc, ldsdlvdfudricd k promozcoek iklld sdlutk ekl icdlofo cetkrùlturdlk.

Ekc prosscmc deec lDIC sc cmpkfekr d ldvordrk deòrd pkrrkeikrk skmprk pc pronoeic k rkiictczc c icdlofgc trd lk vdrck drkkics`cplcedrc, pkr promuovkrk ued icmkescoek profkttudlk trd c fcovdecstuicosc ikl tkrrctorco k pkr sollk`ctdrk ld icnnuscoek ic uecmmdfcekedlmketk posctcvd iklld furd ikl rc`kr`dtork.


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Acalcofrdnd

@orsc M., & Pdrrd`ceo . (D ùrd ic). (1244). Qc`kr`d pkidfofc`d k polctc`gkiklld normdzcoek.Edpolc: Ykèoici

Nkrrdrd, D., & Fcdmpcktro, D. (D urd ic). (1240). Ld pruikezd eoe pcued vcrt d``dikmc`d. @krcfeold: Ketkr Fcdmpcktro, D. (1240). Normk k mkr`dto, ceeovdzcoek k ceiustrcd`rkdtcvd. Ld fcovdek rc`kr`d ce Ruflcd. Ce Fcdmpcktro, D., & Ptrcppolc, E. (Dùrd ic), [e ctcekrdrco trd lolofcd, lcefudffco k lkttkrdturd(pp. ;-41). Adrc: Kmpdtkyd Ork`k R., & @uetc D. (D ùrd ic). (1223). Ld normdzcoek uecvkrsctdrcddlld rc`kr`d. @oetkstc ki kspkrckezk ekllk s`ckezk ikllkiu`dzcoek.Mcldeo: Nrdeò Defklc Pdetkllc Ak``kfdto L. (1223).Kiu`drk eoe ued òsd skmplc`k.Arks`cd:Ld Pùold

Yorkllo K. (1244). Ld ioùmketdzcoek fkekrdtcvd k multcmkicdlk dsùold. Qc`kr`d k Icidttc`d. 0, 06->>.


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KI[@DZCOEK, LD^OQOKAKE-KPPKQK. [ERKQ@OQPOPO@CDLK 40

Qkldzcoec


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49

DEEDIOQDMDE@D

RKQ@KRCQK, RQOI[QQKKCMMDFCEDQK

P[OECÔ@DLC@C: [EOPY[ICOKQRP

Dastrd`tYgk mk`gdecsms tgroufg wgc`g tgk gumde ardce dutomdtc`dlly òmputksdei rkprkskets spk`tro-tkmpordl ùks on spkk`g ctkms drk ykt to ak nully. Cetgcs stuiy tgk kdrly duictory òrtc`dl rkspoesks to two Ctdlcde vowkls, k.f.,/d/ dei /c/, wkrk cevkstcfdtki ay mkdsurcef tgk E4/R1 KQR òmpoekets cepkr`kptcoe dei, cetkrkstcefly, ce skvkrdl spkk`g proiu`tcoe tdshs. Vk noueitgdt tgk ekuroedl moiuldtcoes wkrk stcmulus ikpkeiket dei wkrk orikrlyklc`ctki ce dll kvdludtki spkk`g òeictcoes.

Hkyworis: spkk`g pkr`kptcoe - spkk`g proiu`tcoe - vowkls pro`ksscef -E4/R1 KQRs òmpoekets - ardce òmputkr cetkrnd`k

4. Cetroiuzcoek

Ldppdrketk nd`clct òe ùc pkr`kpcdmo cl lcefudffco òetrdstdòe ld omplkssct ikflc dttc motorc ek`kssdrc pkr proiurrk oe`dtkedzcoecic suoec k oe ld omplkssct ikl skfedlk dùstcò fkekrdto (Gdllk 1220).Rkrtdeto, `c `gk d lcvkllo mketdlk rcsultd ics`rkto, cl rcsultdto ic ueòmplksso mk``decsmo motorco `gk sc dttcvd edturdlmketk ofec voltd`gk òmpcdmo ue dtto òmuec`dtcvo. Yuttdvcd, eoeostdetk ld rc`kr`dekurolcefucstc`d ekflc ultcmc vketc deec daacd dppronoeictdmketkceidfdto c pro`kssc ic pkr`kzcoek k proiuzcoek ikl lcefudffco, clmk``decsmo `krkardlk `gk pkrmkttk ld proiuzcoek k ld ikòic`d iklskfedlk vo`dlk umdeo eoe deòrd ikl tutto òmprkso.

Ptuic pcoekrcstc`c òmk qukllo ic Lcakrmdee kt dl. (437;)gdeeo posto ld``keto sulld rkldzcoek trd scstkmd pkr`kttcvo k motorco

RKQ@KRCQK, RQOI[QQKKCMMDFCEDQKP[OECÔ@DLC@C: [EOPY[ICOKQRP


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RKQ@KRCQK, RQOI[QQKKCMMDFCEDQKP[OECÔ@DLC@C: [EOPY[ICOKQRP 4;

ekc pro`kssc ic pkr`kzcoek k proiuzcoek lcefucstc`d, postuldeioue moiulo `krkardlk prkicsposto dllkldaordzcoek icrkttd ikc fkstcdrtcòldtorc cmplc`dtc eklld proiuzcoek ikc suoec lcefucstc`c. EklldMotorYgkory on Ppkk`g Rkr`kptcoe (MYPR) ic Lckakrmde k òllkfgc, ofec dtto

òmuec`dtcvo proiotto k òmprkso frdzck dl ndtto `gk pdrldetk kdsòltdtork oeicvcioeo lo stksso rkpkrtorco ic fkstc motorc `gk sc dttcvdscd ce proiuzcoek `gk ce pkr`kzcoek pkr kvo`drk d lcvkllo dùstcò ldrdpprksketdzcoek cetkred iklldzcoek osskrvdtd. Cl lcefudffco pdrldto,ce scetksc, sdrkaak pkr`kpcto dttrdvkrso lkldaordzcoek icrkttd ikc fkstcdrtcòldtorc oro-nd``cdlc k ce quksto pro`ksso sdrkaak òcevolto clscstkmd motorco.

Ld MYPR gd rc`kvuto ic rk`ketk moltd dttkezcoek de`gk ekl

`dmpo ikllk ekuros`ckezk, ce skfucto dlld sòpkrtd eklldrkd prk-motorcdikllk s`cmmck k su``ksscvdmketk ekll drkd ic Aro`d iklluomo, ikcekuroec spk``gco(Qczzoldttc & @rdcfgkro, 1229), ued popoldzcoek spk`cdlkic ekuroec `gk skmard dttcvdrsc eoe solo ekllkskùzcoek òe`rktd icuedzcoek md de`gk qudeio sc osskrvd o diicrctturd sc cmmdfced ic ndrkquklld iktkrmcedtd dzcoek (pkr ued pdeordmc`d nr. Gc`hoh kt dl., 1241).

Dlùek rk`ketc kvcikezk ekuroòfectcvk supportdeo lcikd `gk ldstkssd drkd iklld ortk``cd krkardlk gk oetrolld ldppdrdto noedtorco sc

dttcvc scd qudeio pdrlcdmo, scd qudeio cmmdfcecdmo ic pdrldrk (Ycde &Rokppkl, 1242), (Fuketgkr, 122>). Ydlk dssueto, trovd lk suk noeidmketdce rk`ketc moikllc ekuroacolofc`c pkr c qudlc ofec dzcoek o dtto motorcosdrkaak cl rcsultdto ic ue nortk lkfdmk trd scstkmc pkr`kttcvc k scstkmcmotorc (Gc`hoh kt dl., 1226) k `gk, pkr kstkescoek, spckfgkrkaakro ldedturd skesorcmotorcd k eoe ks`luscvdmketk dùstc`d ikl lcefudffcoumdeo. Kscstoeo ikc mk``decsmc ic òetrollonorwdri`gk prkicòeo dlcvkllo proprco`kttcvo lk òeskfukezk ic uedzcoek `gk sc gd cetkezcoek

ic ompckrk rkdeioek ued rdpprksketdzcoek cetkred, ovvkro ued opcdknnkrketk. Ce qukstd prospkttcvd, sk sc òescikrd cl lcefudffco umdeode`gk òmk cl rcsultdto ikc movcmketc ikflc drtcòldtorc oro-nd``cdlc, posscaclk osskrvdrek ld òeskfuketk òpcd dùstc`d `rkdtd scd qudeiosc proiu`k knnkttcvdmketk ue suoeo scd qudeio sc gd cetkezcoek icdrtcòldrlo (Ycde & Rokppkl, 1242).

Ce uedltrd prospkttcvd, gk drrc``gcs`k k omplktd qudeto dppkediktto, sc ceskrcsòeo ued skrck ic stuic ekuroscolofc`c tksc d `dpcrkld rkldzcoek kscstketk trd lk `drdttkrcstc`gk dùstcò-drtcòldtorck ic uenoeo, c òsciikttc trdttc icstcetcvc, k c pro`kssc ekurdlc di kssc òrrkldtc(Oalkskr kt dl., 12298 ^cgld kt dl., 1220). Rgclcps kt dl. (1222) gdeeo


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4> KI[@DZCOEK, LDÔQOKAKE-KPPKQK. [ERKQ@OQPOPO@CDLK

stuicdto lk rcspostk ekurdlc d stcmolc icnnkrketc ce tkrmcec ic trdttcnoeolofc`c icstcetcvc sorio-soeoro dttrdvkrso ue pdrdicfmd ce ùctuttc flc stcmolc krdeo icvkrsc d lcvkllo dùstcò (noekmcò). C rcsultdtcgdeeo icmostrdto `gk eoeostdetk lk icnnkrkezk dùstc`gk, tuttc flc

stcmolc soeo pkr`kpctc òmk dppdrtkeketc di ued `dtkforcd noeolofc`d` `drdttkrczzdtd id ueo spk`cò trdtto icstcetcvo. Ceoltrk, stuic rk`ketcicmostrdeo lkscstkezd ic ue òeek edturdlk trd lk o``luscvk sorik klk o``luscvk soeork, òenkrmdtd de`gk id eumkrosc kspkrcmketc sulldpkr`kzcoek `dtkforcdlk ikc suoec dttrdvkrso ld mcsurdzcoek ikl voc`k oeskttcmcef(ÔY), ovvkro lceczco iklld soeorct ic ue suoeo (Kcmds kt dl.,4364). Ceek, Oalkskr kt dl. (1229) ce ued skrck ic stuic sulld pkr`kzcoekdùstc`d ic dlùek vo`dlc iklld lcefud tkiks`d icstcetk pkr `drdttkrcstc`gk

drtcòldtorck (iorsdlk vs òroedlk) gdeeo osskrvdto, dttrdvkrso ldtkèc`d ic mdfektoke`kndlofrdd (MKF) scfec`dtcvk vdrcdzcoecikl `dmpo mdfektcò ce icnnkrketc zoek ikllo s`dlpo ekllk icnnkrketc

vo`dlc. @c scfec`d `gk cl `krvkllo utclczzd `dtkforck noeolofc`gk pkr ldics`rcmcedzcoek ikc suoec lcefucstc`c.

Qcus`crk d icstcefukrk spk`c`c pdttkre ekurdlc ce rcspostd d icstcetcstcmolc dùstc`c, k rclkvdrk tdlc moiuldzcoec ekc òmpctc pkr`kttcvc k icproiuzcoek lcefucstc`d, potrkaak dvkrk cmportdetc rc`diutk ce `dmpo

strkttdmketk `lcecò, pkr pkrmkttkrk ld òmuec`dzcoek d soffkttcòlpctc id icsdaclct motorcd, scd frdzck dllcmplkmketdzcoek ic scstkmcic Ardce òmputkr cetkrnd`k(A@C) ovvkro ic scstkmc uomo-md``gced `gksnruttdeio cl skfedlk `krkardlk cestdurdeo ued òmuec`dzcoek icrkttdtrd cl `krvkllo k ue icsposctcvo kstkreo (òmputkr, ekuro-protksc, k``.)ce dsskezd ic dttcvct motorcd icrkttd. [ed A@C `kr`d ic ceicvciudrkiktkrmcedtk pkùlcdrct ikc skfedlc kmkssc idl `krvkllo, ce moio idrcòeos`krk lcetkezcoek ikl soffktto ic ompckrk ued pdrtcòldrk dzcoek

k, mkicdetk ld ikòic`d k ld `ldssc`dzcoek ic tdlc skfedlc, trdiu`kqukstd cetkezcoek, ce skfedlc ic òetrollo pkr icsposctcvc tkèolofc`c.Puppks kt dl. (4336) pkr prcmc rkskro eotd ld posscaclct

ic rclkvdrk c pdttkres ekurdlc òeekssc dlldtto ic pkesdrk ue skt icpdrolk ake ikecto dttrdvkrso rkfcstrdzcoec KKF. Pu``ksscvdmketk, clfruppo ic rc`kr`d ic Ydejd P`gultz d Hdrlsrugk, ce Fkrmdecd (Vkstkrdei P`gultz, 122>), (Roradiecfh kt dl, 1227), gd svcluppdto icvkrscprotoòllc spkrcmketdlc mcrdtc d dtturdrk cl skfedlk krkardlk oeekssodlldtto ic pkesckro ic pdrolk, ottkekeio, pkr ord, s`drsc rcsultdtc.

Dttudlmketk ld sid pc frdeik sdrkaak quklld ic rcus`crk d ikecrk ikcscstkmc ic cetkrnd``cd pc cetuctcvc `dpd`c `co ic rclkvdrk k ikòic`drk


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RKQ@KRCQK, RQOI[QQKKCMMDFCEDQKP[OECÔ@DLC@C: [EOPY[ICOKQRP 46

cl skfedlk KKF òeeksso dl lcefudffco pdrldto prcmd `gk sc svcluppcsotto normd ic oeid dùstc`d.

Tuksto stuico, ce ued prospkttcvd ekuroòfectcvd cetkeikceidfdrk c pro`kssc icetkfrdzcoek skesorcmotorcd pkr `kr`drk ic `dpcrk

sk cl scstkmd uictcvo k cl scstkmd motorco scdeo rctc`dmketk ocevoltc ekcpro`kssc ic pkr`kzcoek k proiuzcoek ikl lcefudffco pdrldto òs òmkcpotczzdto id Lckakrmde.

D quksto sòpo, soeo stdtc prksc òetkmpordekdmketk ceòescikrdzcoek pc lcvkllc ic dedlcsc ikl lcefudffco umdeo:

Rkr`kzcoek ic suoec8 Rroiuzcoek vkradlk ic suoec8 Rroiuzcoek sclketk, skezd kmcsscoek ic suoeo8

Rroiuzcoek cmmdfcedrcd, skezd kmcsscoek ic suoeo edttcvdzcoek ic movcmketc drtcòldtorc.

Rdrdllkldmketk, cl prksketk ldvoro mcrd d stuicdrk lk posscaclcòrrkldzcoec nrd lk `drdttkrcstc`gk spkttro dùstc`gk ic dlùec suoec

vo`dlc`c ikllctdlcdeo k lk rcspkttcvk rdpprksketdzcoec d lcvkllo òrtc`dlk. Ld vo`dlk `ketrdlk adssd /d/, k ld vo`dlk detkrcork dltd /c/ iklldlcefud Ctdlcded, soeo stdtk s`kltk pkr`g `cdsùed iklcekd spk`c`gk

rkfcoec dllcetkreo ikllo spdzco pkr`kttcvo-dùstcò-drtcòldtorco(Ptkvkes, 4361, 4373) k pkr`g ketrdmak ikecsòeo ce moio edturdlkc òeec ikllo spdzco dùstcò k pkr`kttcvo ic tuttc c scstkmc vo`dlc`c.Ld s`kltd ic stcmolc icnnkrketc pkr `drdttkrcstc`gk drtcòldtorck sc adsdsullcpotksc ic potkr osskrvdrk spk`c`c pdttkre ekuroedlc òrrkldtc dprk`csk strutturk noecò-drtcòldtorck.

Lo stuico stdto oeiotto dttrdvkrso lutclczzo ikl scstkmd KKFk ldedlcsc ikc Rotkezcdlc Kvketo @orrkldtc (KQR), ued ikllk prce`cpdlc

tkèc`gk ic rclkvdzcoek òrtc`dlk eoe cevdscvk, cmpckfdtk ekllceidfcekic spk`c`c pro`kssc òfectcvc ùc cl soffktto `gcdmdto d rcspoeikrk.Tuksto tcpo ic skfedlc, `gk fdrdetcsòeo uedltd rcsoluzcoek tkmpordlk,òesketoeo ic dedlczzdrk ldttcvct krkardlk kvo`dtd idlld prksketdzcoekic spk`c`c stcmolc: `c scfec`d `gk, pkr qudlscdsc stcmoldzcoekskesorcdlk kstkred (dùstc`d, vcscvd, tdttclk k``.) cl `krvkllo rcspoeik òeued pdrtcòldrk rkdzcoek klkttrc`d rdpprksketdtd id ued normd ioeidspk`c`d dllk `drdttkrcstc`gk sc`gk ikllo stcmolo dpplc`dto.

Lceidfcek sc òe`ketrdtd su iuk spk`c`gk òmpoeketcKQRs, E4 k R1, pdttkre ekurdlk eoto ce lkttkrdturd òmk rcspostddutomdtc`d k kvo`dtd id stcmolc dùstc`c k ceic`k, pkrtdeto, ikllk prcmk


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ndsc ic kldaordzcoek ikllcenormdzcoek dùstc`d ic ue suoeo lcefucstcò(Gcllydri kt dl, 4370). Klc`ctdto d lcvkllo òrtc`dlk eklld òrtk``cd uictcvd,tdlk pdttkre pu prksketdrk vdrcdzcoec ikc vdlorc ic dmpckzzd k ikc tkmpcic ldtkezd ce rcspostd dllk icnnkrkezk spkttrdlc ikc suoec `gk lo fkekrdeo.

Ekllo spk`cò, ld òmpoeketk E4 klc`ctdtd `cr`d 422ms iopolceczco ikl suoeo k sc prksketd òmk ueoeid òe ue pc`ò ekfdtcvoic dmpckzzd vdrcdaclk trd c 1-; ^. Kssd gd icvkrsc fkekrdtorc eklldòrtk``cd dùstc`d k prksketd mdsscmd dttcvct eklld zoed nroeto-`ketrdlkikllo s`dlpo `gk rckttk dppueto ldttcvdzcoek iklld òrtk``cd dùstc`dprcmdrcd. Ld òmpoeketk R1 klc`ctdtd `cr`d d 472ms idlloeskt ikllostcmolo dùstcò k sc prksketd òmk ueoeid òe ue pc`ò posctcvo òeuedmpckzzd rkldtcvdmketk dltd, trd c 1-; ^. Pc cpotczzd `gk kssd daacd

dttcvct mdffcork cetoreo dl fcro ic Gks`gl (Aurhdri kt dl, 1226).

1. Mktoio spkrcmketdlk

1.4 Rdrtk`cpdetc

Flc kspkrcmketc soeo stdtc òeiottc su ioic`c diultc voloetdrc (>ioeek, kt mkicd kt mkicd 1; 0) c qudlc gdeeo ic`gcdrdto ic eoe dvkrk

icsturac uictcvc, vcscvc k ekurolofc`c. C soffkttc soeo tuttc ikstrcmdec oscòmk stdaclcto idll Kiceaurfg Gdeikiekss Cevketory (Olikli 4364).

1.1 Ptcmolc k pro`kiurd

Flc stcmolc dùstc`c, lk vo`dlc /d/ k /c/, soeo stdtc proiottc ceued stdezd cesoeorczzdtd id trk pdrldetc mds`gc ctdlcdec (kt mkicd 16 6), rkfcstrdtc òe cl sontwdrk @PL 9;22 (`dmpcoedmketo 99.4 HGz) ki

ue mc`ronoeo PM;7-L k moiklldtc pkr cetkesct, volumk 62 ( ;) iA kiurdtd tkmpordlk (022ms) òe cl sontwdrk ic dedlcsc dùstc`d, RQDDY.Flc stcmolc vcscvc òescstoeo ce ued `ro`k acde`d `gk gd iurdtd ic ;22ms, ueo s`gkrmo ekro (122-;22 ms) ki ueo s`gkrmo acdeò (1s) `gkrcòproeo lcetkro moector (43) ic ue òmputkr.

Cl protoòllo spkrcmketdlk stdto rkdlczzdto òe cl sontwdrkA@C1222. Rrcmd ic ofec rkfcstrdzcoek KKF, ofec soffktto stdtosottoposto di ue arkvk pkrcoio ic trdcecef (`cr`d ; mceutc) iurdetk clqudlk stdtd prksketdtd ued vkrscoek rciottd ikl protoòllo spkrcmketdlkki stdto spckfdto ikttdflcdtdmketk cl òmpcto k loricek ic kskùzcoekspk`cò ic ofec òeiczcoek spkrcmketdlk: 4) Rroiuzcoek vkradlk ic


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suoec (Rr)8 1) Drtcòldzcoek sclketk ovvkro skezd kmcsscoek ic vo`k (D)80) Drtcòldzcoek cmmdfcedrcd, skezd kmcsscoek ic vo`k e dttcvdzcoekic movcmketc drtcòldtorc (CD).

Ce ued stdezd aucd k cesoeorczzdtd, c soffkttc skiutc ic nroetk

dllo s`gkrmo ekro ic ue òmputkr k dsòltdeo pdsscvdmketk ued ikllkiuk vo`dlc (òmpcto pkr`kttcvo) prksketdtk ce mdeckrd rdeiom, eodlld prksketdzcoek ic ued `ro`k acde`d `gk suffkrcs`k ic òe`ketrdrsc kprkpdrdrsc dl òmpcto spkrcmketdlk spk`cò ic ofec sksscoek. Iopo uecetkrvdllo ic tkmpo rdeiomczzdto (122-;22 ms) dppdrk ueo s`gkrmoacdeò gk ceic`drk lceczco ikl ompcto drtcòldtorco (Rr, D, CD). Tudeiolo s`gkrmo rctored ekro, gd ceczco ue euovo trcdl. (^kic Ncfurd 4).

Ofec vo`dlk prksketdtd 72 voltk pkr òeiczcoek k lcetkrvdllo

trd flc stcmolc dùstc`c (CPC) vdrcd idc 0922 dc 9022 ms mketrk qukllo trdldsòlto iklld vo`dlk k lceczco ikl òmpcto drtcòldtorco vdrcd trd 4122k 4722 ms. Lkspkrcmketo gd ued iurdtd òmplksscvd ic `cr`d 92 mce.òmprksk ikllk arkvc pdusk pkr ndr rcposdrk cl soffktto.

122-;22ms (R) =/d-c/

(022ms)

122-

;22ms

+

(;22ms)

122-

;22ms

YDPH

( Rr) or (D) or

(CD)

(1s)

Ncf. 4:P`gkmd ic prksketdzcoek ic ue scefolo trcdl.

0. D`qucsczcoek k dedlcsc ikc idtc

Ldttcvct klkttrc`d `klkardlk stdtd mcsurdtd òe ued ùndD`tc`dp d >9 `dedlc (moetdffco42-12) iklld Ardce Rroiu`t FmaGòe ued nrkqukezd ic `dmpcoedmketo ic 1;2 Gz ki ue ltro pdssdadeid (2.4-62Gz). C movcmketc oùldrc soeo stdtc moectordtc dttrdvkrsoicvkrsc klkttroic: pkr c movcmketc orczzoetdlc, (GKof) soeo stdtcutclczzdtc c `dedlc Nt3 k Nt42, mketrk pkr qukllc vkrtc`dlc (^KoF) oltrkdc `dedlc cmplkmketdtc eklld ùnd, Np1 k Np4, stdto dpplc`dto ueultkrcork klkttroio sotto lo``gco scecstro (O1). Iurdetk lk rkfcstrdzcoec

lcmpkikezd stdtd tkeutd sotto ld soflcd ikc 42 h. k lklkttroio N@z stdto utclczzdto òmk rknkrkezd oelcek.


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C idtc soeo stdtc ltrdtc oncek òe ikc ltrc CCQ trd 1 k 02 GZ,rc-rknkrkezcdtc dc mdstocic NY3-NY42 k flc drtkndttc oùldrc k oro-nd``cdlcsoeo stdtc rcmossc dttrdvkrso ldedlcsc ikllk òmpoeketc ceicpkeiketc,C@D (Ptoek 1221). Cl skfedlk stdto skfmketdto ce adsk dllo stcmolo

ic cetkrkssk: oeskt ikllo s`gkrmo acdeò pkr ldedlcsc ikc icvkrsc òmpctcdrtcòldtorc ki oeskt ikllo stcmolo dùstcò pkr ldedlcsc ikl òmpctopkr`kttcvo. Cl trd``cdto stdto icvcso ce kpo`gk ic 622ms, ce`lusc 422msic adsklcek, pkr ue totdlk ic 72 kpo`gk ic dedlcsc pkr cdsùed vo`dlk k ic4>2 kpo`gk pkr òeiczcoek. Pu``ksscvdmketk stdto dlòldto lDvkrdfkikl skfedlk KKF proiotto pkr ofec tcpo ic stcmolo id ofec soffktto,eoe`g cl Frdei Dvkrdfk ic tuttc c soffkttc.

Ld òmpoeketk E4 stdtd ikectd òmk cl pc`ò ekfdtcvo ic

mdsscmd dmpckzzd eklld ekstrd tkmpordlk trd 72 k 4;2 ms8 ld R1 òmkcl pc`ò posctcvo ic mdsscmd dmpckzzd eklld ekstrd tkmpordlk omprksdtrd 4;2 k 1;2 ms. C vdlorc ic tdlc òmpoeketc soeo stdtc `dlòldtc suc0 klkttroic pc cetkrkssdetc dc ec iklld rc`kr`d: N`z-Nz-@z, ovvkro flcklkttroic postc eklld rkfcoek nroeto`ketrdlk ikllo s`dlpo.

9. Qcsultdtc

@omk iks`rctto eklld furd 1.1, poc`g cl òmpcto pkr`kttcvoprk`kik ofec òmpcto drtcòldtorco, c vdlorc ic dmpckzzd k ldtkezd ikllkrcspostk ekurdlc kvo`dtk idllkldaordzcoek ikflc stcmolc dùstc`c soeostdtk `dlòldtk skpdrdtdmketk pkr ofec òmpcto k òmpdrdtk dttrdvkrsoued skrck ic Y-tkst d `dmpcoec dppdcdtc ekflc klkttroic ic cetkrkssk. Crcsultdtc icmostrdeo `gk eoe ` icnnkrkezd stdtcstc`d trd qukstc vdlorc(p


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vcoldzcoek iklld snkrc`ct ikllk vdrcdaclc icpkeiketc.Ekl òmpcto ic R, ld òmpoeketk E4 moiuldtd

scfec`dtcvdmketk ce dmpckzzd rcspktto dl tcpo ic vo`dlkXN(4,44)=;.;9p=.207] rclkvdeiosc mdffcork pkr ld /c/ rcspktto dlld /d/

k cl post go` mostrd `gk lk iuk vo`dlc icnnkrcsòeo ce N@z (p ^ / / / / / / d =444msc = 447ms

R1 / / / / / / c = 4,11^d = ,61^ /

;2-4;2ms

d = -,72^

c =-4,10^./ / / / / / /

4;2-1;2 / / d = ,>4^c = ,77 ^ / / /d = ,>2^c = ,3; ^ /

Ncf. 1 - Ydaklld rcdssuetcvd.Icnnkrkezk scfec`dtcvk /d/ vs /c/: vdlorc scfec`dtcvcic dmpckzzd k ldtkezd ikllk òmpoeketc E4/R1 k iklldttcvct mkicd ikllk iuk ekstrktkmpordlc ce ofec òmpcto spkrcmketdlk.


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@oe`luscoec

Tuksto ldvoro mcrd di dppronoeicrk, dedlczzdrk k stuicdrklk adsc ekuroscolofc`gk ikl lcefudffco pdrldto prkeikeio ce

òescikrdzcoek icnnkrketc moidlct ic dedlcsc: pkr`kzcoek, proiuzcoekedturdlk, drtcòldzcoek sclketk k cmmdfcedzcoek cetkred ic spk`c`csuoec lcefucstc`c.

Pkaakek trd lk icvkrsk moidlct ld pkr`kzcoek scd ld pc stuicdtd,rcsultdeo deòrd poò ikectc c mk``decsmc ekurdlc `gk iktkrmcedeocl pro`kssdmketo ikc suoec lcefucstc`c. Ce quksto skeso, kvcikezkekuroscolofc`gk eoe deòrd ikl tutto ikectk, gdeeo mksso ce lu`klcetcmd rkldzcoek gk uecs`k lk drdttkrcstc`gk dùstc`gk k drtcòldtorck ic

ue suoeo k ld posscaclk rdpprksketdzcoek mketdlk. Ce qukstd icrkzcoek,cl eostro stuico, trd c po`gc kskfuctc oe ld mktoic`d ikflc KQRs (^cgld ktdl.1220), òenkrmd `gk lk `drdttkrcstc`gk spkttro-dùstc`gk ikllk vo`dlc/d/ ki /c/ iklld lcefud ctdlcded, soeo rckttk eklldttcvct ekuroscolofc`d.C eostrc rcsultdtc skmardeo supportdrk flc stuic MKF ic Oalkskr kòllkfgc, ce qudeto stdtd kvcikezcdtd moiuldzcoek scfec`dtcvd cedmpckzzd ikllk òmpoeketc osskrvdtk rcspktto dllk vo`dlc ksdmcedtk8Ce pdrtcòldrk, ldttcvct òrtc`dlk mdffcork pkr ld vo`dlk /c/ `gk

`drdttkrczzdtd id ued icstdezd trd c vdlorc ic nrkqukezd ikllk prcmk iuknormdetc, mdffcork rcspktto dc vdlorc iklld /d/ (Ogl kt dl., 4336). Cemoio cetkrkssdetk, c rcsultdtc kmkrsc idlldedlcsc iklldttcvct mkicd pkrekstrk tkmpordlc, icmostrdeo `gk tdlc moiuldzcoec dvvkefoeo scdce pkr`kzcoek k ce proiuzcoek md, soprdttutto, iurdetk cl òmpctoic cmmdfcedzcoek motorcd. Ceoltrk, idlld stkssd dedlcsc sc kvce`k `gk ctkmpc ic moiuldzcoek soeo prkò`c ekc òmpctc ic pkr`kzcoek ce ùcsc dsscstk di ued vdrcdzcoek iklldttcvct `klkardlk rcspktto dllk vo`dlcekl tdefk ic tkmpo òmprkso trd ;2 k 4;2 ms, mketrk, iurdetk clòmpcto ic Cmmdfcedzcoek drtcòldtorcd sc gd ue rctdrio tkmpordlk,proadaclmketk pkr`g cl pro`ksso ic kldaordzcoek iklld òpcd knnkrketksomdtoskesorcdlk rc`gckik ue tkmpo mdffcork.

Ceoltrk, c eostrc rcsultdtc icmostrdeo pkr ld prcmd voltd `gklk òmpoeketc KQR E4/R1 sc klc`ctdeo eoe solo iurdetk pro`ksscpkr`kttcvc dùstc`c, md de`gk eklldtto ic drtcòldrk suoec òe skfedlkdùstcò, eklldtto ic drtcòldrk suoec skezd kmcsscoek ic suoeo k, ndttodeòrd pc cmportdetk, eklldtto icmmdfcedrk ic drtcòldrk suoec (`nr.

Fdeus`g`gdh kt dl., 1244). Idl momketo `gk ekllk trk òeiczcoecdrtcòldtorck dssketk ofec stcmolo uictcvo, lcetkrprktdzcoek pc


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`okrketk gk ld proiuzcoek ikc suoec lcefucstc`c scd mkicdtd idflc stksscsostrdtc ekurdlc `gk sovrcetkeioeo dlld pkr`kzcoek dttrdvkrso ued sortdic `opcd knnkrketk ikc pro`kssc somdtoskesorcdlc (`nr. Ycde & Rokppkl,1242). Ce scetksc, c scstkmc ekurdlc pkr`kttcvc soeo de`gk ocevoltc iurdetk

c pro`kssc ic proiuzcoek, ce`lusc qukllc eoe vo`dlc.


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Acalcofrdnd

Aurhdri Q.N., Ioe M. & Kffkrmoet J. (1226). Duictory kvohkipotketcdls. Adsc` prce`cplks deì `lcec`dl dpplc`dtcoe. Lcppceòt Vcllcdms &

Vclhces. Kcmds R.I., Pcqukldei, K.Q., Jus`zyh R., & ^cforcto J. (4364). Ppkk`gpkr`kptcoe ce cendets. P`cke`k 464, 020-02>. Fdeusg`gdh L. C., @grcstonnkls C. H. & P`gcllkr E.O., 1244, Ygk uskon klk`troke`kpgdlofrdpgy ce ldefudfk proiu`tcoe rkskdr`g: d rkvckw, Nroetckrsce Rsy`goloy, Pkptkmakr, 1, 127. Fuketgkr N. (122>). @ortc`dl cetkrd`tcoes ueikrlycef tgk proiu`tcoeon spkk`g soueis.Jouredl on @ommuec`dtcoe Icsorikrs,03, 0;2-0>;. Gdllk, M. (1220), Nrom Mkmory to Ppkk`g dei Ad`h. Akrlce: Moutoe.

Gc`ho`h F. & Rokppkl I. (1226) Ygk òrtc`dl orfdeczdtcoe on spkk`gpro`ksscef.Edturk Qkvckws Ekuros`cke`k, 7, pp.030-921. Gc`hoh F. (1241). @omputdtcoedl ekurodedtomy on spkk`gproiu`tcoe.Ekuros`cke`k, vol. 40, pp 40;-49>. Gcllydri P.D. & Huts M. (4370). Klk`tropgyscolofy on òfectcvkpro`ksscef.Ddeeu Qkv Rsy`gol, 09, 00->4. Lcakrmde D.M. & Mdttcefly C.F. (437;). Ygk motor tgkory on spkk`gpkr`kptcoe rkvcski. @ofectcoe, 14, 4-0>. Eddtdeke Q. & Rc`toe Y. (4376). Ygk E4 wdvk on tgk gumde klk`trc`

dei mdfektc` rkspoesk to souei: D rkvckw dei dedlyscs on tgk òmpoeketstru`turk. Rsy`gopgyscolofy, 19, 06;91;. Ogl N.V. & P`gkc`g G. (4336) Orikrly òrtc`dl rkprksketdtcoeonvowkls adski oe normdet cetkrd`tcoe.Rro`. Edtl. D`di P`c. [PD. 3992-3999. Oalkskr J., Klakrt Y., Ldgcrc D. & Kulctz @. (1220). @ortc`dlrkprksketdtcoe on vowkls rkk`ts dòustc` icsscmcldrcty iktkrmceki ay normdetnrkquke`cks. @ofectcvk Ardce Qkskdr`g, 4;, P: 126-140. Oalkskr J., Ldgcrc D. & Kulctz @. (1229). Mdfektc` Ardce rkspoeskmcrrors kxtrd`tcoe on pgoeolofc`dl nkdturks nrom spkdhkrs vowkls. J. on

@ofectcvk Ekuros`cke`k, 4>: 04-03. Oalkskr J., Klakrt Y. & Kulctz @. (1229). Dttketcoedl ceuke`ks oenue`tcoedl mdppcef on spkk`g soueis ce gumde duictory òrtkx. AM@

Ekuros`cke`k, ;-19Rgcllcps @., Rklldtgy Y., Mdrdetz D., Skllce K., Vkxlkr H., Rokppkl I.,

M`Fceecs M. & Qoakrts Y. (1222). Duictory òrtkx d``kssks pgoeolofc`dl`dtkforcks: de MKF mcsmdt`g stuiy. Jouredl on @ofectcvk Ekuros`cke`k, 41,4207-429;. Roradiecfh D., Vkstkr M., @dllcks J.R. & Pgultz Y. KKF-adski spkk`g

rkòfectcoe: Cmpd`t on Ykmpordl Knnk`ts. Qczzoldttc F. @rdcfgkro, Ldcld (1229). Ygk Mcrror Ekuroe Pystkm.Deeudl Qkvckw on Ekuros`cke`k. 16, 4>3431


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RKQ@KRCQK, RQOI[QQKKCMMDFCEDQKP[OECÔ@DLC@C: [EOPY[ICOKQRP 1;

P`gultz Y. (1242). Qkòfeczcef Pclket dei Vkdh Ppkk`g Adski oeKlk`tromyofrdpgy. C@@GR Rdrt LE@P >463, ;3;>29. Ptkvkes H.E. (4373). Oe tgk qudetdl edturk on spkk`g. Jouredl onRgoektc`s, 46, 0-9;.

Ptoek J. . (1221). Ceikpkeiket òmpoeket dedlyscs: de cetroiu`tcoe.Yrkeis ce @ofectcvk P`cke`ks, ôl.> E.1, ;3->9. Puppks R. & Gde A. (1222). Ardce-wdvk rkprksketdtcoe on woris aysupkrposctcoe on d nkw scek wdvks. Rro`. Edtl D`di. P`c. [PD 36, 760790. Ycde W. & Rokppkl I. (1242). Mketdl cmdfkry on spkk`g deimovkmket cmplc`dtks tgk iyedmc`s on cetkredl norwdri moikls. Nroetckrs ceRsy`golofy,ôl. 4, Drt. 4>>. ^cgld M., Kulctz @. (1220). Yopofrdpgy on tgk duictory kvohkipotketcdl ce gumde rkk`ts icnnkrke`ks aktwkke vowkls kmakiiki ce pskuio

woris.Ekuros`cke`k Lkttkrs, 007, 473-431.


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FC[PKRRK@CET[KRDLMC

MKYD@OM[EC@DZCOEKEKC^CIKOFDMKP.

C MKPPDFFC@KLDYC

Dastrd`tCe tgcs stuiy wk icsùss daout tgk gciik mkssdfks nouei ce vcikofdmks.Vk cevkstcfdtk tgk `ldssc`dl òetrdic`tcoe aktwkke kmde`cpdtor dei òkr`cvkkiu`dtcoedl kxpkrcke`ks, rknkrrcef to tgk pldynul vcrtudl kevcroemkets, usceftgk mktgoi on `rctc`dl pkidfofy.

Hkyworis: vcikofdmks - òmmuec`dtcoe - `rctc`dl tgkory - nrkkiom -kiu`dtcoe.

4. Rrkmkssk sulld mktdòmuec`dzcoek

4.4 C lcvkllc lcefucstc`c

Cl tkrmcek mktd-òmuec`dzcoek ikeotd ce skeso ldto ofecnormd ic òmuec`dzcoek sulld òmuec`dzcoek, idl momketo `gk`cdsùe dtto lcefucstcò kspoek oetkeutc d``ksscaclc ce normd icrkttd k dl

òetkmpo norecs`k dsskrzcoec cmplc`ctk gk rcfudrideo lorfdeczzdzcoekikl lcefudffco stksso k lk moltkplc`c òeeotdzcoec skmdetc`gk.

C vcikofdmks, ce qudeto strumketc rc`rkdtcvc orfdeczzdtc suclcefudffc cenormdtc`c, òmprkeioeo ued icmkescoek mktd-lcefucstc`d`gk òeiczcoed lcetkrprktdzcoek ikflc kvketc k lkldaordzcoek ikllk cikk.

Ydrshy (43;>) sostckek `gk kscstoeo icvkrsc lcvkllc lcefucstc`c `gk ideeod``ksso dc scfec`dtc: dl lcvkllo pc adsso sc òllo`d cl lcefudffco offktto`gk òmprkeik lk dsskrzcoec rcnkrctk dflc offkttc8 cl skòeio lcvkllo

qukllo ikl mktd-lcefudffco `gk normuld dsskrzcoec rcnkrctk dl lcefudffcooffktto8 cl tkrzo lcvkllo, ikeomcedto mktd-mktd-lcefudffco, oe`krek flc


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MKYD@OM[EC@DZCOEKEKC^CIKOFDMKP. C MKPPDFFC@KLDYC 16

dttc lcefucstc`c rcnkrctc dl mktd-lcefudffco. C lcvkllc soeo potkezcdlmketkceectc8 ld loro icstcezcoek k fkrdr`gczzdzcoek òesketk ic kvctdrk uedòmuec`dzcoek icstortd. Qcnkrkeiosc dc lcefudffc eoe normdlczzdtc Ydrshc suffkrcs`kic lcmctdrk ld portdtd ksprksscvd ikllk tkorck skmdetc`dmketk `gcuskdmmkttkeio ld posscaclct ic ikecrk ue prkic`dto ic vkrct pdrzcdlk,rkldtcvo solo d spk`c`c dmactc ic icsòrso. Pk, di kskmpco, ue

vcikofco`dtork dsskrcs`k ic dvkr d`qucscto ue potkrk mkicdecò `cpu òescikrdrsc skmdetc`dmketk òrrktto, vkro solo sk rcnkrcto dlldedrrdzcoek k dl òetksto ic fcoò.

[edsskrzcoek dttkeicaclk qudeio cl lcvkllo offktto òstrucs`klk suk òeiczcoec ic vkrct sul mktd-lcefudffco (go d`qucscto uepotkrk mkicdecò ce qudeto soeo ce ue òetksto ic fcoò scmuldto).@c dvvckek trdmctk ue rkfrksso ekc posscaclc lcvkllc lcefucstc`c pkrlceicvciudzcoek ikc prksuppostc su ùc rcsultdeo normuldtc c òe`kttc.

C lcvkllc lcefucstc`c òrrcspoeioeo d icvkrsc frdic ic dstrdzcoekadsdtc sul lcefudffco offktto. Qcspktto d tdlc òescikrdzcoec, rcsultdcllumcedetk ld icstcezcoek postd id Horzyashy (4394) trd mdppdk tkrrctorco, trd `c `gk ued òsd òmk ciketct òe`rktd k ld

rdpprksketdzcoek dstrdttd `gk kssd proiu`k. Cl rcnkrcmketo lcefucstcòo pscòlofcò di ue offktto, dnnkrmd lo stuicoso, eoe òrrcspoeikksdustcvdmketk di ksso.

Rkr òmuec`drk sc utclczzdeo skfec `gk ceic`deo dltro.Ekllkldaordzcoek k eklldedlcsc ic ue vcikofdmks quceic ek`kssdrcoporrk ldttkezcoek scd suc òetkeutc ksplc`ctc rcportdtc dl suo cetkreo scdsullk rdpprksketdzcoec òfectcvk `gk qukstc proiuòeo ekl fco`dtork.Ld nkeomkeolofcd gusskrlcded gd `gcdrcto ce `gk moio scd posscaclk

osskrvdrk c nkeomkec òmk dppdrkezk ce qudeto kldaordzcoec òfectcvk(Gusskrl, 4337).Cl mkro idto, ic òeskfukezd, eoe pu ksskrk dssueto òmk

rcsolutcvo md ek`kssctd ic ue cequdirdmketo dllcetkreo ic lcvkllcòe`kttudlc pc dmpc. Eoe sun`cketk, di kskmpco, vkrc`drk `gk ue

vcikofdmk sc òllo`gc ce ue òetksto ksplordtcvo mkicokvdlk k `gkprkvkid òecttc drmdtc: acsofed sonnkrmdrsc sullcikd ic mkicokvo `gksottost dflc kvketc k sulld oe`kzcoek iklld lottd ic uc kssd portdtrc`k. Pc

trdttd ksskezcdlmketk ic ued dedlcsc `rctc`d ki krmkekutc`d `gk òesketkic ceicvciudrk c scfec`dtc k lk cikolofck `gk soffcd``coeo dllkvketo.


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4.1 Ld strutturd rkldzcoedlk

Eklldedlcsc iklld òmuec`dzcoek acsofed sonnkrmdrsc, oltrk dflckeue`cdtc mktd-lcefucstc`c, sullk ic`gcdrdzcoec gk cetkrkssdeo ld rkldzcoekòmuec`dtcvd. Cl mktd-lcefudffco `gcdmd ce `dusd ld òrrkttkzzd lofc`dmketrk lkeue`cdto mktd-òmuec`dtcvo rcnkrcto dlldzcoek k dl scstkmdic rkldzcoek. [ed dnnkrmdzcoek mktd-lcefucstc`d pdrdiossdlk ikl tcpo costo mketkeio eoe solo ue pdrdiosso lofcò md gd ikflc knnkttc cetkrmcec ic cesoluaclct prdfmdtc`d: lcetkrloùtork, `co, eoe ce frdioic òmprkeikrk sk lkmcttketk stcd mketkeio k òeskfuketkmketk eoepu ik`cikrk cl òmportdmketo id diottdrk. Pk cl pdrdiosso lofcòpu ksskrk nd`clmketk d``detoedto, qukllo prdfmdtcò òstrcefk flccetkrloùtorc di ued sctudzcoek dppdrketkmketk crrcsolvcaclk. C mkssdffc mktd-òmuec`dtcvc `drdttkrczzdeo k drrc``gcsòeo ldòmuec`dzcoek norekeio klkmketc dffcuetcvc pkr ued òrrkttd òic`dk cetkrprktdzcoek ikc mkssdffc, mostrdeio ldttkffcdmketo rkldzcoedlkikllkmkttctork. Kssc òeeotdeo c mkssdffc d ùc sc rcnkrcsòeoic`gcdrdeioek ld tcpolofcd k ld posscaclk cetkrprktdzcoek, d pdrtcrk iddlùek prkmkssk (Adtksoe, 433>).

Moltc icsturac iklld pkrsoedlct sc ikvoeo dllce`dpd`ctsoffkttcvd ic rcòeos`krk ki cetkrprktdrk c mkssdffc mktd-òmuec`dtcvc.D `c sc dsso`cd lce`dpd`ct ic kmkttkrk mkssdffc mktd-òmuec`dtcvc kic utclczzdrk ue rkfcstro lcefucstcò òrrktto pkr ksprcmkrk c pkesckrc kiks`rcvkrk lk pkr`kzcoec (Adtksoe, 4361).

Ppksso lk rkldzcoec so`cdlc ceeks`deo pdrdiossc prdfmdtc`c`gk cmpkicsòeo ld icstcezcoek trd lcvkllc lofc`c k rkeioeo dmacfudld mktdòmuec`dzcoek. [ed tcpc`d rkldzcoek pdrdiossdlk dttcvdtd

idllcetcmdzcoek ic eoe òrrcspoeikrk dllk rkfolk ic ue iktkrmcedtofcoò! Ldsskrzcoek òetckek iuk lcvkllc lofc`c ceòkrketc : dl mktd-lcvklloue òmdeio òetrdiic`k cl mkssdffco dl lcvkllo offktto.

Cl ikstcedtdrco spkrcmketd cl vcssuto psc`gcò ikl ioppcovceòlo ce ùc ekssued rcspostd òesketk ic rkdfcrk ce moio dikfudto.Tukstd ued clluscoek ic dltkredtcvk, poc`g ketrdmak lk soluzcoecsoeo krrdtk k sdezcoedtk. Pk ld sctudzcoek vckek rkctkrdtd ekl tkmpo,lo s`gkmd pdrdiossdlk sc stdaclczzd k ld rkldzcoek icvketd pdtolofc`d.

Ld soluzcoek ikl pdrdiosso posscaclk solo òe lus`ctd idl suo s`gkmd,pkr osskrvdrlo k òmmketdrlo idllkstkreo: d quksto pueto posscaclk


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`dmacdrk rkfolk k prkmkssk `gk cstctucsòeo lo s`gkmd pdrdiossdlk.Ld edturd ikl ioppco lkfdmk cmpkics`k dl rc`kvketk ic ksplc`ctdrk

ld oetrdiiczcoek, de`gk qudeio ld rcòeos`k. Tukstd sctudzcoek deòrpc òstrcttcvd ekc òetkstc vcrtudlc ce ùc eoe prkvcstd ekssueo spdzcoic omuec`dzcoek oe cl fdmk ikscfekr o oe dltrc fco`dtorc. posscaclkkvctdrk prklcmcedrmketk scmclc cmpdssk dttrdvkrso ld òstruzcoek ic ueicsòrso ce uc lk dsskrzcoec ksplc`ctk ki cmplc`ctk scdeo okrketc trd loro.Ldltrd icrkzcoek pkrskfucaclk quklld iklldutoeomo `dmacdmketoikl òetksto pdrdiossdlk id pdrtk ikl fco`dtork dttrdvkrso lutclczzoikl ikutkro-dpprkeicmketo. Rkr ikutkro-dpprkeicmketo Adtksoe(4361) cetkeik ldpprkeikrk di dpprkeikrk. Kscstoeo icvkrsc lcvkllcic dpprkeicmketo: cl prcmo òescstk ekl trovdrk soluzcoec spk`c`gkd proalkmc spk`c`c, cl skòeio ekllkldaordzcoek ic pro`kiurkrcsolutorck dpplc`daclc d cetkrk `ldssc ic proalkmc. Ldpprkeicmketo

vckek fkekrdlczzdto ce ued dactuicek rcsolutorcd, dpplc`dtd iopodvkr ceicvciudto cl tcpo ic proalkmd ki dvkrlo `dtkforczzdto. Ydlkdpprkeicmketo pu icrsc d`qucscto qudeio cl vcikofco`dtork icspoek icued skrck ic òmpktkezk `gk flc òesketoeo ic ikòic`drk c mkssdffccmplc`ctc k ic mkttkrk nuorc fcoò c vceòlc pdrdiossdlc.

cl pdssdffco di ue òetksto ic rcnkrcmketo pc dmpco `gkòesketk ld rkldtcvczzdzcoek ikl pdrdiosso k pkrmkttk ic òescikrdrlok rcsolvkrlo idllkstkreo. Cl pdssdffco id ue lcvkllo di ue dltro dvvckektrdmctk ld fkekrdlczzdzcoek, (dsso`cdzcoek ic ue `dso scefolo di ued`ldssk ic `dsc) k ld pdrtcòldrczzdzcoek (dpplc`dzcoek ikllk proprckt icued `ldssk dl `dso scefolo).

Vdtzldwc`h (43>6), rc`gcdmdeiosc d tdlc stuic, pdrld ic lcvkllcic òeos`kezd: cl prcmo òrrcspoeik dlld òeos`kezd pkr`kttcvd

(òeos`kezd ikllk òsk), cl skòeio dlld mktd-òeos`kezd (òeos`kezdsullk òsk), cl tkrzo dlld òeos`kezd sulld òeos`kezd ic skòeio lcvkllo,ce qudeto qukstultcmd òce`cik òe ld òeos`kezd ikllk proprck mktd-òeos`kezk `gk òeòrroeo di orfdeczzdrk ued vcscoek ikl moeio.

Pulld vcscoek ikl moeio, ic ùc c vcikofdmks sc ndeeo portdtorc,sc sonnkrmd ord ld eostrd dedlcsc pkr vkrc`drk sk k ce `gk moio tdlckspkrckezk òeiczcoedeo ld normdzcoek ic soffkttc lcakrc ki dutoeomck qudeio, ic òetro, òeòrroeo d rcproiurrk k òenkrmdrk rdpportc ic

norzd k/o prcvclkfc so`cdlc.


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1. @oetrcautc idlld pkidfofcd `rctc`d

1.4 Ld nuezcoek so`cdlk iklld òeos`kezd

Ld pkidfofcd `rctc`d dssumk òmk prkmkssd cl ndtto `gk uomceck ioeek soeo ksskezcdlmketk eoe lcakrc k dactdeo ue moeio ce uc soeoicnnusk òetrdiiczcoec k dscmmktrck òetrdiicstcetk id rdpportc potkrkk prcvclkfc (M` Ldrke, 1223). Postckek `gk c proalkmc kiu`dtcvc scdeoqudlòsd ic pc gk kvketc csoldtc k gk cdsùeo ic kssc scd ce`dricedto suue scstkmd ic scfec`dtc òeiczcoedtc idlld strutturd so`cdlk. Lkn`d`cdiklldzcoek kiu`dtcvd òeiczcoedtd id ue òetksto cetkrdttcvo `gkòcevolfk soffktto k so`ckt. Lceicvciuo, ce qudeto dttork so`cdlk, dlòetkmpo `rkdtork k `rkdto iklluecvkrso so`cdlk ic ùc pdrtk.E lceicvciuo e ld so`ckt gdeeo prcorct ce quksto tcpo ic dedlcsc8 ciuk soeo cekstrc`daclmketk cetrk``cdtc, ic moio `gk cl rcnkrcmketo diueo ic kssc rc`gckik ek`kssdrcdmketk lcmplc`dzcoek iklldltrd pdrtk.

Ld tkorcd `rctc`d poek ldttkezcoek su ketrdmac c nroetc òcevoltcekllk oetrdiiczcoec so`cdlc: ce quksto dso, ldetceomcd offktto idedlcsc quklld trd kspkrckezd vciko-luic`d k cikolofcd. Puppoecdmo, `co, `gk

ld mktd-òmuec`dzcoek vciko-luic`d supportc cmplc`ctdmketk scstkmciottrcedrc, cetkrvkekeio sulld normdzcoek ikllk ciketct. Ldppro``co`rctcò oesketk ic rcvkldrlc k ic cetkrvkecrk sullk rkldzcoec trd soffktto kioffktto, trd rktorc`d k rkdlt, trd strutturd k nuezcoek. Lk òetrdiiczcoecikvoeo ksskrk sòpkrtk k ceicvciudtk (di kskmpco qudlord cl fcoòòmportc ld s`kltd ic strdtkfck polctc`gk o mclctdrc pkr cl rcstdaclcmketoiklld pd`k, ce ue òetksto prcvo ic idtc k cenormdzcoec `gk possdeoceiurrk s`kltk icvkrsk id qukllk prkvcstk) k ld loro icsdmced cmplc`d ld

ikstrutturdzcoek ikllk stkssk, dl ek ic cstctucrk euovc moikllc ic pkesckrok dzcoek ce frdio ic trds`keikrk lo stdto dttudlk.Ld edturd icdlkttc`d iklld tkorcd `rctc`d cmpkics`k dc rc`kr`dtorc

ic osskrvdrk c vcikofdmks skmplc`kmketk òmk sk rdpprksketdsskrouedrked ic ceiottrcedzcoek o òmk luofo ikputdto uec`dmketk dllosvdfo k dlld so`cdlczzdzcoek8 ek`kssdrco, cevk`k, dssumkrlc de`gk òmkspdzc ùlturdlc `gk promuovoeo cl `dmacdmketo ikl fco`dtork.

Ld òmprkescoek icdlkttc`d ikc vcikofdmks `c òesketk ic

òescikrdrlc òmk ue luofo ikputdto, dl òetkmpo, dlld iomcedzcoek kdlld lcakrdzcoek.


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Kscstoeo moltc dspkttc ikllo stksso proalkmd - qukllo iklrdpporto trd lcakrt k òkr`czcoek ki gdeeo d `gk ndrk òe cetkrksscspk`c`c ic dlùek `ldssc, rdzzk k fkekrc skssudlc. Tukstc trovdeo spdzcodllcetkreo ikc vcikofdmks soprdttutto eklld ikeczcoek ic stkrkotcpc(Frcntgs, Idvcks & @gdppkll, 1220) `gk sc rkeioeo kvciketc eklld`drdttkrcstc`gk ikflc detdfoecstc, eklld rdpprksketdzcoek còec`d iklmdlk, eklldpprovdzcoek ic iktkrmcedtc òmportdmketc k skesdzcoec.

Gkery Fcroux (4374) gd posto uecmportdetk icstcezcoek trdmc`ro k md`ro oackttcvc kiu`dtcvc, ceic`deio òe c prcmc c òetkeutcspk`c`c ic dpprkeicmketo k òc skòeic lk edlct ic pc dmpco rkspcroce tkrmcec ic knnkttc so`cdlc k polctc`c. Ekc vcikofdmks c mc`ro-oackttcvckiu`dtcvc sc rcnkrcsòeo dllk òeos`kezk d`qucsctk ekl fcoò k pkr clfcoò, mketrk c md`ro-oackttcvc rcfudrideo flc knnkttc `gk qukstc gdeeosulld òstruzcoek ikllk ciketct pkrsoedlc k òllkttcvk. ek`kssdrco `gkketrdmak lk tcpolofck ic oackttcvc scdeo òesdpkvolmketk profrdmmdtcpkr òesketcrk dc fco`dtorc ic ceicvciudrk c òllkfdmketc trd flc kvketc icfcoò, lk vdlutdzcoec ic prce`cpco k lk rkldzcoec strutturdlc òe ld so`ckt.Ld prksd ce `drcò iklld profkttdzcoek k iklld vdlutdzcoek ikc md`ro-oackttcvc ceòrdffcd ldppro``co icdlkttcò dc oetkeutc ksprkssc ekl fcoò.

Tudlord c md`ro oackttcvc so`co-polctc`c cetkrvkefdeo ceicrkttdmketk sciktkrmced quklld `gk Fcroux (4337) ikecs`k ld òeos`kezd icrkttcvd.Icvkrsdmketk, qudeio tdlc prksuppostc rcsultdeo icsdttksc, lknnktto `gksk ek rc`dvd òrrcspoeik dllkmkrfkrk iklld òeos`kezd proiuttcvd:qukstd ceucs`k sullorfdeczzdzcoek, ld ldssc`dzcoek, ld pdiroedezd k ldmdecpoldzcoek ikc òetkeutc. Ld òeos`kezd proiuttcvd ceòrdffcdtdekc vcikofdmks qudeio posscaclk, di kskmpco, sklkzcoedrk protdfoecstcòe icnnkrketc trdttc somdtc`c, rdzzcdlc o ic fkekrk8 o, deòrd, qudeio scdeo

propostc detdfoecstc icnnkrkezcdtc, o prcvc ic ciketct ktec`d, rkeikeio ldòmpktczcoek ekutrdlk idl pueto ic vcstd cikolofcò. posscaclk, ceoltrk,rcpdrtcrk ue moio kquo lk icnnkrkezk dllcetkreo ikllk sctudzcoec ic fcoòòs id eoe rkeikrk deoecmc c pkrsoedffc, ndvorkeio pcuttosto ued loroòmmcstcoek (`gk eoe cmplc`gc ciketc`dzcoek).

Eklldedlcsc ikc scfec`dtc ksprkssc ekc vcikofco`gc acsofed`gckikrsc qudlc òetkeutc ic òeos`kezd scdeo ksplc`ctdtc k qudlk prcorctdaacdeo lueo rcspktto dlldltro. Lk oeos`kezk d`qucsctk ekc vcikofdmks

òmk ce ofec dmacketk idpprkeicmketo eoe soeo mdc ekutrdlc ooackttcvk md dppdcoeo oricedtk k strutturdtk ce ue moio pdrtcòldrk:


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lkendsc o lks`luscoek postd su dlùec sdpkrc soeo nrutto ic ued lofc`dsottostdetk. Ld pkidfofcd `rctc`d sc cetkrrofd su òmk k pkr`g ldòeos`kezd scd stdtd orfdeczzdtd eklld sud normd dttudlk k pkr`gdlùek òe`kzcoec iklld rkdlt scdeo lkfcttcmdtk k `klkardtk idlld ùlturdiomcedetk, mketrk dltrk ek scdeo ks`lusk. Ce dltrk pdrolk, sc `gckik qudl ld nuezcoek so`cdlk iklld òeos`kezd. Dlùek normk ic òeos`kezdgdeeo pc potkrk k lkfcttcmct ic dltrk. @krtc tcpc ic oeos`kezd lkfcttcmdeodlùec fkekrc, `ldssc k cetkrkssc rdzzcdlc. Ld qukstcoek `ketrdlk òe`krekflc cetkrkssc `gk sottostdeeo dl moikllo ic òeos`kezd proposto k lknormk ic ks`luscoek fkekrdtk.

Qcnkrkeio ld qukstcoek dllkspkrckezd luic`d ikl vcikofcoò,o`òrrk oescikrdrk dspkttc cekrketc dlld rkldzcoek trd ldssc so`cdlc k ruolcdsskfedtc dc pkrsoedffc, dlld s`kltd ic lcefudffc k ue fkrfgc diottdtc, dlfkekrk skssudlk ikl protdfoecstd, dllkvketudlk knnktto ic rdnnorzdmketoic stkrkotcpc prk-kscstketc su ioeek, mceordezk k òmuect svdetdffcdtk.

Dltrc ndttorc id ksdmcedrk rcfudrideo lcetkrprktdzcoek iklld òeiczcoekstorcò-so`cdlk k ld rclkvdezd òenkrctd d iktkrmcedtc pkrsoedffc okvketc, d s`dpcto ikl òetrcauto norecto id mceordezk k `ldssc so`cdlcsvdetdffcdtk.

1.1 @oetkeutc ic cetkrkssk

Flc stuicosc cmpkfedtc sulldedlcsc `rctc`d ikc mkssdffc mktd-òmuec`dtcvc prksketc ekflc dmacketc ic dpprkeicmketo sostkefoeo ldek`kssct ic porrk prcmdrcdmketk ldttkezcoek suc skfuketc òetkeutc iccetkrkssk (M` Ldrke, 1223): - `ldssk8

- ùlturd8- kfkmoecd8- cikolofcd8

- prkfcuiczco.

Cl òe`ktto ic `ldssk sc rcnkrcs`k d rkldzcoec so`cdlc, kòeomc`gkk polctc`gk `gk orfdeczzdeo ld vctd òllkttcvd. Lk rkldzcoec trd `ldsscrckttoeo lk òstrczcoec k lk lcmctdzcoec ceicvciudlc k ic fruppo

eklld`qucsczcoek ic rkiicto, o`ùpdzcoek, luofo ic rkscikezd ki dltrcceic`dtorc ic stdtus k rdefo so`cdlk.


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Lk rkldzcoec trd `ldssc soeo dsso`cdtk dlld sottrdzcoek ic vdlorkidl ldvoro ikllk `ldssc suaoricedtk, d ndvork ikllk `ldssc pc daacketc. Lkrkldzcoec trd ldssc rcspk``gcdeo ld icstrcauzcoek so`cdlk ikl potkrk k ld sudrcpdrtczcoek strutturdlk. Dttudlmketk, sc rcsòetrd uedmpcd icstdezd trdlk ldssc ldvordtrc`c ki posscaclk ceicvciudrk euovk sotto`ldssc omprkskeklld strutturd so`cdlk òmplkssd (strdeckrc, icso`ùpdtc, sottoo`ùpdtc,nds`k nkmmceclc, icsdaclc, k dltrc fruppc so`cdlc kòeomc`dmketkmdrfcedlczzdtc).

Cl oe`ktto ic ulturd pu ksskrk cetkso omk cl moio pdrtcòldrkce uc ue fruppo so`cdlk id skeso dllk proprck sctudzcoec k oeiczcoec ic

vctd oetrdppoekeiosc di dltrc fruppc so`cdlc. Lksprksscoek ic opcecoec k`rkikezk id pdrtk ikflc ceicvciuc `gk òeicvcioeo ued `krtd kspkrckezdstorc`d iktkrmcedtd idl loro potkrk òllkttcvo.

Ld ùlturd pu ksskrk suiicvcsd ce iomcedetk, suaoricedtd ksottoùlturd. Ld ùlturd iomcedetk nd rcnkrcmketo dllk prdtc`gk so`cdlck dllk rdpprksketdzcoec `gk sostkefoeo c prce`cpc `ketrdlc, flc cetkrkssc,k prko`ùpdzcoec ikllk `ldssc so`cdlc pkr cl òetrollo iklld rc``gkzzdmdtkrcdlk k scmaolc`d iklld so`ckt. Pkòeio qukstc prksuppostc, cfruppc so`cdlc pc ikaolc k dsskrvctc dlld ùlturd iomcedetk soeo pdrtk

iklld ùlturd suaoricedtd. Lk sottoùlturk, cendttc, rdpprksketdeoue sotto-cesckmk ikllk iuk prk`kiketc ùlturk pdrketdlc k c soffkttc`gk lk òstctucsòeo sc icstcefuoeo idl scmaolcsmo k idllk prdtc`gkso`cdlc iomcedetc ikekeio ciketct ùlturdlc ceicpkeiketc rcnkrcaclc dfruppc rcstrkttc. Lk sottoùlturk soeo òcevoltk eklld òmpktczcoek pkrld`qucsczcoek ic spdzc ùlturdlc o ekl `kr`drk vdr`gc dllcetkreo iklldùlturd iomcedetk k rdpprksketdeo ued vo`k `rctc`d rcspktto di kssd. Lkfkmoecd ueo strumketo usdto pkr mdetkekrk ld suprkmdzcd,

kvctdeio cl rcòrso dlld norzd k mkttkeio ce dtto prdtc`gk so`cdlc utclcdllottkecmketo ikl oeskeso so`cdlk. Pc trdttd ic ue cesckmk ic cetkrvketcmkssc ce dtto idlld ulturd iomcedetk (pkr ottkekrk cl òeskeso id oloro`gk soeo opprkssc) voltc di ottkekrk ld pdrtk`cpdzcoek ceòesdpkvolk dlmdetkecmketo iklld oeiczcoek ic suiictdezd. Lkfkmoecd sc skrvk iklldtrdsmcsscoek ic scmaolc, rdpprksketdzcoec k prdtc`gk ic vctd so`cdlk `gkpkrmkttoeo ic mdetkekrk edsòstk lk noeidmketd ikl iomceco so`cdlk,ld icstrcauzcoek cekfudlk ikl potkrk k c prcvclkfc. Ld ùlturd iomcedetk

stdaclcs`k cl scfec`dto ikc skfec, ikc scmaolc k ikllk rdpprksketdzcoec pkrproiurrk ued òmuek vcscoek ikl moeio `gk mds`gkrd lk rkldzcoec ic


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potkrk k c prcvclkfc utclczzdeio c mdss mkicd, flc dppdrtc stdtdlc òmk ldsùold, lk cstctuzcoec ikl fovkreo k ld auro`rdzcd edzcoedlk.

Lcikolofcd nd rcnkrcmketo dlld proiuzcoek ikl skeso k ikcscfec`dtc. ue moio ic cetkrprktdrk cl moeio, ue cesckmk ic cikk,prdtc`gk so`cdlc, rctudlc k rdpprksketdzcoec dssuetc òmk edturdlc krcòeos`cutc idl skeso òmuek. Kssd ce frdio ic iotdrk c soffkttcic òe`kttc, `dtkforck, cmmdfcec k cikk dttrdvkrso ùc dttrcaucrk skesoòmpcuto k òkrketk dl moeio k ic norecrk flc strumketc òfectcvc pkrcikdrk profkttc, oeos`krk ld so`ckt k dfcrk ce kssd8 c dvvckek d s`dpctoic ue dppro``co cetkfrdlk dl rkdlk, ce qudeto ofec prospkttcvd dssuetdce quksto moio cekvctdaclmketk sklkttcvd. Lcikolofcd òstctucs`k ue

vo`daoldrco volto dllomolofdzcoek8 ld frdmmdtc`d ic ue profkttosde`cto k sostkeuto òe pdrtcòldrc prdtc`gk so`cdlc. Yuttk lk cikk k cscstkmc ic pkesckro orfdeczzdeo uecmmdfcek iklld rkdlt utclczzdeiomktdnork, edrrdzcoec k rktorc`d dpproprcdtk.

Lcikolofcd iomcedetk rd`òflck s`gkmc ic `rkikezk k vdlorcòeicvcsc idlld mdffcor pdrtk ikflc ceicvciuc8 lk cikolofck iopposczcoek,qudeio soeo prksketc, tkeioeo d oetrdpporsc dlld prcmd k d nrdetumdrkflc stkrkotcpc kscstketc. Ld ulturd iomcedetk sc rcvkld daclk ekl mdecpoldrk

lk cikolofck dltkredtcvk k iopposczcoek òs id icnkeikrk ekl moio pckn`d`k cl moikllo kfkmoecò. Cl prkfcuiczco ue prksupposto ekfdtcvo rcnkrcto d ue ceicvciuoo d ue fruppo adsdto su kvcikezk cedikfudtk, eoe rcòeos`cutk, poòskesdtk. Roc`g qukstc dttkffcdmketc ekfdtcvc rcòrroeo nrkquketkmketk,ketrdeo d ndr pdrtk ikl skeso omuek k dssumoeo drdttkrk cikolofcò ksoeo utclczzdtc pkr fcustc`drk dttc ic ics`rcmcedzcoek. C icsòrsc so`cdlc, polctc`c, s`cketc`c (noeidtc su prkfcuiczc o

qudetomkeo su prksuppostc) gdeeo ld prktksd iklld vkrcic`ct k iklld`dtkforczzdzcoek. Yuttdvcd, eoe tuttc c icsòrsc gdeeo lo stksso pkso:dlùec soeo stdtc kldaordtc pkr tutkldrk k fdrdetcrk flc kquclcarc ic potkrk,dltrc pkr smds`gkrdrlc k pkr rkdrk sctudzcoec gk oesketdeo ic rkscstkrkdllk prdtc`gk cstctuzcoedlc. Kmkrfk, iuequk, ld tksc skòeio ùc eoe posscaclk pdrldrkic vkrct ce dsskezd ic rdpportc ic potkrk k ofec rkldzcoek id luofoek`kssdrcdmketk di ued proprcd vkrct. Nou`dult (4339) gd rcmosso cl

òe`ktto ic vkrct idl rkdmk iklldssoluto ki kssd vd cetksd omk kvketoòetcefketk iktkrmcedto. Ld vkrct ic quksto moeio ki proiottd d



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MKYD@OM[EC@DZCOEKEKC^CIKOFDMKP. C MKPPDFFC@KLDYC 0;

vdetdffco o d sostkfeo ic ued pdrtk sulldltrd. @cdsùe so`ckt stdaclcs`kue rkfcmk ic vkrct k proiu`k ikllk cstdezk `gk òeiczcoedeo ldicstcezcoek trd vkrct k mkezofed.

Orfdeczzdrk ue vcikofdmk d sostkfeo ikllkmde`cpdzcoekumded òmportd ue knnktto suc fco`dtorc ce tkrmcec ic kmpowkrmket,ovvkro sulld dpd`ct ic omprkeikrk k d dnnroetdrk lk sctudzcoec moeidekk ic òmpckrk s`kltk òrdffcosk `gk sc rcpkrùotoeo sulloricek so`cdlk(Rktkrsoe, 1223). [e vcikofcoò pu icrsc kiu`dtcvo qudeio òesketkldedlcsc ikc òetkeutc iklld òeos`kezd ce rkldzcoek dc mk``decsmc icopprksscoek k ic snruttdmketo. icskiu`dtcvo qudeio rcproiu`k kfcustc`d scstkmc kpcstkmolofc`c òeiczcoedtc id dppdrdtc ic potkrk.

Lk òeos`kezk ksprkssk eoe rcfudrideo solo cl moio ce ùc mkicdtd o sottordpprksketdtd ued rkdlt so`cdlk. Kssk possoeo, cendttc,dfcrk pkr proiurrk ued icstorscoek iklld rkdlt, òetrcaukeio d `kldrklk `dusk ikllo stdtus quo k di ostdòldrk lkldaordzcoek ic dltkredtcvk dsctudzcoec proalkmdtc`gk `gk òeiczcoedeo ld vctd òllkttcvd. Kiu`dtorck fdmk ikscfekrs ikvoeo ksdmcedrk c òetkeutc ksprkssc dllcetkreo ikc

vcikofdmks pkr rclkvdrk ld `kesurd ic pdrtcòldrc vcscoec ikl moeio kpkr òmprkeikrk ce `gk moio qukstc òeiczcoedeo k moic`deo ld

normdk mketcs ikc fco`dtorc. [e vcikofdmks òe nuezcoek icidttc`diovrkaak ksskrk edlczzdto dllkmde`cpdzcoek ikllk mketc k òetrcaucrkd sostkekrk dutoiktkrmcedzcoek k pdrtk`cpdzcoek.

0. Pcstkmd ic dedlcsc

D skfucto ikllk prkmkssk tkorc`gk sceo di ord sostkeutk,sc cetkeik proporrk ue scstkmd ic dedlcsc `gk rd`òlfd ue cesckmk ic

vdrcdaclc mktd-òmuec`dtcvk rcsòetrdaclc ekc vcikofdmks, ceicvciudeiolk posscaclc rkldzcoec `dusdlc. @c òesketcr dc fdmk ikscfekrs ic porrkdttkezcoek, ce ndsk profkttudlk, di dspkttc òetkeutcstc`c solctdmketktrdsùrdtc, ce qudeto eoe icrkttdmketk ic`gcdrdtc k adstc su cikolofck,scd purk sostkeutk ce normd ceòesdpkvolk. Ldedlcsc dssumk òmkprksupposto c rcsultdtc ikllk rc`kr`gk ic Rdul Jkk (122;), cl qudlk dnnkrmd`gk c vcikofdmks ikaadeo ksskrk òescikrdtc òmk ued posscaclkkstkescoek iklld vctd eklld mcsurd ce uc rcproiuòeo sctudzcoec oe`rktk

k ceskfedeo dc fco`dtorc di opkrdrk ekl moio mcflcork, ce sctudzcoecrkdlc scmclc.


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Iomdeid fucid:cl vcikofdmk òenkrmd dscmmktrck so`cdlc k rdpportcic potkrk oppurk kiu`d dl pkesckro `rctcò k dllkskr`czco iklld lcakrt?

Ydaklld e.4:

drcdaclc Moikllo òstrcttcvo Moikllo kmde`cdpdtcvo

@ldssc so`cdlc Poeo rcproiottk k tcpcz-zdtk tdluek `ldssc so`cdlc`gk ikecsòeo prklcmc-edrmketk `drdttkrcstc`gkk òmpctc ic `cdsùe pkr-soedffco.

C soffkttc possoeo trdesc-tdrk id ued `ldssk so`cdlkdlldltrd ce rkldzcoek d mkrc-tc k `dpd`ct d`qucsctk.

@ulturd prksketk ueuec`d ùl-turd iomcedetk `gk ds-soffkttd o òevkrtk lkicnnkrkezk.

^c ued òmprkskezd icicnnkrketc ùlturk, pc omkeo kstksk, d ùc idtdvo`k k lkfcttcmct.

Fkekrk Lk furk nkmmceclc dssu-moeo ruolc ic skòeidrcdcmportdezd o svolfoeo

dttcvct icnnkrketc id qukl-lk rcskrvdtk dlld pdrtk md-s`gclk.

Lk furk nkmmceclc rkfc-strdeo ued prkskezd pdrc dquklld mds`gclk. Rur dvke-

io trdttc icnnkrketc, posso-eo svolfkrk lk mkikscmknuezcoec ikc pkrsoedffcmds`gclc.

Ktecd Kscstk ued sold ktecd icrcnkrcmketo8 lk dltrk pos-soeo eoe ksskrk prksketco rcòprcrk ue ruolo detd-foecstd.

Poeo ufudlmketk rdpprk-sketdtk icnnkrketc kteck kekssued ic kssk òeiczcoedcl `drdttkrk o cl ruolo ikcpkrsoedffc.

Cendezcd/ Pkeclct C mceorc k flc dezcdecsoeo rdpprksketdtc òmkce`dpd`c k ceòmpktketc,vcttcmk ceòesdpkvolc ic`c `gk dvvckek.Ldzcoek totdlmketk dn-idtd d soffkttc diultc

Dllcendezcd k dlld skeclct dsskfedtd pdrc icfect `gkdllk dltrk kt iklld vctd. prksketk ued vcscoekkvolutcvd k trdsnormdtcvdikllksskrk umdeo.



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^colkezd Lk dzcoec ic lottd soeosostkeutk id cikolofck`gk fcustc`deo ld torturdk lklcmcedzcoek sc`d icsoffkttc `gk dvvkrsdeo dprce`cpc oeicvcsc.

Ld lottd cetksd omk dzco-ek lcakrdtrc`k `gk òesketkdllk vcttcmk ic ue rkfcmk icdnnrde`drsc idllopprkssorkk ic ksprcmkrk ld proprcduec`ct.

Lcefudffco ^ckek utclczzdto ue uecòfkrfo o ued sold lcefud.Ld iklkfcttcmdzcoek icdlùek `dtkforck ic pkr-soedffc dvvckek trdmctkld prcvdzcoek ikl lcefudf-fco vkradlk d ndvork icksprksscoec icsdrtcòldtk.

Poeo utclczzdtc icnnkrketcfkrfgc k pc lcefuk. Ofecpkrsoedffco `drdttkrcz-zdto, oltrk `gk idc trdttcsomdtc`c, idl òic`k lcefuc-stcò k idlld ulturd ic uc scnd portdvo`k.

Icdlofo ^c ueuec d vo`k edr-rdetk cetkred dl fcoò. Lkposscaclct ic cetkrdzcoekk ic s`kltd rcsultdeo ksskrkprkikectk k cmmoic`d-aclc.

[eo o pc fco`dtorc posso-eo cetkrvkecrk suc òetkeu-tc ikc icdlofgc òetrcauke-io dllkldaordzcoek ic cikkk dlld prksd ic ik`cscoec.

Lk vdrcdaclc ceicvciudtk eklld tdaklld e.4 sc òeiczcoedeork`cpro`dmketk, ce skeso `c`lcò òenkrmdeiosc k sostkekeioscrk`cpro`dmketk. C vcikofdmks `gk cetkeioeo òesolcidrk rdpportc icpotkrk stdaclctc iks`rcvoeo ld so`ckt òmk ue òetksto stdtcò, icstcetoce ldssc so`cdlc. Ld ulturd gd ued nuezcoek cikolofc`d, voltd d fcustc`drklo stdto ikllk osk k d rciurrk cl icsskeso. Lk icnnkrkezk ic fkekrk, cendttc,òs òmk qukllk ktec`gk k fkekrdzcoedlc, ideeo luofo d nkeomkec icmdrfcedlczzdzcoek k iklkfcttcmdzcoek `gk cmpkicsòeo lkmkrscoek icpuetc ic vcstd k ic cpotksc prdfmdtc`gk icssoedetc idllcmpostdzcoekiomcedetk ic tcpo ndllofo`ketrc`d (mds`gclk k rdzcoedlk) òmk kaak dikecrld Lu`k Crcfdrdy (436;). Ld vcolkezd lo strumketo òe ùc scrkdlczzd cl òetrollo sullk mketc dttrdvkrso c òrpc mketrk cl lcefudffco cl oic`k gk oesketk ic trdsmkttkrk cmplc`ctdmketk cikk k vdlorc ce lcekdòe cl pkesckro iomcedetk. Ld òmuec`dzcoek, ic òeskfukezd, eoe

pu ksskrk `gk uecicrkzcoedlk: id ue ldto c iktketorc ikl sdpkrk, ordtorck mdkstrc, idltro `deto c suiictc, rc`kttorc pdsscvc k ceòesdpkvolc. Ydlkdssktto rdnnorzd k òenkrmd ld icstcezcoek ce `ldssc so`cdlc k rdic`dlczzd crdpportc ic norzd k ic iomcedzcoek.


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C vcikofdmks kiu`dtcvc propoefoeo ued vcscoek floadlk iklldso`ckt ce ùc ld prkskezd ic `ldssc so`cdlc, purk eoe ekfdtd, vckekproalkmdtc`czzdtd k dssuetd omk eoe ikectcvd. Ld ulturd prksketdtdòmk moltkplc`k k trdsnormdtcvd8 frdzck di kssd `cdsùed `ldssk so`cdlk lkfcttcmdtd. Ld icnnkrkezd dssumk mdffcork rc``gkzzd k vdlork frdzckdlldpporto ic soffkttc nkmmceclc, dlld prkskezd ic pc fruppc ktec`c kic soffkttc òe icvkrsk kt dedfrd`gk. Poeo, quceic, rdpprksketdtksctudzcoec ce uc ld norzd dppdrk oe`kpctd omk strumketo ic lcakrdzcoekikflc opprkssc, ikllk `ldssc so`cdlc òescikrdtk mdrfcedlc k dsskrvctk cequdeto ld loro kmde`cpdzcoek pdssd de`gk dttrdvkrso cl rkùpkro klutclczzo ic lcefudffc k òic`c `gk `drdttkrczzdeo luec`ct ikl frupposo`cdlk idppdrtkekezd. Idrk vo`k dc lcefudffc mceorc scfec`d kldaordrk ikc òic`c cefrdio ic porsc dc mdrfcec ikl pkesckro uecò k ic mkttkrlo ce icsùsscoek(Ikrrcid 4336)8 lk cetkrdzcoec icdlofc`gk soeo lo strumketo prce`cpdlkikl pro`ksso ic dnnrde`dmketo de`gk pkr`g òesketoeo ic eoefkekrdrk euovc icspotcsmc k ic rc`kr`drk ldpporto ic `cdsùe soffkttopkr lo svcluppo ic ued so`ckt ikmo`rdtc`d. Ydlk strutturdzcoek gd omkknnktto ld òenkrmd k cl pkrnkzcoedmketo iklld so`ckt, orfdeczzdtd

cetoreo dllcikd ic `ldssc icedmc`dmketk cetrk``cdtk ce ùc dl rdpportofkrdr`gcò sc sostctucs`k ld rk`cpro`ct k ld òlldaordzcoek.Ld iomdeid fucid trovd rcspostd ekl qudiro ikl scstkmd ic

dedlcsc proposto8 ksso òesketk ic sonnkrmdrsc sullk qukstcoec `ru`cdlckvcikezcdtk idflc stuic ic pkidfofcd `rctc`d pkr `ldssc`drk ld vdlkezdkiu`dtcvd ikllk dttcvct normdtcvk. C vcikofdmks, quceic, possoeoksskrk òescikrdtc icidttc`c solo sk sc òescikrd ldedlcsc ikc mkssdffcmktd-òmuec`dtcvc k ikc loro knnkttc ce tkrmcec ic òkr`czcoek o ic

dnnrde`dmketo ikllk ndòlt ofectcvk.Cl vdlork ic qukstd dedlcsc rcsckik ekc suoc knnkttc ce tkrmcec icòs`cketczzdzcoek (Nrkcrk, 1221). Eoe sc trdttd uec`dmketk ic iotdrkprofkttcstc k fco`dtorc ic euovc strumketc utclc di dedlczzdrk c vcikofco`gc,qudeto ic svcluppdrk oesdpkvolkzzd rcfudrio dllk sctudzcoec scmuldtk dlek ic cpotczzdrk posscaclc moidlct ic lcakrdzcoek.



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Acalcofrdnd

Ardhk, M. (4372). Ygk Po`colofy on Soutg @ulturk dei Soutg Puaùluturk,Loeioe: Qoutlkifk dei Hkfde Rdul.

Adtksoe, F. (4361). ^krso uekòlofcd iklld mketk, Mcldeo: Diklpgc. Adtksoe, F. (433>).Tuksto ue fcoò. Rkr`g eoe sc pu mdc icrk d qudlùeo:Fco`d!, Mcldeo: Qdnndkllo @ortced. Ikrcid, J. (4336). Ld icnnkrke`k, ce Mdrfcec iklld Nclosod, Yorceo:Kceduic, 16-;3.

Ioedli, J. & Gdll, P. (437>). Rolctc`s dei Cikolofy, Opke [ecvkrsctyRrkss, Rgcliklpgcd: Mcltoe Hkyeks. Nou`dult, M. (4339). Ldr`gkolofcd ikl Pdpkrk. Mcldeo: Qczzolc.

Nrkcrk, R. (1221). Ld pkidfofcd ikflc opprkssc. Yorceo: KFD. Fdiottc, M., Nrkcrk, R. & Fucmdrdks, P. (433;). Rkidfofcd: Icdlofo k@oectto. Yorceo: PKC.

Fkk, J.R. (122;). Rlkdsurk, Lkdrecef, ^ciko Fdmks, dei Lcnk: tgkprojk`tcvk stde`k.K-Lkdrecef, 1 (0), 144-110. Fcroux, G.D (4374). Cikolofy, @ulturk dei tgk Rro`kss on P`goolcef.Rgcldiklpgcd: Ykmplk [ecvkrscty. Fcroux, G.D. (4337). Ykd`gkrs ds Cetkllk`tudls: Yowdris d @rctc`dl Rkidfofyon Rrdtc`dl Lkdrecef. Pout Gdilky, Mdssd`gusktts: Akrfce dei Frdvky Rualcsgkr.

Frcntgs, M.I., Idvcks, M.E.O. & @gdppkll, I. (1220). Arkdhcef tgkPtkrkotypk: Ygk @dsk on Oelcek Fdmcef,@yakrRsy`golofy & Akgdvcor, >(4), 74-34.

OEkcl, G.N., Vdcekss, Q. & Adrhkr, K.L. (122;). @ldssc`dtcoe onlkdrecef outòmks: kvcike`k nrom tgk òmputkr lctkrdturk, Ygk ùrrcùlumJouredl, 4> (9) , 9;;-969 Gusskrl, K. (4337). Lcikd ic nkeomkeolofcd: `cequk lkzcoec. Qomd-Adrc:Ldtkrzd.

Cllc`g, C. (4361). Iksòldrczzdrk ld so`ckt. Mcldeo: Moeidiorc. Crcfdrdy, L. (436;). Ppkùlum. Ldltrd ioeed. Mcldeo: Nkltrcekllc. Jull, J. (1220). Cl admaceo òmpktketk. ^dlorc k òeos`kezk ce ndmcflcd.Mcldeo: Nkltrcekllc.

Horzyashc, D. (4394). P`cke`k dei Pdecty. Ekw Sorh: P`cke`k Rrkss. M` Ldrke, R. (1223). @rctc`dl Rkidfofy: D Looh dt tgk Mdjor @oe`kpts. CeYgk @rctc`dl Rkidfofy Qkdikr. Pkòei Kictcoe. Ekw Sorh: Qoutlkifk, >4-70.

Rktkrsoe, Q.K. (1223). Ykd`gcef Gow to Qkdi tgk Vorli dei @gdefk Ct:@rctc`dl Rkidfofy ce tgk Cetkrmkicdtk Frdiks, Ygk @rctc`dl Rkidfofy Qkdikr. Pkòei

Kictcoe. Ekw Sorh: Qoutlkifk, 02;-010.

Ydrshy, D. (43;>). Lofc` Pkmdetc`s Mktdmdtgkmdtc`s.Rdpkrs nrom 4310 to4307. Ekw Sorh: Oxnori [ecvkrscty Rrkss.


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Ygompsoe, J. (4376). Ldefudfk dei Cikolofy. Ygk Po`colofc`dl Qkvckw,0; (0), ;4>-;0>. Vdtzldwc`h, R., Akdvce, J.G. & Jd`hsoe, I.I. (43>6). Rrdfmdtc`d iklld`omuec`dzcoek umded. Qomd: Dstroldaco.



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CEYKQ@OEEKPPCOECYQDRKIDFOFCDKROLCYC@DEKLLDPO@CKYLCT[CID 94

EC@OLDDEIQCDEC

CEYKQ@OEEKPPCOECYQDRKIDFOFCDKROLCYC@D

EKLLDPO@CKYLCT[CID

Dastrd`tYgk kluscvkekss dei tgk lcqucicty on tgk moikre s`kedrco, aotg so`colofc`dllydei polctc`dlly, tgky sgdpk tgk froueis on ldefudfk dei òmmuec`dtcoeCe @ommuec`dtcoe dei Rowkr@dstklls stdtks tgdt òmmuec`dtcoe kx`kkistgk powkr. Aut tgk powkr cs adski oe tgk òetrol on òmmuec`dtcoe,su`g ds tgk òuetkrvdclcef powkr ikpkeis nrom arkdhcef òetrol. Vgdtdrk tgk ùrrket s`kedrcos, wgdt drk tgk prospk`ts ce tkrms on ikadtk deipdrtc`cpdtcoe, towdris tgk posscaclctcks ce tkrms on kiu`dtcoe.

Hkyworis: òmmuec`dtcoe - polctc`s - kiu`dtcoe - lcquci so`ckty - trust

Ld polctc`d stdtd ld normd ketro ld qudlk stdtdòetkeutd k sostkeutd ld moikrect o``ciketdlk,md ekl portdrk dvdetc c loro icsòrsc moltc gdeeoicmketc`dto `gk, proprco pkr vcd ikl ndtto `gk kssd ued normd posscaclk, ecketdnndtto oetolofc`d, pu

ksskrk òesumdtd k supkrdtd. X] Ld polctc`d, ceknnkttc, eoe `gk ued k trdesctorcd normd dttrdvkrsoùc sc ksprcmk ued idtd skescaclct ùlturdlk, sc`rcstdllczzdeo c pdrdicfmc rkldzcoedlc k ic potkrk ic uedidtd kpo`d, sc pldsmd uedr`gctktturd eklld qudlk scdmoprovvcsorcdmketk òetkeutc8 ued òrec`k vdlcid nceod qudeio c suoc òencec ksprksscvc soeo ce frdio icòetkekrk c soffkttc k lk soffkttcvct `gk ld dactdeo,ld rcproiuòeo k vc sc rcòeosòeo, ueo spk``gcolkfcttcmo nce qudeio rcsultd ce frdio ic ospctdrk eklldsud edrrdzcoek k ekl suo lcefudffco c nrdmmketc `gk ldòmpoefoeo. (Ik Hkr`govk, 122;).


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Rdrldrk ic qudlk normd possd dssumkrk cl rdpporto klcetkròeeksscoek trd pkidfofcd k polctc`d kqucvdlk d pdrldrk ikl rdpportotrd lcefudffco k so`ckt. Rkidfofcd k polctc`d prksketdeo eumkrosc puetcic cetkròeeksscoek: ueo ikc pc cmportdetc lo sc rctrovd dl `ro`kvcd iklrdpporto nrd lcefudffco k so`ckt ekllo s`kedrco iklld òmuec`dzcoek kikllk dutoòmuec`dzcoec ic mdssd4. D pdrtcrk idllk òescikrdzcoec ic M`Tudcl (4330), Ygompsoe(4337) k Qoskefrke (1224) sullk òmuec`dzcoec ic mdssd, ce ue oetkstoiovk lcednnkrrdaclct k ld lcqucict ikllkt post-moikred sc fco`d tdetod lcvkllo so`colofcò qudeto polctcò, sul tkrrkeo ikl lcefudffco k iklldòmuec`dzcoek, provkrkmo di d`òstdrk ce pdrtcòldrk luecvkrso wka1.2 ki c suoc svcluppc. D proposcto iklld normd `gk dssumk quksto rdpporto, IkHkr`govk (122;) s`rcvk ekllk rktc rcposdeo proprckt ksskezcdlmketkpostikmo`rdtc`gk X] ld postd ce fcoò std ekl omprkeikrk cl rdpportotrd lcefudffco k so`ckt. Cetkrekt icnnkrcs`k pronoeidmketk idlld stdmpdgd pkr ce òmuek òe kssd ld posscaclct ic òenkrcrk dflc ceicvciuc `gksk ek skrvoeo ue potkrk ic òetrollo k iomceco sul lcefudffco. (p.440)Ce @omuec`dzcoek k potkrk@dstklls (1223) dffcuefk gk ld omuec`dzcoek

k``kik cl potkrk. Md cl potkrk sc noeid sul oetrollo iklld omuec`dzcoek,òmk cl òetropotkrk icpkeik idllcenrdefkrk qukl òetrollo. (p. WW) Rdrdnrdsdeio Morce k Aksozzc(4333), ldttudlk so`ckt gd eklldòmplkssctued ikllk suk `cnrk stclcstc`gk `drdttkrczzdetc, ndtto `gk portdòe s dmacdmketc strutturdlc ki , di offc luec`d orec`k cetkrprktdtcvddikfudtd ikc pro`kssc ic proiuzcoek, trdsmcsscoek k propdfdzcoek iklldòeos`kezd. Ce ue scstkmd omplksso, ld rkdlt eoe dmmkttk ue uecò pueto

ic osskrvdzcoek idl qudlk dedlczzdrld o dppro``cdrld k ` acsofeo ic uemoectordffco òetceuo ikc pro`kssc ic òstruzcoek ikl scfec`dto. Ce qukstdicmkescoek lk rktc soeo lklkmketo strutturdlk iklld vctd quotcicded k eklpdssdffco idlld Po`ckt Moikred dlld Po`ckt ikllk Qktc ofec mkicumksprcmk ued rkldzcoek so`cdlk k ue rdpporto polctcò, ue moio ic vcvkrkld polcs k cl rdpporto mk-tk (Ik Hkr`govk, 122;):

vkro `gk flc strumketc k flc drtkndttc tkèolofc`c stdeeo

nuorc idl eostro òrpo k dfcsòeo sulld rkdlt kstkredmoic`deiold (offkttcvdeiold). Yuttdvcd, proprco

4 @nr @dstklls, M., (1223).


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dttrdvkrso c loro knnkttc sul moeio, kssc dactdeo de`gk ldeostrd mketk, strutturdeo lk normk ikl eostro pkesckrok orcketdeo ld eostrd kspkrckezd. Ce ikectcvd `c ndeeoksskrk `c `gk scdmo: ksskrc umdec ùc cl ikstceo gd

òe`ksso ic vcvkrk ue nrdmmketo ic tkmpo, dllcetkreo icue òetksto so`cdlk `drdttkrczzdto id ued `krtd iotdzcoekic drtkndttc sc`c k òstruttc scmaolcò-ùlturdlc. (ic Nrdcd,1244, p.0)

Ekl qudiro iklld postmoikrect, cetksd òmk qukl pro`ksso`gk ekl WW skòlo gd vcsto ld `rcsc ikc prce`cpc mktdsc`c, cikolofc`ck rklcfcosc k cl vkecr mkeo ld iu`cd ce ue skeso ikectcvo iklld rkdlt,

scd ce tkrmcec loso`c `gk kòeomc`c k polctc`c, rd`òltd eklld normuldiklld ek ikllk frdeic edrrdzcoec prksketdtd id Lyotdri, skmprk IkHkr`govk (122;) osskrvd òmk

ld postmoikrect sc òefurd ce knnkttc òmk ued ndsk ceùc vckek mkeo ld posscaclct id pdrtk ikc frdeic edrrdtorcic keue`cdrk cl proprco rd`òeto ce moio tdlk id tkekrkcesckmk, sceo d pdrldrk-ces`rcvkrk k prks`rcvkrk- cl proprco

puaalcò. X] dc frdeic rollc gk gdeeo s`deicto ld storcdikflc ultcmc vketdeec sc d`òmpdfedto cl `kicmketo iklpdrdicfmd vkrtc`dlk gk gd rktto ld moikrect o``ciketdlk.(Ik Hkrhgovk, 122;, p.42;)

Ld òefurdzcoek ikl eostro ksskrk-cesckmk ceedezctuttoued òeicvcscoek ic cmmdfcedrco k ued vcardzcoek òmuek dttoreod iktkrmcedtc scmaolc `gk soeo c supportc ic ofec scstkmd polctcò k

ùlturdlk. Dedlczzdrk lk rdfcoec ic ue potkrk iktkeuto ekllk mdec ic uepolctcò `c portd di dedlczzdrk lk stkssk rkldzcoec ikflc uomcec, pdssdrkdttrdvkrso c pro`kssc ic cmmdfcec`dzcoek k ic mctopocksc `gk prkeioeoòrpo ekc pro`kssc ic nrdmcef (òrec`c cetkrprktdtcvk iklld rkdlt) ikllkpkrsoek8 dedlczzdrk cl pro`ksso ic òstruzcoek ic ue cmmdfcedrco.

Clpotkrkdssumk ue skeso k ue vdlork solo ekl momketo ce ùcscd oluc gk iotdto ic dutorct sc dssumk ld rkspoesdaclct ic kskr`ctdrloòs òmk ekl rcòeos`cmketo id pdrtk ikc scefolc cetkrloùtorc. ued

ioppcd normd ic òstruzcoek k ic òs`ckezd: cl potkrk skezd qukstdnormd ic dutorct, ic icrctto d`qucscto, tcrdeecd ( Mdrctdce, 4371).


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rd`òmdeidzcoec pc ic qudlscdsc dltro tcpo ic puaalc`ct9, ce cetkrektqukstd iu`cd sc òstrucs`k d rctmc molto skrrdtc (cl òesumo mkico icued pdfced cetkrekt sc dttkstd dttoreo dl mceuto k ekl turaceco ic ekoe gkòstklld ld fcoredtd ce cetkrekt ` acsofeo ic `dtturdrk ldttkezcoek òeue mkssdffco puetudlk md dllo stksso tkmpo potdaclk pkr cl mdffcoreumkro ic pkrsoek, ued sklkzcoek rdpcid ikllo stcmolo fcusto). Cl 3 rdpporto @kescs/[`sc sulld òmuec`dzcoek C mkicdpkrsoedlc ekllkrd icfctdlk;(luflco 1244), rkldtcvo dl ackeeco 1223-1244,mostrdvd òmk flc ctdlcdec rctkeksskro Cetkrekt pc `rkicaclk ic ofecdltro strumketo.

Cetkrekt rcsultdvd òmk cl mkzzo pc òesultdto rcspktto dcfrdeic quotcicdec k, pkr qudeto c tklkfcoredlc nosskro deòrd cl pkreoikllcenormdzcoek ikflc ctdlcdec, trd flc ueikr 09, Cetkrekt k c so`cdl

mkicd krdeo cmportdetc qudeto c YF k Nd`kaooh pksdvd cl trcplo ikcportdlc oelcek pkr flc ueikr 02. Ce quksto òetksto, ld polctc`d eoe scik`lced pc ce mdeckrd moeoicrkzcoedlk k skezd posscaclct ic nkkiad`h`gk eoe scd cl voto o cl rdpporto icrktto (spksso ce mdeckrd `lcketkldrk)òe cl rdpprksketdetk sul tkrrctorco, qudlord `k ek scd ueo.

9 Qkport iklld rclkvdzcoek oesultdaclk su gttp://io`s.fooflk.òm/ioùmket/i/40SAH9siHCLnHfO22P[u7YHjSHmf4HYWlM0ntMslfTm7/kict?plc=4; @omk Cetkrekt gd `dmacdto ld eostrd vctd quotcicded, gttp://www.

`kescs.ct/42?rksour`k_;2=441;73&rkldtcoedl_rksour`k_;4=441;73&rkldtcoedl_rksour`k_07;=441;73&rk ld t coed l_rksour`k_;1=441;73&rk ld t coed l_ rksour`k_074=441;73&rkldt coedl_rksour`k_071=441;73&rkldt coedl_rksour`k_070=441;73&rkldtcoedl_rksour`k_079=441;73

CEYKQ@OEEKPPCOECYQDRKIDFOFCDKROLCYC@DEKLLDPO@CKYLCT[CID 9;


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Offc c so`cdl mkicd soeo icvketdtc ue euovo tkrrkeo (skòeio clEcklske Po`cdl Mkicd Qkport ikl 1244>, cl 04% ikl tkmpo pdssdto oelcekidflc ctdlcdec suc so`cdl mkicd) k qukl vuoto `rks`ketk trd `cttdicec kscstkmd polctcò gd pkr òesketcto ued euovd òesdpkvolkzzd: de`gksk cl scstkmd eoe pu `dmacdrk, c rdpprksketdetc suacsòeo ce mcsurdmdffcork clnkkiad`hikc loro klkttorc. Ofec ksposczcoek ikl potkrk k ikl suo rdpprksketdetk sc dpkrtddlld sud ikòstruzcoek, quksto iovuto dl ndtto `gk ld òmuec`dzcoekce tkmpo rkdlk su cetkrekt dprk dl suo dltrkttdeto rdpcio fcuiczco ic

vkrcic`ct (òmk nd, scstkmdtc`dmketk k òe iovczcd ic noetc, www.pdfklldpolctc`d.ct) òs òmk ld òmuec`dzcoek ikl polctcò icvketd uedqukstcoek tdttc`d (strdtkfck `gk puetudlmketk osskrvd k dedlczzd clalof www.ottdvopcdeo.ct skfedldto ce eotd). Ld pkrictd iklldurd ikl polctcò, ce ue `krto skeso ikl potkrkstksso, sc dpkrtd dlld sud rcproiu`caclct, de`gk pkr quksto sc pdrld icardeicefk skln-ardeicef8 ksskrk polctc`c di offc ued qukstcoek deòrd pcmdr`dtd sulld iu`cd k sulld rkputdzcoek k sulld pkrictd ikl òetrolloikflcs`dmac cenormdtcvc sul wka:

cl pro`ksso ic rcproiu`caclct tkèc`d ce rkdlt eoe gdkstceto ldurd, eoe lgd icssoltd eklld rdfcoek dstrdttd,akes lgd icslo`dtd k `dldtd ekl vcssuto òllkttcvodttrdvkrso ued icedmc`d ic rcdpproprcdzcoek so`cdlk (IkHkr`govk 122;, p.443)

Acsofed ksskrk vkrctckrc pkr`g ued òmuec`dzcoek nortkmketkvcrdtd sullcstdetk (k sulld mde`dezd ic ue profktto) portd d `rkdrk uednortk ciketct trd `c `gk sc òeicvcik (spk`cdlmketk `c `gk sc s`rcvk k sctwcttd) k `c `gk sc rkdlmketk. Dlùec kskmpc gk posscdmo rctrovdrk ekllk icedmc`gk ikc so`cdlektworh `c icmostrdeo òmk ce ue pro`ksso skmprk òetceudmketkekfozcdto ic kmardydfk k ikardydfk ikl mkssdffco, cl skòeio dssolutdmketk nuorc òetrollo k gd ikllk cmplc`dzcoec qudsc crrkvkrscaclcsulld noetk prcmdrcd ikl mkssdffco.

> LCtdlcd adttk [P pkr utclczzo ikc so`cdl mkicd, gttp://ecklskenkdturkicescfgt.mdf-

ekws.ct/el/ecklske_lceh_993>.me



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Oltrk dl mkicum k dl mkssdffco, sc òenoeioeo de`gk ldpkrsoed k cl suo mkssdffco, d s`dpcto ikl skòeio6, òs òmk cllustrd

Ycm Lkakrk`gt ce ued sud òenkrkezd8 lk rkputdzcoec oelcek soeocmprkvkicaclc k ld nkiklt mutkvolk, md ldutketc`ct luec`d propostdic vdlork sostkecaclk.7

Qcmdekeio d tkmdtc`gk rk`ketc, iuk ottcmc kskmpc ic pkrictdikl òetrollo sul wka possoeo ksskrk rdpprksketdtc idl postkr ic lde`coiklld dmpdfed pkr cl icadttcto ikl `ketroscecstrd ctdlcdeo dlld vcfclcd ikllkprcmdrck ikl 1; eovkmark, c ndetdstc`c ; k lultcmd onnkescvd csrdklcdedekc tkrrctorc iklld strcs`cd ic Fdzd, promossd ce tkrmcec ic òeskesosu twcttkr idl Icpdrtcmketo iklld Icnksd Csrdklcdeo òe lgdsgtdf#RclldrOnIknkesk k `gk gd `rkdto ue d``kso icadttcto oelcek òe uegdsgtdf ic rcmdeio k ic skeso opposto, #Fdzd[eikrDttd`h3. Ce quksto`dso rcporto ue pdssdffco iklldrtcòlo:

D polcsgki, kify `dmpdcfe `det ovkrture d`tudl pualcòpcecoe, wgc`g stcll rulks so`cdl mkicd. Aut ct `de rkmceipkoplk on wgdt tgky dlrkdiy tgceh, fcvcef tgkm deopportuecty to souei onn nor or dfdcest, dei to icf uptgk ikadtks tgkyvk akke gdvcef nor ykdrs. Lchk d sprkk

on dttd`h dis ce d polctc`dl `dmpdcfe, tgk knnk`t gdsakke poldrczcef ikkpkecef icvciks tgdt wkrk dlrkdiyproalkmdtc` nor Csrdkl. X...]

Ygdts tgk proalkm wctg so`cdl mkicd. Oe`k you stdrtnkkicef ct posts dei cmdfks, uskrs `de skei tgkmswcrlcef just daout deywgkrk. Sou mcfgt tgceh yourkjust tdlhcef to your nrckeis, aut you ioet rkdlly òetroltgk òevkrsdtcoe, wgc`g `de tdhk oe d arkditg dei

scfec`de`k you gdiet cetkeiki.

6 [e kskmpco pu ksskrk qukllo ikl vciko Hoey 1241 (gttp://www.clpost.ct/1241/20/23/`gc-gd-ndtto-cl-ioùmketdrco-òetro-hoey/), nkeomkeo vcrdlkiklldeeo 1241 md `gk, oltrk di dvkr suacto ued `dmpdfed ic òetrocenormdzcoek`gk gd òlpcto lk dttcvct iklldsso`cdzcoek `gk ldvkvd promosso, gd suacto ueiuro ideeo ic cmmdfcek ekl momketo ce ùc cl rkfcstd ikl vciko stdto drrkstdto(gttp://www.rkpuaalc`d.ct/kstkrc/1241/20/4>/ekws/cl_rkfcstd_ic_hoey_drrkstdto_uarcdò-04>7;;60/)7 gttp://www.tki.òm/tdlhs/ldef/ct/tcm_lkakrk`gt_0_wdys_to_usknully_losk_òetrol_on_your_rkputdtcoe.gtml3 Vgy Csrdkl cs twkktcef dcrstrchks?, drtcòlo ic Mdx Ncsgkr, gttp://

www.wdsgceftoepost.òm/opcecoes/csrdkls-`dmpdcfe-on-dcrstrchks-dei-twkkts/1241/44/4>/97a46kdk-1n6;-44k1-3n;2-2027k4k6;99;_story.gtml



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Ld pdrketksc su Ywcttkr c poek icedezc di ued ioppcd rcksscoekd òmce`cdrk idllcikd ic vkrcic`ct ikl mkzzo `gk eoe dutomdtc`d mdsc dprk dlld rkldzcoek k d ued òstruzcoek òeicvcsd iklld rkdlt k ikl suoò-tksto. Ywcttkr ue ekws ektworh pc ic ue so`cdl ektworh k de`gksuc so`cdlflc s`dmac cenormdtcvc `gk sc svcluppdeo d lcvkllo orczzoetdlk,(`gc pc, `gc mkeo), rkstdeo òmuequk normk (dlmkeo dllceczco)ktkroicrkttk, ld qudl òsd `c cetkrrofd su furk qudlc ceuke`krs k ikc

fdtkhkkpkr (òs òmk prksketdtd idlld tkorcd ikl usso d iuk ndscprksketdtdid Ldzdrsnkli k Hdtz42) ikl mkssdffco k ikl icadttcto (skezd icmketc`drk`gk ld mdffcor pdrtk ikflc stkssc gdsgtdf su twcttkr eoe possoeo `gkeds`krk de`gk id ue ikscikrco kfocstcò ic icvketdrk YY, topc` trkei). Cl icadttcto k ld prksd ic pdrold, skmprk lkfcttcmc k ek`kssdrcce ued ikmo`rdzcd tdeto ekl wka `gk ce ue scstkmd ic fovkreo, eoegdeeo pkr ue vdlork ksdtto sul pcdeo ikl voto: òsd cmpkics`k `gkqukstc ussc ic cenormdzcoek d`qucstceo ued òrrkldzcoek posctcvd sulpcdeo polctcò? Puc so`cdl ektworh eoe kscstk ued òrrkldzcoek icrkttd trdpopoldrct oelcek k iu`cd: skmprk toredeio dl prcmo tureo ikllkprcmdrck ikl 1; eovkmark, eklld rkdlt ikl voto c rcsultdtc soeo stdtc

ksdttdmketk `dpovoltc rcspktto dlld popoldrct oelcek ikc trk prce`cpdlcòeòrrketc. Pullk loro pdfcek un`cdlc, cendttc, sc skfedldvdeo ;1;.;27lchkspkr ^keiold, `cr`d 70.222 pkr Akrsdec, pc ic 432.222 pkr Qkezc.Cl prcmo tureo ikllk prcmdrck ikl RI, òs òmk cl adllottdffco, stdto

vceto id Akrsdec. Ru ksskrk ue proalkmd lkfdto dl ndtto `gk cl scstkmd ikl wkatkeid dllketropcd44ki dl ndtto gk cl wka scd solo ued ikllk tdetk dfkezckic so`cdlczzdzcoek iovk ekfozcdmo scfec`dtc8 ld eostrd ciketct sc

drrc``gcs`k ic ofec ruolo k ofec ikeczcoek ikl eostro s gk flc dltrc, idùc cl eostro stdtus lcesckmk ic qukstc ruolc.Ld eostrd ciketct eoe pu prks`ceikrk idlld icmkescoek

iklldltkrct, ki ued rcksscoek `gk dssumk lk suk adsc ekflc deec 02

42 @nr. Hdtz K. & Ldzdrsnkli R. (43;;)44 Ce pdrtcòldrk nd``co rcnkrcmketo dl pdssdffco òetkeuto ekl òetrcautopuaalc`dto sul alof Ottdvopcdeo, qudeio sc s`rcvk Lk rktc soeo cenormdlc, ucikk cevcscaclc, ue dspktto quksto `gk vd `dusdeio pdecò k òenuscoek. Cetkrekt ue

tkrrkeo nkrtclk pkr opcecoec poldrczzdtk k utketc tkeiketc dllkstrkmo. C so`cdl ektworh`rksòeo ce ue dmacketk ce ùc cl lctcfco ceutclk icvketdto ld eormd k lketropcd gdrdffcueto c suoc mdsscmc lcvkllc, gttp://www.ottdvopcdeo.ct/cl-wka-1-2-k-morto-cl-

wka-0-2-eoe-sdrd-pkr-tuttc/



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òe Fkorfk G. Mkdi41, òe lcikd ic ue s k ic ued so`cdlczzdzcoek`gk portd dllcikd ic ued pkrsoedlct orfdeczzdtd solo ekl momketoce ùc `dpd`k ic cetkfrdrk dllcetkreo iklld rcksscoek portdtd dvdetcscefoldrmketk k ld sommd ikllk ikeczcoec ikflc dltrc `gk pdrldeo icmk. Eklld òstruzcoek ikl s pkr`c eoe adstd solo dutoòmuec`drsc.

D tdl proposcto @dstklls (1223) ekl momketo ce ùc tkorczzdvdldutoòmuec`dzcoek ic mdssd (ovvkro iklld normd ic òmuec`dzcoekkmkrsd òe lo svcluppo ikl Vka 1.2) sostkekvd cendttc `gk ued quotdic qukstd normd ic d

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