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Risenga Maluleke Statistician-General Statistics South Africa Education Series Volume iv Early childhood development in South Africa, 2016

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Risenga Maluleke

Statistician-General

Statistics South Africa

Education Series Volume iv

Early childhood development in South Africa,

2016

Our children are the rock on which our future will be built, our greatest asset as a nationNelson Mandela (3 June 1995)

The National Integrated Policy for

Early Childhood Development

(2015)

The National Plan for Action in

South Africa (2012-2017)

The National Development Plan:

Vision for 2030

National legal and

operational child

related framework

National plans

related to ECDInternational

agreements and

protocols

The South African

Constitution

The Children’s Act (Act No.

38 of 2005)

South African Schools Act

(Act No. 84 of 1996)

Maintenance Act (Act No.

99 of 1998)

Social Assistance Act (Act

No. 13 of 2004)

The African Charter on the

Rights and Welfare of the Child

(RSA ratified 2000)

The United Nations Declaration

on Human Rights

The United Nations

Conventions on the Rights of

the Child and associated

protocols (RSA ratified 1995)

Sustainable Development Goals

Context

1

5

4

2

3

6

N u t r i t i o n a l

S u p p o r t

M a t e r n a l

h e a l t h

S o c i a l

S e r v i c e s

S u p p o r t f o r

p r i m a r y

c a r e - g i v e r s

C h i l d

h e a l t h

S t i m u l a t i o n

f o r e a r l y

l e a r n i n g

Approved by cabinet in 2015, the ECD Policy emphasises 6 essential components to promote optimal child development from conception to 9 years

This release illustrates the current status utilising the General Household Survey and Administrative records

ECD Policy

0

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

1

1,2

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90

Mill

ion

s

*8,2

Million0-6 Year

Olds

Mill

ion

s

15% of the total

population were children

aged between 0-6

Age*Source: Mid year population

estimates, 2016

SA POPULATIONTotal SA population in 2016 : *55,9 Million

* Note: Due to the differences in methodology used, mid-year population

estimates are higher than population estimates produced from household surveys

34% 35%

25% 23%

37% 40%

4% 3%

Age 0 Age 1 Age 2 Age 3 Age 4 Age 5 Age 6

Pe

rce

nta

ge

Traditional

Formal Urban Non Metro

Formal Urban Metro

Farm

Geographic Location4 out of 7 young children lived in urban areas

Source: GHS, 2016

Children aged 0-6 by level of overcrowding,

2016LP

24%

MP

25%

KZN

37%

EC

45%

FS

33%

NW

38%

NC

40%

WC

37%

GP

26%

By Population Group

Coloured: 38%

Black African: 35%

White: 9%

Indian/Asian: 6%

* Overcrowding: more than two

persons-per-room in a dwelling

regardless of the size of the dwelling

units. Source: GHS, 2016

84%

86% 86%

89%

90% 90%

91%

94%

97%

EC KZN GP WC FS NW MP NC LP

RSA Average at 88,6 %

Households connected to the mains Children aged 0–6 in households connected

to the mains electricity supply by province,

2016

35%

46%

57%

67%

72%

78%

87%89%

94%

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

EC LP KZN NW RSA MP NC FS WC GP

RSA

Ave

rage

at

67

,2%

Households with children aged 0-6 by main source of water Households with children aged 0-6 by main source of

water (piped water in dwelling/on site) and province, 2016

Source: GHS, 2016

57,2%

66,8%

73,7%

78,2%

82,3%

87,3%

91,5%

93,0%

95,8%

LP

MP

NW

KZN

RSA

FS

NC

EC

GP

WC

Households with children aged 0-6 with access to improved

sanitation, 2016

Nearly 8 children out of 10 (81,4%) aged 0–6 had access to * improved sanitation.

RSA Average at 81,4%

* Flush-toilets connected to public sewerage; flush-toilets connected to a septic tank; pit latrine/toilet with ventilation pipe; and ecological sanitation systems are recognised as better improved sanitation in terms of the criteria Source: GHS, 2016

Source: South Africa’s young children: their family and home environment, 2012

Marital Status of Fathers and Mothers

Number of children aged 0–6 living with their biological parents, 2016

With Mother With Both With NeitherW

ith

Fa

the

r12%46% 40%

2%

Source: GHS, 2016

49%

39%

8%

11%

35%

53%

89%

86%

14%

6%

4%

2%

0% 50% 100%

Black African

Coloured

Indian/Asian

White

Number of children aged 0–6 living with their biological parents by Population group 2016

With Father

With NeitherWith Mother With Both

Source: GHS, 2016

One third of large (more than 6 members)

households with young children aged 0-6 did not have a

single employed member

Main source of household income:

Salaries: 51%

Grants: 34%Other income: 7%

Remittance: 7%

Pension: 1%

None: 0%

Source: GHS, 2016

Children aged 0-6 by the number of employed

household members and main source of income, 2016

22%

13%

4%

2%

24%

16%

5%

9%

18%

24%

13%

13%

21%

19%

10%

11%

15%

28%

67%

66%

0,0 10,0 20,0 30,0 40,0 50,0 60,0 70,0 80,0 90,0 100,0

Black African

Coloured

Indian/Asian

White

Lowest income quintile Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Highest income quintile

Large household income inequalities by population group

Source: GHS, 2016

Children aged 0-6 by monthly household income quintile

and population group, 2016

Early childhood nutrition, child

and maternal health

N u t r i t i o n a l

S u p p o r t

72,6%

31,1%

5,0%

1,3%

Aged 0

Aged 1

Aged 2

Aged 3

Aged 4

Aged 5

Aged 6

0,0 10,0 20,0 30,0 40,0 50,0 60,0 70,0 80,0 90,0 100,0

Source: GHS, 2016

Nutritional Support: Children who are still breastfed by age, 2016

73% of babies

less than one year

were still breastfed;

32% were

exclusively breastfed

21,4%

21,5%

21,9%

22,9%

24,8%

27,4%

28,5%

33,5%

34,2%

0 10 20 30

NC

MP

LP

WC

EC

NW

KZN

FS

GP

Height-for-age (stunted)

3,4%

3,8%

4,7%

4,9%

5,8%

8,0%

8,4%

11,9%

12,6%

0 5 10 15

EC

KZN

MP

LP

GP

FS

NC

WC

NW

Weight-for-age (underweight)

Nutritional Support: Stunting, Underweight and WastingAround a third of children in GP and the FS were stunted, NW had the highest rates of Wasting and Underweight children

Source: SADHS, 2016

0,5%

1,3%

1,5%

1,7%

2,1%

2,5%

4,1%

4,6%

5,9%

0 2 4 6

MP

GP

EC

WC

NC

KZN

LP

FS

NW

Weight-for-height (wasted)

Figures for weight-for height for the WC was based on 25-49 unweighted cases.

Nutritional Support: Stunting, Underweight and Wasting

Figures for weight-for height for the WC was based on 25-49 unweighted cases.

North West and Western Cape

have the highest percentage of

children who are underweight;

12,6% and 11,9%

compared to other provinces

Stunting Underweight Wasting

North West, Free State and

Limpopo have the highest

percentage of children who

are wasted; 5,9%, 4,6% and

4,1% compared to other

provincesSource: SADHS ,2016Figures for weight-for height for the WC was based on 25-49 unweighted cases.

42%

KZN

28%

LP; 49%

MP; 54%

38%

NC52%

NW; 44%

26

31

36

41

46

51

2013 2016

48%FS; 47%

45% WC; 46%

26

31

36

41

46

51

2013 2016

Nutritional Support: Vitamin A dose 12-59 months coverage

Deficit in vitamin A in infants may cause blindness and make infants

susceptible to infections and to life-threatening illnesses

Source: DHIS 2016

GP

21,1%

25,5%

17,3%

0 10 20 30 40 50

RSA

Female headed households

Male headed households

Past 12 months

35,7%

36,8%

34,3%

0 10 20 30 40 50

RSA

Female headed households

Male headed households

5 days or more in past 30 days

Female headed

households were more

likely to have members of

the household who

skipped a meal

Percentage of households with children aged 0-6 who skipped

any meal by gender of the household head, 2016

Source: GHS, 2016

15,3%

17,4%

22,1%

16,3%

0,0

5,0

10,0

15,0

20,0

25,0

Urban Traditional Farm RSA

Pe

rce

nta

ge

One of the main implications of the integrated ECD policy in South Africa is its emphasis on

child nutrition starting from the womb

Nationally 16,3% of pregnant

women stayed in households

where members experienced

hunger

Source: GHS, 2016

Nutritional Support: Pregnant women, aged 12-50 who stayed in households

where members experienced hunger by settlement type (2016)

93%

76%

61%

0,0 20,0 40,0 60,0 80,0 100,0

Antenatal women on ART

Mother postnatal visit within 6 days

First antenatal visit before 20 weeks

Percentage

Source: DHIS, 2016

Antenatal and postnatal care for pregnant women, 2015-2016

The MTSF seeks to achieve higher targets by 2019

70% by 2019

80% by 2019

98% by 2019

2019 MTSF Targets2016 Status

71

Under 5 mortality rate

44

48

Infant mortality rate

34

0,0

10,0

20,0

30,0

40,0

50,0

60,0

70,0

80,0

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Dea

ths

per

1 0

00

live

bir

ths

D

eath

s/B

irth

s p

er 1

00

0 p

eop

le

Child Health: Under 5 and Infant Mortality RatesIn spite of the progress achieved in child survival both the UMR and the IMR were still very high by developed countries standard

The MTSF

targets under 5

mortality rate at

33 per 1000

livebirths by 2019

Source: Mid-year population estimates, 2016

The MTSF targets

infant mortality

rate at

23 per 1000

livebirths by 2019

11,4%

10,0%

8,3%

4,5%

4,0%

3,9%

3,5%

2,7%

1,8%

1,8%

1,7%

1,6%

9,1%

Respiratory and cardiovascular disorders specific…

Intestinal infectious diseases

Influenza and pneumonia

Malnutrition

Disorders related to length of gestation and fetal…

Other disorders originating in the perinatal period

Infections specific to the perinatal period

Fetus and newborn affected by maternal factors…

Congenital malformations of the circulatory system

Other acute lower respiratory infections

Other viral diseases

Other bacterial diseases

Other natural causes

Non-natural causes

The common underlying cause of death amongst young children was respiratory and cardiovascular disorders specific to the perinatal period

35,8%

Source: Causes of death, 2015

The underlying causes of deaths (aged 0–6), 2015

Immunisation coverage for children aged 12 -23 months,

2016

LP

67%

MP

56%

KZN

62%

EC

71%

FS

80%

NW

56%

NC

75%

WC

68%

GP

52%

Source: SADHS, 2016

The lowest percentage of full immunisation was achieved in Gauteng 52%

61% in 2016

63% in 1998

. Values for WC and FS were based on 25-49 unweighted cases.

Social Services and ECD

Interventions

S o c i a l

S e r v i c e s

57%

65%

66%

69%

73%

76%

79%

81%

85%

95%

EC

KZN

RSA

NW

FS

GP

MP

WC

LP

NC

EC is significantly below

the SA average for

delivery in facility

Social Services: Delivery in health facility rate, 2016

Source: DHIS, 2016

2 out of 3 births took place at health facilities

11,5%

6,2%5,0%

0,0

2,0

4,0

6,0

8,0

10,0

12,0

14,0

16,0

18,0

20,0

0 1 2

Pe

rce

nta

ge

Age

Children aged 0-2 with or without birth certificates, 2016Overall, 7,5% of young children aged 0-2 did not have birth certificates

By age two 34,9% of those that did not receive a birth certificate indicated they had still not applied.

Source: GHS, 2016

117 048

95 575

73 797

54 355

32 680

0

20 000

40 000

60 000

80 000

100 000

120 000

140 000

2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

Extent of late birth registration, 2011-2015

Source: Recorded live Births, 2016

late

birth

regis

tration

Number of crimes committed against children 18 years and younger and

conviction rate, 2015/2016

Murder

Attempted

murder

Sexual

offences

Complaints

reported

Complaints

in courtConvictions

906

20 254

884 1 835 248

758 128

20 048 3 007

Sexual offences

were the largest crime

committed against

children

Source: SAPS, 2015/2016

*Data for age bracket 0–6 only was not available for analysis

Percentage of grant recipients children

aged 0-6 by province, 2017LP

89%

MP

72%

KZN

73%

EC

77%

FS

80%

NW

66%

NC

80%

WC

54%

GP

52%

Source: SOCPEN 2017, Own

Calculations

Limpopo, Free State and Northern Cape have the highest percentage of grant recipients

RSA

69%

Orphanhood among children aged 0-6, 2016

95,6%

3,1%

0,9%

0,4%

Not orphan

Paternal orphan

Maternal orphan

Double orphan

Source: GHS, 2016

• Maternal Orphan: Mother deceased

• Paternal Orphan: Father deceased

Source: GHS, 2016

78%

65%

77%

73%

13%

23%

13%

17%

4%

7%

5%

5%

0,0 20,0 40,0 60,0 80,0 100,0

Urban

Traditional

Farms

RSA

The majority of households in traditional areas had a disproportionately large burden of care for young children by grandparents and other family members

Gra

nd

pare

nt

Au

nt/U

nc

le

Percentage main person who takes care of the child aged 0–6 by

geographical location, 2016

Sis

. Bro

.Co

us

inBiological/Adoptive/Foster

74%

81%

89%

76%

Talk to him/her

53%

46%

58%

51%

Distract him/her

46%

43%

41%

33%

Shout at him/her

36%

36%

24%

19%

Physical

12%

11%

20%

28%

Isolate the child

5%

4%

2%

6%

Black -African

Coloured

Indian/Asian

White

Do Nothing

Physical punishment was mostly practiced amongst Black Africans and Coloureds

Parenting techniques utilised for children aged 0-6 years by population group,

2016

Source: GHS, 2016

33%

20%

30%

85%76%

63%49%

29%

13% 13%

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Age 0 Age 1 Age 2 Age 3 Age 4 Age 5 Age 6

Pe

rce

nta

ge

Grade R

None

Pre-school

Edu-care

Attendance of ECD and school, by children aged 0-6

Other

49 out of 100 children aged 3 did not attend any ECD facility

Source: GHS, 2016

Inequalities in early learning opportunities. Close to half of the children in the lower income quintiles did not participate in any learning activity

12%

11%

12%

14%

12%

9%

11%

10%

10%

Pre-school17%

20%

21%

22%

21%

23%

3%

3%

3%

3%

6%

5%

6%

5%

50%

49%

46%

48%

41%

0,0 10,0 20,0 30,0 40,0 50,0 60,0 70,0 80,0 90,0 100,0

Lowest income quintile

Quintile 2

Quintile 3

Quintile 4

Highest income quintile

Day

M

oth

er

Oth

er

Source: GHS, 2016

Attendance of ECD facility by monthly household income quintile, 2016

Grade R Crèche/Educare None

13%

9%

7%

12%

10%

11%

20%

26%

22%

19%

17%

18%

3%

3%

4%

3%

47%

55%

49%

38%

0,0 20,0 40,0 60,0 80,0 100,0

Black African

Coloured

Indian/Asian

White

Grade R

Pre-school/NurseryschoolCreche/EducarecentreDay mother/Gogo

Home-basedplaygroupOther

None

Attendance of ECD facility by population group 0-6, 2016

Source: GHS, 2016

44% of white children attended out-of-home

early learning programmes.

Black/African children, close to 32% attended

out-of-home early learning programmes

Source: GHS, 2016

22%

33%

34%

34%

37%

26%

32%

29%

32%

31%

16%

12%

14%

13%

12%

36%

23%

22%

21%

20%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Highest income quintile

Quintile 4

Quintile 3

Quintile 2

Lowest income quintile

Never Sometimes Often Every Day

36% of children within highest income quintiles were told stories or read to daily,

as opposed to only 20% of children in the lowest income quintiles

Type of stimulation received by children aged 0–6 by

monthly households’ income quintile, 2016

BA= Black African C= Coloured I/A= Indian/Asian W= White

46%

58% 59%61%

52%

63%

69%73%

34%

53%

67%

75%

63%

79%77% 78%

84%87%

89% 88%

BA C I/A W BA C I/A W BA C I/A W BA C I/A W BA C I/A W

Encouraged to do/imitatedaily activities

Read/tell story to child Explanation given whenpoints to ask

Someone talk/have aconversation with the child

Someone sing to child

Response: often or everyday

Differences in population groups regarding the type and frequency of stimulation received by children aged 0-6 can be observed

Source: GHS, 2016

Type of stimulation received by children0-6 year olds, 2016

CONCLUSION

The Children of 1996 Generation provide insight into importance of long term planning

Source: Community Survey 2016

Age structure based on CS 2016

First demographic wave: Children of 1996

The life circumstances of first demographic wave have not achieved full potentialHigh Unemployment/Poor Educational outcomes

Second demographic wave

Need to invest in second demographic

wave to achieve outcomes not seen in

their parents generation

Source: Community Survey 2016

Age structure based on CS 2016

Malnutrition at very young age needs immediate attention (North West, Free State and KwaZulu-Natal

had most young children who were underweight and stunted).

Government feeding programmes target mostly primary and secondary schools with limited service to

only some ECD centres.

More targeted feeding scheme interventions need to be done either through the primary health care

system or through social services to reach all children at risk of malnutrition.

Nutrition interventions needed for pregnant women at risk.

Infant and under five mortality need interventions aimed at prevention.

Improvement required in birth registrations so that households with young children are able to receive

their children’s birth certificates within the required 30 day period.

Access to electricity in Eastern Cape, KwaZulu-Natal and Gauteng has to be improved to avoid unsafe

source of energy for cooking.

Access to piped water onsite for households need to be improved in Eastern Cape and Limpopo.

Access to improved sanitation for households need to be improved in Limpopo, Mpumalanga and

North West.

Increased efforts are needed to strengthen the protection and safety of children.

Access to ECD programmes for young children need to be expanded.

Ndzi hela kwala!