education for all - is the world on track?, 2002 report

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7/23/2019 Education for All - Is the World on Track?, 2002 Report http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/education-for-all-is-the-world-on-track-2002-report 1/310 Jcuhnt`ie fir Nbb @X SAJ \IWBC IE SWNHD9 > JFN Lbignb Kie`tir`el Wjpirt                7 = = 7 Jcuhnt`ie fir Nbb @X SAJ \IWBC IE SWNHD9 Jcuhnt`ie fir Nbb @X SAJ \IWBC IE SWNHD9

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Page 1: Education for All - Is the World on Track?, 2002 Report

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Jcuhnt`ie fir Nbb

@X SAJ \IWBC IE SWNHD9

>

JFN LbignbKie`tir`el Wjpirt

    J

    c

   u

   h

   n

    t    `   i

   e

    f

   i

   r

    N

    b    b

7 = = 7

Jcuhnt`ie fir Nbb

@X SAJ \IWBC IE SWNHD9

Jcuhnt`ie fir Nbb

@X SAJ \IWBC IE SWNHD9

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Jcuhnt`ie fir Nbb? @s taj wirbc ie trnhd9

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ZEJXHI ]ugb`sa`el

Jcuhnt`ie fir Nbb@X SAJ \IWBC IE SWNHD9

7 = =JFN Lbignb

Kie`tir`el Wjpirt

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Saj cjs`lent`ies jkpbiyjc nec taj prjsjetnt`ie if taj kntjr`nb`e ta`s pugb`hnt`ie ci eit `kpby taj jxprjss`ie if ney ip`e`ie wantsijvjrie taj pnrt if ZEJXHI hiehjre`el taj bjlnb stntus if ney hiuetry,tjrr`tiry, h`ty ir nrjn, ir if `ts nutair`t`js, ir hiehjre`el taj cjb`k`tnt`ieif `ts friet`jrs ir giuecnr`js.

]ugb`sajc `e 7==7 gy taj Ze`tjc Ent`ies Jcuhnt`ienb,Xh`jet`f`h nec Hubturnb Irlne`znt`ie<, ]bnhj cj Fietjeiy, <:8:7 ]nr`s =< X]

Lrnpa`h cjs`le gy Xybvn`ej GnjyjesLrnpa`hs gy V`s`t-Lrnpa]r`etjc gy Lrnpaipr`et, ]nr`s@XGE 07-8->=811=-Q

© ZEJXHI 7==7]r`etjc `e Frnehj

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 S aj n`k if jxtjec`el n gns`h bjvjb if jcuhnt`ie ti nbb ha`bcrje, yiuel pjipbj necncubts nriuec taj wirbc ans hnpturjc taj `knl`ent`ie if nbb ent`ies. @t wns n knoiriuthikj if taj \irbc Hiefjrjehj ie Jcuhnt`ie fir Nbb, ajbc `e Oikt`je `e >00=,nec wns rjhief`rkjc `e n sjr`js if sukk`ts tariulaiut taj fibbiw`el cjhncj.Saj n`k wns rj-spjh`f`jc ns s`x knoir linbs nt taj \irbc Jcuhnt`ie Firuk, ajbc `e

Cndnr `e Npr`b 7===, twi if wa`ha wjrj nciptjc ns K`bbjee`uk Cjvjbipkjet Linbs `e taj snkjyjnr. ]riv`s`ie if gns`h jcuhnt`ie wns tajrjgy pripjrby rjhile`zjc ns gj`el n hjetrnb pnrt iftaj wirbc‐s strntjly ti anbvj taj eh`cjehj if lbignb pivjrty w`ta`e bjss tane n ljejrnt`ie.

Nt taj Cndnr Firuk, n ejw rjsibut`ie kncj pbn`e tant nbb pnrt`js saiubc gj nhhiuetngbj fir

taj`r rjhirc e kjjt`el taj hikk`tkjets tajy anc kncj. Ent`ienb livjrekjets nlrjjcti cjc`hntj tajksjbvjs ti sjhur`el taj linbs, wa`bj `etjrent`ienb nljeh`js pbjcljc tant eihiuetry taus hikk`ttjc wiubc gj prjvjetjc frik nha`jv`el tajk gy n bnhd if rjsiurhjs.Iej if taj estrukjets fir sjhur`el lrjntjr nhhiuetng`b`ty fir taj kpbjkjetnt`ie if tajsjpbjcljs wns taj jstngb`sakjet if taj JFN Lbignb Kie`tir`el Wjpirt.

Sa`s Wjpirt ans gjje pricuhjc gy ne `ecjpjecjet `etjrent`ienb tjnk gnsjc `e ZEJXHI.\ird gjlne ti gj hikk`ss`iejc `e Ouby 7==7, gut taj tjnk wns eit fubby `e pbnhj uet`b tajgjl`ee`el if Xjptjkgjr. ]rjpnrnt`ie if ta`s rjpirt wns taus jxtrjkjby t`kj-hiestrn`ejc.Bieljr prjpnrnt`ie hyhbjs if >7‘>1 kietas w`bb gjhikj jstngb`sajc `e neeunb jc`t`ies ivjrtaj ejxt fjw yjnrs. Saj Wjpirt hanrts prilrjss nln`est taj s`x Cndnr linbs nec tnrljts,a`lab`lats jffjht`vj pib`h`js nec strntjl`js, nec nbjrts taj lbignb hikkue`ty ti jkjrl`elhanbbjeljs fir nht`ie nec hiipjrnt`ie. Crnw`el upie taj bntjst nvn`bngbj cntn, `t sjts iut n

hanbbjel`el frnkjwird fir rjfirk.Saj linbs if JFN nrj if jeirkius s`le`f`hnehj. \`taiut hiestnet nec stjncy prilrjss tiwnrcstajk, cjvjbipkjet hneeit gj oucljc ti gj anppje`el. Saj Wjpirt saiws tant taj hanbbjeljfnhjc gy taj ent`ies if taj wirbc rjkn`es sugstnet`nb. Nbtaiula pbnee`el `s uecjr wny, `tejjcs ti gj strjeltajejc. Ent`ienb hikk`tkjet gy gita livjrekjets nec h`v`b sih`jty `s tajdjy ti sjhur`el taj linbs, gut hists nec rjsiurhjs nrj hruh`nb hies`cjrnt`ies, tii. Nbtaiulakist hiuetr`js w`bb gj ngbj ti kjjt tajsj hists nec f`ec taj ejhjssnry rjsiurhjs, taj rjpirtsaiws tant n s`le`f`hnet k`eir`ty w`bb eit `f jx`st`el trjecs pjrs`st. @e rjspiesj, ns yjt, taj`etjrent`ienb hikkue`ty ans eit ncjquntjby cjkiestrntjc `ts iwe hikk`tkjet. @e sp`tj iflrnec prik`sjs, taj n`c rjhirc (gita ivjrnbb nec fir jcuhnt`ie) ivjr taj >00=s wns gitac`snppi`et`el nec wirry`el. X`ehj Cndnr, taj qujst`ie if jcuhnt`ie, jspjh`nbby gns`h jcuhnt`ie,ans r`sje a`lajr ie taj `etjrent`ienb nljecn, gut kuha rjkn`es ti gj ciej ti jesurj tant n`cfbiws nrj ncjquntj, t`kjby nec wjbb-tnrljtjc. Futurj prnht`hj ans ti gj c`ffjrjet frik taj pnst`f iur oi`et rjspies`g`b`t`js nrj ti gj kjt nec `f taj JFN linbs nrj ti gj nha`jvjc. Sa`s Wjpirt `staj f`rst `e n ejw trnc`t`ie if rjpirt`el tant w`bb, @ nk hief`cjet, ajbp us ti sjhurj taisj jecs.

Diéha`ri Kntsuurn

C`rjhtir-Ljejrnb if ZEJXHI

Firjwirc

7 = =JFN Lbignb

Kie`tir`el Wjpirt

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Hietjets

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7 = =JFN Lbignb

Kie`tir`el Wjpirt

Xukknry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >7

‑Jcuhnt`ie fir Nbb‐ `s cjvjbipkjet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .70Jcuhnt`ie ns n aukne r`lat  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8=Jcuhnt`ie nec aukne hnpng`b`t`js . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8>Jcuhnt`ie nec itajr cjvjbipkjet linbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .88Hiehbus`ie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8:

]rilrjss tiwnrcs taj linbs  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8<Linb >. Jnrby ha`bcaiic hnrj nec jcuhnt`ie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .81Linb 7. Ze`vjrsnb pr`knry jcuhnt`ie  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33Linb 8. Bjnre`el ejjcs if nbb yiuel pjipbj nec ncubts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .:6Linb 3. Ncubt b`tjrnhy  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6=Linb :. Ljecjr jqunb`ty  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61Linb 6. Jcuhnt`ie qunb`ty  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1=@s taj wirbc ie trnhd9  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10

]bnee`el fir JFN  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .00Cndnr‐s pbnee`el hanbbjelj  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .>==@s taj pbnee`el hanbbjelj gj`el kjt9  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .>=>]bnee`el fir A@V/N@CX  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .>><]bnee`el ti hikgnt hiefb`ht, c`snstjr nec `estng`b`ty  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .>77Hrjc`gbj pbnee`el, hrjc`gbj pbnes  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .>7<Hiehbus`ies  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .>8>

Wjsiurhj rjqu`rjkjets fir rjnha`el JFN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .>88Jst`knt`el taj hists if ue`vjrsnb pr`knry jcuhnt`ie (Z]J)  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .>83Ljecjr tnrljts nec taj cjknec fir shaiib`el . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .>38Saj hists ti jcuhnt`ie if A@V/N@CX  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .>3<Jcuhnt`ie e jkjrljeh`js . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .>:<

Aiw kuha `s rjnbby ejjcjc ti nha`jvj JFN9  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .>67

Kjjt`el `etjrent`ienb hikk`tkjets?taj rjspiesj ti Cndnr  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .>6:Sitnb n`c fbiws ti cjvjbip`el hiuetr`js  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .>66Sitnb n`c fbiws ti jcuhnt`ie nec taj JFN linbs  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .><7@etjrent`ienb hiirc`ent`ie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .><1Hiehbus`ies  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .>1>

]rispjhts nec ippirtue`t`js . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .>1<]rilrjss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .>11]bnee`el . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .>11Hists nec rjsiurhjs  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .>10

@etjrent`ienb hiipjrnt`ie  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .>0=@kpriv`el taj nvn`bng`b`ty nec qunb`ty if cntn  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .>07JFN nec taj K`bbjee`uk Cjvjbipkjet Linbs  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .>07Futurj kie`tir`el hanbbjeljs  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .>08

NeejxSjhae`hnb `etricuht`ie  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >06Xykgibs usjc `e taj tngbjs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >06Hikpis`t`ie if rjl`ies  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >0<Sngbjs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >01Wjfjrjehjs  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 703Lbissnry  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8=:Nhrieyks  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8=1

Hanptjr 6.

Hanptjr :.

Hanptjr 3.

Hanptjr 8.

Hanptjr 7.

Hanptjr >.

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F`lurjs

7.>. Jnrby ha bcaiic hnrj nec jcuhnt`ie  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

7.7. LJW fir JHHJ, wirbcw`cj, gy eukgjr if hiuetr`js (>000/7===)  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37

7.8. Lriss jeribkjet rnt`is gy rjl`ie (>00=‘>000)  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

7.3. Vnr`nt`ie `e lriss jeribkjet rnt`is, gy rjl`ie (>000)  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3:

7.:. Ejt jeribkjet rnt`is gy rjl`ie nec cjvjbipkjet stntus (>000) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3:

7.6. Vnr`nt`ie `e ejt jeribkjet rnt`is gy rjl`ie (>000)  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3<

7.<. Vnr`nt`ie `e lriss `etndj rntj gy rjl ie (>000) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :=

7.1. Saj rjbnt`iesa p gjtwjje ejt `etndj rntjs nec ejt jeribkjet rnt`is (>000)  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .:>

7.0. L@W nec surv`vnb rntj ti Lrncj :, sjbjhtjc hiuetr js (>000/7===)  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .:7

7.>=. Iut-if-shaiib ha`bcrje? c`str`gut`ie gy rjl`ie (>000/7===) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :7

7.>>. Ncubt b`tjrnhy rntjs wirbcw`cj (>01=‘7=>:) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6>

7.>7. B`tjrntjs nec `bb`tjrntjs wirbcw cj gy ljecjr (>01=‘7=>:) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6>7.>8. Ncubt b`tjrnhy rntjs gy rjl`ie (>01=‘7=>:) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67

7.>3. Ljecjr lnp `e b`tjrnhy rntjs, gy rjl ie (7=== nec 7=>:)  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67

7.>:. Sitnb nec fjknbj ncubt b`tjrnhy rntjs gy cjvjbipkjet bjvjb if hiuetry (>01=‘7=>:)  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

7.>6. Ncubt `bb`tjrntj pipubnt ie (7=== nec 7=>:)  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6:

7.><. Ncubt nec yiuta b`tjrnhy rntjs (>01=‘7=>:) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66

7.>1. Srjecs e ljecjr c`spnr`t`js e LJW e pr`knry-shaiib jcuhnt`ie (>00=‘>000) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .<=

7.>0. Hiuetr`js w`ta ljecjr pnr`ty `ecjx gjbiw =.0:? lriss `etndj rntjs`e pr`knry-shaiib jcuhnt`ie, gy sjx (>000/7===)  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <7

7.7=. ]jrhjetnlj if rjpjntjrs e pr`knry-shaiib jcuhnt`ie, gy sjx (>000/7===)  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <8

7.7>. Xurv`vnb rntj ti Lrncj :, gy sjx (>000/7===) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <3

7.77. Srjecs e ljecjr c`spnr`t`js e LJW e sjhiecnry jcuhnt ie (>00=‘>000) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <:

7.78. Srjec `e taj pjrhjetnlj if wikje tjnhajrs, gy rjl ie (>00=‘>000)  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .<1

7.73. ]jrhjetnlj if trn`ejc tjnhajrs, e pr`knry-shaiib jcuhnt ie, gy sjx (>000/7===) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .<0

7.7:. Hurrjet jxpjec turj nec pr`knry jeribkjets (>0<:‘>00<) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177.76. Hurrjet jxpjec`turj nec taj pup`b-tjnhajr rnt`i, >0<:‘>00< . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

7.7<. Wjbnt`iesa p gjtwjje LJW nec tjnhajr snbnry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

7.71. Wjpjt`t`ie rntjs, Lrncjs > nec :, `e sjbjhtjc hiuetr js (>000/7===) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1:

7.70. Jxpjhtjc nec nhtunb eukgjr if aiurs e taj f`rst yjnrif pr`knry shaiib (>003/0:) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16

7.8=. ]jrhjetnlj if pup`bs kjjt`el k`e`kuk rjnc`el knstjry bjvjbs,gy a`lajst nec biwjst wjnbta nssjt shirj (>00:/06)  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11

7.8>. @kpnht if shaiib irlne`znt ie nec pup`b hanrnhtjr`st hs ie nha`jvjkjet shirjs`e f`vj Frnehipaiej Nfr`hne hiuetr`js, k`c->00=s  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11

7.87. Nenbyt hnb frnkjwird  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0=

7.88. ]r`knry jcuhnt`ie ejt jeribkjet rnt`i? hiuetr js `e jnha quncrnet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0>

7.83. Ncubt b`tjrnhy rntj? hiuetr`js `e jnha quncrnet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 08

7.8:. ]r`knry lriss jeribkjet rntj ljecjr pnr`ty `ecjx? hiuetr`js `e jnha quncrnet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .03

7.86. Nssjsskjet if Cndnr linb nha`jvjkjet, gy rjl`ie  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0<

7.8<. Nssjsskjet if Cndnr linb nha`jvjkjet, gy pipubnt`ie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0<

8.>. Wjbnt`iesa p gjtwjje JFN pbnes nec itajr pbnes nec strntjl`h`estrukjets, `ehbuc`el JFN-rjbntjc nht`v`t`js . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >8=

3.>. ]ripirt ie if ue`t hists rjprjsjetjc gy pugb`h nec pr`vntj jxpjec`turjs`e sjvje Nfr`hne hiuetr`js  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .>38

3.7. ]riojhtjc rjcuht`ie (%) `e s`zj if pr`knry shaiib-nlj pipubnt`ie, 7===‘7=>= . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .>30

:.>. G`bntjrnb ICN ti jcuhnt`ie (>00=‘7===) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .>6<

:.7. Wjl`ienb c`str gut`ie if g`bntjrnb jcuhnt`ie hikk`tkjets (7===)  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .>60

:.8. @CN jcuhnt`ie hikk tkjets, pjrhjetnlj gy rjl`ie (>00=s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ><>

:.3. C`nlrnkknt`h rjprjsjetnt`ie if taj Lbignb @e`t`nt vj  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .><<

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:.1. Xtntjc ejw hikk`tkjets fir ICN, jcuhnt`ie nec `ts rjl`ienb c`str gut`ie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .><3

:.0. Hikpnr`sie if Fnst-Srnhd @e`t`nt`vj nec itajr biw EJW hiuetr`js?djy jcuhnt`ie nec cjvjbipkjet `ec`hntirs  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ><1

:.>=. Hikpnr`sie if Fnst-Srnhd nec itajr biw EJW hiuetr js?djy jcuhnt`ie nec cjvjbipkjet `ec`hntirs  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >17

:.>>. JFN Fbnlsa`p ]rilrnkkjs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .>18

Sjxt gixjs

Saj s`x Cndnr linbs  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >8

K`bbjee`uk Cjvjbipkjet Linbs (KCLs) rjbnt`el ti jcuhnt`ie  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >8

>.>. Vnbu`el b`tjrnhy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87

7.>. ]utt`el taj cntn systjk gjfirj pib`hy cjvjbipkjet `e Grnz`b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3=

7.7. Kjnsur`el nec kie tir`el Z]J . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ::

7.8. V`s`ies if b`fj sd bbs, Xiuta nec Eirta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .:6

7.3. Fnrkjrs‐ shaiibs `e Ns`n  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .:<

7.:. Jkpiwjr el wikje e @ec n  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .:1

7.6. Kitajr-ha bc trn`e`el prilrnkkj `e Surdjy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :1

7.<. Nssjss el b`fj sd`bbs `e Hnkgic`n  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :0

7.1. EFJ-K@X ]`bit ]riojhts  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :0

7.0. B`tjrnhy nec ‑b`tjrnh`js‐  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6=

7.>=. Wjl`ienb hibbngirnt`ie kivjs b`tjrnhy firwnrc `e Hnr`ggjne  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

7.>>. B`tjrnhy fir wikje nec l`rbs `e ]nd`stne . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6:

7.>7. @kpriv el b`tjrnhy nssjsskjet e cjvjbip`el hiuetr`js . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6<

7.>8. Saj f`rst ent`ienb b`tjrnhy survjy `e taj Bni ]jipbj‐s Cjkihrnt`h Wjpugb`h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6<

7.>3. Ent`ienb nht`ies ti enrriw taj ljecjr lnp  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

7.>:. Eit jeiula pr`knry shaiib tjnhajrs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13

8.>. Swjbvj strntjl js fir nha`jv`el JFN  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .>=>8.7. ]bnee`el fir JFN `e Hnkgic n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >=8

8.8. JFN e Xr` Bnedn? n pirtfib`i if pbnes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .>=3

8.3. Grnz`b‐s Ent`ienb Jcuhnt ie Nht`ie ]bne, 7==>‘7=>=  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .>=:

8.:. Saj r`lat ti jcuhnt`ie e Xiuta Nfr`hn  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .>=<

8.6. ]bnee`el fir JFN `e @ec`n  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .>>=

8.<. @kpriv el h`v`b sih`jty jelnljkjet `e pbnee`el fir JFN? Gurd en Fnsi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >><

8.1. Saj hanrnhtjr st`hs if irpaneaiic? _ikgn, Knbnw`  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .>>0

8.0. Wjsjnrha ie A@V/N@CX nec jcuhnt`ie `e Gitswnen  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .>7=

8.>=. Saj Xnelan Kjttn priojht `e San`bnec  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .>7>

8.>>. Nbb`nehj if knyirs nec kue`h`pnb bjncjrs ie A@V/N@CX `e Nfr hn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .>77

8.>7. Jcuhnt`ie `e jkjrljehy? hanbbjeljs ti k`e`str`js if jcuhnt`ie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .>78

8.>8. Ejpnb‐s uehjrtn ety  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >7:

8.>3. @etjrent`ienb suppirt fir jcuhnt`ie `e Jnst S`kir  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .>768.>:. ]r`eh`pbjs if jkjrljehy jcuhnt ie  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .>7<

8.>6. Sjes`ies `e suppirt el jcuhnt ie `e Xucne . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >71

8.><. Nssjss el jcuhnt`ie pbnes? Srnespnrjet eirks  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .>8>

3.>. Ljecjr nec jcuhnt`ie pib`hy `e Knbnw` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .>3:

3.7. Knoir jbjkjets if N@CX-rjbntjc `ehrjkjetnb hists fir taj nha`jvjkjetif ue`vjrsnb pr`knry jcuhnt`ie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >:7

3.8. Jcuhnt`ie rjhiestruht`ie `e Nflane`stne . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .>6>

:.>. Jcuhnt`ie fir nbb `e Juripj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .><0

:.7. Bjnre`el ti b`vj tiljtajr  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .>1=

:.8. Ent`ienb hnpnh ty-gu`bc el if bjnc tjnhajr trn`e`el `est tut`ies `e Nfr`hn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >1>

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7 = =JFN Lbignb

Kie`tir`el Wjpirt

NhdeiwbjcljkjetsSa`s Wjpirt wns prjpnrjc `e n vjry sairt pjr`ic if t`kj, nec w`taiut taj ajbp nec hiipjrnt`ieif n vjry bnrlj eukgjr if `ec`v`cunbs nec `est`tut`ies `t hiubc eit anvj gjje hikpbjtjc.

Xpjh`nb taneds nrj cuj ti Oiae Cne`jb, ZEJXHI‐s Nss`stnet C`rjhtir-Ljejrnb fir Jcuhnt`ie, necti Nga`kneyu X`ela, Bjnc Knenljr `e ZEJXHI‐X Cndnr Fibbiw-up Ze`t nec a`s hibbjnlujs.

Saj sanpj if taj 7==7 Wjpirt gjejf`tjc frik taj ncv`hj if taj `etjrent`ienb Jc`tir`nb Ginrc nec`ts han`rpjrsie, Ne`b Girc`n.

Cje`sj B`jvjsbjy, C`rjhtir if taj ZEJXHI @est`tutj fir Xtnt`st`hs (Z@X), priv`cjc jxhjbbjet suppirttariula taj JFN Igsjrvntiry lriup `e Z@X. Sajy wirdjc vjry hbisjby w`ta taj Wjpirt Sjnk `e tajcjvjbipkjet if taj stnt`st`hnb tngbjs nec priv`cjc sikj kntjr`nb fir Hanptjr 7.

]nrt`hubnr taneds nrj cuj ti nbb taisj wai prjpnrjc gnhdlriuec pnpjrs fir taj Wjpirt ie jxtrjkjbysairt eit`hj. Sajsj wjrj Xng`en Nbd`rj, Xnkjr Nb-Xnknrrn`, C`pn Gnln`, Nnrie Gjenvit,

]nub Gjeejbb, Bjej Guhajrt, Jcwnrc F`sdj, W. Liv`ecn, @eljknr Lustnfssie, Jskj Dncznk`rn,K`hanjb Djbby, D`e G`el \u, Ajbje Bncc, Dj`ta Bjw`e, Neljbn B`ttbj, Nbn`e K`elnt, Dnrje Kuecy,Byee Kurpay, Knrlnrjt X`ehbn`r, Knrh Xikkjrs, Oune Hnrbis Sjcjshi nec Dntnr`en Siknsjvsd`.

Saj Wjpirt ans gjejf`tjc hies`cjrngby frik taj ncv`hj nec suppirt if `ec`v`cunbs, C`v`s`ies necZe`ts w`ta`e ZEJXHI‐s Jcuhnt`ie Xjhtir. Saj @etjrent`ienb @est`tutj if Jcuhnt`ienb ]bnee`el (@@J])nec taj @etjrent`ienb Gurjnu if Jcuhnt`ie (@GJ) gita rjspiecjc ti rjqujsts fir nss`stnehj qu`hdbynec ajbpfubby. ZEJXHI‐s Wjl`ienb Iff`hjs priv`cjc `efirknt`ie ie JFN pbnes, ns c`c sikj JFNEnt`ienb Hiirc`entirs.

N eukgjr if `ec`v`cunbs nbsi hietr`gutjc ncv`hj nec hikkjets, `ehbuc`el Nyn Nid`, Oiae Gjeejtt,Nbne Gbnehajtie, ]jtjr Guhdbnec, Frnehi`sj Hn`bbics, V`ttir`n Hnv`hha`ie`, Lwne Haib Hanel,Nsalnr K`r Ausn`e, Hyeta`n Luttkne, Neej Ojbbjkn, Lnrjta Oiejs, Wuta Dnl`n,Knr`n Biurcjs-Dane, Bjsbjy B`knlj, Lrjl Biis, Hibjttj Fnurj-B`liu, Knknciu Eciyj,Knry Oi ]`lizz`, Wigjrty ]riuty, Kiankjc Wnc`, K`hajb W`gnuc, Hb`etie Wig`esie, Djeejta Wiss,

]nubi Xnet`nli, Xusneej Xhaeuttlje, Har`stipajr Snbgit, ]ntr`hd \ntt nec Hnribye \`etjr.Saj pricuht`ie if taj Wjpirt cjpjecjc ajnv`by ie taj jc`tir`nb jxpjrt`sj if Ouc`ta Hrjws nec\jecn KhEjv`e, nec ie taj nss`stnehj if Xie`n Fjrenecjz-Bnuri e ZEJXHI‐s Jcuhnt`ieCihukjetnt`ie Hjetrj.

Saj JFN Lbignb Kie`tir`el Wjpirt Sjnk

C`rjhtir

Har`stipajr Hibhbiula

Xtjvj ]nhdjr (Cjputy C`rjhtir), X`kie Jbb`s (Ajnc, JFN Igsjrvntiry, Z@X), One Vne Wnvjes,

Zbr`dn ]jppbjr Gnrry, E`hibj Gjbbn, Vnbjr`j Co`izj, A`bn`rj Kputu, Hnrbis Nll`i,

Knr`nen H`fujetjs-Kietiyn, ]nshnbj ]`ehjnu, Cjbpa`ej Esjel`knen

Saj nenbys`s nec pib`hy rjhikkjecnt`ies if ta`s Wjpirt ci eit ejhjssnr`by rjfbjht taj v`jwsif ZEJXHI. Saj Wjpirt `s ne `ecjpjecjet pugb`hnt`ie hikk`ss`iejc gy ZEJXHI ie gjanbfif taj @etjrent`ienb Hikkue`ty. @t `s taj pricuht if n hibbngirnt`vj jffirt `evibv`el kjkgjrs if tajWjpirt Sjnk nec kney itajr pjipbj, nljeh`js, `est`tut`ies nec livjrekjets. Ivjrnbb rjspies`g`b`tyfir taj v`jws nec ip`e`ies jxprjssjc `e taj Wjpirt `s tndje gy `ts C`rjhtir.

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7

=

=

KietirelWjpir

t

7

XukknrySa`s Wjpirt `s ngiut ippirtue`t`js ti bjnre. @ts pr`knry

purpisj `s ti nssjss taj jxtjet ti wa`ha taj gjejf`tsnssih`ntjc w`ta jcuhnt`ie nrj gj`el jxtjecjc ti nbb ha`bcrje,

yiutas nec ncubts nriuec taj wirbc nec wajtajr taj

hikk`tkjets kncj twi yjnrs nli `e Npr`b 7=== nt taj\irbc Jcuhnt`ie Firuk `e Cndnr nrj gj`el kjt. @t iffjrs

ne `etjr`k neswjr ti taj qujst`ie ns ti wajtajr taj wirbc`s ie trnhd ti nha`jvj Jcuhnt`ie fir Nbb (JFN) `e 7=>:.

Saj \irbc Jcuhnt`ie Firuk (7===) nlrjjc ie s`x JFN linbs,wa`ha wjrj hies`cjrjc ti gj jssjet`nb, nttn`engbj nec nffircngbj

l`vje striel `etjrent`ienb hikk`tkjet nec rjsibvj. Saj CndnrFrnkjwird fir Nht`ie cjhbnrjc tant gy 7=>:, nbb ha`bcrje ifpr`knry-shaiib nlj wiubc pnrt`h`pntj `e frjj shaiib`el if

nhhjptngbj qunb`ty nec tant ljecjr c`spnr`t`js `e shaiib`el wiubc

gj jb`k`entjc. Bjvjbs if ncubt `bb`tjrnhy wiubc gj anbvjc, jnrbyha`bcaiic hnrj nec jcuhnt`ie nec bjnre`el ippirtue`t`js fir

yiuta nec ncubts wiubc gj lrjntby `ehrjnsjc, nec nbb nspjhts ifjcuhnt`ie qunb`ty wiubc gj `kprivjc. @e taj snkj yjnr, taj

K`bbjee`uk Cjvjbipkjet Linbs wjrj nlrjjc, twi if wa`ha ‘ue`vjrsnb pr`knry jcuhnt`ie (Z]J) nec taj jb`k`ent`ie if ljecjr

c`spnr`t`js `e pr`knry nec sjhiecnry jcuhnt`ie ‘ wjrj cjf`ejc nshr`t`hnb ti taj jb`k`ent`ie if jxtrjkj pivjrty.

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7 = =JFN Lbignb

Kie`tir`el Wjpirt

Saj Wjpirt `s prjsjetjc `e s`x pnrts. Hanptjr >rjnff`rks way Jcuhnt`ie fir Nbb `s if suhaivjrr`c`el kpirtnehj. Hanptjr 7 upcntjs iuruecjrstnec`el if prilrjss tiwnrcs, necprispjhts fir, nha`jv`el taj s`x JFN linbs.Hanptjr 8 jxnk`ejs taj etjrent`ienb rjspiesjti taj hnbb fir JFN Ent`ienb Nht`ie ]bnes, tajjelnljkjet if h`v`b sih`jty `e pbnee`el, necwajtajr taj c`st`eht`vj hanbbjeljs if A@V/N@CX,nec hiefb`ht nec jkjrljehy nrj gj`el

hiefrietjc. Hanptjr 3 nssjssjs taj hists ifnha`jv`el taj JFN linbs nec taj nvn`bng`b`ty if tajrjsiurhjs ti sjhurj tajk. Hanptjr : jxpbirjswajtajr taj etjrent`ienb hikk`tkjets kncj eCndnr, nec sugsjqujetby, nrj gj`el kjt nec, `fsi, gy want kjnes. F`enbby, Hanptjr 6 pubbs sikjif tajsj tarjncs tiljtajr ns n gns`s fir biid`elfirwnrc nec `cjet`fy`el ippirtue`t`js firsustn`e`el taj kikjetuk ljejrntjc gy taj\irbc Jcuhnt`ie Firuk.

Saj Wjpirt crnws ie cntn frik taj stnt`st`hnbneejx nec frik n w`cj rnelj if itajr siurhjs.>

Sajsj cntn nrj jssjet`nb ti nssjss`el wajtajrprilrjss `s gj`el kncj, `e `cjet`fy`el sjr`iuslnps `e iur deiwbjclj, nec `e hnbhubnt`el

pnst trjecs nec futurj prispjhts. Aiwjvjr,taj prjpnrnt`ie if ta`s Wjpirt ans a`lab`latjcknoir lnps `e iur deiwbjclj. Fir jxnkpbj,pr`knry-shaiib ejt jeribkjet cntn fir >000nrj eit nvn`bngbj fir wjbb ivjr sjvjety hiuetr`js.Hikpnrnt`vj nenbys`s ie jcuhnt`ie pib`h`js

nec pbnes s b`k`tjc. Hiuetry-bjvjb efirknt`ieie taj f`eneh`el if jcuhnt`ie `s wjnd. Nec tajcntngnsj ie n`c ti jcuhnt`ie `s st`bb gjcjv`bbjcgy hiehjptunb prigbjks nec rjpirt`el`encjqunh`js. \a`bj `t `s st`bb piss`gbj ti nrr`vjnt `efirkjc oucljkjets, gjttjr kie`tir`el w`bbrjqu`rj ncc`t`ienb `evjstkjet e taj hibbjht`ienec nenbys`s if cntn, nec `e pib`hy-rjbntjcrjsjnrha nec jvnbunt`ie. >. Saj Neejx priv`cjs taj

bntjst neeunb nck`e`strnt`vjcntn hibbjhtjc gy taj ZEJXHI@est`tutj fir Xtnt`st`hs, enkjbyfir taj shaiib yjnr stnrt`el `e>000.

<. \j ajrjgy hibbjht`vjby hikk`t iursjbvjs ti taj nttn`ekjet if tajfibbiw`el linbs?

jxpnec`el nec `kpriv`el hikprjajes`vj jnrby ha`bcaiic hnrj necjcuhnt`ie, jspjh`nbby fir taj kist vubejrngbj nec c`sncvnetnljcha`bcrje4

jesur`el tant gy 7=>: nbb ha`bcrje, pnrt`hubnrby l`rbs, ha`bcrje `ec`ff`hubt h`rhukstnehjs nec taisj gjbiel`el ti jtae`h k`eir`t`js,anvj nhhjss ti nec hikpbjtj frjj nec hikpubsiry pr`knry jcuhnt`ie

if liic qunb`ty4jesur`el tant taj bjnre`el ejjcs if nbb yiuel pjipbj nec ncubts nrjkjt tariula jqu`tngbj nhhjss ti nppripr`ntj bjnre`el nec b`fj sd`bbsprilrnkkjs4

nha`jv`el n :=% `kprivjkjet `e bjvjbs if ncubt b`tjrnhy gy 7=>:,jspjh`nbby fir wikje, nec jqu`tngbj nhhjss ti gns`h nec hiet`eu`eljcuhnt`ie fir nbb ncubts4

jb`k`ent`el ljecjr c`spnr`t`js e pr`knry nec sjhiecnry jcuhnt`iegy 7==:, nec nha`jv`el ljecjr jqunb`ty `e jcuhnt`ie gy 7=>:, w`tan fihus ie jesur`el l`rbs‐ fubb nec jqunb nhhjss ti nec nha`jvjkjet`e gns`h jcuhnt`ie if liic qunb`ty4

`kpriv`el nbb nspjhts if taj qunb`ty if jcuhnt`ie nec jesur`eljxhjbbjehj if nbb si tant rjhile`zjc nec kjnsurngbj bjnre`el

iuthikjs nrj nha`jvjc gy nbb, jspjh`nbby `e b`tjrnhy, eukjrnhy necjssjet`nb b`fj sd`bbs.

Xiurhj? Saj Cndnr Frnkjwird fir Nht`ie, Jcuhnt`ie fir Nbb? Kjjt`el iur Hibbjht`vj

Hikk`tkjets, nciptjc gy taj \irbc Jcuhnt`ie Firuk (Cndnr, Xjejlnb, 76‘71 Npr`b 7===),]nr`s, ZEJXHI, 7===, pnrn <.

Saj s`x Cndnr linbs

Linb 7. Nha`jvj ue`vjrsnb pr`knry jcuhnt`ie

Snrljt 8. Jesurj tant, gy 7=>:, ha`bcrjejvjrywajrj, giys nec l`rbs nb`dj, w`bb gj ngbj tihikpbjtj n fubb hiursj if pr`knry shaiib`el

Linb 8. ]rikitj ljecjr jqunb`ty nec jkpiwjr

wikjeSnrljt 3. Jb`k`entj ljecjr c`spnr`ty `e pr`knrynec sjhiecnry jcuhnt`ie, prjfjrngby gy 7==:,nec ti nbb bjvjbs if jcuhnt`ie ei bntjr tane 7=>:

Xiurhj? Ze`tjc Ent`ies Ljejrnb Nssjkgby, Wjsibutie N/:6/876,6 Xjptjkgjr 7==>.

K`bbjee`uk Cjvjbipkjet Linbs(KCLs) rjbnt`el ti jcuhnt`ie

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Hanptjr >.

‑Jcuhnt`ie fir Nbb‐ `scjvjbipkjet

Fir taisj wai wird fir, nec gjejf`t frikjcuhnt`ie, `ts `etr`es`h wirta `s hbjnr ti sjj.Fir taisj wai nrj hiefrietjc w`ta knd`elc`ff`hubt hai`hjs ngiut pr`ir`t`js, rjfirks nectaj nbbihnt`ie if rjsiurhjs, `e ent`ienb nec stntjlivjrekjets, nec e etjrent`ienb fuec`elnljeh`js, knd`el taj hnsj fir jcuhnt`ie jxpb`h`trjkn`es `kpirtnet. Nrj taj s`x JFN linbs,

`ec`v`cunbby nec hibbjht`vjby, ljeu`ejby if ivjr-r`c`el kpirtnehj9 Sajrj nrj tarjj kpirtnetneswjrs ti ta`s qujst`ie.

Jcuhnt`ie ns n aukne r`lat

Saj r`lat ti jcuhnt`ie `s nrt`hubntjc hbjnrby `eNrt`hbj 76 if taj Ze`vjrsnb Cjhbnrnt`ie if AukneW`lats (>031). Sa`s rjhile`zjs taj `etr`es`haukne vnbuj if jcuhnt`ie, uecjrp`eejc gystriel kirnb nec bjlnb fiuecnt`ies. Xjje `e ta`sb`lat, jcuhnt`ie `s nbsi ne `ec`spjesngbj kjnesif uebihd`el nec pritjht`el itajr aukne r`lats

gy priv`c`el taj shnffibc`el tant `s rjqu`rjc tisjhurj liic ajnbta, b`gjrty, sjhur`ty, jhieik`hwjbb-gj`el, nec pnrt`h`pnt`ie `e sih`nb necpib`t`hnb nht`v`ty. \ajrj taj r`lat ti jcuhnt`ie slunrnetjjc, pjipbj‐s nhhjss ti nec jeoiykjetif itajr r`lats `s jeanehjc.

N r`lats gnsjc npprinha ti jcuhnt`ie anslntajrjc pnhj `e rjhjet yjnrs, priv`c`el tajgns`s fir hikpnrnt`vj nssjsskjets if ent`ienbprilrjss nln`est `etjrent`ienb hikk`tkjets,`ehbuc`el taisj kncj `e Cndnr. ]riv`c`el tajr`lat ti jcuhnt`ie `s ne igb`lnt`ie if

livjrekjets nec rjqu`rjs tant tajy trnesbntjtaj`r etjrent`ienb hikk`tkjets eti bjl`sbnt`ienln`est wa`ha taj`r h`t`zjes anvj bjlnb rjhiursj.\`taiut bjl`sbnt`ie `t `s c`ff`hubt ti kie`tir necjefirhj igb`lnt`ies, si kig`b`z`el livjrekjetsti cjvjbip nec kicjre`zj ent`ienb bjl`sbnt`ie `sn hr`t`hnb jbjkjet if `kpbjkjet`el taj CndnrFrnkjwird fir Nht`ie.

Jcuhnt`ie nec aukne hnpng`b`t`jsN s`le`f`hnet sa`ft `e ta`ed`el ngiut auknecjvjbipkjet ans tndje pbnhj `e taj pnst7= yjnrs, w`ta Nknrtyn Xje ns iej `ts bjnc`elncvihntjs. Si rjcrjss taj enrriw fihus ielriwta `e pjr hnp`tn `ehikjs ns taj hjetrnb`ec`hntir if suhhjssfub cjvjbipkjet pib`h`js, nejw frnkjwird ans jkjrljc wa`ha jkpans`zjstaj jxtjet ti wa`ha pjipbj‐s hnpng`b`t`js anvjgjje jeanehjc nec taj`r hai`hjs w`cjejc `eircjr ti jeoiy taj frjjciks tant kndj b`fjkjne`elfub nec wirtawa`bj. Sajsj frjjciksjehikpnss taj r`lats if nhhjss ti rjsiurhjs tantnbbiw pjipbj ti nvi`c `bbejss, anvj sjbf-rjspjht,gj wjbb eiur`sajc, sustn`e b`vjb`aiics nec jeoiypjnhjfub rjbnt`iesa`ps.

@e ta`s frnkjwird, jcuhnt`ie `s `kpirtnet firnt bjnst tarjj rjnsies. F`rst, taj sd`bbs priv`cjcgy gns`h jcuhnt`ie, suha ns gj`el ngbj ti rjncnec wr`tj, nrj vnbungbj `e taj`r iwe r`lat, ns nfuecnkjetnb iuthikj if cjvjbipkjet. Xjhiec,jcuhnt`ie hne ajbp ti c`spbnhj itajr kirjejlnt`vj fjnturjs if b`fj. Fir jxnkpbj, frjj nechikpubsiry pr`knry jcuhnt`ie w`bb rjcuhj ha`bcbngiur. Sa`rc, jcuhnt`ie ans n piwjrfub ribj `e

jkpiwjr`el taisj wai suffjr frik kubt`pbjc`sncvnetnljs. Saus wikje wai anvj gjejf`tjcfrik jcuhnt`ie kny s`kpby surv`vj gjttjr necbieljr tane tajy wiubc itajrw`sj. Cjf`ejc `e ta`swny, jcuhnt`ie tant `s ue`vjrsnb, nttn`ejc gy nbb,rjlnrcbjss if hbnss ir hnstj ir ljecjr, ans npiwjrfub `kpnht `e nccrjss`el sih`nb necjhieik`h gnrr`jrs w`ta`e n sih`jty nec `s hjetrnbti rjnb`z`el aukne frjjciks.

Jcuhnt`ie nec itajrcjvjbipkjet linbs

@f nbb pjipbj anvj n r`lat ti jcuhnt`ie, nec `f taj`kpnht upie pjipbj‐s hnpng`b`t`js s `etr`es`hnbbypnrt if iur uecjrstnec`el if cjvjbipkjet, `tfibbiws tant taj priv`s`ie if n gns`h bjvjb ifjcuhnt`ie fir nbb pjipbj kust gj kncj ue`vjrsnb.Saj hnsj `s hbjnr nec uehikprik`s`el. Gut ta`shiehbus`ie cijs eit `e `tsjbf neswjr taj qujst`ieaiw kuha jcuhnt`ie saiubc gj ue`vjrsnbbynvn`bngbj. Ajrj, tajrj nrj ej`tajr jnsy eirue`vjrsnb neswjrs. Hiuetry spjh`f`h hietjxts nrj`kpirtnet. Ejvjrtajbjss, uecjrstnec`el taj

Xukknry

\ajrj taj r`latti jcuhnt`ie `s

lunrnetjjc,pjipbj‐s nhhjss

ti nec jeoiykjetif itajr r`lats `s

jeanehjc.

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rjbnt`iesa p gjtwjje jcuhnt`ie nec itajrcjvjbipkjet linbs `s ajbpfub, jspjh`nbby `erjbnt`ie ti wajtajr jcuhnt`ie `s cjf`ejc nspricuht`vj.

Cjsp`tj n rnelj if kjtaicibil`hnb prigbjks,tajrj `s n hikpjbb`el gicy if `etjrent`ienbjv`cjehj tant cjkiestrntjs tant shaiib`el`kprivjs pricuht`v`ty e rurnb nec urgne sjbf-jkpbiykjet. Kney if tajsj gjejf`ts stjk frikb`tjrnhy, wa`ha rjqu`rjs n k`e`kuk if f`vj tis`x yjnrs if fubb t`kj pr`knry jcuhnt`ie if liicqunb`ty. Liic pr`knry jcuhnt`ie nbsi ans npis`t`vj `kpnht ie biwjr fjrt`b`ty rntjs, gjttjr

c`jts nec taj jnrb`jr nec kirj jffjht`vjc`nleis`s if `bbejss. Saj b`ed gjtwjje b`tjrnhynec b`fj jxpjhtnehy `s striel. ]nrjets ‘pnrt`hubnrby wikje ‘ w`ta lrjntjr nkiuets ifshaiib`el anvj ajnbta`jr, bieljr-b`v`el ha`bcrje.Sa`s k`hri-bjvjb jv`cjehj rjvjnbs taj`etjrhieejht`ies gjtwjje taj hiest`tujetpnrts if aukne cjvjbipkjet nec kndjs nhikpjbb`el hietr`gut`ie ti taj hnsj fir evjst`el`e jcuhnt`ie. @e ncc`t`ie, n ejw ljejrnt`ie ifjhieik`h lriwta kicjbs l`vjs auknerjsiurhjs n hjetrnb pis`t`ie `e `ehrjns`el

cjvjbipkjet rjtures.

N hikpjbb`el tr`ukv`rntjif nrlukjets

W`lats, frjjciks nec cjvjbipkjet gjejf`tshiest`tutj n piwjrfub tr`ukv`rntj if nrlukjetsfir Jcuhnt`ie fir Nbb. Siljtajr, tajy cjkiestrntjtant tajrj s n fuecnkjetnb cjet`ty gjtwjje JFNnec cjvjbipkjet nec tant jnha if taj JFN linbsgr`els sjpnrntj ippirtue`t`js fir sjhur`el itajrln`es. Saj hanbbjelj fir `ec`v`cunb hiuetr`js `s tirjhile zj taj vnb`c`ty if tajsj nrlukjets, cjf`ej

taj`r iwe c`st`eht`vj pib`hy pr`ir`t`js nec knptaj`r iwe riutjs ti nha`jv`el nbb if taj JFN necKCL jcuhnt`ie-rjbntjc linbs.

Hanptjr 7.

]rilrjss tiwnrcstaj linbs

@s taj wirbc ie trnhd9

]rilrjss tiwnrcs JFN hne gj kie`tirjc `e twikn`e wnys. Saj pr`ir`ty `s ti rjhirc nec `etjrprjtprilrjss nt ent`ienb bjvjb nln`est jnha if taj JFNlinbs nec, `f piss`gbj, fir taj sjt if s`x linbs ns nwaibj. Aiwjvjr, `t `s nbsi `kpirtnet ti kie`tirtaj kjnes ti tajsj jecs, `ehbuc`el bjl`sbnt`ie,pib`h`js, pbnes, rjsiurhjs, prilrnkkjs necbjvjbs if etjrent`ienb nss`stnehj, e b`ej w`ta tajhikk`tkjets if Cndnr nec itajr knoirnlrjjkjets.

Sa`s Wjpirt rj-hief`rks taj c`nleis`s if taj\irbc Jcuhnt`ie Firuk tant nbkist iej-ta`rcif taj wirbc‐s pipubnt`ie b`vj `e hiuetr`js wajrjnha`jv`el taj JFN linbs rjkn`es n crjnk rntajrtane n rjnb`st`h pripis`t`ie, uebjss n striel nechiehjrtjc jffirt s kncj. A`la-r`sd hiuetr`jsnrj fiuec pr`knr`by e Xiuta nec \jst Ns`n,sug-Xnanrne Nfr`hn nec taj Nrng Xtntjs necEirta Nfr`hn. Saj pipubius hiuetr`js if Jnst Ns`n

nec taj ]nh`f`h nrj knd`el sikj prilrjss gutw`bb eit nha`jvj JFN w`taiut ne `etjes`f`jc jffirt,wa`bj n eukgjr if hiuetr`js `e Hjetrnb necJnstjre Juripj, w`ta n r`ha jcuhnt`ie trnc`t`ie,nrj `e ojipnrcy if fnbb`el gnhd frik linbs tantanc gjje nttn`ejc.

@f n hikg`ent`ie if taj tarjj qunet`tnt`vj `ec`hjsif pr`knry ejt jeribkjet,7 bjvjbs if ncubtb`tjrnhy, nec ljecjr pnr`ty `e pr`knry shaiiblriss jeribkjet8 `s nenbysjc ie taj gns`s ifc`stnehj frik jnha if taj linbs us`el taj bntjstnvn`bngbj cntn, `e hiehjrt w`ta ne nssjsskjet if

trjecs nec bjvjbs if prilrjss ivjr taj >00=s, tajfibbiw`el hiehbus`ies hne gj crnwe fir >:3hiuetr`js fir wa`ha cntn nrj nvn`bngbj?

18 hiuetr`js anvj nbrjncy nha`jvjc taj tarjjlinbs ir anvj n liic hanehj if ci`el si gy7=>:.

38 hiuetr`js anvj kncj prilrjss `e taj >00=sgut nt bjnst iej linb `s b`djby ti gj k`ssjc gy7=>:.

71 hiuetr`js nrj `e sjr`ius r`sd if eitnha`jv`el ney if taj tarjj linbs.

7 = =JFN Lbignb

Kie`tir`el Wjpirt

Nbkist iej-ta`rcif taj wirbc‐spipubnt`ie b`vj `ehiuetr`js wajrjnha`jv`el tajJFN linbs w`bbrjkn`e n crjnkuebjss n strielnec hiehjrtjcjffirt `s kncj.

7. Saj ejt jeribkjet rnt`i(EJW) `s taj eukgjr if pup`bs`e taj iff`h`nb shaiib-nlj lriupjxprjssjc ns n pjrhjetnlj iftaj titnb pipubnt`ie if tant nljlriup.

8. Saj lriss jeribkjet rnt`i(LJW) jxprjssjs taj titnbjeribkjet if pup`bs `e n lrncjir hyhbj ir bjvjb if jcuhnt`ie,rjlnrcbjss if nlj, jxprjssjcns n pjrhjetnlj if tajhirrjspiec`el jb`l`gbj nljlriup pipubnt`ie `e n l`vjeshaiib yjnr.

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Saj f`rst if tajsj hntjlir`js rjprjsjets 87.3%if taj wirbc‐s pipubnt`ie, `ehbuc`el nbb if tajhiuetr`js `e Eirta Nkjr`hn, \jstjre Juripjnec Hjetrnb Ns`n, 1<% if hiuetr`js `e Hjetrnbnec Jnstjre Juripj, 1>% `e Jnst Ns`n nec taj]nh`f`h nec 60% `e Bnt`e Nkjr`hn nec tajHnr`ggjne. Fiur J-03 hiuetr`js nrj `e taj sjhieclriup ‘ Gnelbncjsa, Ha`en, Jlypt, nec @eciejs`n‘ wa`ha `e titnb rjprjsjets 8:.1% if taj wirbc‐spipubnt`ie. Saj ta`rc, a`la-r`sd lriup hies`stspr`knr`by if hiuetr`js e sug-Xnanrne Nfr`hn gutnbsi `ehbucjs @ec`n nec ]nd`stne. @t hivjrs oustivjr 7:% if taj wirbc‐s pipubnt`ie. Sa`s `s wajrj

taj ivjrnbb hanbbjelj if JFN `s lrjntjst.

Ze`vjrsnb pr`knry jcuhnt`ie (Z]J)

Saj Z]J linb hne gj `etjrprjtjc nec kie`tirjc`e kirj tane iej wny. Saj kist cjknec`el`etjrprjtnt`ie wiubc gj tant gy 7=>:, nbb ha`bcrje`e taj rjbjvnet nlj-hiairt saiubc gj jeribbjc `e,nec hikpbjtj, taj f`enb yjnr if pr`knry shaiib.Sa`s wiubc rjqu`rj ue`vjrsnb Lrncj > jeribkjet`e 7==0, fir n s`x-yjnr hyhbj, w`ta ej`tajr crip iuteir rjpjt`t`ie e sugsjqujet yjnrs. Saj bjnsthanbbjel`el etjrprjtnt`ie wiubc gj tant frik

7=>:, nbb ha`bcrje saiubc gj ngbj ti oi`e, necsugsjqujetby hikpbjtj, pr`knry shaiib`el.Saj rjqu`rjkjet tant pr`knry jcuhnt`ie saiubcgj frjj, hikpubsiry nec if liic qunb`ty nbsicjsjrvjs kie`tir`el. Saj ec`hntirs sjbjhtjc firkie`tir`el taj K`bbjee`uk Cjvjbipkjet Linbfir Z]J nrj taj nha`jvjkjet if EJW nec Lrncj 3hikpbjt`ie rntjs if 00%, wa`ha `s hbisj ti tajf`rst etjrprjtnt`ie l`vje ngivj.

Gnsjc ie >000 cntn, taj bntjst yjnr fir wa`hastnt`st`hs nrj nvn`bngbj, ne jst`kntjc >>:.3k`bb`ie shaiib-nlj ha`bcrje wjrj iut if shaiib,

if wa`ha :6% wjrj l`rbs. Saus, tajrj `s b`ttbj irei hanelj ti taj f`lurj if >>8 k`bb`ie, h`tjc `eCndnr, fir >001. Xikj 03% if tajsj ha`bcrjewjrj b`v`el e cjvjbip`el hiuetr`js. Bjnstcjvjbipjc hiuetr`js nhhiuetjc fir iej-ta`rc iftaj titnb, wa`bj 30% wjrj `e taj J-0 hiuetr`js.Oust ivjr iej-ta`rc if taj ha`bcrje wjrj `e sug-Xnanrne Nfr`hn, n furtajr ta`rc `e Xiuta nec \jstNs`n, nec >8% `e Jnst Ns`n nec taj ]nh`f`h.

@e taj >00=s, rnp`c jeribkjet lriwta rjsukjc `eXiuta nec \jst Ns`n, taj Nrng Xtntjs nec EirtaNfr`hn, nec Bnt`e Nkjr`hn nec taj Hnr`ggjne,rjkn`ejc sbiw `e sug-Xnanrne Nfr`hn necHjetrnb Ns`n, wa`bj bjvjbs fjbb `e sikj Hjetrnbnec Jnst Juripjne hiuetr`js. Gy taj jec if tajcjhncj, hiuetr`js w`ta LJWs gjbiw <=% wjrjhiehjetrntjc e sug-Xnanrne Nfr`hn. Nelibn,Gurd`en Fnsi, Guruec`, Jr`trjn, Lu`ejn, E`ljr,X`jrrn Bjiej, Xucne nec taj Ze`tjc Wjpugb`h ifSnezne`n rjpirtjc pnrt`hubnry biw jeribkjets.Gut fir 1: hiuetr`js wirbcw`cj, LJWs wjrj `ejxhjss if >==%, `ec`hnt`el bntj jeribkjet nec

a`la rntjs if rjpjt`t`ie.Ejt jeribkjet rnt`is (EJWs) jxhbucj ha`bcrjeibcjr nec yiueljr tane n hiuetry‐s iff`h`nbshaiib-nlj lriup. @e Hjetrnb nec Jnstjre Juripjwajrj jhieik`h cjhb`ej nec taj jris`ie ifsih`nb hnp`tnb anvj a`t sikj hiuetr`js anrc,taj EJW `s ieby sb`latby a`lajr tane tant ifcjvjbip`el hiuetr`js. Gut taj kist sjr`iusjeribkjet prigbjks ihhur `e sikj Nrng Xtntjsnec `e sug-Xnanrne Nfr`hn. If taj 7: hiuetr`jstant anvj rjhircjc EJWs gjbiw <=%, >1 nrj `esug-Xnanrne Nfr`hn.

Iej if taj djy hr`tjr`n fir Z]J `s tajnha`jvjkjet if EJWs hbisj ti >==. Iebyhiuetr`js w`ta a`la etndj bjvjbs if ha`bcrje ififf`h`nb shaiib nlj w`bb nha`jvj taj linb `e tajsjtjrks. Xystjks tant anvj a`la ivjr-nlj etndjtjec ti anvj a`la rntjs if crip iut gjfirjLrncj :. Hiuetr`js, suha ns Zlnecn necJquntir`nb Lu`ejn, w`ta surv`vnb rntjs: if 3:%nec >6% rjspjht`vjby, bbustrntj aiw jcuhnt`iesystjks w`ta bnrlj eukgjrs if ivjr-nljjetrnets anvj c`ff`hubty e djjp`el ha`bcrjejeribbjc. Sa`s `s pnrt`hubnr truj if l`rbs. @erjvjrsj, hiuetr`js, suha ns Co`giut`, Gurd`enFnsi nec E`ljr anvj a`la surv`vnb rntjs gut sjrvjieby n sknbb pripirt`ie if taj pr`knry shaiib nljha`bcrje.

\ant nrj taj prispjhts fir nha`jv`el Z]J9Nenbys`s if ejt jeribkjet cntn fir >71 hiuetr`js6

saiws tant := anvj EJWs if 0:% nec ivjr nechne gj sn`c ti anvj nha`jvjc Z]J. If taj gnbnehjif <1 hiuetr`js, fiur shjenr`is hne gj cjvjbipjc.Fir taisj w`ta EJWs if 1=% ir kirj nec ngbj tisustn`e taj prilrjss tajy wjrj knd`el `e taj>00=s, tajrj `s n liic hanehj if nha`jv`el Z]J.

Xukknry

N a`la-r`sd lriuphies`sts pr`knr`by

if hiuetr`js `esug-Xnanrne Nfr`hngut nbsi `ehbucjs

@ec`n nec ]nd`stne.@t hivjrs oust ivjr

7:% if taj wirbc‐spipubnt`ie. Sa`s `swajrj taj ivjrnbbhanbbjelj if JFN

`s lrjntjst.

3. E`ej if taj wirbc‐sa`la-pipubnt`ie hiuetr`js?Gnelbncjsa, Grnz`b, Ha`en,Jlypt, @ec`n, @eciejs`n, Kjx`hi,

E`ljr`n nec ]nd`stne. Siljtajrtajsj hiuetr`js nhhiuet firkirj tane :=% if taj wirbc‐spipubnt`ie.

:. Xurv`vnb rntj `s tajpjrhjetnlj if n pup`b hiairttant jetjrs tiljtajr `e taj f`rstlrncj if pr`knry jcuhnt`ie nectant rjnhajs n l`vje lrncj(j.l. Lrncj :) ir taj f`enb lrncjif ne jcuhnt`ie hyhbj w`ta irw`taiut rjpjnt`el n lrncj.

6. Sa`s survjy usjc neeunbnck`e`strnt`vj cntn hibbjhtjcgy taj ZEJXHI @est`tutj firXtnt`st`hs fir taj shaiib yjnrstnrt`el `e >000 nec taj cntnfrik taj JFN 7=== Nssjsskjet.

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Aiwjvjr, >6 hiuetr`js wajrj tajrj wns prilrjss`e taj >00=s gut wajrj EJWs nrj gjbiw 1=%,anvj n biw hanehj if nha`jv`el taj linb. Fir 7=hiuetr`js tant kivjc nwny frik taj linb `e taj>00=s cjsp`tj anv`el EJWs if ivjr 1=% tajrj w`bbanvj ti gj rjejwjc jffirts. Swjety-iej hiuetr`jsfnhj taj lrjntjst hanbbjelj w`ta EJWs gjbiw1=% nec kiv`el `e n c`rjht`ie tant tndjs tajkfurtajr nwny frik Z]J.

Ljecjr jqunb`ty

\irbcw`cj, l`rb‐s jeribkjet `e pr`knry shaiib

`kprivjc `e taj >00=s. L`rbs‐ LJWs `ehrjnsjc gy8 pjrhjetnlj pi`ets, frik 08.>% `e >00= ti 06.:%`e >000 wa`bj ivjr taj snkj pjr`ic, LJWs firgiys fjbb frik >=:.:% ti >=3%. Saj Ljecjr ]nr`ty@ecjx (L]@)< `kprivjc `e nbb rjl`ies nec `e ejnrbytwi-ta`rcs if taj 07 hiuetr`js fir wa`ha cntn nrjnvn`bngbj. Gut ivjrnbb taj L]@ rjkn`ejc gjbiw =.0nec `e fnviur if giys `e Xiuta nec \jst Ns`n, tajNrng Xtntjs nec sug-Xnanrne Nfr`hn.

@f n Ljecjr ]nr`ty @ecjx if gjtwjje =.0< nec >.=8`s tndje ti rjprjsjet taj jb`k`ent`ie if ljecjrc`spnr`t`js, 16 hiuetr`js iut if >:8 fir wa`ha

c`snllrjlntjc lriss pr`knry jeribkjet cntn nrjnvn`bngbj anvj nha`jvjc taj linb. If tajrjkn`e`el 6<, ieby >1 anvj n liic hanehj ifnttn`e`el taj linb gy 7=>: (gut eit 7==:) gnsjcie taj`r bjvjb if prilrjss `e taj >00=s nec taj`rrjbnt`vj c`stnehj frik taj tnrljt L]@ e 7===.If taj rjkn`e`el 30, oust fjwjr tane :=% nrj `esug-Xnanrne Nfr`hn. Sajrj nrj nbsi n eukgjr ifhiuetr`js `e Bnt`e Nkjr`hn nec taj Hnr`ggjnewajrj taj L]@ `s `e fnviur if l`rbs.

Ljecjr-c`snllrjlntjc cntn ie sjhiecnryjcuhnt`ie `s bjss rjnc`by nvn`bngbj. Sajpnrt`h`pnt`ie rntjs fir l`rbs nrj `ehrjns`el gut `trjkn`es truj tant wajrj tajrj nrj knoir ljecjrc`spnr`t`js `e pr`knry jcuhnt`ie, ta`s `s nkpb`f`jcnt taj sjhiecnry bjvjb4 ajehj sikj if taj biwjstbjvjbs if sjhiecnry jeribkjet fir l`rbs nrj `eHjetrnb nec \jst Nfr`hn.

Saj linb fir 7==: `s pnrt`hubnrby hanbbjel`el.Aiwjvjr, pib`h`js nrj nvn`bngbj tant hne anvjs`le`f`hnet kpnht ie taj jeribkjet necrjtjetie if l`rbs `e shaiib ivjr taj sairt tjrk.Sajsj nrj `ssujs tant w`bb gj n hjetrnb tajkjfir taj 7==8 Lbignb Kie`tir`el Wjpirt.

Ncubt b`tjrnhySaj kjne`el if b`tjrnhy ans cjvjbipjc rnc`hnbbys`ehj taj \irbc Hiefjrjehj ie Jcuhnt`ie fir Nbb`e Oikt`je `e >00=. Hiehj`vjc eiw `e taj pburnbns ‑b`tjrnh`js‐, nec jkgjccjc `e n rnelj if b`fjnec b`vjb`aiic s`tunt`ies, b`tjrnhy c`ffjrsnhhirc`el ti purpisj, hietjxt, usj, shr`pt nec`est`tut`ienb frnkjwird. Gut ts hiehjptunbncvnehjkjet ans eit gjje knthajc gy tajpr`ir`ty nhhircjc ti `t `e pib`hy nec rjsiurhjnbbihnt`ie, e pnrt gjhnusj kney livjrekjetspjrhj`vj taj jxpnes`ie if pr`knry jcuhnt`ie nstaj kn`e cr`vjr fir taj jrnc`hnt`ie if bb`tjrnhy.

Ejvjrtajbjss, prilrjss tiwnrcs a`lajrpripirt`ies if b`tjrntj kje nec wikje ivjrtaj nlj if >: `s tnd`el pbnhj, nbgj`t sbiwby. Frikriulaby <=% ncubt b`tjrnhy `e >01=, taj f`lurj`ehrjnsjc ti 1=% `e 7===. @e ngsibutj eukgjrs,taj ln`es nrj kicjst, frik 1<= k`bb`ie pjipbjcjf`ejc ns `bb`tjrntj `e >01=, ti 167 k`bb`ie `e7===, rjfbjht`el a`la rntjs if pipubnt`ie lriwtaivjr taj bnst 7= yjnrs. Saj ljecjr lnp `s w`cjnec enrriw`el ieby sbiwby. Swi-ta`rcs if taj`bb`tjrntj pipubnt`ie nrj wikje.

If taj jst`kntjc 167 k`bb`ie `bb`tjrntj pjipbj `e7===, ivjr iej-ta`rc b`vj `e @ec`n. Ha`en, ]nd`stnenec Gnelbncjsa hikg`ejc, nhhiuetjc fir nfurtajr 7<%, si tant 6>% if pjipbj wai bnhdb`tjrnhy b`vj `e fiur if taj wirbc‐s a`la-pipubnt`iehiuetr`js. Gnsjc ie hurrjet trjecs t sjst`kntjc tant tajsj fiur hiuetr`js w`bb anvj nenbkist `cjet`hnb sanrj if taj 1== k`bb`ie pjipbjtant `t `s priojhtjc w`bb rjkn`e `bb`tjrntj `e tajyjnr 7=>:, nssuk`el tant pib`h`js nec hietjxtscie‐t hanelj.

@f taj nenbys`s `s rjstr`htjc ti yiuta b`tjrnhy

(>:‘73 yjnrs ibcs) nec jvje nssuk`el jxpnes`ie`e pr`knry jcuhnt`ie, `t `s priojhtjc tant tajrjw`bb gj >=< k`bb`ie yiuel pjipbj wai w`bb gj`bb`tjrntj `e 7=>: (if wa`ha 6< k`bb`ie w`bb gjfjknbj) hikpnrjc w`ta >3= k`bb`ie `e 7===(16 k`bb`ie fjknbj).

Gnsjc ie ne nenbys`s if 0< hiuetr`js w`ta ncubtb`tjrnhy rntjs if gjbiw 0:% `e 7===, >1 anvj na`la hanehj if kjjt`el taj Cndnr linb gnsjc ietaj rntj if prilrjss nha`jvjc `e taj >00=s. If tajrjkn`e`el <0, 3= anvj b`tjrnhy rntjs gjbiw <=%

7 = =JFN Lbignb

Kie`tir`el Wjpirt

Saj kjne`elif b`tjrnhy anscjvjbipjcrnc`hnbby s`ehjtaj \irbcHiefjrjehj ieJcuhnt`ie fir Nbb`e Oikt`je `e>00=.

If taj jst`kntjc167 k`bb`ie

`bb`tjrntj pjipbj`e 7===, ivjriej-ta`rc b`vj`e @ec`n.

<. Saj ljecjr pnr`ty `ecjx (L]@)`s taj rnt`i gjtwjje giys‐ necl`rbs‐ jeribkjet rnt`is.]nr`ty;>.

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Jnrby ha`bcaiichnrj nec

jcuhnt`ie `s na`laby c`vjrsj

nrjn if bjnre`elwa`ha bnhds liichikpnrnt`vj cntn

nec w`cjbynhhjptjc

`ec`hntirs.

1

nec ie rjhjet rntjs if prilrjss w`bb eit nha`jvjtaj Cndnr linb. Swjety-twi if tajsj hiuetr`jsnrj `e sug-Xnanrne Nfr`hn, j`lat `e taj NrngXtntjs nec Eirta Nfr`hn nec fiur `e Xiuta nec\jst Ns`n.

Saj firtahik`el Ze`tjc Ent`ies B`tjrnhy Cjhncj(7==8‘7=>7) `s ne `kpirtnet ippirtue`ty ti fihusie b`tjrnhy nec ti `kprivj `ts nssjsskjet neckie`tir`el. \ird ie n hikkie etjrent`ienbnpprinha wiubc rjprjsjet ne `kpirtnet ncvnehj`e knpp`el prilrjss nln`est taj igojht`vj nlrjjc`e Cndnr.

Jnrby ha`bcaiic hnrj nec jcuhnt`ie

Saj jxtjet if jnrby ha`bcaiic hnrj nec jcuhnt`ie(JHHJ) `s st`bb rjbnt`vjby uehanrtjc tjrr`tiry. Sa`s`s n a`laby c`vjrsj nrjn if bjnre`el wa`ha bnhdsliic hikpnrnt`vj cntn nec w`cjby nhhjptjc`ec`hntirs. @t ehbucjs bjnre`el ippirtue`t`js tantrnelj frik firknb prj-shaiibs e taj ent`ienbjcuhnt`ie systjk, v`n d`ecjrlnrtjes nec itajrhjetrjs, wajrj hnrj, pbny nec jcuhnt`ie li anec`e anec, ti kirj `efirknb, iftje aikj gnsjcnht`v`t`js. Kist ent`ienb JHHJ pib`h`js fihus ie

jxpnec`el nec kpriv`el nhhjss ti prj-pr`knryhnrj nec jcuhnt`ie fir ha`bcrje nljc tarjj necivjr, gnsjc ie taj deiwbjclj tant taj bjnre`eliuthikjs if pr`knry jcuhnt`ie nrj kprivjcwaje bjnre`el cur`el taj jnrby yjnrs if b`fjprjhjcjs rjlubnr shaiib`el.

\a`bj JHHJ hiet`eujs ti gj strielby `cjet`f`jcw`ta taisj w`ta fubb t`kj jkpbiykjet `e urgnenrjns, `ehrjnselby `t `s gj`el sjje ns n prihjssif sih`nb `ehbus`ie fir c`sncvnetnljc ha`bcrje nectaj`r kitajrs. \ajrj rjsiurhjs nrj shnrhj tajkirj b`djby `t `s tant priv`s`ie `s aikj irhikkue`ty gnsjc.

Frik n b`k`tjc cntngnsj, wa`ha `s pr`knr`bycjshr`pt`vj if livjrekjet-nck`e`stjrjcprilrnkkjs, `t `s hbjnr tant sikj hiuetr`js cinhhirc JHHJ a`la pr`ir`ty `e taj`r jcuhnt`iestrntjl`js. Ne nenbys`s if jeribkjet euec`ffjrjet`ntjc JHHJ prilrnkkjs `e >73hiuetr`js `e >000/7=== saiws 7: stntjs w`taLJWs if ivjr :=%, 86 hiuetr`js uecjr 7=%, necn furtajr 7= gjbiw :%, tarjj qunrtjrs if wa`hawjrj `e sug-Xnanrne Nfr`hn.

\a`bj tajrj `s sikj jv`cjehj ti pi`et ti ne`ehrjnsj `e JHHJ `e gita cjvjbipjc neccjvjbip`el hiuetr`js, n knoir nec wirry`el trjeccur`el taj >00=s wns taj cjhb`ej `e jeribkjets`e Jnstjre Juripj nec Hjetrnb Ns`n. Dnzndastneanc n LJW if <7.8% `e >00= gut >>.3% `e >0004Gublnr`n fjbb ti 6<.7% frik 0>.6% nec Ljirl`nfrik :0% ti 8<%.

Bjnre`el ejjcs if nbb yiuelpjipbj nec ncubts

Saj Cndnr linb hivjrs n dnbj`ciship`h nrjn if

bjnre`el, w`ta hbisj b`eds ti taj linb ie b`tjrnhynec hiet`eu`el jcuhnt`ie fir ncubts. Nhikprjajes`vj p`hturj if want `s anppje`elwirbcw`cj `s eit yjt piss`gbj, `e pnrt gjhnusjtajrj nrj uerjsibvjc hiehjptunb `ssujs. \a`bjtaj enturj if b`fjbiel bjnre`el ans gjjejbuh`cntjc fir kney yjnrs, taj kjne`el if b`fjsd`bbs rjkn`es taj sugojht if kuha cjgntj. @encc`t`ie, typibil`js if prilrnkkjs, bjvjbs ifpnrt`h`pnt`ie nec nssjsskjets if bjnre`eliuthikjs nrj b`k`tjc nec, uecjrstnecngby, nrjusunbby spjh`f`h ti ec`v`cunb hiuetr`js.

Aiwjvjr, tajrj `s n lriw`el gicy if deiwbjcljie bjnre`el fir sustn`engbj b`vjb`aiics, nec ietaj `kpirtnehj if ljejr`h sd`bbs `ehbuc`elhikkue`hnt`ie nec prigbjk-sibv`el. Sajrj `snbsi n kuha hbjnrjr rjhile`t`ie tant `t `sjssjet`nb tant ncubt bjnre`el nec b`fj-sd`bbsprilrnkkjs crnw taj`r rn`sie c‐ïtrj frik n wjbbcjf`ejc cjknec tant rjfbjhts pjipbj‐s w`sajs tibjnc kirj fubf`bb`el nec pricuht`vj b`vjs.

Kie`tir`el ta`s nrjn if taj Cndnr Frnkjwirdrjqu`rjs wird ti nenbysj taj rjsubts if tip`h,tnrljt lriup nec hiuetry-spjh`f`h stuc`js iftaj sirt ti wa`ha ta`s Wjpirt kndjs vjry gr`jfrjfjrjehj.

Jcuhnt`ie qunb`ty

Sa`s hikpis`tj linb `s cjs`lejc ti jesurj tanttaj qunb`ty if jcuhnt`ie rjhj`vjs taj nttjet`ietant kney fjjb tant `t fn`bjc ti rjhj`vj cur`el taj>00=s. Jehikpnss`el nbb if taj Cndnr linbs, `t `s`etjecjc ti l`vj ejw `kpjtus nec wj`lat ti tajprikit`ie if qunb`ty `e jcuhnt`ie. Aiwjvjr, ntprjsjet taj ng`b`ty ti kie`tir taj qunb`ty if

Xukknry

Saj firtahik`elZe`tjc Ent`iesB`tjrnhy Cjhncj

(7==8‘7=>7) `s ne`kpirtnet

ippirtue`ty tifihus ie b`tjrnhy

nec ti `kprivjnssjsskjet nec

kie`tir`el.

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jcuhnt`ie `s b`k`tjc nec tajrj `s n ajnvy rjb`nehjie prix`js ns c`st`eht frik n truj nssjsskjet ifbjnre`el iuthikjs. @e ta`s hietjxt, ta`s Wjpirtrjstr`hts `tsjbf ti n vjry prjb`k`enry biid nt tajqunb`ty if pr`knry shaiib`el.

Bjvjbs if `evjstkjet `e pr`knry jcuhnt`ie l`vjn pnrt`nb `es`lat `eti taj nttjet`ie wa`ha qunb`ty`s rjhj`v`el. N hikpnr`sie if bjvjbs if hurrjetjxpjec`turj nec pr`knry jeribkjets ivjr tajpjr`ic >0<:‘>000 sulljst tant ncc`t`ienb`evjstkjet e sug-Xnanrne Nfr`hn nec Xiutanec \jst Ns`n ans gjje cjvitjc pr`knr`by tijxpnec`el jeribkjets wajrjns `e Bnt`e Nkjr`hn

nec taj Hnr`ggjne, Jnst Ns`n nec taj ]nh`f`h, nectaj Nrng Xtntjs nec Eirta Nfr`hn, ncc`t`ienbrjsiurhjs anvj gjje spjet ie a`lajr bjvjbs ifspjec`el pjr stucjet. @e ta`s sjhiec lriup, pup`btjnhajr rnt`is anvj crippjc nec stng`b`zjc ntnriuec 7:. @e Xiuta nec \jst Ns`n tajrj ansgjje n ciwewnrc trjec frik npprix`kntjby 3:,wa`bj `e sug-Xnanrne Nfr`hn n ciwewnrc trjecans gjje rjvjrsjc, r`s`el tiwnrcs 3= stucjetspjr tjnhajr. Sajsj f`lurjs a`cj jeirkiusvnr`nt`ies nhriss nec w`ta`e hiuetr`js.

\jbb-trnejc tjnhajrs nrj hr`t`hnb fir liic qunb`ty

pr`knry jcuhnt`ie nec kirj nrj ejjcjc.Jst`kntjs if taj eukgjr if ncc`t`ienb tjnhajrstant w`bb gj ejjcjc wirbcw`cj ti nha`jvj Z]Jgy 7=>: rnelj frik >: ti 8: k`bb`ie. N k`e`kukif 8 k`bb`ie `s ejjcjc `e sug-Xnanrne Nfr`hn.Gut taj eukgjr if tjnhajrs tant `t `s piss`gbjti jkpbiy cjpjecs `e pnrt ie hist, wa`ha `skjc`ntjc gy snbnry bjvjbs. @f snbnr`js nrj tiia`la ta`s w`bb hiestrn`e hnpnh`ty nec `f tajy nrjtii biw taje nhhjss, jqu`ty nec qunb`ty nbb suffjr.

A`la bjvjbs if lrncj rjpjt`t`ie nec crip iut pi`etti biw bjvjbs if systjk jff`h`jehy nec qunb`ty if

bjnre`el. @e kirj tane :=% if hiuetr`js `e sug-Xnanrne Nfr`hn, kirj tane iej stucjet `e tjerjpjnts nt bjnst iej lrncj `e pr`knry shaiib.Nec kney stuc`js saiw tant rjpjntjrs ci eitbjnre frik cupb`hnt`ie nec j`tajr djjp ierjpjnt`el ir crip iut.

Sajsj nec itajr `eput nec prihjss ec`hntirsnrj kpirtnet, gut if lriw`el s`le`f`hnehj shikpnrnt`vj jv`cjehj if bjnre`el iuthikjs,jxprjssjc `e tjrks if stnecnrcs, nttn`ekjet necwant stucjets rjnbby bjnre. @t s survjys1 if taj

bnst if tajsj tant iffjr taj kist prik`s`elsiurhj if pib`hy-rjbjvnet efirknt`ie, pnrt`hubnrbywaje tajy nrj f`ej-tuejc ti taj pnrt`hubnr pib`hyhanbbjeljs if taj hiuetr`js `evibvjc. Sa`s typj ifjv`cjehj w`bb gj hr`t`hnb ti taj futurj kie`tir`elif qunb`ty, eit ieby `e firknb systjks gut nbsinhriss taj fubb spjhtruk if JFN.

Hanptjr 8.

]bnee`el fir JFN

JFN ent`ienb nht`ie pbnes@f taj jxpjhtnt`ie frik taj \irbc Jcuhnt`ieFiruk wns tant tajrj wiubc gj n sjt if f`ejbyaiejc, hikprjajes`vj ent`ienb JFN nht`ie pbnesgy taj jec if 7==7, tant wiubc priv`cj taj gns`sfir ne jnrby c`nbiluj w`ta `etjrent`ienb nljeh`jsfir jeanehjc bjvjbs if fuec`el, taje tant tnrljtans eit gjje kjt. Gnsjc ie jv`cjehj tant saiubcgj trjntjc w`ta taj utkist hnut`ie, 77 hiuetr`js,:=% `e sug-Xnanrne Nfr`hn, nrj rjpirtjc ti gjhikpbjt`el ent`ienb JFN nht`ie pbnes gy taj jecif ta`s yjnr, nbtaiula tajsj nrj eit ejhjssnr`by

pbnes tant anvj gjje nciptjc gy livjrekjets nstaj gns`s fir gucljtnry nbbihnt`ies ti tajjcuhnt`ie sjhtir, eir nrj tajy ejhjssnr`byhikprjajes`vj `e enturj.

@f n grincjr `etjrprjtnt`ie if pbnee`el fir JFN `susjc, wajrjgy hiuetr`js nrj rjv`s`t`el taj`r linbsnec tnrljts fir JFN, gu`bc`el ie jx`st`el pbnesnec strntjl`js, nec prikit`el JFN e itajrpbnee`el prihjssjs, ehbuc`el ]ivjrty Wjcuht`vjXtrntjly ]npjrs (]WX]s), taje tajrj `s nstrieljr stiry ti gj tibc `e n kuha bnrljr lriupif hiuetr`js.

@e sikj `estnehjs, sjpnrntj JFN pbnee`el tantcrnws ts bjl`t`knhy frik taj \irbc Jcuhnt`ieFiruk nppjnrs ti rue taj r`sd if cupb`hnt`el irruee`el pnrnbbjb w`ta jx`st`el jcuhnt`ie pbnee`elprihjssjs. Hievjrsjby, e sikj hnsjs, Cndnr ansl`vje `kpjtus ti JFN gj`el l`vje lrjntjr pr`ir`ty`e ent`ienb cjvjbipkjet cjgntj nec pib`hycjvjbipkjet.

Ne nenbys`s if s`xtjje fubb ]WX]s `ec`hntjs tantZ]J `s hbjnrby cjb`ejntjc `e nbb gut iej hnsj guttant ieby sjvje hiuetr`js rjtn`ejc taj JFN/KCL

7 = =JFN Lbignb

Kie`tir`el Wjpirt

Xjpnrntj JFNpbnee`el tant crn`ts bjl`t`knhy frik

taj \irbcJcuhnt`ie Firuknppjnrs ti rue tar`sd if cupb`hnt`elir ruee`el pnrnbbjw`ta jx`st`eljcuhnt`ie pbnee`eprihjssjs.

1. Fir jxnkpbj4 S@KXX? Sa`rc@etjrent`ienb Kntajknt`hs necXh`jehj Xtucy4 ]@WBX? ]rilrjss`e Wjnc`el B`tjrnhy Xtucy4XNHKJ^? Xiutajre Nfr`hnHiesirt`uk fir Kie`tir`elJcuhnt`ienb ^unb`ty4 ]NXJH?]rilrnkkj c‐Nenbysj cjsXystjkjs Jcuhnt`fs cjs pnyscj bn HIEFJKJE4 KBN?Kie`tir`el Bjnre`elNha`jvjkjet4 ]@XN? ]rilrnkkjfir @etjrent`ienb XtucjetNha`jvjkjet.

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linb fir jb`k`ent`el ljecjr c`spnr`t`js `e pr`knrynec sjhiecnry jcuhnt`ie. Bjnre`el ippirtue`t`jsfir yiuta nec ncubts wns rnedjc sjhiec `e`kpirtnehj. N sjpnrntj nenbys`s if rjhjetjcuhnt`ie JFN nec sjhtir pbnes fir ta`rty-iejhiuetr`js hikjs ti n s`k`bnr pnttjre ifhiehbus`ies.

\ajtajr `e JFN pbnes, sjhtir pbnes ir ]WX]s,tajrj `s iftje n wjnd b`ed gjtwjje taj c`nleis`sif jcuhnt`ie nec pivjrty ie taj iej anec nectaj jcuhnt`ie iuthikjs nec nht`ies tant nrjpripisjc ie taj itajr. Sa`s `s pnrt`hubnrbyeit`hjngbj `e rjbnt`ie ti ljecjr. @t `s nbsi truj

tant cjtn`bjc hist`el fir jcuhnt`ie s rjbnt`vjbyrnrj `e ]WX]s nec `e JFN nec/ir sjhtir pbnes.

Saj \irbc Jcuhnt`ie Firuk wns hbjnr tantlivjrekjets saiubc jelnlj w`ta n kuha w`cjrhiestjbbnt`ie if pjipbj `e sanp`el pib`hy necpbnee`el fir JFN. \ird `s uecjr wny gy `etjrent`ienb ELIs ti nssjss wajtajr ta`s s anppje`el.@t `s hjrtn`eby eit jnsy ti kndj oucljkjets friklivjrekjet cihukjetnt`ie nbiej. \a`bj tajrj ssikj jv`cjehj ti sulljst tant tajrj ans gjje ne`ehrjnsj e firknb sjt-p`jhj hiesubtnt`ie,`ehbuc`el tariula taj jstngb`sakjet if JFN

Firuks, `t `s kuha bjss hbjnr wajtajr ta`stjhae`hnb jelnljkjet w`ta h`v`b sih`jty `sjxtjec`el ti n kuha kirj ipje nec ieli`elpib`t`hnb prihjss. \ajrj ta`s `s ihhur`el tajrjnrj vnbungbj bjssies ti gj bjnrejc.

]bnee`el fir A@V/N@CX

Sajrj s ehrjns`el jv`cjehj tant pbnee`el tinha`jvj taj JFN linbs kust tndj nhhiuet ifA@V/N@CX nec tant taj sprjnc nec etjes`f`hnt`ieif taj pnecjk`h w`bb eit gj prjvjetjc `e tajngsjehj if prilrjss tiwnrcs JFN. Sa`s `s nejxtrjkjby `kpirtnet kjssnlj `e n wirbc wajrj3= k`bb`ie ncubts nec ha`bcrje b`vj w`ta N@CX,nec wajrj taj eukgjr if irpanes w`bb hiet`eujti lriw frik taj jst`kntjc bjvjb if >3 k`bb`ieha`bcrje `e 7==>.

Sajrj `s ne `kpirtnet nec jxpnec`el `etjr-ent`ienb rjsiurhj ti fnh`b`tntj ejw wnys ifpbnee`el `ehbuc`el taj wird if taj ZEN@CX @etjr-Nljehy Snsd Sjnk ie Jcuhnt`ie, ejw pbnee`eltiibs nec rjsiurhj ue`ts `e sug-Xnanrne Nfr`hnnec eeivnt`vj eie-livjrekjetnb nbb`nehjs.

]bnee`el ti hikgnt hiefb`ht,c`snstjr nec `estng`b`ty

Nt bjnst <8 hiuetr`js nrj uecjrli`el ne `etjrenbhr`s`s ir nrj jelnljc `e pist-hr`s`s rjhiestruht`ie.]bnee`el wirdngbj strntjl`js fir JFN `e tajsjh`rhukstnehjs s cjknec`el nec a`laby hietjxt-spjh`f`h. @t ehbucjs eit kjrjby taj sustjenehjif cnknljc shaiib systjks, gut nbsi tajcjvjbipkjet if sd`bbs fir hiefb`ht rjsibut`ie necpjnhj, nec prjpnr`el fir rjhiestruht`ie necsih`nb nec jhieik`h cjvjbipkjet.

Saj jxpjr`jehjs if Nflane`stne, Nrljet`en,

Disivi, taj ]nbjst`e`ne Nutieikius Sjrr`tir`jsnec Jnst S`kir `ec`hntj taj ejjc fir wjbb-cjs`lejc jkjrljehy pbnee`el nec prilrnkk`elti kjjt `kkjc`ntj nec sairt-tjrk ejjcs, nswjbb ns strntjl`js ti prjpnrj taj lriuec firbieljr-tjrk rjhiestruht`ie nec cjvjbipkjet. Nsyjt, `etjrent`ienb nljeh`js anvj eit fiuec `t jnsyti gr`el tiljtajr tajsj twi etjrrjbntjc strnecsif jcuhnt`ie pbnee`el nec prnht`hj, eir ti jkgjcta`s wird `e taj w`cjr prihjssjs if hiefb`htrjsibut`ie.

Ejvjrtajbjss, tajrj `s ne `kpirtnet nec lriw`el

gicy if wird cjs`lejc ti suppirt pbnee`el firjcuhnt`ie e hr`s`s s`tunt`ies. Saj @etjr-NljehyEjtwird fir Jcuhnt`ie e Jkjrljeh`js (@EJJ)nec taj wird if ZE@HJF nec ZEAHW ie tajlriuec nrj `kpirtnet `e ta`s rjlnrc.

Hrjc`gbj pbnee`el, hrjc`gbj pbnes

Nt taj \irbc Jcuhnt`ie Firuk `t wns nlrjjc tantei hiuetry sjr`iusby hikk`ttjc ti jcuhnt`ie firnbb w`bb gj tawnrtjc gy n bnhd if rjsiurhjs. Sajjx`stjehj if n hrjc`gbj pbne wns pis`tjc ns iej`ec`hntir if hikk`tkjet, nec n prjrjqu`s`tj fir

jxtjrenb fuec`el.

X`x s`le`f`hnet nspjhts if hrjc`g`b`ty nrj ln`e`ellriuec, pnrtby ns n rjsubt if taj \irbc Jcuhnt`ieFiruk. Saj f`rst `s tant `f pbnee`el `s hiehj`vjcns n purjby tjhae`hnb nec npib`t`hnb prihjss t`s ueb`djby ti sjrvj piir nec c`sncvnetnljcpjipbj wjbb. Xjhiec, pbnee`el saiubc eit gjh`rhukshr`gjc gy nlj, taj c`ffjrjet`nb ehikjif bjnrejrs ir gy n pnrt`hubnr hyhbj if jcuhnt`ie.Sa`rc, ljecjr rjspies`vj pbnee`el s jssjet`nb.Fiurta, pbnee`el kust gj ehbus`vj nec

Xukknry

Nt bjnst <8hiuetr`js nrj

uecjrli`el ne`etjrenb hr`s`s irnrj jelnljc `e

pist-hr`s`srjhiestruht`ie.

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rjspies`vj ti cjknec nec ti c`vjrs`ty. F`fta,pr`ir`t`js saiubc gj sjt nec strntjl`js fubby-histjc. F`enbby, c`nbiluj w`ta fuec`el nljeh`js`ehrjns`elby fihusjs upie iuthikjs (rntajr tanenht`v`t`js), rjqu`r`el wjbb-cjf`ejc ec`hntirs tanthne gj kie`tirjc nec jvnbuntjc oi`etby.

C`ffjrjet nljeh`js anvj c`ffjrjet pr`ir`t`js necnpprinhajs ti pbnee`el. ZEJXHI prikitjs tajJFN ent`ienb nht`ie pbne. Saj \irbc Gnedpr`ir`t`zjs Z]J nec `s fihus`el ie strntjl`js fir`ts nttn`ekjet. Xikj g`bntjrnb nljeh`js pr`ir`t`zjtaj KCLs, us`el priojhts ir gucljt suppirt. Sa`sbnhd if `etjrent`ienb hiesjesus `s n anec`hnp fir

taj jffjht`vj c`nbiluj ejjcjc nt hiuetry bjvjb.

Hanptjr 3.

Wjsiurhj rjqu`rjkjetsfir rjnha`el JFN

Saj hists if nha`jv`el taj JFN linbs nec tajnvn`bng`b`ty if rjsiurhjs ti sjhurj tajk nrj b`djbyti anvj n cjh`s`vj `efbujehj upie wajtajr tajlinbs nrj rjnhajc. Si uecjrstnec taj bjvjb nec

taj enturj if tajsj hists rjqu`rjs hnrjfubhiuetry-gy-hiuetry nenbys`s, gut taj nvn`bngbjrjsiurhj rjqu`rjkjet priojht`ies nrj `encjquntjns jvje n riula lu`cj ti nssjss ivjrnbb pugb`hjxpjec`turj ejjcs nec taj bjvjbs if jxtjrenb n`ctant w`bb gj rjqu`rjc. Fir sikj if taj JFN linbstaj cntn nrj vjry wjnd ir s`kpby eit nvn`bngbj.

Fir Z]J nec taj jb`k`ent`ieif ljecjr c`spnr`t`js

Aiwjvjr, stuc`js ti jst`kntj taj rjsiurhjrjqu`rjkjets if nha`jv`el taj Z]J linb `ecjvjbip`el hiuetr`js anvj gjje hikpbjtjc etaj bnst twi ir tarjj yjnrs gy ZEJXHI, ZE@HJFnec taj \irbc Gned. Jnha if tajk ut`b`zjchiuetry-bjvjb cntn gut taj`r nssukpt`ies necnpprinhajs ti jst`knt`el rjqu`rjc pugb`hjxpjec`turjs ie pr`knry shaiib`el c`ffjrjc.Fir 36 cjvjbip`el hiuetr`js `ehbucjc `e jnhastucy, taj \irbc Gned‐s priojhtjc ncc`t`ienbrjqu`rjc jxpjec`turjs nrj sikj <=%‘0:% a`lajrtane taj itajr twi stuc`js nec nkiuet ti sikjZX$1.3 g`bb`ie.

Saj Gned stucy `s taj ieby iej if taj tarjj tipriv`cj jst`kntjs if bjvjbs if jxtjrenb fuec`elrjqu`rjc ti nha`jvj Z]J gy 7=>:. @t priojhts tanttaj rjqu`rjkjet w`bb rue nt ne nvjrnlj bjvjb ifZX$7.: g`bb`ie ivjr taj f`ftjje-yjnr pjr`ic(nbtaiula `t w`bb pjnd nt ZX$3.: g`bb`ie `e 7=>:).Xug-Xnanrne Nfr`hn w`bb rjqu`rj 1:% if ta`snss`stnehj. F`vj hiuetr`js0 nrj jst`kntjc ti anvjf`eneh`el lnps if kirj tane ZX$>== k`bb`ie pjrneeuk wa`ha rjprjsjets 37% if taj jxtjrenbfuec`el rjqu`rjkjet. Neitajr sjvje>= nrjpriojhtjc ti rjqu`rj, ie nvjrnlj, ZX$:=‘$>==k`bb`ie pjr neeuk. Sajsj hnbhubnt`ies nrj gnsjc

`e bnrlj kjnsurj ie taj ng`b`ty if cjvjbip`elhiuetr`js ti ljejrntj rjsiurhjs tariulajhieik`h lriwta nec f`shnb rjfirk. Xikj iftajsj nssukpt`ies nppjnr ti gj ipt`k`st`h. @f ta`sprivjs ti gj taj hnsj taj rjsiurhj lnp `e 7=>:hiubc gj nt bjnst ciugbj taj Gned‐s jst`kntj.

Jnha if taj stuc`js fihusjs upie taj suppby s`cj.Aiwjvjr, taj rjkivnb if ljecjr ejqunb`t`jsrjqu`rjs n striel cjknec-s`cj rjspiesj,jspjh`nbby fir taj piirjst aiusjaibcs e biw-`ehikj hiuetr`js. Jffjht`vj `ehjet`vjprilrnkkjs fir l`rbs ‘ ir kirj ljejrnbby,

ha`bcrje frik piirjr aiusjaibcs ‘ k`lat nccnt bjnst :% ti taj nvjrnlj ue`t hists if pr`knryshaiib`el wa`ha, `f nppb`jc ti taj \irbc Gned‐snenbys`s, wiubc trnesbntj eti ZX$>.8 g`bb`ie jxtrnpugb`h spjec`el gy 7=>:, ncc`el ngiutZX$=.3‘$=.6 g`bb`ie ti taj nvjrnlj neeunbjxpjec`turjs rjqu`rjc.

Fir A@V/N@CX

Saj A@V/N@CX pnecjk`h nbsi ans `kpb`hnt`ies firtaj bjvjb if rjsiurhjs ejjcjc fir jcuhnt`ie necfir aiusjaibc hists. A@V/N@CX `s b`djby ti rjcuhj

taj ivjrnbb rjsiurhj jevjbipj fir jcuhnt`ie necnffjht taj nbbihnt`ie if nvn`bngbj rjsiurhjs w`ta`etaj sjhtir. @t ans hist `kpb`hnt`ies fir bjnrejrs,fir jcuhntirs nec fir taj cjvjbipkjet if ejwjcuhnt`ie prilrnkkjs rjspies`vj ti A@V/[email protected]`t`ienb hists nrj b`djby ti gj `ehurrjc frik tajtrn`e`el nec taj snbnr`js if ncc`t`ienb tjnhajrs,taj priv`s`ie if cjnta gjejf`ts, etricuh`elA@V/N@CX tariulaiut taj shaiib hurr`hubuk,knenl`el systjk`h hanelj, `ehrjns`elhiuesjbb`el sjrv`hjs nec priv`c`el ehjet`vjsti nttjec shaiib.

7 = =JFN Lbignb

Kie`tir`el Wjpirt

Bnhd if`etjrent`ienbhiesjesus `s nanec`hnp fir tajjffjht`vj c`nbilujejjcjc nthiuetry bjvjb.

Saj rjsiurhj lnp`e 7=>: hiubc gjnt bjnst ciugbjtaj \irbc Gned‐sjst`kntj.

0. Cjkihrnt`h Wjpugb`h iftaj Hieli, Jta`ip`n, E`ljr`n,]nd`stne nec Xucne.

>=. Hnkjriie, Hótj c‐@vi`rj,Knb`, E`ljr, Xjejlnb, Zlnecn,Ze`tjc Wjpugb`h if Snezne`n.

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Saj \irbc Gned‐s Z]J nenbys`s cijscjkiestrntj tant A@V/N@CX nccs sugstnet`nbbyti ivjrnbb jcuhnt`ie hists. @t sulljsts tant `ehiuetr`js suha ns Wwnecn, Knbnw` nec _nkg`ntaj ehrjkjetnb hists cuj ti A@V/N@CX w`bb`ehrjnsj rjhurrjet gucljts gy kirj tane 3:%.Aiwjvjr, `t `s prigngbj tant taj gucljtnry `kpnhtif N@CX `s jvje kirj crnknt`h. Sa`s Wjpirtjst`kntjs tant taj titnb ncc`t`ienb neeunb histsif taj jp`cjk`h fir taj nha`jvjkjet if ue`vjrsnbpr`knry jcuhnt`ie ns ZX$0<: k`bb`ie pjr yjnr,hikpnrjc ti ZX$:6= k`bb`ie jst`kntjc `e tajGned‐s s`kubnt`ies. Saj hist kpb`hnt`ies if

A@V/N@CX nrj si jxtjes`vj nec si pjrvns`vj tanttajy kny sjrvj gjttjr tane neyta`el jbsj ticjkiestrntj taj urljehy if pritjht`el tajjcuhnt`ie sjhtir nln`est taj rnvnljs if tajjp`cjk`h nec if us`el taj pitjet`nb if jcuhnt`ieti jxtjec lrjntjr pritjht`ie ti sih`jty.

Fir hiefb`ht, c`snstjr nec `estng`b`ty

Wjhjet a`stiry wiubc sulljst tant nt bjnst fiurir f`vj hiuetr`js nrj b`djby ti fnhj knoir hikpbjxaukne`tnr`ne jkjrljeh`js cur`el taj hiursj iftaj ejxt cjhncj, w`ta kney kirj jxpjr`jeh`el

c`snstjr, hiefb`ht nec itajr typjs if estng`b`ty.@e nbb if tajsj hiuetr`js taj hists if nha`jv`eltaj JFN linbs w`bb gj lrjntjr tane want `shurrjetby prjc`htjc, ns `efrnstruhturj, suppb`jsnec aukne rjsiurhjs wiubc gj c`k`e`sajc.Kirjivjr, taj kjnes if kjjt`el tajsj hists w`bbgj rjcuhjc gy cjhb`e`el `ehikj fbiws, gy auknecjnta nec c`spbnhjkjet, nec gy taj rjnbbihnt`ieif pitjet`nbby nvn`bngbj rjsiurhjs frik jcuhnt`ieti itajr, jqunbby prjss`el, cjknecs.

@f taj `kpnht if suha jvjets wjrj ti `ehrjnsj tajncc`t`ienb neeunb hists if rjnha`el Z]J gy 7:%

`e fiur ir f`vj hiuetr`js, gjtwjje ZX$=.3‘ZX$=.:g`bb`ie wiubc gj nccjc ti taj nvjrnlj neeunbhists if Z]J nhriss nbb hiuetr`js. Sa`s wiubc`ehrjnsj taj priojhtjc titnb hists gy 7% ti 8%,gut f taj nffjhtjc hiuetr`js wjrj nkiel taisjtant nrj jxpjhtjc ti fnhj f`eneh`el lnps, `t wiubcrjprjsjet ne `ehrjnsj `e taj Gned‐s priojhtjcfuec`el rjqu`rjkjet gy nriuec iej-f`fta.

Saj `kpnht if `etricuh`el n bjss cjknec`elnljecn fir cikjst`h rjvjeuj lriwta nec f`shnbrjfirk `e rjh`p`jet hiuetr`js `ehrjnsjs tajneeunb nvjrnlj jxtjrenb f`eneh`el lnp priojhtjcgy taj \irbc Gned stucy frik ZX$7.: g`bb`ie tiZX$3.7 g`bb`ie. Saj `ehbus`ie if taj furtajrrjsiurhj rjqu`rjkjets fir jeaneh`el l`rbs‐jeribkjets, nec taj hists if A@V/N@CX nec ifsuppirt ti jcuhnt`ie e hiuetr`js jxpjr`jeh`elhiefb`ht nec jkjrljehy ehrjnsj taj knle`tucjif taj jxtjrenb rjsiurhjs rjqu`rjc gy nencc`t`ienb ZX$>.3 g`bb`ie, ti n titnb if ZX$:.6g`bb`ie pjr yjnr. Sa`s jst`kntj `s fir ieby iej ‘

nbgj`t taj kist histby ‘ pnrt if taj JFN nljecnnec `s gnsjc ie ne nenbys`s if 3< hiuetr`js.Nbtaiula tajsj `ehbucjc nbkist nbb if taj kistjcuhnt`ienbby c`sncvnetnljc stntjs, sikj itajrsnrj b`djby ti rjqu`rj nss`stnehj `e ircjr tinha`jvj taj JFN linbs.

Hanptjr :.

Kjjt`el `etjrent`ienbhikk`tkjets? taj

rjspiesj ti CndnrSaj Cndnr Frnkjwird fir Nht`ie `s n hibbjht`vjhikk`tkjet. ]nrtejrs ti ta`s hikk`tkjethikpr`sj livjrekjets nec h`v`b sih`jty`est`tut`ies, wird`el w`ta rjl`ienb nec`etjrent`ienb nljeh`js. Saj bnttjr nrj jxpjhtjc tikig`b`zj ncc`t`ienb rjsiurhjs uecjrp`eejc gy nejw lbignb `e`t`nt`vj nec ti wird `e n hiirc`entjcwny w`ta itajr pnrtejrs `e suppirt if JFN pbnes.Saj hanbbjelj `s oucljc ti gj lrjntjst `e sug-Xnanrne Nfr`hn, `e Xiuta Ns`n nec `e taj bjnstcjvjbipjc hiuetr`js. Hiuetr`js e trnes`t`ie nectaisj nffjhtjc gy hiefb`ht nec hr`s`s nrj cjsjrv`elif striel suppirt.

ZEJXHI ans n striel knecntj ti hiet`euj tihiirc`entj JFN pnrtejrs nec kn`etn`e taj`rhibbjht`vj kikjetuk, ehbuc`el tariula tajwird if ne neeunb, sknbb nec fbjx`gbj A`la-BjvjbLriup, nec ti fnh`b`tntj taj prjpnrnt`ie if neneeunb rjpirt ti kie`tir prilrjss ie taj JFNlinbs.

Xukknry

Saj hist`kpb`hnt`ies if

A@V/N@CX nrj sijxtjes`vj nec sipjrvns`vj tant tajy

kny sjrvj gjttjrtane neyta`el jbsj

ti cjkiestrntj tajurljehy if us`el

taj pitjet`nb ifjcuhnt`ie ti jxtjec

lrjntjr pritjht`ieti sih`jty.

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N`c fbiws fir JFNSaj kig`b`znt`ie if n`c fbiws ti gns`h jcuhnt`iesaiubc gj sjt w`ta`e taj w`cjr hietjxt if n`c ticjvjbip`el hiuetr`js. Gjtwjje >00> nec 7===,taj rjnb vnbuj if nbb lrnets nec hiehjss`ienbbines ti cjvjbip`el hiuetr`js anc fnbbje gyiej-s`xta, frik ZX$6= g`bb`ie pjr neeuk tiZX$:= g`bb`ie pjr yjnr. @e 7===, <=% if titnb n`cwns frik g`bntjrnb nljeh`js, wa`bj taj \irbcGned nec taj Juripjne Hikkue`ty priv`cjc63% if nbb kubt`bntjrnb nss`stnehj. Ivjr tajwaibj cjhncj, npprix`kntjby twi-ta`rcs if titnbcjvjbipkjet nss`stnehj wjet ti sug-XnanrneNfr`hn, Xiuta nec Hjetrnb Ns`n nec taj Fnr Jnst.

Saj trjec if g`bntjrnb fbiws ti jcuhnt`ie wnsnbsi ciwewnrcs, frik nriuec ZX$: g`bb`ie nttaj stnrt if taj cjhncj ti ZX$3 g`bb`ie nt `ts jec.Saj kist crnknt`h cjhb`ej ihhurrjc `e 7===,waje hikk`tkjets fjbb ti ZX$8.: g`bb`ie,rjprjsjet`el n 8=% cjhb`ej `e rjnb tjrks frik>00= nec nhhiuet`el fir <% if titnb g`bntjrnb n`c.

Wjb`ngbj `efirknt`ie ie taj hikpis`t`ie if n`c tijcuhnt`ie `s c`ff`hubt ti igtn`e gjhnusj if uecjr-rjpirt`el nec gjhnusj n s`le`f`hnet pripirt`ie if

jcuhnt`ie n`c strnccbjs jnha if taj sugsjhtirsnec tajrjfirj hneeit gj nbbihntjc ti oust iej iftajk. Aiwjvjr, jst`kntjs gnsjc upie c`rjhtsurvjys if fuec`el nec tjhae`hnb nss`stnehjnljeh`js sulljst tant gy taj k`c->00=s, 7=% ifg`bntjrnb n`c wns hikk`ttjc fir gns`h jcuhnt`ie,wa`ha `s hies`stjet w`ta IJHC CNH cntn.

Xug-Xnanrne Nfr`hn rjhj`vjc 3<% if nbb jcuhnt`ien`c hikk`tkjets `e 7=== hikpnrjc w`ta 8<% if`ts sanrj if titnb cjvjbipkjet nss`stnehj. @eXiuta nec Fnr Jnst Ns`n taj f`lurjs wjrj 78%nec 83%. Xikj :=% if nbb ejw g`bntjrnb n`c

hikk`tkjets ti sug-Xnanrne Nfr`hn e 7===wjrj ti gns`h jcuhnt`ie.

Kubt`bntjrnb n`c ti jcuhnt`ie nbsi cjhb`ejcsanrpby ivjr taj pjr`ic >00> ti 7==>. \irbc Gned@CN bines nppjnr ti anvj gjje riulaby anbvjcs`ehj taj k`c->00=s, fnbb`el ti ZX$=.3 g`bb`ie `e7==>. Aiwjvjr, taj pripirt`ie nbbihntjc ti gns`hjcuhnt`ie wns a`lajr tane g`bntjrnbhikk`tkjets nec wns kn`etn`ejc ivjr tajcjhncj nt ngiut 3=%. Saj Juripjne Ze`ienbbihntjc sikj twi-ta`rcs if ts jcuhnt`ienss`stnehj ti gns`h jcuhnt`ie.

Saj jxtjrenb fuec`el ti gns`h jcuhnt`ie ifZX$>.3: g`bb`ie `e 7=== `s npprix`kntjbyjqu`vnbjet ti iej qunrtjr if taj ncc`t`ienbjxtjrenb nss`stnehj tant s b`djby ti gj ejjcjcjnha yjnr ti 7=>:, ti nha`jvj taj twi K`bbjee`ukCjvjbipkjet/JFN linbs. N`c ti pr`knryshaiib`el wiubc ejjc ti gj qu`etupbjc, w`takuha if t hiehjetrntjc e sug-Xnanrne Nfr`hn.

Ejw bjvjbs if suppirt fir JFN9

N eukgjr if ejw etjrent`ienb hikk`tkjetsnec `e`t`nt`vjs anvj gjje neeiuehjc `e suppirt

if jcuhnt`ie s`ehj taj \irbc Jcuhnt`ie Firuk.Jcuhnt`ie wns ne `kpirtnet pnrt if taj cjgntj nttaj \irbc Xukk`t ie Ha`bcrje nec nt taj \irbcXukk`t ie Xustn`engbj Cjvjbipkjet. @t ans gjjen s`le`f`hnet `tjk ie taj nljecn if L1 hiuetr`js,kist rjhjetby nt Dnenensd`s (Hnencn) wajrj nsjr`js if rjhikkjecnt`ies wjrj nciptjc tinss`st cjvjbip`el hiuetr`js ti nha`jvj Z]J necjqunb nhhjss ti jcuhnt`ie fir l`rbs, w`ta n spjh`nbjkpans`s ie sug-Xnanrne Nfr`hn.

Jcuhnt`ie nbsi rjhj`vjc nttjet`ie `e taj hietjxtif n ejw lbignb npprinha ti f`eneh`el cjvjbip-

kjet put tiljtajr nt taj Ze`tjc Ent`ies@etjrent`ienb Hiefjrjehj ie F`eneh`el firCjvjbipkjet nt Kietjrrjy, 7==7, tariula tajwird if taj Ejw ]nrtejrsa`p fir Nfr`hn‐s Cjvjbip-kjet (EJ]NC), nec `e taj rjcjs`le if tajJuripjne Ze`ie‐s strntjl`js fir jcuhnt`ie fir nbb.

Aiwjvjr, `t `s eit jnsy ti nssjss taj jxtjet tiwa`ha taj hikk`tkjets tant anvj gjje sjt iutnt rjhjet `etjrent`ienb hiefjrjehjs nec `e`ec`v`cunb nec g`bntjrnb nljehy stntjkjetskjnsurj up ti taj f`eneh`nb hanbbjelj fnh`elcjvjbip`el hiuetr`js. @f taj Kietjrrjyhikk`tkjet if ZX$>7 g`bb`ie gy 7==6 wjrj ti gjspjet `e taj snkj pnttjre ns taj hurrjet nvjrnljnhriss nbb sjhtirs, ZX$> g`bb`ie wiubc gj kncjnvn`bngbj ti taj jcuhnt`ie sjhtir, if wa`haZX$=.8 g`bb`ie wiubc gj nbbihntjc ti gns`hjcuhnt`ie. N furtajr ZX$>.7 g`bb`ie ncc`t`ienbneeunb nss`stnehj wns pbjcljc cur`el 7==7 gytaj \irbc Gned, Onpne nec eie-JZ g`bntjrnbs.Saus taj L1 pbjcljs wiubc ejjc ti kjjt nriuecZX$3.3 g`bb`ie if taj ZX$:.6 g`bb`ie net`h`pntjc`e ta`s Wjpirt ns taj jxtjrenb n`c rjqu`rjkjet tinha`jvj taj Z]J nec ljecjr linbs gy 7=>:.

7 = =JFN Lbignb

Kie`tir`el Wjpirt

N`c ti pr`knryshaiib`el ejjcsti gj qu`etupbjc,w`ta kuha if `thiehjetrntjc `esug-XnanrneNfr`hn.

Saj L1 pbjcljsejjc ti kjjt

nriuec ZX$3.3g`bb`ie if tajZX$:.6 g`bb`ienet`h`pntjc `eta`s Wjpirt nstaj jxtjrenb n`crjqu`rjkjet tinha`jvj taj Z]Jnec ljecjr linbsgy 7=>:.

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Sa`s priv`cjs ne `ec`hnt`ie if taj jxtjet ti wa`hataj ZX$=.8 g`bb`ie suk kjet`iejc ngivj wiubcejjc ti ehrjnsj.

Ajnv`by @ecjgtjc ]iir Hiuetr`js (A@]H) cjgtrjb`jf wns ne kpirtnet siurhj if ncc`t`ienbf`enehj fir jcuhnt`ie `e 76 hiuetr`js `e 7==7.@t sjjks tant nriuec ZX$3== k`bb`ie saiubcgj nvn`bngbj fir jcuhnt`ie ivjr taj pjr`ic7==>‘7==:. Gut `t `s eit hbjnr want pripirt`ieif tajsj fuecs rjprjsjet ljeu`ej ejw rjsiurhjsti taj ent`ies hiehjrejc, `f eit ti taj`r jcuhnt`iesjhtirs.

Saus, vjry hies`cjrngbj ehrjnsjs e n`c f`enehjti gns`h jcuhnt`ie w`bb gj ejjcjc fir tajnha`jvjkjet if JFN. L1 pbjcljs nrj hurrjetby`esuff`h`jet ti kjjt taj b`djby sairtfnbbs. Xikjrjc`rjht`ie if n`c frik itajr jcuhnt`ie sjhtirsw`bb gj ejjcjc (s`ehj gns`h jcuhnt`ie hurrjetbyrjhj`vjs ieby 8=% if taj suppirt ti taj sjhtir nsn waibj). Ejvjrtajbjss, ivjrnbb, ncc`t`ienb n`c w`bbgj rjqu`rjc.

Saj Fnst-Srnhd @e`t`nt`vj

Saj Fnst-Srnhd @e`t`nt`vj (FS@) wns bnuehajc nt

taj kjjt`el if taj Cjvjbipkjet Hikk`ttjj iftaj \irbc Gned `e Npr`b 7==7. N f`rst lriup if>1 biw-`ehikj nec biw-jeribkjet hiuetr`js,jnha anv`el n ]ivjrty Wjcuht`ie Xtrntjly ]npjr,wjrj sjbjhtjc ns rjh`p`jets fir jnrby jxtjrenbnss`stnehj e nha`jv`el taj jcuhnt`ie KCLs. Sa`s`e`t`nt`vj s rjfbjhtjc e taj rjhikkjecnt`iesif taj L1 jcuhnt`ie tnsd firhj nec taj ejwJuripjne Ze`ie crnft pib`hy stntjkjet iejcuhnt`ie. @t ans tarjj kn`e linbs? cjjpjrhikk`tkjet ti jcuhnt`ie pib`hy rjfirk nec tajjff`h`jet usj if rjsiurhjs `e cjvjbip`elhiuetr`js4 ehrjnsjc nec gjttjr hiirc`entjc n`cfrik ecustr`nb`zjc hiuetr`js, ti gj priv`cjcw`ta`e taj frnkjwird if ]WX]s4 nec `kprivjcnssjsskjet gnsjc ie gjttjr cntn.

FS@ ans gjje wjbhikjc nec suppirtjc gyZEJXHI nec ZE@HJF, gy g`bntjrnb nljeh`js,gy rjl`ienb irlne`znt`ies suha ns taj JuripjneZe`ie nec gy taj Lbignb Hnkpn`le fir Jcuhnt`ie.@t ans `eojhtjc sikj ejhjssnry urljehy eti`etjrent`ienb c`nbiluj nec nht`ie. Ejvjrtajbjsshiehjre ans gjje jxprjssjc nt taj spjjc nectaj jxtjet if cikjst`h pib`hy rjfirk rjqu`rjcti `kprivj jff`h`jehy nec rn`sj rjvjeujs4 tajcneljr if `leir`el hiuetr`js tant ci eit fubf`btaj hr`tjr`n4 nec `ts jxhbus`vj fihus ie taj KCLs.If taj 71 hiuetr`js `cjet`f`jc `e ta`s Wjpirt nsgj`el nt lrjntjst r`sd if eit nha`jv`el ney if

taj tarjj qunet`f`ngbj JFN linbs, ieby s`x nrj ietaj Fnst-Srnhd b`st. @t ans nbsi gjje qujst`iejcns ti wajtajr taj FS@ b`vjs up ti taj Cndnrhikk`tkjet ti n Lbignb @e`t`nt`vj. \`taiut nkjc`uk- ti bieljr-tjrk pjrspjht`vj taj@e`t`nt`vj kny b`k`t livjrekjets `e taj`r ng`b`tyti pbne w`ta fbjx`g`b`ty. @t nbsi rues taj r`sd ifgj`el cik`entjc gy taj hiehjres if n k`eir`tyif hirj pnrtejrs rntajr tane ejhjssnr`byrjfbjht`el taj grincjr hies`stjehy, hiirc`ent`ienec hiajrjehj siulat gy Cndnr.

@etjrent`ienb hiirc`ent`ieSaj \irbc Jcuhnt`ie Firuk lnvj ZEJXHI nknoir tjhae`hnb nec pib`t`hnb hanbbjelj `esustn`e`el etjrent`ienb hikk`tkjet necsuppirt fir JFN. @t priv`cjc taj irlne`znt`iew`ta ne ippirtue`ty ti cjkiestrntj etjrent`ienbbjncjrsa`p nt n hr`t`hnb pi`et `e taj lbignb jffirtti rjnb`zj taj r`lat ti jcuhnt`ie nec jb`k`entjpivjrty.

ZEJXHI `s pri-nht`vj `e prikit`el taj`kpirtnehj if liic cntn fir jffjht`vj pib`hytariula taj ZEJXHI @est`tutj fir Xtnt`st`hs, e

nrlu`el fir JFN pbnes nec e jstngb`sa`el nechietr`gut`el ti tajknt`h Fbnlsa`p prilrnkkjs.Saj `kpb`hnt`ies if JFN nrj gj`el `etjlrntjctariulaiut ts rjlubnr prilrnkkjs nec `eZEJXHI‐s spjh`nb`zjc `est`tutjs. Xikj 3>%if ZEJXHI‐s rjlubnr prilrnkkj gucljt firjcuhnt`ie s eiw nss`lejc fir gns`h jcuhnt`ie.

Xukknry

Saj Fnst-Srnhd@e`t`nt`vj (FS@)

wns bnuehajc nttaj kjjt`el iftaj CjvjbipkjetHikk`ttjj if taj

\irbc Gned `eNpr`b 7==7.

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Aiwjvjr, `t `s f`ec`el itajr nspjhts if `ts`etjrent`ienb ribj kirj hanbbjel`el. Sa`s `spnrtby gjhnusj taj igojht`vjs if jxjrh`s`el knoir`efbujehj ie taj wirbc‐s pib`t`hnb bjncjrs necif kig`b`z`el s`le`f`hnet etjrent`ienb rjsiurhjsnrj `etr`es`hnbby c`ff`hubt ti nha`jvj. Ejvjrtajbjss,ivjr taj pjr`ic 7===‘7==7, ZEJXHI‐s`etjrprjtnt`ie if ts knecntj ans gjjehiesjrvnt`vj w`ta ne jkpans`s ie fnh`b`tnt`elc`nbiluj nec prikit`el pnrtejrsa`ps rntajrtane nttjkpt`el ti priv`cj striel etjrent`ienbbjncjrsa`p. ]nrtejrsa ps nec nbb`nehjs nrj`kpirtnet, gut `e taj hietjxt if rjhjet

`etjrent`ienb jvjets, ZEJXHI ans anc tajippirtue`ty ti gj kirj ipjeby prinht`vj `enenbys`el nec nrlu`el taj hnsj fir lbignb nht`ie`e suppirt if JFN.

@t `s ciugtfub wajtajr ZEJXHI hne pbny ta`s typjif `etjrent`ienb ribj uebjss `t `s gjttjr rjsiurhjc,`e wnys tant anrejss striel tjhae`hnb hnpng`b`tynec nutair`tnt`vj pib`hy nenbys`s ns taj gns`s firjxjrt`el `efbujehj. \jbb-hiirc`entjc, `e-aiusjhnpnh`ty `s ejjcjc ti nenbysj `etjrent`ienbcjvjbipkjets, hanel`el n`c kicnb`t`js necrjqu`rjkjets, nec hikpnrnt`vj jxpjr`jehj if

jcuhnt`ie rjfirks. Saj`r `kpb`hnt`ies ejjccjgntj `e firuks anv`el n rjnb ippirtue`ty tikndj ta`els hanelj. Saj A`la-Bjvjb Lriup spitjet`nbby kpirtnet e ta`s rjspjht.

Ivjrnbb, wa`bj rjhjet etjrent`ienb hikk`tkjets,`e`t`nt`vjs nec prilrnkkjs cjkiestrntj tant nhiipjrnt`vj sp`r`t jx`sts nhriss taj `etjrent`ienbhikkue`ty, trnesbnt`el tajsj `eti rjnb rjsiurhjsc`rjhtjc tiwnrcs pr`ir`ty jecs, nec ture`el tajbnelunlj if hiirc`ent`ie eti prnht`hj rjkn`essikj c`stnehj nwny. @t rjkn`es ciugtfub wajtajrtaj etjrent`ienb pnrtejrs nrj yjt wird`elnhhirc`el ti n hikkieby `etjrprjtjc nljecn nsippisjc ti taj sjpnrntj knecntjs nec strjeltasif taj`r ec`v`cunb irlne`znt`ies.

Hanptjr 6.

]rispjhts necippirtue`t`js

]rilrjss, pbnee`el, histsnec rjsiurhjs

]rilrjss tiwnrcs taj linbs s `esuff`h`jet? tajwirbc `s eit ie trnhd ti nha`jvj JFN gy 7=>:.Swjety-j`lat hiuetr`js nrj nt sjr`ius r`sd ifeit nha`jv`el ney if taj tarjj qunet`f`ngbj linbsgy 7=>:. Saj ngsjehj if Jcuhnt`ie fir Nbb gita`efr`eljs taj aukne r`lats if taj jxhbucjc necprjvjets taj`r hnpng`b`t`js gj`el jeanehjc ewnys tajy vnbuj. @e hnsjs wajrj taj ngsibutjeukgjr if pjipbj jxhbucjc `s r`s`el, `t `s c`ff`hubtti ouclj wajtajr cjvjbipkjet s ihhurr`el.

]bnee`el fir JFN tndjs c`vjrsj firks nec eitejhjssnr`by e wnys tant rjspiec c`rjhtby ti tajhnbb fir ent`ienb JFN pbnes kncj `e Cndnr. @t `shiestrn`ejc gy taj bnhd if liic cntn, pnrt`hubnrbyf`eneh`nb nec cjknec-s`cj efirknt`ie.Nbtjrent`vj rjfirk strntjl`js ejjc jxpbirnt`ie.Saj jelnljkjet if h`v`b sih`jty rjkn`eshanrnhtjr`zjc gy tidje hiesubtnt`ie e tii kney

hiuetr`js. Saj cjknecs pbnhjc ie livjrekjetsgy etjrent`ienb nljeh`js ti prjpnrj pbnes firc`ffjrjet purpisjs hne gj cysfueht`ienb.]itjet`nb ivjrbnps nec hiefb`hts ejjc ti gjrjsibvjc gita ljejr`hnbby nec `e ent`ienbc`nbiluj.

Saj hists if nha`jv`el JFN nrj bnrlj, gut eitgjyiec taj kjnes if kist stntjs, gut taj bjvjbif n`c rjsiurhjs ans gjje uecjrjst`kntjc, pnrtbygjhnusj taj hists nssih`ntjc w`ta nccrjss`elcjknec-s`cj `ssujs ‘ jspjh`nbby ljecjr ‘ nectaisj if A@V/N@CX nec if suppirt`el jcuhnt`ie

`e h`rhukstnehjs if hiefb`ht nec jkjrljehy anvjgjje ik`ttjc ir uecjrpbnyjc. Hiuetry-bjvjbf`eneh`nb nenbys`s us`el ent`ienbby vjr`f`jc cntn`s jssjet`nb fir n siuec nssjsskjet if fuec`elrjqu`rjkjets.

7 = =JFN Lbignb

Kie`tir`el Wjpirt

]rilrjss tiwnrcstaj linbs `s`esuff`h`jet? tajwirbc `s eit ietrnhd ti nha`jvjJFN gy 7=>:.

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@etjrent`ienb hiipjrnt`ieSajrj wns n stnrtb`el cjhb`ej `e taj rjnb vnbujsif gita titnb nec jcuhnt`ie n`c `e taj yjnrs>00>‘7===, wa`ha wns pnrt`hubnrby ajnv`by fjbt`e sug-Xnanrne Nfr`hn. Aiwjvjr, e taj ejwk`bbjee`uk tajrj nrj ec`hnt`ies tant taj hb`kntjfir pib`hy rjfirk `s gjttjr tane cur`el taj >00=s,w`ta livjrekjets gj`el kirj w`bb`el ti `e`t`ntjpib`hy c`nbiluj. Ejw n`c `estrukjets, jspjh`nbbywajrj tajsj nrj cjs`lejc ti suppirt biel-tjrkjcuhnt`ie sjhtir cjvjbipkjet, anvj taj pitjet`nbti anvj rjnb `kpnht ie taj nha`jvjkjet if tajJFN linbs. Saj kist hr`t`hnb `elrjc`jet eent`ienb pbnes fir JFN, wajtajr `e taj Fnst-Srnhd@e`t`nt`vj, ir `e taj hietjxt if grincjr nljehysuppirt, `s taj jxtjet ti wa`ha livjrekjetsljeu`ejby jkgrnhj n prihjss if ent`ienb rjfirk.Sajrj rjkn`es n hiehjre tant ent`ienblivjrekjets kny nlrjj ti rjfirk pripisnbsgnsjc ie f`eneh`nb npprn`snbs w`ta ej`tajr tajpib`t`hnb eir taj tjhae`hnb hnpnh`ty ti `kpbjkjettajk. @t w`bb gj hr`t`hnbby `kpirtnet ti tndjpbnee`el prihjssjs wjbb gjyiec taj bjvjb if nhist`el jxjrh`sj, f taj pnst lnps gjtwjje pbnesnec `kpbjkjetnt`ie nrj eit ti rjhur.

@kpriv`el taj nvn`bng`b`tynec qunb`ty if cntn

Saj b`k`tnt`ie if taj hivjrnlj nec rjb`ng`b`ty ifcntn s n s`le`f`hnet prigbjk. Knoir jffirts nrjejjcjc ti `kprivj taj hivjrnlj if `etjrent`ienbbylntajrjc `efirknt`ie ie pugb`h spjec`el iejcuhnt`ie. Sajrj `s nbsi ne nhutj ejjc ti`kprivj taj nvn`bng`b`ty nec qunb`ty if kuhaent`ienb cntn, nec taj`r hikpnrng`b`ty w`ta tajprj->00< ZEJXHI cntngnsj ejjcs ti gjsjhurjc. @e ncc`t`ie, taj `efirknt`ie nvn`bngbj

ti kie`tir n`c fbiws ti jcuhnt`ie rjkn`es ipjeti hies`cjrngbj kprivjkjets e qunb`ty nechivjrnlj. @f cieir hikk`tkjets necc`sgursjkjets `e suppirt if JFN linbs nrj tigj kie`tirjc jffjht`vjby, kirj jffirts `erjpirt`el hikpbjtj nec hies`stjet efirknt`ienrj urljetby rjqu`rjc.

JFN nec taj K`bbjee`ukCjvjbipkjet Linbs

@t wiubc gj jet`rjby hiuetjrpricuht`vj `f taj JFNlinbs nec taj KCLs wjrj pjrhj`vjc ti gj `e neywny `e hiefb`ht w`ta iej ne itajr. Saj ivjrnbbKCL frnkjwird priv`cjs ne ippirtue`ty tinrluj taj hnsj fir JFN `e taj hibbjht`vjjecjnviur ti jb`k`entj pivjrty. Z]J nec tajjb`k`ent`ie if ljecjr c`spnr`t`js nrj knoirpr`ir`t`js, gut n grincjr JFN hnsj hne gj kncjfir taj hietr`gut`ie if gns`h jcuhnt`ie tisustn`engbj b`vjb`aiics, taj rjcuht`ie if ha`bckirtnb`ty, kprivjkjets e kntjrenb ajnbta,taj f`lat nln`est A@V/N@CX, nec n sustn`engbjjev`riekjet. @e ta`s hietjxt taj cjvjbipkjetif taj Fnst-Srnhd @e`t`nt`vj nffircs n hanehj tiprikitj taj grincjr igojht`vjs if JFN rntajrtane `etjrprjt`el taj spjh`f`h`ty if taj KCLtnrljts ns n hiestrn`et.

Futurj kie`tir`el hanbbjeljs

Sa`s Wjpirt ans siulat ti `e`t`ntj n sjesj ifnhhiuetng`b`ty tiwnrcs hikk`tkjets kncj nttaj \irbc Jcuhnt`ie Firuk. @t w`bb gj `kpirtnet

`e futurj yjnrs ti knp ‘ kuha kirj hbjnrby taneans gjje piss`gbj ajrj ‘ taj jxtjet ti wa`ha ns`le`f`hnet sa`ft `e pib`hy nec prnht`hj `e suppirtif JFN `s tnd`el pbnhj. @e pnrt`hubnr, kirj wj`latw`bb ejjc ti gj l`vje ti taj nha`jvjkjets nec tajprilrjss if ec`v`cunb hiuetr`js, pib`h`js necstrntjl`js tant nrj knd`el n c`ffjrjehj, nec tajjv`cjehj if ent`ienb kie`tir`el prihjssjs nswjbb `etjrent`ienb nenbysjs. Xa`fts `e taj pib`hynec prnht`hj if cjvjbipkjet nljeh`js w`bb nbsicjsjrvj nttjet`ie.

Xukknry

@t wiubc gj jet`rjbyhiuetjrpricuht`vj

`f taj JFN linbsnec taj KCLs wjrjpjrhj`vjc ti gj `e

ney wny `e hiefb`htw`ta iej ne itajr.

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X`ehj taj \irbc Jcuhnt`ie Firuk, tajrj ansgjje sikj nkg`lu`ty ns ti wajtajr JFNuecjrp`es n lbignb kivjkjet ir wajtajr `t `spr`knr`by n vja`hbj fir fihus`el ie cjvjbip`elhiuetr`js, ti ajbp taj jxhbucjc nec kistc`sncvnetnljc ti gjejf`t frik n gns`h jcuhnt`ie.Saj gnbnehj ans gjje kirj tiwnrcs taj bnttjrtane taj firkjr, nec ta`s jkpans`s `s rjfbjhtjc`e ta`s Wjpirt. Aiwjvjr, kney if taj hanbbjeljsif JFN jxtjec wjbb gjyiec cjvjbip`el hiuetr`js.Saj ejjcs if taisj b`v`el `e pivjrty `e`ecustr`nb`zjc sih`jt`js, `ssujs if qunb`ty necrjbjvnehj, if ljecjr jqunb`ty, if b`tjrnh`js

rjspies`vj ti taj rjvibut`ie `e hikkue`hnt`iestjhaeibily, nec taj hanbbjelj fir jcuhnt`iepisjc gy crul cjpjecjehy, nrj nbb `ssujscjsjrv`el if etjrent`ienb nttjet`ie. @f JFN strjntjc ns ne `ssuj spjh`f`h ti n pnrt`hubnr lriupif hiuetr`js, `t rues taj r`sd if gj`el sjpnrntj irpnrt`nb. Futurj Lbignb Wjpirts w`bb gjl`e tirjcrjss ta`s `kgnbnehj.

7 = =JFN Lbignb

Kie`tir`el Wjpirt

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7

=

=

KietirelWjpir

t

7

   ©   Z   E   J   X   H   I   /   O   j   n   e   K   i   a   r

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7 = =JFN Lbignb

Kie`tir`el Wjpirt

Sa`s Wjpirt nssjssjs taj jxtjet ti wa`ha taj gjejf`ts nssih`ntjc w`taanv`el anc n gns`h bjvjb if jcuhnt`ie nrj gj`el jxtjecjc ti nbb ha`bcrje,yiuel pjipbj nec ncubts nriuec taj wirbc. Sa`s igojht`vj wns strielbynrt`hubntjc nt taj f`rst \irbc Hiefjrjehj ie Jcuhnt`ie fir Nbb `e Oikt`je

`e >00=. @t wns rjnff`rkjc gy taj \irbc Jcuhnt`ie Firuk, kjjt`el `e Cndnr`e 7===. Cjbjlntjs nt taj bnttjr kjjt`el cjhbnrjc tant gy 7=>:, nbb ha`bcrjeif pr`knry-shaiib nlj wiubc pnrt`h`pntj `e frjj shaiib`el if nhhjptngbjqunb`ty nec tant ljecjr c`spnr`t`js `e shaiib`el wiubc gj jb`k`entjc. Ncubt`bb`tjrnhy wns ti gj anbvjc, jnrby-ha`bcaiic jcuhnt`ie nec prilrnkkjs firiut-if-shaiib yiuta wiubc gj lrjntby `ehrjnsjc, nec nbb nspjhts if jcuhnt`iequnb`ty wiubc gj `kprivjc. Saj f`rst twi if taj ngivj igojht`vjs wjrjnciptjc ‘ w`ta wirc`el tant `s c`ffjrjet `e cjtn`b, gut eit `e `etjet ‘ ns twiif taj j`lat K`bbjee`uk Cjvjbipkjet Linbs (KCLs), ti wa`ha nbb hiuetr`jsnrj hikk`ttjc. Saus, taj eit`ie if jcuhnt`ie fir nbb wns kncj hiehrjtj,nec pbnhjc hjetrnbby w`ta`e taj etjrent`ienb cjvjbipkjet nljecn.

Sa`s Wjpirt jxnk`ejs wajtajr cuj prilrjss tiwnrcs nha`jv`el `t `s gj`elkncj nec, wajrj tant `s eit si, want haneljs `e pib`hy kny gj ejjcjc.

Hanptjr >

‑Jcuhnt`ie fir Nbb‐

`s cjvjbipkjet

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 S aj jxtjet if prilrjss ‘ fir `ec`v`cunbhiuetr`js nec rjl`ies ‘ `ssukknr`zjc nec c`shussjc `eHanptjr 7. Nbtaiula eit nbb taj Cndnrlinbs hne gj kie`tirjc w`ta taj snkj

jnsj, n k`xjc p`hturj jkjrljs, w`ta kneysuhhjssjs, gut nbsi w`ta n sugstnet`nb eukgjrif hiuetr`js nt r`sd if eit nha`jv`el taj linbs.Saj ta`rc hanptjr, wa`ha nssjssjs taj stntj ifpbnee`el fir jcuhnt`ie fir nbb (JFN), saiws tant,wa`bj tajrj kny gj fjwjr hikpbjtjc Ent`ienbNht`ie ]bnes tane jxpjhtjc, taj \irbc Jcuhnt`ieFiruk ans hrjntjc n w`cjsprjnc sjesj if

urljehy nec hikk`tkjet ti JFN igojht`vjs.Hanptjr 3 jxnk`ejs taj hists if nha`jv`el tajlinbs. Saj`r nssih`ntjc jxtjrenb fuec`elrjqu`rjkjets nrj jxpjhtjc ti gj a`lajr taneitajr rjhjet jst`kntjs anvj sulljstjc.Furtajrkirj, ns saiwe e taj f`fta hanptjr, n`cti jcuhnt`ie ans fnbbje sanrpby ivjr taj pnstcjhncj, nec rjhjet hikk`tkjets ‘ taiulasugstnet`nb ‘ sjjk ueb`djby ti gj ngbj ti f`bb tajfuec`el lnps prjsjetby net`h`pntjc. Saj f`enbhanptjr crnws tiljtajr taj nrlukjets if tajWjpirt, nec hiehbucjs w`ta sikj hanbbjeljsfir ent`ienb nec `etjrent`ienb pib`hy.

@e ta`s ipje`el hanptjr, aiwjvjr, `t `s wirtajxnk`e`el way suha nttjet`ie ti taj linbs `sejhjssnry. @s taj`r nha`jvjkjet ljeu`ejby ifivjr-r`c`el kpirtnehj eit ieby fir ent`ienbpib`hy, gut nbsi ns n fihus fir `etjrent`ienbnss`stnehj9 Sarjj typjs if nrlukjet necjv`cjehj anvj bjc, `e rjhjet yjnrs, ti ta`s gj`elw`cjby nlrjjc. Saj f`rst cjr`vjs frik `cjns ifaukne r`lats. Saj sjhiec `s n frnkjwird`efirkjc gy eit`ies if `ec`v`cunb hnpnh`ty nechnpng`b`ty. Saj ta`rc pjrspjht`vj hiehjres tajwnys `e wa`ha jcuhnt`ie ajbps pjipbj nec

sih`jt`js ti nha`jvj itajr cjs`rjc cjvjbipkjetlinbs. Jnha if tajsj w`bb gj gr`jfby c`shussjc.

Jcuhnt`ie nsn aukne r`lat

Saj r`lat ti jcuhnt`ie `s wjbb jstngb`sajc.>

Nrt`hbj 76 if taj Ze`vjrsnb Cjhbnrnt`ie if AukneW`lats (>031) cjhbnrjc tant ‑jbjkjetnry‐jcuhnt`ie sanbb gj frjj nec hikpubsiry, nec tanttaj a`lajr bjvjbs w`bb gj jqunbby nvn`bngbj ti nbbie taj gns`s if kjr`t. Sant tajsj hiec`t`ies wjrjeit fubby nha`jvjc anbf n hjetury bntjr tjst`f`jc titaj ejjc fir spjh`nb jffirts. Nhhirc`elby, n r`lats-gnsjc npprinha ti `kpriv`el nhhjss ti jcuhnt`ie

if nhhjptngbj qunb`ty lntajrjc pnhj, priv`c`el ngns`s fir n hikpnrnt`vj nssjsskjet if ent`ienbprilrjss, ehbuc`el nln`est etjrent`ienbhikk`tkjets suha ns taisj kncj `e Cndnr.7

Saj `etr`es`h aukne vnbuj if jcuhnt`ie ‘ `tsng`b`ty ti ncc kjne`el nec vnbuj ti jvjryiej‐sb`vjs w`taiut c`shr`k`ent`ie ‘ `s nt taj hirj if `tsstntus ns n aukne r`lat. Gut jcuhnt`ie `s nbsi ne`ec`spjesngbj kjnes ti uebihd nec pritjht itajraukne r`lats. @t priv`cjs sikj if taj shnffibc`elejhjssnry fir taj nha`jvjkjet if taj r`lats tiliic ajnbta, b`gjrty, sjhur`ty, jhieik`h wjbb-

gj`el nec pnrt`h`pnt`ie `e sih`nb nec pib`t`hnbnht`v`ty. \ajrj taj r`lat ti jcuhnt`ie `slunrnetjjc, pjipbj‐s nhhjss ti nec jeoiykjetif itajr r`lats `s jeanehjc nec taj `kgnbnehjs`e b`fj hanehjs nrj bjssjejc.8

Saj r`lat ti jcuhnt`ie strnccbjs taj c`v`s`iegjtwjje h`v`b nec pib`t`hnb r`lats ie taj iejanec, nec jhieik`h, sih`nb nec hubturnb r`latsie taj itajr. @t jkgic`js tajk nbb. Fir jxnkpbj,`t `s if hjetrnb `kpirtnehj fir `kpbjkjet`el tajr`lats if l`rbs nec wikje, nec taj r`lats if tajha`bc. ]nttjres if jxhbus`ie frik shaiib nrjusunbby eit ljecjr-ejutrnb. Saj hikk`tkjet ti`ehrjnsj l`rbs‐ nhhjss ti jcuhnt`ie ans fihusjcie taj `cjet`f`hnt`ie nec jb`k`ent`ie if igstnhbjs.@e ture, ta`s ans rjvjnbjc tant c`shr`k`ent`ie `siftje hikpbjx, w`ta jtae`h`ty, rjb`l`ie, pivjrtynec ljecjr gj`el `etjrtw`ejc. Zecjr tajsjh`rhukstnehjs, kjrjby priv`c`el ippirtue`t`jsti nttjec shaiib w`bb eit suff`hj ti jb`k`entjc`shr`k`ent`ie ir ti ue`vjrsnb`zj pnrt`h`pnt`ie.Sa`s `kpb`js tant nbb aukne r`lats w`ta`e

jcuhnt`ie nbsi ejjc ti gj nccrjssjc `f taj r`latti jcuhnt`ie `s ti gj nha`jvjc.

Hanptjr >

‑Jcuhnt `ie fir N b b ‐ ` s cjvj bipkjet

Saj r`lat tijcuhnt`ie

strnccbjs tajc`v`s`ie gjtwjjeh`v`b nec pib`t`hnb

r`lats ietaj iej anec,

nec jhieik`h,sih`nb nec

hubturnb r`latsie taj itajr.

>. Xjj fir jxnkpbj,ZEJXHI (7===` ).

7. ZEJXHI (7==7h ).

8. Siknsjvsd` (7==7).

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Aiwjvjr, taj kist trjehanet hr`t`h if suharjcuht`ie`sk, nec taj kist hrjnt`vj ncvihntjif nbtjrent`vj hr`tjr`n fir oucl`el cjvjbipkjetsuhhjss ans gjje Nknrtyn Xje. Sajfuecnkjetnb es`lat if a`s ‑hnpng`b`ty npprinha‐`s tant cjvjbipkjet ihhurs waje pjipbj nrjkirj ngbj ti nha`jvj want kndjs taj`r b`vjsvnbungbj. Nhhirc`elby, taj igojht`vj ifcjvjbipkjet saiubc gj ti prikitj nec jxpnectaj frjjcik tant pjipbj anvj ti jeoiy ‑vnbungbjgj`els nec ci`els.‐< Saj ‑gj`els nec ci`els‐ tantpjipbj vnbuj w`bb vnry. Sajy kny `ehbucj suhata`els ns nvi`c`el `bbejss, gj`el wjbb-eiur`sajc

nec b`tjrntj, anv`el sjbf-rjspjht, ir jeoiy`elrjbnt`iesa`ps nec wird tant knttjrs.

Saus, taj hnpng`b`ty npprinha fuecnkjetnbbysa`fts taj igojht`vj if cjvjbipkjet frik ehikjir jhieik`h lriwta ns jecs `e tajksjbvjs, tipjipbj. Knrdjts nec `ehikj nrj trjkjeciusby`kpirtnet if hiursj, gut ieby gjhnusj tajy nrjkjnes gy wa`ha pjipbj b`vj ajnbta`jr nec kirjfubf`bb`el b`vjs. Saj ‑liic b`fj‐ `s pnrtby n b`fj ifljeu`ej hai`hj, nec eit iej `e wa`ha taj pjrsie`s firhjc `eti n pnrt`hubnr b`fj ‘ aiwjvjr r`ha `tk`lat gj `e itajr rjspjhts.1 Jssjet`nbby, ta`s

`kpb`js tant cjvjbipkjet hne gj sjje ns nprihjss if jxpnec`el taj rjnb frjjciks tantpjipbj jeoiy.0

Ns w`ta taj jnrb`jr frnkjwirds if Nr`stitbj necKnrx, nkiel itajrs, Xje‐s hnpng`b`ty npprinhaaibcs tant frjjcik ans `etr`es`h ns wjbb ns`estrukjetnb vnbuj. Aiwjvjr, frjjcik ajrj `susjc `e n c`ffjrjet nec grincjr sjesj tane `susunbby taj hnsj e wjstjre pib`t`hnb pa`bisipay.@e pnrt`hubnr, frjjcik jetn`bs eit ieby ejlnt`vjb`gjrt`js ‘ fir jxnkpbj taj r`lats eit ti gjnrg`trnr`by `kpr`siejc ir anrkjc ‘ gut nbsir`lats if nhhjss ti taj pnrt`hubnr rjsiurhjs tantc`ffjrjetby-pbnhjc ec`v`cunbs wiubc ejjc. Firjxnkpbj, n c`sngbjc pjrsie, n kneunb bngiurjr,nec ne jbcjrby lrnecpnrjet wiubc nbb rjqu`rjc`ffjrjet rjsiurhjs `e ircjr ti jeoiy gns`h ajnbta.

Saj hnpng`b`ty npprinha taus l`vjs r`sj ti nc`st`eht frnkjwird fir jvnbunt`el cjvjbipkjetpib`h`js nec prihjssjs. ]ib`h`js nrj oucljc tigj suhhjssfub `f tajy anvj jeanehjc pjipbj‐shnpng`b`t`js ‘ wajtajr ir eit tajy anvj nbsinffjhtjc ehikj, lriwta, nec itajr kpirtnetkjnes ti ta`s jec. Frik ta`s hnpng`b`ty

pjrspjht`vj, taje, jcuhnt`ie `s `kpirtnet fir neukgjr if rjnsies.>=

F`rst nec kist fuecnkjetnbby, anv`el taj sd`bbspriv`cjc gy gns`h jcuhnt`ie, suha ns gj`el ngbjti rjnc nec wr`tj, `s vnbungbj `e nec if `tsjbf(Gix >.>). Ns Xje puts `t,

`t `s iftje nsdjc wajtajr hjrtn`e pib`t`hnb ir sih`nb

frjjciks, suha ns taj b`gjrty if pib`t`hnb pnrt`h`pnt`ie

nec c`ssjet, ir ippirtue`t`js ti rjhj`vj gns`h

jcuhnt`ie, nrj ir nrj eit ‑hiecuh`vj ti cjvjbipkjet‐.

@e taj b`lat if taj kirj fiuecnt`ienb v`jw if

cjvjbipkjet ns frjjcik, ta`s wny if pis`el taj

qujst`ie tjecs ti k`ss taj `kpirtnet uecjrstnec`el

tant tajsj sugstnet`vj frjjciks (tant `s, taj b`gjrtyif pib`t`hnb pnrt`h`pnt`ie ir taj ippirtue`ty ti rjhj`vj

gns`h jcuhnt`ie ir ajnbta hnrj) nrj nkiel taj

hiest`tujet hikpiejets if cjvjbipkjet. Saj`r

rjbjvnehj fir cjvjbipkjet cijs eit anvj ti gj

frjsaby jstngb`sajc tariula taj`r `ec`rjht hietr`gut`ie

ti taj lriwta if LE] ir ti taj prikit`ie if

`ecustr`nb`znt`ie.>>

Ajehj, jcuhnt`ie hiuets ns n ‑vnbungbj gj`el irci`el‐, ns ne ‑jec‐ if cjvjbipkjet.

Hanptjr >

‑Jcuhnt `ie fir N b b ‐ ` s cjvj bipkjet

Nknrtyn Xjenrlujs tant

cjvjbipkjetihhurs waje

pjipbj nrj ngbjti nha`jvj want

kndjs taj`r b`vjs

vnbungbj.

<. Xje (>000), p. <:.

1. Xje (>006), p. :0.

0. Xje (>006), p. >.

>=. Xjj Crjzj nec Xje (>00:),Hanp. 74 Nbd`rj (7==7n).

>>. Xje (>006), p. :.

N Frj`rj-stybj paiejt`h b`tjrnhy hiursj fir wikjewns ajbc `e taj pjr`-urgne sbuks if Bnairj,]nd`stne. Saj hiursj lntajrjc wikje wai w`sajcti nttjec n b`tjrnhy hiursj ns n kjnes tiljejrnt`el `ehikj. Ns `t turejc iut, taj`r `ehikjc`c eit `ehrjnsj ‘ wa`ha wns s`le`f`hnet ns tajywjrj vjry piir. Nec yjt lrncuntjs hiubc hbjnrbynrt`hubntj n sjt if ncc`t`ienb rjnsies way b`tjrnhyanc gjje vnbungbj ti tajk. \aje saj wns nsdjcwant taj b`tjrnhy hbnss anc tnulat ajr, jbiqujetXangenk sn`c tant b`tjrnhy jengbjc ajr ti trust ajriwe oucljkjet? ‑\ikje ta`ed tajy nrj b`dj nfbiwjr guc ‘ tant tajy ci eit uecjrstnec w`ta taj`r

iwe jyjs. Gut wj nrj eit gucs, wj nrj kiuetn`es.\j hne ci neyta`el w`ta iur b`vjs. Xi @ tr`jc tiipje ky jyjs, nec ky jyjs wjrj ipjejc.‐

Enrl`s spidj ngiut ajr deiwbjclj? ‑\j stuc`jctaj wirc ‒fiic‛ `e hbnss. \j dejw tant wj nrjpiir, wj hne eit cr`ed k`bd, jnt kney fiics4 wjjnt b`ttbj kjnt. \j bjnrejc tant `t wns eitejhjssnry . . . Ha`hd pjns nrj 3 rupjjs n piuec,nec tajy anvj kney v`tnk`es. Nppbjs nrjjxpjes`vj4 hnrrits nrj eit. Gut hnrrits nrj liic firajnbta ‘ ns liic ns jxpjes`vj ta`els. . . .‐

Xiurhj? Nbd`rj (7==7g).

Gix >.>. Vnbu`el b`tjrnhy 

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Xjhiec, taj prihjss if jcuhnt`ie kny gj`estrukjetnb ti c`spbnh`el itajr ejlnt`vjprihjssjs. Fir jxnkpbj, hikpubsiry pr`knryjcuhnt`ie, `f `t `s gita priv`cjc nec jefirhjc, w`bbrjcuhj ha`bc bngiur. @etjlrnt`el c`ffjrjet hnstjsir rnhjs if ha`bcrje `e taj hbnssriik knyb`djw`sj gj vnbungbj ns n wny if gr`cl`el sih`nbgnrr`jrs.

Sa`rc, jkp`r`hnb stuc`js anvj rjlubnrby `ec`hntjctant jcuhnt`ie ans n pnrt`hubnrby kpirtnet ribj`e jkpiwjrkjet if c`sncvnetnljc lriups,`ehbuc`el wikje. Ne jcuhntjc pjrsie s kirjngbj ti uecjrstnec nec `evidj ajr ir a`s iwe

bjlnb r`lats. Gy bnhd`el jcuhnt`ie, hievjrsjby,taj cjpr`vjc kny eit jvje gj ngbj ti nhhjss tajpugb`h suppirt tant `s nvn`bngbj ti tajk. \ikjewai nrj jcuhntjc, ir wai anvj jkpbiykjetkny, qu`tj s`kpby, surv`vj gjttjr nec bieljr tanetajy wiubc itajrw`sj.>7 Furtajrkirj, pjrsieswai nrj ngbj ti nhhjss `efirknt`ie necfirkubntj pis`t`ies kny oi`e tiljtajr ti nha`jvjhibbjht`vj linbs nec pnrt`h`pntj `e pib`t`hnbhanelj. Fir jxnkpbj, pjipbj kny cjknecf`eneh`nb nhhiuetng`b`ty, ir prjssurj taj`rlivjrekjet ti priv`cj rjsiurhjs ti nvjrt n

fnk`ej e n ej`lagiur`el c`str`ht. @e hietrnst,`bb`tjrnhy hne ‑kuffbj taj pib`t`hnb vi`hj if tajuecjrcil‐.>8 @e ta`s wny, jcuhnt`ie tant `sue`vjrsnb ‘ nttn`ejc gy nbb pjrsies rjlnrcbjss iftaj`r hbnss ir hnstj ir ljecjr ‘ ans n furtajr`kpnht `e nccrjss`el sih`nb nec jhieik`hgnrr`jrs w`ta`e n sih`jty.

Saj aukne hnpng`b`t`js npprinha ti jcuhnt`ietaje, b`dj tant if aukne r`lats, rjhile`zjs tantjcuhnt`ie `s `etr`es`hnbby vnbungbj ns ne jec `e`tsjbf. \a`bj taj aukne r`lats npprinha spjh`f`jstaj kirnb igb`lnt`ie upie itajrs ti fubf`b ta`sr`lat, taj hnpng`b`ty npprinha lijs furtajr,hbnr`fy`el taj c`vjrsj rjnsies fir jcuhnt`ie‐s`kpirtnehj. Nbtaiula kney if taj trnc`t`ienb`estrukjetnb nrlukjets fir jcuhnt`ie (sjjgjbiw) nrj nhhjptjc, taj c`st`eht`vj fjnturj if tajaukne hnpng`b`ty npprinha s ts nssjsskjet ifpib`h`js eit ie taj gns`s if taj`r `kpnht ie`ehikjs, gut ie wajtajr ir eit tajy jxpnec tajrjnb frjjciks tant pjipbj vnbuj. Jcuhnt`ie `shjetrnb ti ta`s prihjss.

Jcuhnt`ie nec itajrcjvjbipkjet linbs

@f nbb pjipbj anvj n r`lat ti jcuhnt`ie, nec `f `ts`kpnht upie pjipbj‐s hnpng`b`t`js s `etr`es`hnbbypnrt if iur eit`ie if cjvjbipkjet, `t fibbiws tanttaj priv`s`ie if n gns`h bjvjb if jcuhnt`ie fir nbbpjipbj kust gj kncj ue`vjrsnb. Saj hnsj `shbjnr nec uehikprik`s`el? hiuetr`js‐cjvjbipkjet strntjl`js hneeit gj oucljcsuhhjssfub w`taiut JFN.

Ejvjrtajbjss, tajsj nrlukjets ci eit rjsibvj

taj qujst`ie ns ti aiw kuha jcuhnt`ie saiubcgj ue`vjrsnbby nvn`bngbj. Saj Ze`vjrsnbCjhbnrnt`ie if Aukne W`lats nec jnha if `tssuhhjssirs ‘ `ehbuc`el taj Cndnr Frnkjwird ‘cjb`gjrntjby bjft taj cjf`e`t`ie if taj pr`knry spneif jcuhnt`ie uespjh`f`jc. Nt prjsjet taj bjelta ifpr`knry systjks nriuec taj wirbc vnr`jsgjtwjje fiur nec sjvje yjnrs if shaiib`el. Saus,taj nttn`ekjet if ue`vjrsnb pr`knry jcuhnt`ie(Z]J) wiubc sjjk ti rjprjsjet taj priv`s`ie ifnbkist tw`hj ns kuha shaiib`el `e sikjhiuetr`js ns `e itajrs. Xaiubc, taje, k`e`kuk

bjvjbs if priv`s`ie gj fiur yjnrs, s`x yjnrs ‘ irpjranps jvje bieljr9 Furtajr, aiw saiubcc`ffjrjet vja`hbjs nec typjs if jcuhnt`ie gjhikpnrjc9 Nrj prj-shaiib nrrneljkjets ti tndjprjhjcjehj ivjr b`tjrnhy shajkjs, nec aiwsaiubc gita if tajsj, `e tjrks if ent`ienbjxpjec`turj pr`ir`t`js, hikpnrj w`ta pr`knryshaiib`el9

Sajrj nrj ej`tajr jnsy eir ue`vjrsnb neswjrs titajsj qujst`ies, f ieby gjhnusj taj`r rjsibut`iekust cjpjec pnrtby upie taj pnrt`hubnr hiuetry-hietjxt e wa`ha tajy nrj rn`sjc. ]r`ir`t`js firejw jcuhnt`ienb priv`s`ie surjby cjpjec gitaupie want `s nbrjncy nvn`bngbj nec upie taj bjvjbif n hiuetry‐s cjvjbipkjet. Ejvjrtajbjss, sikj`es`lats hne gj ln`ejc frik hiesubt`el taj bnrljgicy if b`tjrnturj tant ans jxnk`ejc tajrjbnt`iesa`p gjtwjje jcuhnt`ie nec tajnttn`ekjet if itajr cjvjbipkjet linbs. Kuha ifta`s `s `e taj ‑aukne hnp`tnb‐ trnc`t`ie. @t ans usjcjhieik`h rjsjnrha tjhae`qujs ti `evjst`lntjwajtajr jcuhnt`ie s pricuht`vj,>3 nec aiw tajgjejf`ts nec hists if `ts priv`s`ie hikpnrjnhriss c`ffjrjet bjvjbs nec typjs if jcuhnt`ie.

7 = =JFN Lbignb

Kie`tir`el Wjpirt

Saj ‑liic b`fj‐`kpb`js ljeu`ejhai`hj, eit gj`elfirhjc `eti npnrt`hubnr b`fj ‘

aiwjvjr r`ha `tk`lat gj `e itajrrjspjhts.

>7. Xje (>00=, >007).

>8. Xje (7==7).

>3. Kist if ta`s b`tjrnturj ans`evjst`lntjc taj `kpnht iffirknb jcuhnt`ie, nbtaiulawird ie taj hists nec `kpnhtif eie-firknb npprinhajs `sgjl`ee`el ti jkjrlj.

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Saj rjtures ti firknb jcuhnt`ie

@t ans biel gjje nhhjptjc tant shaiib`el anspricuht`vj vnbuj. Aiwjvjr, taj jxtjet ti wa`ha`ts pricuht`v`ty hikpnrjs wjbb w`ta itajr`evjstkjets, nec taj hietrnsts gjtwjje tajpr`vntj nec sih`nb gjejf`ts nssih`ntjc w`ta jnhabjvjb if jcuhnt`ie, anvj gjje nrjns if kuhalrjntjr hietrivjrsy. Nvn`bngbj jst`kntjs if rntjsif rjture>: fir cjvjbip`el hiuetr`js hies`stjetbysaiw tant gita pr`vntj nec sih`nb rjtures tipr`knry shaiib`el nrj a`lajr tane nt sjhiecnrynec tjrt`nry bjvjbs. Saj`r knle`tucjs nrjljejrnbby lrjntjr tane typ`hnb rjtures ti hnp`tnb

`e itajr jhieik`h sjhtirs. Saj kist rjhjethikpnr`sie if suha rntjs fir firty-twi hiuetr`js`ec`hntjs tant nvjrnlj rjtures ti n furtajr yjnr ifjcuhnt`ie nhriss nbb hiuetr`js nrj ngiut >=%.>6

Aiwjvjr, rjtures nrj sanrpby a`lajr `ecjvjbip`el hiuetr`js tane e taj IJHC hiuetr`js.Fir jxnkpbj jst`kntjc ‑sih`nb‐ rjtures ti pr`knryshaiib`el rnelj frik nriuec >6% `e Ns`n, K`ccbjJnst, Eirta Nfr`hn nec Bnt`e Nkjr`hn, ti ngiut7:% e sug-Xnanrne Nfr`hn.

Saj `etjrprjtnt`ie if tajsj rjsubts `s ankpjrjcgy n rnelj if kjtaicibil`hnb prigbjks. F`rst,

jst`kntjs if sih`nb rntjs if rjture ti jcuhnt`ienssukj tant knrdjt wnljs rjfbjht pricuht`v`tyc`ffjrjehjs. Pjt bngiur knrdjts ci eit wirdpjrfjhtby, nec jnre`els nrj n pnrt`hubnrby fnbb`gbj`ec`hntir if pricuht`v`ty wajrj ‘ ns `e kneycjvjbip`el hiuetr`js ‘ bnrlj pripirt`ies if tajwnlj-jkpbiyjc nrj `e taj pugb`h sjhtir, ienck`e`stjrjc pny shnbjs. Xjhiec, kist jst`kntjsci eit nbbiw fir c`ffjrjehjs `e ng`b`ty, pnrjetnbgnhdlriuec, ir taj qunb`ty if taj shaiibsnttjecjc gy wirdjrs `ehbucjc `e taj snkpbjs.

Sa`rc, taj fubb hists ti aiusjaibcs if sjec`el

ha`bcrje ti shaiib nrj iftje uecjrjst`kntjc. Firjxnkpbj, fnk`b`js kny bisj taj vnbuj if taj`rha`bcrje wird`el `e taj aiusj ir ie taj fnk`byfnrk, wa`ha hne rjprjsjet n sugstnet`nb hist tipiirjr aiusjaibcs. Saj frjqujet ik`ss`ie iftajsj ‑ippirtue`ty hists‐ frik hnbhubnt`ies if tajejt gjejf`ts if shaiib`el kny hnusj sikjupwnrc g`ns `e taj jst`kntjc rjtures nt pr`knry,rjbnt`vj ti a`lajr bjvjbs if shaiib`el.

F`enbby, `e kney hiuetr`js bngiur sairtnljs anvjsa`ftjc upwnrcs tiwnrcs taisj w`ta sjhiecnrynec tjrt`nry jcuhnt`ie. \nlj c`ffjrjet`nbs

`ehrjns`elby rjfbjht ta`s, nec sikj jv`cjehj frikNfr`hn sulljsts tant pr`vntj rjtures ti jcuhnt`iekny eiw gj r`s`el nt sjhiecnry nec tjrt`nrybjvjbs rjbnt`vj ti pr`knry bjvjb.>< Sa`s wird `s, nsyjt, sulljst`vj, nec furtajr wird fir itajrhiuetr`js wiubc gj vnbungbj.

Eie-knrdjt jffjhts nec jxtjrenb`t`js

Kney if taj `kpirtnet gjejf`ts if jcuhnt`iehneeit gj kjnsurjc gy knrdjt wnljs. N lrjntcjnb if jv`cjehj ns ti taj`r s`le`f`hnehj jx`sts.Ei nttjkpt ti sukknr`zj cjtn`bs w`bb gj kncjajrj. Aiwjvjr, taj fibbiw`el ljejrnb`znt`ies nrj

grincby suppirtjc.

Kney stuc`js anvj saiwe tant shaiib`el`kprivjs pricuht`v`ty `e rurnb nec urgne sjbf-jkpbiykjet. Jnrby jv`cjehj sulljstjc tant fiuryjnrs shaiib`el wns n hr`t`hnb pjr`ic.>1 Kirjrjhjet wird ans sulljstjc tant ncc`t`ienb yjnrshiet`euj ti kndj n c`ffjrjehj.>0 Kney if tajsjgjejf`ts stjk frik b`tjrnhy wa`ha rjqu`rjsshaiib`el if f`vj ti s`x yjnrs ti gj pjrknejetbynhqu`rjc.7= Xurvjys if taj urgne `efirknb sjhtir`e n rnelj if hiuetr`js anvj `ec`hntjc tantpr`knry shaiib`el `kprivjs pnrt`h`pnt`ie `e

urgne `efirknb sjhtir wird, nec tant kirjjcuhnt`ie gr`els ne jnre`els pny-iff fir suhawirdjrs. Pjnrs spjet `e gita pr`knry necsjhiecnry shaiib`el nppjnr ti jehiurnlj ‘ irfnh`b`tntj ‘ jetrjprjejursa`p.7> Saus, shaiib`elnppjnrs ti anvj n pis`t`vj `kpnht ie gita rurnbnec urgne `efirknb pricuht`ie.

@e ncc`t`ie ti `ts c`rjht `kpnht ie pricuht`v`ty,shaiib`el ans n rnelj if itajr jffjhts upiepipubnt`ie hietrib, ajnbta nec eutr`t`ie, w`tagjejf`ts fir cjvjbipkjet. Fir jxnkpbj, t s wjbbjstngb`sajc tant pr`knry nec sjhiecnry

shaiib`el s`le`f`hnetby fnh`b`tntjs tajcjkilrnpa`h trnes`t`ie frik a`la ti kicjrntjrntjs if pipubnt`ie lriwta.77 Xhaiib`el eit ieby`ehrjnsjs taj ng`b`ty if wikje ti rjlubntj taj`rfjrt`b`ty tariula hietrnhjpt`ie, gut `t `s nbsinssih`ntjc w`ta n r`sj `e taj nlj if knrr`nlj necne ehrjnsj e taj pjrhj`vjc hist if ha`bc-gjnr`el‘ nr`s`el pnrtby frik taj jhieik`h rjtures tishaiib`el nbrjncy c`shussjc. Saj \irbc Fjrt`b`tyXurvjy saiws tant, `e Nfr`hn, Ns`n nec Bnt`eNkjr`hn, wikje w`ta sjvje ir kirj yjnrs ifshaiib`el anvj biwjr fjrt`b`ty rntjs (gy gjtwjje

Hanptjr >

‑Jcuhnt `ie fir N b b ‐ ` s cjvj bipkjet

Hikpubsirypr`knry

jcuhnt`ie, `f `t `sgita priv`cjcnec jefirhjc,

w`bb rjcuhj ha`bcbngiur.

>:. Sajsj hnbhubnt`ies usunbbyhikpnrj taj jst`kntjc nec`ffjrjehj `e b`fjt`kj jnre`elsrjsubt`el frik ne ncc`t`ienbyjnr if jcuhnt`ie w`ta taj histsif `ts priv`s`ie ti `ec`v`cunbs,`e taj hnsj if pr`vntj rntjs, irti sih`jty, `e taj hnsj if sih`nbrntjs if rjture.

>6. ]snhanripiubis nec]ntr`eis (7==7).

><. Xjj De`lat nec Xngit (>010)fir Djeyn4 Xhaubtz (>00:) firHótj c‐@vi`rj nec Lanen4 nec tajusjfub rjv`jw l`vje `e Nppbjtie(>000). Xjj nbsi Gjeejb (>006).

>1. Bihdajjc jt. nb. (>01=).

>0. Xjj, fir jxnkpbj, \j`r (>001).

7=. Xjj taj jv`cjehj `e \irbcGned (7==7n), p. 1.

7>. \irbc Gned (>00>),F`lurj 8.8.

77. Hiharnej (>011)4 Xhaubtz(>00:).

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twi ti tarjj ha`bcrje) tane wikje w`ta ieby upti tarjj yjnrs shaiib`el.78

Saj jffjhts if shaiib`el ie ajnbta nrj nbsihiesjqujet`nb. Jcuhnt`ie s nssih`ntjc w`ta`kprivjc eutr`t`ienb hietjet if c`jts, nec jnrb`jrnec kirj jffjht`vj c`nleis`s if `bbejss. N stucy `eLanen, fir jxnkpbj, saiwjc tant ne `ehrjnsj `etaj jcuhnt`ie if taj aiusjaibc ajnc frik eiejti hikpbjtj pr`knry shaiib`el wns nssih`ntjcw`ta n rjcuht`ie e taj aiusjaibc‐s cn`by hnbir`jlnp gy ne nkiuet jqunb ti iej-f`fta if ne ncubt‐styp`hnb cn`by hnbir`h rjqu`rjkjet.73

Sajrj `s n striel rjbnt`iesa`p nhriss hiuetr`jsgjtwjje b`fj jxpjhtnehy nec b`tjrnhy. Kirjivjr,`efnet nec ha`bc kirtnb`ty cjhrjnsjs ns tajkitajr‐s bjvjb if shaiib`el r`sjs.7: Sajpripirt`ientj rjcuht`ie e ha`bc kirtnb`tynssih`ntjc w`ta ne ncc`t`ienb yjnr if kitajr'sshaiib`el `s gjtwjje :% nec >=% `e gita rurnbnec urgne nrjns if biw ehikj hiuetr`js.76

Ha`bcrje if kirj jcuhntjc kitajrs tjec ti gjgjttjr eiur`sajc, nec tajrj `s jv`cjehj tant tajysuffjr `bbejss bjss frjqujetby nec bjss sjvjrjbytane itajr ha`bcrje.7< Saus, tajrj `s wjbb-cihukjetjc jv`cjehj tant pnrjets ‘ nec

pnrt`hubnrby wikje ‘ w`ta kirj shaiib`el anvjajnbta`jr, kirj v`lirius ha`bcrje.

Saj jv`cjehj l`vje ngivj `s ieby n pnrt if want`s rjbjvnet e cjtjrk`e`el taj pricuht`vj vnbujif `evjstkjet `e aukne rjsiurhjs. Kney hriss-ent`ienb hirrjbnt`ie stuc`js anvj jxnk`ejc tajrjbnt`iesa`ps gjtwjje pjr hnp`tn `ehikj lriwtanec aukne cjvjbipkjet ec`hjs if vnr`iusd`ecs. Kist if taj rjhjet stuc`js f`ec n pis`t`vjnssih`nt`ie.71 N ejw ljejrnt`ie if lriwtakicjbs ans l`vje n hjetrnb pbnhj ti auknerjsiurhjs, nec iftje nttr`gutjs ti tajk taj

hanrnhtjr`st`h if ‑`ehrjns`el rjtures‐.70 Aiwjvjr,taj stuc`js c`shussjc ngivj8= hikpr`sj taj kisthikpjbb`el hietr`gut`ies ti taj cjgntj4 `t `s tajk`hri jv`cjehj rjvjnb`el taj `etjrhieejht`iesgjtwjje taj hiest`tujet pnrts if aukne cjvjbip-kjet, ti priv`cj ne `estrukjetnb hnsj fir`evjstkjets `e jcuhnt`ie wa`ha `s jxtrjkjbyc`ff`hubt ti c`sk`ss. @e tant hietjxt `t `s ‘ taiulaeit privje ‘ anrc ti gjb`jvj tant jx`st`el sih`nbrntj-if-rjture jst`kntjs s`le`f`hnetby ivjr-vnbujtaj sih`nb pricuht`v`ty if taj shaiib`el prihjss,pnrt`hubnrby nt taj pr`knry nec sjhiecnry bjvjbs.

Hiehbus`ieSa`s hanptjr ans nrlujc tant tajrj `s nfuecnkjetnb `cjet`ty gjtwjje sjhur`el JFN necnha`jv`el cjvjbipkjet. Gita ie taj lriuecs ifaukne r`lats, nec if aukne hnpng`b`t`js, tajbnttjr rjqu`rjs tant taj firkjr gj nttn`ejc.

Sajrj s sugstnet`nb jv`cjehj if taj gjejf`ts frikfirknb jcuhnt`ie w`ta rjspjht ti n w`cj rnelj ifcjvjbipkjet linbs. Kist if tajsj gjejf`ts gjl`eti nppjnr nftjr f`vj ir s`x yjnrs if pr`knryshaiib`el. Hiuetr`js tant hne nffirc ti

ue`vjrsnb`zj n pr`knry shaiib systjk if ieby ousts`x yjnrs curnt`ie hiubc st`bb jxpjht ti ln`esugstnet`nb gjejf`ts frik ci`el si. ]r`knrysystjks if sairtjr curnt`ie, aiwjvjr, wiubc gjbjss b`djby ti cjb`vjr taisj gjejf`ts.

Saj nha`jvjkjet if pjrknejet b`tjrnhy necif gns`h eukjrnhy nrj `kpirtnet jecs-`e-tajksjbvjs fir kney pjipbj. Sajy nbsi anvj nsugstnet`nb cjvjbipkjet pny-iff. Xhaiib systjksif bjss tane f`vj ir s`x yjnrs `e curnt`ie nrjueb`djby ti cjb`vjr pjrknejet b`tjrnhy nec, firtant rjnsie nbiej, `t nppjnrs tant n k`e`kuk

pr`knry hyhbj bjelta hne gj cjf`ejc. Fihusjcb`tjrnhy hnkpn`les fir taisj gjyiec shaiib-li`el nlj nrj nbsi hnpngbj if gr`el`elsugstnet`nb gjejf`t ti taisj waisj b`tjrnh`jsnrj suppirtjc.

Ns `ec`hntjc, jnha if taj JFN linbs gr`elssjpnrntj ippirtue`t`js fir sjhur`el itajrcjvjbipkjet igojht`vjs. Jvjry hiuetry w`bb ejjcti cjf`ej pib`hy pr`ir`t`js `e `ts kivj tiwnrcs taj`ec`v`cunb JFN linbs wajrj tajsj anvj eit yjtgjje nha`jvjc. Ejvjrtajbjss, tajrj `s ne nlrjjchikk`tkjet fir jnha hiuetry ti nha`jvj tajkgy 7=>:. Saj ejxt hanptjr nssjssjs taj prilrjsskncj si fnr, nec taj knle`tucj if taj tnsdstant rjkn`e.

7 = =JFN Lbignb

Kie`tir`el Wjpirt

N pr`knry shaiibsystjk if iebys`x yjnrs curnt`iehne st`bb gr`elsugstnet`nbgjejf`ts tihiuetr`js.

78. Ze`tjc Ent`ies (>01<),Sngbjs >>7/>>:.

73. Dyjrjkj nec Sairgjhdj(>00>).

7:. I'Anrn (>0<0)4 \irbc Gned(>00>), p. ::.

76. Kjesha jt. nb. (>016).

7<. Xhaubtz (>00:).

71. Gnrri (>000)4 cj bn Fujetjnec Cikjejha (7===).

70. Buhns (>011)4 Wikjr (>00=,>003)4 KhKnaie (>000).

8=. Ieby n sknbb pnrt if tajjv`cjehj ans gjje kjet`iejcajrj. Xjj taj rjfjrjehjs `e\irbc Gned (7==7) fir itajrrjhjet hietr`gut`ies.

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   ©   Z   E   J   X   H   I    /   V   `   c   n   b

   ©   Z   E   J   X   H   I    /   C .   W

   i   l   j   r

   ©   Z   E   J   X   H   I    /   V   `   c   n   b

7

=

=

KietirelWjpir

t

7

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7 = =JFN Lbignb

Kie`tir`el Wjpirt

Sa`s hanptjr tndjs stihd if prilrjss tiwnrcs taj Cndnr linbs? ti want jxtjetnrj hiuetr`js, rjl`ies nec taj wirbc ie trnhd ti nha`jvj taj linbs sjt nt taj \irbcJcuhnt`ie Firuk `e Cndnr9 Saj f`rst s`x sjht`ies if ta`s hanptjr w`bb nccrjss tajs`x linbs sjpnrntjby, wa`bj taj f`enb sjht`ie nttjkpts ti nssjss prilrjss `e n kirj

ljejrnb sjesj.

@t `s eit piss`gbj ti rjpirt ie cjtn`bjc prilrjss kncj s`ehj taj Cndnr Firuk`e 7===, gjhnusj taj kist rjhjet yjnr fir wa`ha cntn nrj nvn`bngbj `s taj shaiibyjnr stnrt`el `e >000.> Kirjivjr, fjw qunet`tnt`vj `ec`hntirs nrj nvn`bngbjrjlnrc`el jnrby ha`bcaiic hnrj nec jcuhnt`ie (Linb >)4 eiej hne gj usjc ti nssjsscjvjbipkjets rjlnrc`el b`fj sd`bbs (Linb 8)4 nec `ec`hntirs ti kie`tir jcuhnt`iequnb`ty (Linb 6) nrj iftje prix`js if qunb`ty, ir nrj nvn`bngbj fir ieby b`k`tjc lriupsif hiuetr`js. Nhhirc`elby, taj nenbys`s prjsjetjc ie taj tarjj bnttjr linbs w`bb gjprjcik`enetby qunb`tnt`vj `e enturj.

N kirj qunet`tnt`vj nssjsskjet if cjvjbipkjets `s piss`gbj fir taj linbs ifue`vjrsnb pr`knry jcuhnt`ie (Linb 7), b`tjrnhy (Linb 3) nec ljecjr (Linb :).@t `s ie taj gns`s if `ec`hntirs rjlnrc`el tajsj linbs tant taj f`enb sjht`ie ifta`s hanptjr w`bb cjvjbip n kjtaicibily ti nssjss ivjrnbb prilrjss.7

Hanptjr 7

]rilrjss tiwnrcs

taj linbs

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Linb >. Jnrby ha`bcaiic hnrj nec jcuhnt`ie

Linb >Jnrby ha`bcaiic hnrjnec jcuhnt`ie. . . jxpnec`el nec `kpriv`el hikprjajes`vjjnrby ha`bcaiic hnrj nec jcuhnt`ie, jspjh`nbby fir taj kist vubejrngbj nec c`sncvnetnljc ha`bcrje . . .

Gita taj \irbc Cjhbnrnt`ie ie Jcuhnt`ie fir Nbb(Oikt`je, >00=) nec taj Cndnr Frnkjwird firNht`ie (7===) anvj uecjrshirjc taj kpirtnehj

if jnrby ha`bcaiic hnrj nec jcuhnt`ie (JHHJ) nspnrt if n hikprjajes`vj npprinha ti nha`jv`elJFN.

Bjnre`el gjl`es nt g`rta. Sariulaiut taj wirbctajrj s lriw`el uecjrstnec`el tant taj pjr`icfrik g`rta ti taj stnrt if pr`knry jcuhnt`ie `s nhr`t`hnb firknt`vj stnlj fir taj lriwta neccjvjbipkjet if ha`bcrje. Saj bjnre`el iuthikjs‘ eirks nec vnbujs, deiwbjclj, sd`bbs ‘ ifpr`knry jcuhnt`ie nrj strieljr waje bjnre`elihhurs `e taj yjnrs prjhjc`el prjhjcjs rjlubnrshaiib`el. Sajrj `s nbsi jv`cjehj tant jnrby

bjnre`el `kprivjs taj ha`bc‐s hanehjs if jeoiy`elliic ajnbta, if f`ec`el wird bntjr `e b`fj, if sih`nb`ehbus`ie nec if gj`el bjss b`djby ti hikk`thr`kj.

Saj gjejf`ts if jnrby ha`bcaiic hnrjnec jcuhnt`ie

JHHJ ans n striel nec pis`t`vj `kpnht iefurtajr bjnre`el, `e pr`knry jcuhnt`ie necgjyiec. @e taj Grnz`b`ne ]WIN]J priojht, `t wnsfiuec tant taj titnb hists if shaiib`el ‘ `ehbuc`eltaj jnrby bjnre`el prilrnkkj `tsjbf, fir pup`bs upti Lrncj 7 if pr`knry jcuhnt`ie, wns >>% biwjrfir taisj wai pnrt`h`pntjc `e JHHJ tane firtaisj ha`bcrje wai c`c eit. @e ta`s nec itajrprilrnkkjs, crip-iut nec lrncj rjpjt`t`ie epr`knry jcuhnt`ie turejc iut ti gj biwjr ns wjbb(Kyjrs, >007). X`k`bnr iuthikjs wjrj fiuec firtaj @etjlrntjc Ha`bc Cjvjbipkjet Xjrv`hj e@ec`n, n priojht sjrv`el 87 k`bb`ie ha`bcrje(Piuel, 7==7).

Saj gjejf`ts if JHHJ nec if taj kirj suhhjssfubbjnre`el jxpjr`jehjs tant fbiw frik `t hietr`gutjti a`lajr ehikj, bjss cjpjecjehy ie wjbfnrj,nec gjttjr ajnbta nec ajehj biwjr ajnbta-hnrjhists. ]riojhts tant nrj wjbb deiwe fir taj`rkie`tir`el if tajsj jxtjrenb`t`js nrj taj ]jrry]rjshaiib, Ajnc Xtnrt nec Jnrby Ajnc Xtnrtprilrnkkjs e taj Ze`tjc Xtntjs if Nkjr`hn.Saj ]jrry ]rjshaiib, tnrljt`el biw-`ehikj Nfri-Nkjr`hne fnk`b`js, rjvjnbjc n sjvjefibc rjtureie taj `e`t`nb `evjstkjet `e taj prilrnkkj(Kyjrs, >007). Wjsjnrhajrs fiuec tant ne neeunbpugb`h `evjstkjet if >1 k`bb`ie Xw`ss frnehs `e n

priojht `e _ur`ha, Xw`tzjrbnec, `s iffsjt gy nt bjnst70 k`bb`ie Xw`ss Frnehs `e tjrks if ncc`t`ienb tnxrjvjeujs nbiej (Gjeejtt, firtahik`el).

@e ncc`t`ie ti ta`s jv`cjehj, tajrj `s n lriw`elgicy if deiwbjclj rjsubt`el frik rjhjetcjvjbipkjets e grn`e rjsjnrha tant suppirtsJHHJ pib`h`js. Saj eit`ie if ‑sjes`t`vj pjr`ics‐,`e wa`ha hjrtn`e ta`els nrj gjst bjnrejc, ansgjje sanrpjejc. @t nppjnrs tant tajrj nrj vjryspjh`f`h nec sikjt`kjs gr`jf pjr`ics `e wa`hataj cjvjbip`el grn`e `s pnrt`hubnrby f`t ti bjnrehjrtn`e tnsds. Sajsj tnsds tajksjbvjs anvj nbsi

gjje gridje ciwe (fir jxnkpbj, bnelunljnhqu`s`t`ie hies`sts if n kubt`tucj if sug-tnsdsw`ta c`ffjr`el sjes`t`vj pjr`ics) (IJHC, 7==7).Nftjr, ir gjfirj, tajsj pjr`ics, `t `s eit`kpiss`gbj ti bjnre taj snkj tnsds (Grujr, >000),gut `t wiubc rjqu`rj lrjntjr jffirts nec kirjrjsiurhjs. @e ljejrnb, tajsj rjsjnrha iuthikjspi`et tiwnrcs `etjes`fy`el struhturjc bjnre`eljxpjr`jehjs cur`el nljs jnrb`jr tane taisj tantanvj usunbby gjje taj sugojht if kist jcuhnt`iepib`h`js.

N c`vjrsj nrjn if bjnre`el

JHHJ `s n a`laby c`vjrsj nrjn if bjnre`el(ZEJXHI, 7===c ). @e vjry grinc tjrks, jnrbyha`bcaiic bjnre`el ippirtue`t`js rnelj frikfirknb prj-shaiib, etjlrntjc e taj ent`ienbjcuhnt`ie systjk, v`n d`ecjrlnrtjes nec itajrhjetrjs wajrj hnrj, pbny nec jcuhnt`ie li anec`e anec, ti `ehbucj kirj `efirknb, iftje aikj-gnsjc nht`v`t`js.

1

Hanptjr 7

]rilrjss tiwnrcs taj lin bs

>. \j rjfjr ajrj ti taj neeunbnck`e`strnt`vj cntn hibbjhtjcgy taj ZEJXHI @est`tutj firXtnt`st`hs. Itajr `efirknt`ie `snvn`bngbj ti kie`tir prilrjssfir pnrt`hubnr hiuetr`js neclinbs, gut `t `s vjry pnrt`nb `eenturj.

7. @t saiubc gj eitjc tant tajqunb`ty ‘ nvn`bng`b`ty, hivjrnljnec rjb`ng`b`ty ‘ if sikj cntn`s bjss tane snt`sfnhtiry. \ajepnrt`hubnr hnut`ie saiubc gjjxjrh`sjc `e `etjrprjt`el cntnusjc `e ta`s hanptjr, tajrjncjr‐s nttjet`ie w`bb gjcrnwe ti ta`s fnht.

Jnrby bjnre`elans striel

nec pis`t`vj`kpnht ie

furtajr bjnre`el`e pr`knry

jcuhnt`ie necgjyiec.

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Saj c`vjrs`ty `e JHHJ priv`s`ie hne gjuecjrstiic tariula ts a`stir`hnb cjvjbipkjet.Saj pnttjre if JHHJ cjvjbipkjet `e`ecustr`nb`zjc hiuetr`js saiws tant `t wnsjxpnecjc nftjr ue`vjrsnb pr`knry shaiib`el ancgjje nha`jvjc. Sa`s `s eit ti sny tant JHHJ wnspjrhj`vjc ti gj bjss `kpirtnet frik nejcuhnt`ienb pi`et if v`jw, gut tant pr`ir`ty `etjrks if rjsiurhj nbbihnt`ie wns l`vje f`rst tipr`knry shaiib`el. Aiwjvjr, sikj rjl`ies nechiuetr`js anvj n biel-stnec`el trnc`t`ie e JHHJ.@e Jnstjre Juripj nec Bnt`e Nkjr`hn, rjbnt`vjbya`la pripirt`ies if yiuel ha`bcrje nttjec vnr`ius

firks if prj-shaiib ir itajr hnrj.Fir n biel t`kj, JHHJ wns n pr`v`bjlj jeoiyjc gytaisj b`v`el nec aibc`el oigs `e urgne nrjns, waiwjrj ngbj ti anvj taj`r yiuel ha`bcrje hnrjc firnec jcuhntjc, nec ta`s pnttjre rjkn`es striel.]r`vntj priv`s`ie cik`entjs e ta`s rjspjht.Gut `ehrjns`elby, JHHJ `s nbsi `cjet`f`jc ns npitjet`nbby jffjht`vj strntjly fir taj sih`nb`ehbus`ie if ha`bcrje ‘ nec iftje taj`r kitajrs,tii ‘ `e c`sncvnetnljc nrjns ir s`tunt`ies.\ajrj taj rjsiurhjs ti nccrjss taj ejjcs iftajsj lriups nrj shnrhj, tajsj strntjl`js iftje

rjsubt e efirknb JHHJ nht`v`t`js. @e cjvjbip`elhiuetr`js, tajsj nht`v`t`js, wa`ha nrj iftje aikj-gnsjc, kny gj riitjc `e `ec`ljeius trnc`t`ies ifha`bc rn`s`el. Kirj est`tut`ienb`zjc firks ifpriv`s`ie hne gj fiuec `e n eukgjr if hiuetr`jstant anvj kncj n hiesh`ius hai`hj ti fnh`b`tntjue`vjrsnb nhhjss ti JHHJ, taj kist`est`tut`ienb`zjc firk gj`el n prj-shaiib tant `sne `etjlrnb pnrt if taj rjlubnr jcuhnt`ie systjk.

Aiwjvjr, fir kist hiuetr`js nriuec taj wirbc,ta`s f`jbc `s n rjbnt`vjby ejw nec uehanrtjc nrjnif bjnre`el. Saj hanbbjelj `s ti cjvjbipstrntjl`js ‘ firknb nec `efirknb ‘ tant rjspiecti spjh`f`h sih`i-hubturnb nec jhieik`h hietjxts,`e hiuetr`js wajrj livjrekjets nrj hiestrn`ejc`e taj`r ng`b`ty ti f`ec rjsiurhjs fir JHHJ.

Cntn nec `ec`hntirsCntn ngiut JHHJ nrj `e taj`r `efnehy nt gitaent`ienb nec etjrent`ienb bjvjb. Sa`s a`ecjrspib`hy cjvjbipkjet nec taj nssjsskjet if lbignbprilrjss. Cntn hibbjht`ie nec kie`tir`el nrjrjecjrjc kirj hikpbjx gy taj c`vjrs`ty if JHHJpriv`s`ie4 `t `s kuha jns`jr ti hibbjht cntn ienttjecnehj e livjrekjet prj-shaiibs tane iepnrt`h`pnt`ie e hikkue`ty-rue ir fnk`by-gnsjcnrrneljkjets. F`vj Ns`ne hiuetr`js ‘ Hnkgic`n,Dnzndastne, Dyrlyzstne, Sno`d`stne nec V`jt Enk‘ nrj hiipjrnt`el w`ta `etjrent`ienbirlne`znt`ies nec taj Hiesubtnt`vj Lriup ieJHHJ ti `cjet`fy nec cjshr`gj typjs if JHHJ neccjvjbip hikkie `ec`hntirs. F`lurj 7.> fjnturjstaj vnr`ius kn`e hntjlir`js if ta`s typj ifjcuhnt`ie gy nlj lriup, nec `bbustrntjs aiw cntnhibbjht`ie hiubc sprjnc frik taj ‑jnsy‐ f`jbcs(livjrekjet-priv`cjc JHHJ fir nljs 8‘6) ti tajkirj c`ff`hubt iejs. Gix 7.> cjshr`gjs `e kirjcjtn`b n prilrnkkj `e Grnz`b ti jstngb`sa tajfnhts gjfirj cjvjbip`el jcuhnt`ie pib`hy.

7 = =JFN Lbignb

Kie`tir`el Wjpirt

Hjetrj-gnsjc JHHJ

Aikj-gnsjcJHHJ

LivjrekjetELI Hikkue`ty ]r`vntj

KIJ Itajr

8‘:/6yjnrsibc

=‘7/8yjnrsibc

]nrjetnbhnrj nec jcuhnt`ie

Wjbnt`vj `ec`hnt`ies if c`ff`hubty `e kie`tir`el eukgjrs nec qunb`ty, gy nlj lriup nec typjif priv`s`ie. Jnsj cjhrjnsjs frik tip bjft (ibcjst ha`bcrje, `e stntj-suppirtjc struhturjs)ti gittik r`lat (yiueljst ha`bcrje, nt aikj).

Xiurhj? Ncnptjc frik ZEJXHI, @XHJC (>00<).

F`lurj 7.>. Jnrby ha`bcaiic hnrj nec jcuhnt`ie

Nt gitaent`ienb nec`etjrent`ienbbjvjb, `ec`hntirsnec cntnnrj bnhd`el.

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Linb >. Jnrby ha`bcaiic hnrj nec jcuhnt`ie

]nttjres if priv`s`ie

Zs`el taj riula typibily if firknb, hjetrj- necaikj-gnsjc priv`s`ie, `t `s hbjnr tant taj f`rsttypj, ljejrnbby nck`e`stjrjc gy livjrekjet nt

ent`ienb ir bihnb bjvjb, usunbby priv`cjs taj gjstpnrt`h`pnt`ie stnt`st`hs. Saj efirknt`ie iepnrt`h`pnt`ie e hjetrj-gnsjc JHHJ vnr`js w`cjby,nec taj aikj-gnsjc nht`v`t`js nrj nbkist n‑gbnhd gix‐ (sjj nbsi taj Linb 8 sjht`ie if ta`shanptjr, gjbiw, ie bjnre`el prilrnkkjs firyiuta nec ncubts, wajrj n s`k`bnr prigbjkjx`sts). Sa`s fnht saiubc gj djpt `e k`ec waje`etjrprjt`el Sngbj 7.>, wa`ha priv`cjs f`lurjs iepnrt`h`pnt`ie `e jnrby bjnre`el fir n eukgjr ifcjvjbip`el hiuetr`js, w`ta, fir kist hiuetr`js, ne`ec`hnt`ie if taj eukgjr if aiurs pjr wjjd.

=

Hanptjr 7

]rilrjss tiwnrcs taj lin bs

Kist JHHJ pib`h`js fihus ie jxpnec`el nec `kpriv`el nhhjss ti prj-pr`knry hnrj nec jcuhnt`ie fir ha`bcrjenljc 8 nec ibcjr. Kney jcuhnt`ie k`e`str`js nrj, aiwjvjr, nwnrj if taj c`ff`hubt`js if rjnha`el jvje ta`s nljlriup tariula taj firknb systjk nec nrj jxpbir`el eie-firknb nbtjrent`vjs. Xikj nrj nbsi cjvjbip`el pbnesti `ehbucj ha`bcrje uecjr nlj 8 ns wjbb.

Saj jxpjr`jehj if taj K`e`stry if Jcuhnt`ie `e Grnz`b sulljsts tant taj prigbjk `e cjvjbip`el n kirjhikprjajes`vj JHHJ pib`hy kny rjs`cj eit si kuha `e n bnhd if w`bb`elejss gut, `e bnrlj pnrt, `e taj b`k`tjccntn systjks if jcuhnt`ie k`e`str`js.

@e >006, cny-hnrj hjetrjs (nljs =‘8) nec prj-shaiibs (nljs 3‘6) `e Grnz`b wjrj `etjlrntjc uecjr taj K`e`stryif Jcuhnt`ie. Iej if taj f`rst stjps `e `kpbjkjet`el ta`s grincjr knecntj wns ti hibbjht cntn ie tajsjsjrv`hjs. @e >00<, taj k`e`stry‐s neeunb shaiib hjesus `ehbucjc cntn ie cny-hnrj hjetrjs b`edjc ti shaiibs.@e 7===, taj k`e`stry hiecuhtjc n ent`iew`cj survjy ti hibbjht gnsjb`ej cntn ie jnrby ha`bcaiic jcuhnt`ie,taj f`rst if `ts d`ec hnrr`jc iut gy taj k`e`stry. X`le`f`hnetby, taj survjy hivjrjc cny-hnrj hjetrjs ns wjbb ns

prj-shaiibs.Saj cntn ie cny-hnrj hjetrjs wjrj `ehikpbjtj, gjhnusj taj survjy hiubc eit knp nbb hjetrjs nhriss tajhiuetry. Aiwjvjr, jvje ta`s pnrt`nb gnsjb`ej cntn ajbpjc taj k`e`stry jkgrnhj taj jet`rj =‘6 nlj rnelj w`ta`e`ts pib`hy pbnee`el. Saj k`e`stry nhdeiwbjcljc tant taj cntn pbnyjc ne `kpirtnet ribj `e ta`s prihjss. Gjfirjhnrry`el iut taj survjy, taj k`e`stry rjv`sjc bjlnb lu`cjb`ejs fir jnrby ha`bcaiic `est`tut`ies, wa`ha ajbpjcrjl`stjr nec nhhrjc`t cny-hnrj hjetrjs ns wjbb ns itajr sjrv`hjs tant anc gjje iuts`cj taj irg`t if livjrekjetnck`e`strnt`ie. Saneds ti ta`s jxjrh`sj, cny-hnrj hjetrjs hiubc gj survjyjc nec jvjetunbby `ehbucjc `e tajK`e`stry‐s ent`ienb pib`hy purv`jw if Jnrby Ha`bcaiic.

Saj Grnz`b`ne jxpjr`jehj kny eit gj ue`quj, gut `t `bbustrntjs twi `kpirtnet pi`ets. F`rst, taj K`e`stry siulatti cjvjbip n hikprjajes`vj cntn sjt hivjr`el taj =‘6 nlj lriup gjfirj jkgnrd`el ie pib`hy cjvjbipkjet.Eitngby, `t wns nkiel taj f`rst tnsds `t uecjrtiid upie gj`el l`vje `ts jxpnecjc knecntj. Xjhiec, `t pn`cnttjet`ie ti taj systjk cjvjbipkjet fir `cjet`fy`el nec rjhile`z`el taj cny-hnrj hjetrjs gjfirj prihjjc`elti hibbjht cntn ie tajk.

Sa`s pib`hy pr`ir`t`znt`ie `s eitjwirtay gjhnusj, kirj iftje tane eit, jnrby ha`bcaiic pib`h`js nrj cjvjbipjc

w`taiut taj suppirt if siuec cntn. \ajtajr ir eit suha ne `kprivjc cntn systjk w`bb jvjetunbby bjnc ti nhikprjajes`vj pib`hy pbne ie nhhjss `e taj hnsj if Grnz`b rjkn`es ti gj sjje. Gut, nbrjncy, taj npprinhasjjks ti anvj wirdjc ti taj jxtjet tant taj K`e`stry siulat ti `ehbucj jnrby ha`bcaiic gjyiec prj-pr`knryjcuhnt`ie, nec tajrjgy griulat ta`s jnrb`jr nlj lriup nec rjbntjc sjrv`hjs `eti taj pib`hy c`shuss`ie.

Xiurhj? ZEJXHI (7==7c ).

Gix 7.>. ]utt`el taj cntn systjk gjfirj pib`hy cjvjbipkjet `e Grnz`b

Gnarj`e, Bjsitai, Kielib`n, taj Wjpugb`h ifKibcivn, Xur`enkj, nec Sr`e`cnc nec Signli nbbanvj pnrt`h`pnt`ie rntjs a`lajr tane 7=% fir tajnlj lriup (86‘:0 kietas), nec prilrnkkjcurnt`ie if 7= aiurs ir kirj pjr wjjd.

Sngbj 3 `e taj Neejx priv`cjs cntn ie JHHJpnrt`h`pnt`ie ‘ nbsi gy sjx ‘ fir n kuha bnrljreukgjr if hiuetr`js, gut w`ta ei `ec`hnt`ie iftaj curnt`ie if prilrnkkjs. Saj f`lurjs hiubcrjfjr ti prilrnkkjs if oust n fjw aiurs pjrwjjd, nec oust n fjw wjjds pjr yjnr, si `tsaiubc tajrjfirj gj trjntjc w`ta taj utkisthnut`ie. Sngbj 7.7, cjr`vjc frik Neejx Sngbj 3,fjnturjs hiuetr`js `e cjvjbip`el rjl`ies tantstnec iut fir taj`r rjbnt`vjby a`la bjvjbs ifpnrt`h`pnt`ie `e JHHJ.

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Linb >. Jnrby ha`bcaiic hnrj nec jcuhnt`ie

Cjvjbip`el hiuetr`js w`ta pnrt`hubnrby a`la bjvjbsif nttjecnehj, eitngby <:% ir a`lajr, nrjGnrgncis, Hugn, Onkn`hn, Knur`t`us, Kjx`hi,]nrnluny nec San`bnec. If tajsj hiuetr`js, Hugn`s taj gjehaknrd4 `t ans nha`jvjc ue`vjrsnb jnrbyha`bcaiic jcuhnt`ie.

Aiwjvjr, e twjety hiuetr`js ‘ tarjj qunrtjrs ifwa`ha nrj fiuec `e sug-Xnanrne Nfr`hn ‘ JHHJlriss jeribkjet rntjs nrj uecjr :%. Nec kneyitajr hiuetr`js nrj eit ci`el kuha gjttjr4 kirjtane anbf if taj hiuetr`js nrj gjbiw LJW bjvjb if:=%, ns F`lurj 7.7 `ec`hntjs.

Nhhjss ti jnrby ha`bcaiic sjrv`hjs `s uejqunb firvnr`ius sih`nb lriups. Ns nbrjncy ec`hntjc, tajhanehjs if jeribb`el `e jnrby ha`bcaiic nht`v`t`jsnrj lrjntjr fir ha`bcrje b`v`el `e urgne nrjnsw`ta pnrjets wai aibc oigs. Saj jcuhnt`ienbnttn`ekjet if taj kitajr nbsi kndjs nc`ffjrjehj. Sarjj hiuetr`js, aiwjvjr ‘ Nbgne`n,

7

Hanptjr 7

]rilrjss tiwnrcs taj lin bs

Sngbj 7.7.

]nrt`h`pnt`ie `e JHHJ, sjbjhtjc hiuetr`js `e cjvjbip`el rjl`ies (>000/7===)

Gnrgncis

Grnz`b

Ha`bj

Histn W`hn

Hugn

Jhuncir

@srnjb

Onkn`hn

Bjgneie

B`gjr`n

Knbnys`nKnur`t`us

Kjx`hi

Kirihhi

Enk`g`n

Ejtajrbnecs Net`bbjs

]nrnluny

]jru

Xn`et Buh`n

San`bnec

Sr`e`cnc nec Signli

Ze`tjc Nrng Jk`rntjs

Zruluny

Vneuntu

<0.> <<.: 1=.< >.=3

:0.< :0.< :0.< >.==

<6.< <<.= <6.3 =.00

1>.0 17.> 1>.6 =.00

>=3.3 >=8.= >=:.0 >.=8

6:.6 63.< 66.: >.=8

<1.3 <1.< <1.7 =.00

11.> 16.6 10.< >.=3

66.1 6<.6 6:.0 =.0<

60.: <8.< 6:.8 =.10

:>.1 :=.0 :7.1 >.=306.> 0:.7 0<.= >.=7

<6.8 <:.8 <<.3 >.=8

:1.= <3.3 3>.= =.::

63.< 6=.7 60.8 >.>:

01.= 0<.: 01.: >.=>

18.= 1>.0 13.> >.=8

:0.= :1.8 :0.< >.=7

68.6 6=.0 66.: >.=0

18.: 13.= 18.= =.00

6=.7 6=.3 6=.= =.00

<1.3 <1.1 <1.> =.00

:0.7 :1.: :0.1 >.=7

<8.> 60.0 <6.: >.=0

Lriss jeribkjet rnt`i (LJW)

Hiuetry Sitnb Knbj FjknbjLjecjr pnr`ty

`ecjx (F/K)

Xiurhj? Neejx, Sngbj 3.

F`lurj 7.7. LJW fir JHHJ, wirbcw`cj, gy eukgjr

if hiuetr`js (>000/7===)

=

>=

7=

8=

3= 86

Gjbiw 7=%

8=

7=%‘30.0%

88

:=%‘<0.0%

7:

1=% nec ivjr

Xiurhj? Neejx, Sngbj 3.

Fjwjr tane anbfif nbb ha`bcrje

`e taj wirbcpnrt`h`pntj `e

jnrby ha`bcaiicprilrnkkjs.

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Gib`v`n nec Xur`enkj ‘ knenljc ti nttrnht kirjha`bcrje frik taj piirjst aikjs tane frik tajr`hajst aiusjaibcs.

\`ta rjlnrc ti ljecjr, tajrj cijs eit sjjk ti gjtaj bjvjb if c`spnr`t`js nssih`ntjc w`ta pr`knry

nec sjhiecnry jcuhnt`ie. Ns Sngbjs 7.7 (necSngbj 3 `e taj Neejx) `bbustrntj, ns kney l`rbsnttjec JHHJ ns giys `e kney hiuetr`js. @e\jstjre nec Hjetrnb Nfr`hn, giys nttjec sb`latbykirj, wajrjns l`rbs nrj `e taj knoir`ty, necpjranps kirj knrdjcby, e Ns`ne, nec Jnstjrenec Xiutajre Nfr`hne hiuetr`js.

Srjecs `e pnrt`h`pnt`ie `e JHHJ

Si nssjss prilrjss `e JHHJ s`ehj taj \irbcJcuhnt`ie Firuk `e Cndnr (7===) `s eit yjtpiss`gbj. Cntn nt knhri-bjvjb nrj ei kirj rjhjet

tane >000. @t `s, aiwjvjr, piss`gbj ti hikpnrjtajsj w`ta taj cntn fir >00=. Neejx Sngbj 3

rjvjnbs tant knrdjc haneljs nrj tnd`el pbnhj `en eukgjr if hiuetr`js, fir taj gjttjr nec fir tajwirsj. Sngbj 7.8 hietn`es n sjbjht`ie frik NeejxSngbj 3, ta`s t`kj a`lab`lat`el hiuetr`js w`talriwta `e jeribkjet if 7:% ir kirj.

Iehj nln`e, tajsj f`lurjs kust gj trjntjc w`tahnut`ie. Ejvjrtajbjss, tarjj ljejrnbigsjrvnt`ies hne gj kncj ie taj gns`s ifSngbj 7.8 nec Neejx Sngbj 7.>. F`rst, taj tngbjsulljsts tant cjvjbip`el nec cjvjbipjchiuetr`js nb`dj nrj jxpnec`el JHHJ priv`s`ie.@e gita pnrts if taj wirbc tajrj nrj hiuetr`jsw`ta n r`ha trnc`t`ie `e JHHJ, nec itajrs tant nrjhntha`el up. Xjhiecby, `e n eukgjr if hiuetr`js`e Jnstjre Juripj nec Ns`n, jeribkjet `e JHHJ`s fnbb`el. Sa`rcby, n eukgjr if hiuetr`js, kistby`e sug-Xnanrne Nfr`hn, hikg`ej biw jeribkjetrntjs w`ta n bnhd if prilrjss. Sa`s `s taj hnsj fir

Gurd`en Fnsi, Hieli, Co`giut`, Jta`ip`n, E`ljr,Xjejlnb nec Sili.

7 = =JFN Lbignb

Kie`tir`el Wjpirt

Sngbj 7.8. Hiuetr`js saiw`el knrdjc lriwta `e JHHJ pnrt`h`pnt`ie (>00=‘>000)

Hrint`n

@ec`n

Onpne

Bntv`n

Buxjkgiurl

Knur`t`us

Enk`g`n

]nrnluny

]jru

Xw`tzjrbnec

San`bnec

Sr`e`cnc nec SignliZe`tjc Nrng Jk`rntjs

Ze`tjc D`elcik

71.8 :8.3 7:.> :3.8 :7.: =.0<

8.3 8=.= 76.6 8=.> 70.0 =.00

31.> 18.: 8:.3 18.: 18.6 >.==

3:.8 <8.8 71.= <:.> <>.3 =.0:

0>.< >><.> 7:.8 >87.> >=>.7 =.<<

:6.> 06.> 3=.= 0:.7 0<.= >.=7

>3.3 63.< :=.8 6=.7 60.8 >.>:

7<.> 18.= ::.0 1>.0 13.> >.=8

70.0 :0.= 70.> :1.8 :0.< >.=7

:0.< 03.6 83.0 0:.7 03.= =.00

38.8 18.: 3=.7 13.= 18.= =.00

1.1 6=.7 :>.3 6=.3 6=.= =.00:>.0 <1.3 76.6 <1.1 <1.> =.00

:7.3 <0.> 76.6 <0.> <0.= >.==

Lriss jeribkjet rnt`i (LJW)

Hiuetry LJW >00= LJW >000Vnr`nt`ie

Knbj FjknbjLjecjr pnr`ty

>00=‘>000`ecjx (F/K)

@t `s eit yjtpiss`gbj tinssjss prilrjss`e JHHJ s`ehjtaj \irbc

Jcuhnt`ie Firuk`e Cndnr (7===).

Xiurhj? Neejx, Sngbj 3.

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Linb 7. Ze`vjrsnb pr`knry jcuhnt`ie

Linb 7Ze`vjrsnb pr`knryjcuhnt`ie. . . jesur`el tant gy 7=>: nbb ha`bcrje, pnrt`hubnrby l`rbs, ha`bcrje `e c`ff`hubt h`rhukstnehjs nec taisj gjbiel`el ti jtae`h k`eir`t`js, anvj nhhjss ti nec hikpbjtj,frjj nec hikpubsiry pr`knry jcuhnt`ie if liic qunb`ty . . .

@e taj anbf-hjetury tant ans pnssjc s`ehj

taj Ze`vjrsnb Cjhbnrnt`ie if Aukne W`latsjstngb`sajc jcuhnt`ie ns n fuecnkjetnb r`latfir nbb, kney hiuetr`js anvj nha`jvjc taj linbif ue`vjrsnb pr`knry jcuhnt`ie (Z]J), ir anvjkncj sugstnet`nb prilrjss tiwnrcs ci`el si.Xikj hiuetr`js anvj privje tant ta`s `s piss`gbjcjsp`tj c`ff`hubt jhieik`h h`rhukstnehjs, enturnbc`snstjr ir n a`stiry if hiefb`ht. Pjt kirj tane>== k`bb`ie ha`bcrje `e taj wirbc nrj st`bbcjpr`vjc if nhhjss ti pr`knry jcuhnt`ie, wa`bjn eukgjr if hiuetr`js nrj hbjnrby eit ie trnhdti nha`jvj `ts ue`vjrsnb priv`s`ie. Xikj anvj

nhtunbby gjje kiv`el nwny frik `t. Ejnrby nbbiut-if-shaiib ha`bcrje b`vj e cjvjbip`elhiuetr`js, nec n knoir`ty if tajk nrj l`rbs.

Jeribkjet `e pr`knry jcuhnt`ieJeribkjet rntjs nrj djy `ec`hntirs if taj jxtjetti wa`ha taj jcuhnt`ie systjk knenljs ti sjrvjnbb ha`bcrje. Saj lriss jeribkjet rnt`i (LJW)jxprjssjs taj eukgjr if pup`bs nt n l`vje bjvjbif shaiib`el ‘ rjlnrcbjss if taj`r nlj ‘ ns npripirt`ie if taj eukgjr if ha`bcrje `e tajrjbjvnet nlj lriup. Saj LJW hne gj a`lajr tane>==% `f ha`bcrje gjl`e taj`r f`rst lrncj waje tajynrj ibcjr (ir yiueljr) tane taj iff`h`nb stnrt`elnlj, ir `f tajrj `s lrncj rjpjt`t`ie. Gita if tajsjpajeikjen bjnc ti ivjr-nlj jeribkjet,pnrt`hubnrby `e taj a`lajr lrncjs.

F`lurj 7.8 hikpnrjs LJWs nhriss knoir wirbcrjl`ies, ivjr taj cjhncj >00=‘>000. Cur`el tajjhieik`h c`ff`hubt`js if taj >01=s, taj rntj ifjxpnes`ie if shaiib systjks anc sbiwjc nshikpnrjc w`ta taj prjv`ius twi cjhncjs. Sa`swns pnrt`hubnrby si fir pr`knry shaiib`el, necjspjh`nbby e Nfr`hn, wajrj pr`knry jeribkjetlriwta fjbb gjbiw taj rntj if lriwta ifpipubnt`ie, nec wajrj, `e n eukgjr if hiuetr`js,jeribkjets nhtunbby cjhb`ejc e ngsibutj tjrks.F`lurj 7.8 `ec`hntjs k`xjc prilrjss cur`el taj>00=s, nbtaiula `e sikj pnrts if taj wirbc, rnp`c

jeribkjet lriwta nppjnrs ti anvj rjsukjc.LJWs anvj jxpnecjc strielby `e Xiuta nec \jstNs`n, taj Nrng Xtntjs nec Eirta Nfr`hn, nec `eBnt`e Nkjr`hn nec taj Hnr`ggjne. @e taj bnttjrrjl`ie, LJWs wjrj nbrjncy lrjntjr tane >== `e

3

Hanptjr 7

]rilrjss tiwnrcs taj lin bs

F`lurj 7.8. Lriss jeribkjet rnt`is gy rjl`ie (>00=‘>000)

Xug-XnanrneNfr`hn

HjetrnbNs`n

Hjetrnb/Jnstjre Juripj

\irbc Nrng Xtntjs/Eirta Nfr`hn

Jnst Ns`n/]nh`f`h

Bnt`e Nkjr`hn/Hnr`ggjne

Eirta Nkjr`hn/\jstjre Juripj

Xiuta/\jst Ns`n

>==>==

1=

0>

>=703

1< 10

>><

>=6 >=3

>76

>=: >=7

0700

<1 1>

>00= >000

=

8=

7=

>=

6=

:=

3=

0=1=

<=

>7=

>>=

>==

>8=

Xiurhj? Neejx, Sngbj 6.

Kirj tane >==k`bb`ie ha`bcrje`e taj wirbc nrjst`bb cjpr`vjc if

nhhjss ti pr`knryjcuhnt`ie.

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Linb 7. Ze`vjrsnb pr`knry jcuhnt`ie

Sngbj 7.3 priv`cjs ne ivjrv`jw if taj c`str`gut`ie

if LJWs nt hiuetry bjvjb. Saj hiehjetrnt`ie ifjeribkjet rnt`is bjss tane <= e sug-XnanrneNfr`hn stnecs iut. Aiwjvjr, kney hiuetr`jsfrik nbb rjl`ies anvj LJWs lrjntjr tane >==.Ns ec`hntjc jnrb`jr, taj`r frjqujehy ec`hntjstaj prjsjehj if ivjr-nlj ha`bcrje `e shaiibnr`s`el pnrtby frik bntj jeribkjet, gutpnrt`hubnrby frik a`la rntjs if lrncj rjpjt`t`ie.@e sikj hiuetr`js, lrncj rjpjt`t`ie `s ngsjet gyrjlubnt`ie, wa`bj `e itajrs `t ihhurs ieby ti nkicjrntj jxtjet. Aiwjvjr, `e sikj hnsjs taj

eukgjr if ha`bcrje rjpjnt`el lrncjs rjprjsjets

n sjr`ius crn`e ie taj hnpnh`ty if taj systjk.@e suha hnsjs, rjpjntjrs nrj iftje ihhupy`elpbnhjs tant hiubc itajrw`sj gj tndje gy ha`bcrjent prjsjet iut-if-shaiib.

Saj ejt jeribkjet rnt`i (EJW) tndjs nhhiuet iftaj nlj struhturj if taisj jeribbjc gy jxhbuc`elnbb taisj ha`bcrje wai nrj ibcjr ir yiueljr tanetaj iff`h`nbby shaiib-jb`l`gbj nlj lriup frik tajeukjrntir if taj rnt`i. Saus, gy cjf`e`t`ie, `thneeit jxhjjc >==%. F`lurj 7.: saiws EJWs `e>000/7===, gy cjvjbipkjet stntus nec rjl`ie.

6

Hanptjr 7

]rilrjss tiwnrcs taj lin bs

Nrng Xtntjs/Eirta Nfr`hn (7=)

Hjetrnb/JnstjreJuripj (7=)

Hjetrnb Ns`n (0)

Jnst Ns`n/]nh`f`h (76)

Bnt`e Nkjr`hn/Hnr`ggjne (3>)

Eirta Nkjr`hn/\jstjre Juripj (76)

Xiuta/\jst Ns`n (0)

Xug-Xnanrne Nfr`hn (3:)

Co`giut`, Xnuc` Nrng`n,Xucne (8)

Pulisbnv`n (>)

Nelibn, Gurd`en Fnsi,Guruec`, Jr`trjn, Lu`ejn,E`ljr, X`jrrn Bjiej,Ze`tjc Wjpugb`h if Snezne`n(1)

Jlypt, Duwn`t, Bjgneie,Knur`tne`n, Kirihhi, Ikne,Ze`tjc Nrng Jk`rntjs (<)

Hrint`n, Wuss`ne Fjcjrnt`ie,Saj firkjr Pulisbnv Wjp. ifKnhjcie`n (8)

Nzjrgn`one, Ljirl`n,Dnzndastne, Kielib`n (3)

Kyneknr, Wjpugb`h if Dirjn,San`bnec (8)

Luntjknbn, Onkn`hn (7)

Hnencn, Hyprus, Lrjjhj,Buxjkgiurl, Ze`tjc D`elcik,Ze`tjc Xtntjs (6)

@sbnk`h Wjpugb`h if @rne,]nd`stne (7)

Gje`e, Hnkjriie, Hanc,Hikiris, Hieli, Hótj c‐@vi`rj,Jta`ip`n, Lnkg`n, Lu`ejn-G`ssnu, Kiznkg`quj, Xjejlnb,_nkg`n, _`kgngwj (>8)

Nbljr`n, Gnarn`e, @rnq,Oircne, ]nbjst`e`ne N.S.,Sue`s`n (6)

Nbgne`n, Gjbnrus, Gublnr`n,Hzjha Wjpugb`h, Jstie`n,Auelnry, Bntv`n, B`taune`n,]ibnec, Wikne`n, Xbivnd`n,Surdjy (>7)

Dyrlyzstne, Sno`d`stne (7)

Nustrnb`n, Hnkgic`n, Ha`en,@eciejs`n, Onpne, Bni ]CW,Knbnys`n, Ejw _jnbnec,Vneuntu, Xnkin, V`jt Enk(>>)

Nrljet`en, Gnrgncis, Gjb`zj,Gib`v`n, Grnz`b, Ha`bj,

Hibikg`n, Histn W`hn, Hugn,Cik`e`hne Wjpugb`h, Jhuncir,Kjx`hi, Ejtajrbnecs Net`bbjs,E`hnrnlun, ]nenkn,]nrnluny, ]jru, Xt Buh`n,Sr`e`cnc nec Signli, Zruluny,Vjejzujbn (7>)

Nustr`n, Gjbl`uk, Cjeknrd,F`ebnec, Frnehj, Ljrkney,@hjbnec, @rjbnec, @srnjb, @tnby,Ejtajrbnecs, Eirwny,]irtulnb, Xpn`e, Xw`tzjrbnec,Xwjcje (>6)

@ec`n, Knbc`vjs, Ejpnb (8)

Gitswnen, Jquntir`nb Lu`ejn,Lngie, Bjsitai, B`gjr`n,Kncnlnshnr, Knbnw`,Knur`t`us, Enk`g`n, Wwnecn,Xiuta Nfr`hn, Xwnz`bnec, Sili,Zlnecn (>3)

B`gyne Nrng Onkna`r`yn,^ntnr, Xyr`ne Nrng Wjpugb`h,Pjkje (3)

Gise`n nec Ajrzjliv`en,Wjpugb`h if Kibcivn, Xbivje`n,Zdrn`ej (3)

Nrkje`n, Surdkje`stne,Zzgjd`stne (8)

Hiid @sbnecs, C]W Dirjn, F`o`,D`r`gnt`, Knrsanbb @sbnecs,Enuru, E`uj, ]npun EjwLu`ejn, ]a`b`pp`ejs, Xibikie@sbnecs, Sieln, Suvnbu (>7)

Nelu`bbn, Net`lun necGnrgucn, Nrugn, Gnankns,

Gjrkucn, Gr`t`sa V`rl`e @s.,Hnykne @s., Cik`e`hn,Jb Xnbvncir, Lrjencn, Luynen,An`t`, Aiecurns, Kietsjrrnt,Xt D`tts nec Ejv`s, Xt V`ehjetnec taj Lrjenc`ejs,Xur`enkj, Surds necHn`his @s. (>1)

Necirrn, Knbtn, Kienhi,Xne Knr`ei (3)

Nflane`stne, Gnelbncjsa,Gautne, Xr` Bnedn (3)

Hnpj Vjrcj, Hjetrnb Nfr`hneWjpugb`h, Cjkihrnt`h Wjp.if taj Hieli, Lanen, Djeyn,Knb`, E`ljr`n, Xni Sikj nec]r`eh`pj, Xjyhajbbjs,Xiknb`n (>=)

LJW 2 <=% <=% 5; LJW 2 >==% LJW 5 >==% Cntn eit nvn`bngbj

Sngbj 7.3. Hbnss`f`hnt`ie if hiuetr`js/tjrr`tir`js nhhirc`el ti taj bjvjb if taj`r lriss jeribkjet rnt`is (>000)

F`lurjs `e grnhdjts `ec`hntj taj eukgjr if hiuetr`js/tjrr`tir`js.

Xiurhj? Neejx, Sngbj 6.

N a`la eukgjr

if ha`bcrjerjpjnt`el lrncjs

rjprjsjets nsjr`ius crn`eie jcuhnt`ie

systjk hnpnh`ty.

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7 = =JFN Lbignb

Kie`tir`el Wjpirt

@t saiubc gj eitjc tant ei knoir rjl`ie, eitjvje taisj tant ehbucj taj kirj ecustr`nb`zjchiuetr`js, nha`jvjs nvjrnlj ejt rnt`is if >==.@e Bnt`e Nkjr`hn nec taj Hnr`ggjne, `e EirtaNkjr`hn nec \jstjre Juripj, nec ti n bjssjr

jxtjet `e Jnst Ns`n nec taj ]nh`f`h, taj EJW `shbisj ti, gut st`bb bjss tane >==. Saj lnps `etajsj rjl`ies nrj nttr`gutjc pnrtby ti firks ifjxhbus`ie frik jcuhnt`ie tant nrj c`ff`hubt tinvi`c, suha ns `bbejss ir `ehnpnh`ty, pnrtby tisikj ha`bcrje gj`el jcuhntjc gy taj`r pnrjets,nec pnrtby ti sikj pr`knry-nlj ha`bcrje gj`eljeribbjc e prj-pr`knry nec sjhiecnryprilrnkkjs. Ejvjrtajbjss, e sikj rjl`iestajrj nrj nbsi `ehrjns`el prigbjks rjbntjc tisih`nb jxhbusie.

Saj bnttjr sjjks truj fir sikj pnrts if Hjetrnbnec Jnstjre Juripj, wajrj n r`ha trnc`t`ie ifjcuhnt`ie ans gjje tarjntjejc gy jhieik`hcjhb`ej nec jris`ie if sih`nb hnp`tnb. Ie nvjrnlj,taj EJW `e Hjetrnb nec Jnstjre Juripj `s iebysb`latby a`lajr tane taj EJW if cjvjbip`elhiuetr`js ns n lriup, wa`bj taj EJW fir hiuetr`js`e trnes`t`ie ‘ jehikpnss`el n bnrljr nrjn taneHjetrnb nec Jnstjre Juripj ‘ `s jvje biwjr.\`ta`e taj cjvjbip`el wirbc, taj Nrng Xtntjs nectaj hiuetr`js if Xiuta nec \jst Ns`n anvj EJWshbisj ti 1=%, nbtaiula gita rjl`ies anvj sjr`iusljecjr lnps (sjj c`shuss`ie uecjr Linb :).

Vjry sjr`ius jeribkjet prigbjks ihhur `e tajNrng Xtntjs nec, `e pnrt`hubnr, `e sug-XnanrneNfr`hn (wajrj EJWs nrj, ie nvjrnlj, bjss tane6=%). Nbtaiula tajrj anvj gjje rjpirt`elprigbjks fir tajsj cntn, `e tajsj rjl`ies ejt

jeribkjets nppjnr ti anvj j`tajr fnbtjrjc irshnrhjby `ehrjnsjc cur`el taj >00=s. \ajrjnvjrnlj jeribkjet rntjs nrj biw ‘ l`vje tanttajy nrj iftje kuha biwjr `e taj kistprigbjknt`h sug-rjl`ies ‘ li`el ti shaiib hnegjhikj ne jxhjpt`ie rntajr tane taj eirk.F`lurj 7.6 saiws taj vnr`nt`ie if EJWs, wa`ha`s w`cj, pnrt`hubnrby `e taj ngivj twi rjl`ies.Sngbj 7.: nbsi `ec`hntjs taj ajnvy hiehjetrnt`ieif hiuetr`js w`ta EJWs bjss tane <= `e sug-Xnanrne Nfr`hn (>1 if taj 7: hnsjs) nec, ti nbjssjr jxtjet, `e taj Nrng Xtntjs. @e sikj iftajsj hiuetr`js ieby n k`eir`ty if ha`bcrje nttjec

shaiib, nec if taisj wai ci, kney b`vj `e n aikjjev`riekjet wajrj suppirt fir bjnre`el `sbnhd`el, nec `e hikkue`t`js wa`ha anvj lrjntc`ff`hubty `e sustn`e`el taj`r shaiibs `equnet`tnt`vj nec qunb`tnt`vj rjspjhts.

>==

8>

:>

1> <0 1><:

7>

<1

081<

0: 031<

67

>== >== >== >== 0<00

0=

17

>==

=

>=

7=

8=

3=

:=

6=

<=

1=

0=

>==

Co`giut`

]nbjst`e`ne N. S. Nbgne`n

Pulisbnv`n

Kielib`n

Dyrlyzstne San`bnec

Knbnys`n Nrljet`en

E`hnrnlun

F`ebnec

Hyprus

Knbc`vjs

@sbnk`h Wjp.if @rne

Wwnecn

E`ljr

knx`kuk k`e`kuk kjc`ne

Nrng Xtntjs/Eirta Nfr`hn

(>:/7=)

Hjetrnb/Jnstjre Juripj

(>7/7=)

Jnst Ns`n/]nh`f`h(>3/76)

Bnt`e Nkjr`hn/Hnr`ggjne

(78/3>)

Eirta Nkjr`hn/\jstjre Juripj

(77/76)

Xiuta/\jst Ns`n

(7/0)

Xug-XnanrneNfr`hn(7</3:)

HjetrnbNs`n(8/0)

F`lurj 7.6. Vnr`nt`ie `e ejt jeribkjet rnt`is gy rjl`ie (>000)

Xiurhj? Neejx, Sngbj 6.

\ajrj nvjrnljjeribkjet rntjsnrj biw, li`elti shaiibhne gjhikj nejxhjpt`ie rntajrtane taj eirk.

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Linb 7. Ze`vjrsnb pr`knry jcuhnt`ie

1

Hanptjr 7

]rilrjss tiwnrcs taj lin bs

Nrng Xtntjs/Eirta Nfr`hn (7=)

Hjetrnb/JnstjreJuripj (7=)

Hjetrnb Ns`n (0)

Jnst Ns`n/]nh`f`h (76)

Bnt`e Nkjr`hn/Hnr`ggjne (3>)

Eirta Nkjr`hn/

\jstjre Juripj (76)

Xiuta/\jst Ns`n (0)

Xug-Xnanrne Nfr`hn(3:)

Co`giut`, Xucne (7)

Nelibn, Gurd`en Fnsi,Guruec`, Jr`trjn,Lu`ejn, E`ljr, Ze`tjcWjpugb`h if Snezne`n(<)

Duwn`t, Bjgneie,Xnuc` Nrng`n, Ikne(3)

Pulisbnv`n (>)

Hanc, Hikiris,Hótj c‐@vi`rj, Lnkg`n,Lu`ejn-G`ssnu,Bjsitai, Kncnlnshnr,Kiznkg`quj,Xjejlnb, X`jrrn

Bjiej, _nkg`n (>>)

Kirihhi, Ze`tjc NrngJk`rntjs (7)

Hrint`n, Auelnry (7)

Kielib`n, Dyrlyzstne,Sno`d`stne (8)

Hnkgic`n, Bni ]CW,Kyneknr, San`bnec (3)

Gnrgncis, Ha`bj,Hibikg`n, Luntjknbn,E`hnrnlun, Vjejzujbn(6)

Hyprus, Ljrkney (7)

@sbnk`h Wjpugb`h if@rne (>)

Gje`e, Gitswnen,Jquntir`nb Lu`ejn,Enk`g`n, _`kgngwj(:)

Nbljr`n, Gnarn`e, Jlypt, @rnq,Oircne, ]nbjst`e`ne N.S.,Sue`s`n (<)

Nbgne`n, Gublnr`n, HzjhaWjpugb`h, Jstie`n, Bntv`n,B`taune`n, ]ibnec, Wikne`n,Saj firkjr Pulisbnv Wjp. ifKnhjcie`n (0)

Nustrnb`n, Ha`en, @eciejs`n,Onpne, Knbnys`n, Ejw_jnbnec, Wjp. if Dirjn,Xnkin, Vneuntu, V`jt Enk(>=)

Nrljet en, Gjb`zj, Gib`v`n,Grnz`b, Histn W`hn, Hugn,Cik`e`hne Wjpugb`h, Jhuncir,Onkn`hn, Ejtajrbnecs Net`bbjs,Kjx`hi, ]nrnluny, ]jru,]nenkn, Xt.Buh`n, Sr`e`cncnec Signli, Zruluny (><)

Nustr`n, Gjbl`uk, Hnencn,

Cjeknrd, Frnehj, Lrjjhj,F`ebnec, @hjbnec, @rjbnec,@srnjb, @tnby, Buxjkgiurl,Ejtajrbnecs, Eirwny,]irtulnb, Xpn`e, Xwjcje,Xw`tzjrbnec, Ze`tjc D`elcik,Ze`tjc Xtntjs (7=)

Knbc`vjs (>)

Knur`t`us, Wwnecn, Sili,Xwnz`bnec (3)

B`gyne Nrng Onkna`r`yn,Knur`tne`n, ^ntnr, Xyr`ne NrngWjpugb`h, Pjkje (:)

Gjbnrus, Gise`n necAjrzjliv`en, Wjpugb`h ifKibcivn, Wuss`ne Fjcjrnt`ie,Xbivnd`n, Xbivje`n, Surdjy,Zdrn`ej (1)

Nrkje`n, Nzjrgn`one, Ljirl`n,Dnzndastne, Surdkje`stne,Zzgjd`stne (6)

Hiid @s., Cjk. ]jipbj‐s Wjp.Dirjn, F`o`, D`r`gnt`, Knrsanbb@s., Enuru, E`uj, ]npun EjwLu`ejn, ]a`b`pp`ejs, Xibikie@sbnecs, Sieln, Suvnbu (>7)

Nelu`bbn, Net`lun necGnrgucn, Nrugn, Gnankns,Gjrkucn, Gr`t`sa V`rl`e @s.,Hnykne @s., Cik`e`hn,Jb Xnbvncir, Lrjencn, Luynen,An`t`, Aiecurns, Kietsjrrnt,Xt. D`tts nec Ejv`s,Xt. V`ehjet nec tajLrjenc`ejs, Xur`enkj,Surds nec Hn`his @s. (>1)

Necirrn, Knbtn, Kienhi,

Xne Knr`ei (3)

Nflane`stne, Gnelbncjsa,Gautne, @ec`n, Ejpnb,]nd`stne, Xr` Bnedn (<)

Hnpj Vjrcj, Hjetrnb Nfr`hneWjpugb`h, Hieli, Hnkjriie,Cjk. Wjp. if taj Hieli,Jta`ip`n, Lngie, Lanen,Djeyn, B`gjr`n, Knb`, Knbnw`,E`ljr`n, Xni Sikj nec

]r`eh`pj, Xjyhajbbjs, Xiknb`n,Xiuta Nfr`hn, Zlnecn (>1)

EJW 2 :=% :=% 5; EJW 2 <=% <=% 5; EJW 2 0=% 0=% 5; EJW 2 >==% Cntn eit nvn`bngbj

Sngbj 7.:. Hbnss`f`hnt`ie if hiuetr`js/tjrr`tir`js nhhirc`el ti EJW bjvjb (>000)

F`lurjs `e grnhdjts `ec`hntj taj eukgjr if hiuetr`js/tjrr`tir`js.

Xiurhj? Neejx, Sngbj 6.

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7 = =JFN Lbignb

Kie`tir`el Wjpirt

Xurvjy jst`kntj JFN jst`kntj (EJW) C ffjrjehj survjy ‘Hiuetry Xurvjy cntn siurhj Cntj if survjy (f`jbcwird) (ENW) >000/7=== JFN jst`kntj

Nbljr`n K@HX rjpirt Kny 7=== 0<.= 0<.7 ‘=.7

Nelibn K@HX k`hricntn 7=== 63.7 7<.8 86.0

Gje`e CAX k`hricntn 7==> :8.: <=.8 ‘>6.1Gitswnen K@HX k`hricntn Kny‘Ouby 7=== 18.< 18.6 =.>

Gurd`en Fnsi CAX k`hricntn Eiv. >001/00‘Knrha >000/7=== 7<.3 83.6 ‘<.7

Guruec` K@HX k`hricntn Npr`b‘Kny 7=== 36.: 33.: 7.>

Hnkjriie K@HX k`hricntn Ouby‘Nul. 7=== <8.<

Hjetrnb Nfr`hne Wjpugb`h K@HX k`hricntn Npr`b‘Cjh. 7=== 37.0

Hanc K@HX k`hricntn Kny‘Xjp. 7=== 80.7 :6.6 ‘><.3

Hikiris K@HX k`hricntn Xjp.‘Eiv. 7=== 88.< :3.1 ‘7>.>

Hótj c'@vi`rj K@HX k`hricntn Ouej‘Nul. 7=== :<.8 :1.3 ‘>.>

Cjk. Wjp. Hieli K@HX k`hricntn 7=== :>.3

Jlypt CAX k`hricntn Fjg.‘Npr`b 7=== 1:.> 07.8 ‘<.7

Jquntir`nb Lu`ejn K@HX k`hricntn 7=== 30.= <0.= ‘8=.=

Jta`ip`n CAX k`hricntn Fjg.‘Kny 7=== 8=.7

Lngie CAX rjpirt Ouby 7===‘One. 7==> 08.7

Lnkg`n K@HX k`hricntn Kny‘Ouej 7=== 36.8 60.1 ‘78.:

Lanen CAX k`hricntn Eiv. >001/00‘Fjg. >000/7=== <3.8Lu`ejn CAX k`hricntn Npr`b >000/7=== 80.8 30.= ‘0.<

Lu`ejn‘G`ssnu K@HX k`hricntn Npr`b‘Kny 7=== 3>.> :8.: ‘>7.3

Djeyn K@HX k`hricntn Xjp.‘Iht. 7=== <8.1

Bjsitai K@HX k`hricntn Knrha‘Kny 7=== 6:.= :1.: 6.:

Kncnlnshnr K@HX k`hricntn Nul.‘Iht. 7=== :>.1 6:.7 ‘>8.3

Knbnw` CAX rjpirt Ouby‘Eiv. 7=== <1.7

E`ljr K@HX k`hricntn Npr`b‘Nul. 7=== 8=.7 7>.7 1.1

E`ljr`n CAX k`hricntn Knrha‘Kny >000/7=== ::.6

Wwnecn K@HX k`hricntn Ouby‘Iht. 7=== 6<.1

Xni Sikj nec ]r`eh`pj K@HX k`hricntn Nul.‘Xjp. 7=== <8.6

Xjejlnb K@HX k`hricntn Kny‘Ouby 7=== 3<.8 6>.< ‘>3.3

X`jrrn Bjiej K@HX k`hricntn Knrha‘Kny 7=== 86.6

Xiknb`n K@HX k`hricntn >000/7=== >>.6

Xiuta Nfr`hn CAX k`hricntn >001 11.6

Xucne K@HX k`hricntn 7=== ::.7 33.< >=.:Xwnz`bnec K@HX k`hricntn Ouby‘Xjp. 7=== <=.< 07.1 ‘77.>

Sili K@HX k`hricntn 7=== 68.= 0>.3 ‘71.3

Sue`s`n K@HX rjpirt Knrha‘Npr`b 7=== 03.3 01.7 ‘3.7

Zlnecn CAX JcCntn rjpirt Npr`b‘Ouby 7==> 1<.>

Z.W. Snezne`n CAX k`hricntn Xjp.‘Eiv. >000/7=== 31.0 36.< 7.7

_nkg`n K@HX k`hricntn Iht. >000/7=== 6>.: 66.3 ‘3.0

_`kgngwj CAX k`hricntn Nul.‘Eiv. >000/7=== 13.0 1=.7 3.<

Sngbj 7.6. Jst`kntjs if pr`knry shaiib jeribkjet nec nttjecnehj (>001‘7==>)

Jxpbnentiry eitjs. Ejt Nttjecnehj Wntj (ENW)? Kubt`pbj @ec`hntir Hbustjr Xurvjy (K@HX) gy ZE@HJF4 nec Cjkilrnpa`h nec Ajnbta Xurvjy (CAX) gy ZXN@C, >001‘7==>.Ejt Jeribkjet Wntj (EJW)? Z@X cntn fir >000/7===4 sjj Neejx, Sngbj 6.

Nlj lriups fir K@HX nec CAX? Lngie nec Xiuta Nfr`hn cntn fir nljs 6‘>= (iff`h`nb pr`knry nlj 6‘>> nec 6‘>7), Sue`s`n 6‘>7 (iff`h`nb pr`knry nlj 6‘>>). Xug-Xnanrne Nfr`hn `ehbucjs nbbhiuetr`js ngivj jxhjpt Nbljr`n, Jlypt, Xucne nec Sue`s`n. Xucne `ehbucjs ieby eirtajre Xucne. Nvjrnljs nrj wj`latjc gy taj titnb pipubnt`ie if jnha hiuetry.

Xiurhj? ZE@HJF nec Z@X.

Jeribkjet vs. nttjecnehj

Iej prigbjk e nssjss`el pnrt`h`pnt`ie epr`knry jcuhnt`ie `s tant iff`h`nb stnt`st`hs(taj gns`s fir hnbhubnt`el LJW nec EJW) `ehbucjieby taj eukgjrs if ha`bcrje wai nrj firknbbyrjl`stjrjc ns pup`bs, jvje taiula `t `s eit hjrtn`etant tajy nhtunbby nttjec shaiib. @efirknt`ie ienttjecnehj rntjs `s ejjcjc ti nenbysj ta`s `ssuj.Aiwjvjr, kist efirknt`ie nvn`bngbj ie tajsj`ec`hntirs `s lntajrjc tariula aiusjaibc

survjys, nec eit ie n rjlubnr gns`s (Aujgbjr necBin`z`n, 7==7). Sngbj 7.6 saiws suha rjsubts fir3= Nfr`hne hiuetr`js, nec hikpnrjs tajsj cntnw`ta taj EJWs fir 7: if tajk. @t `ec`hntjs tanttaj jst`kntjs if nttjecnehj nrj usunbby biwjr ‘nec `e sikj hnsjs kuha biwjr ‘ tane taj EJWstnt`st`hs, gnsjc upie jeribkjet cntn suppb`jcgy livjrekjets. Xjvjetjje if taj 7: aiusjaibcsurvjy nttjecnehj rntj jst`kntjs saiwe e tajtngbj nrj biwjr tane taj hirrjspiec`el EJW

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Linb 7. Ze`vjrsnb pr`knry jcuhnt`ie

jst`kntjs ‘ ie nvjrnlj gy >3%. Hbjnrby ta`squjst`ies taj rjnb`ty if jeribkjet stnt`st`hs `e nliic eukgjr if hiuetr`js, wajrj kney pup`bskny rjl`stjr nt taj gjl`ee`el if taj yjnr, gut cieit sugsjqujetby nttjec ie n rjlubnr gns`s.

Nhhjss ti pr`knry shaiib`el

@t w`bb gj hbjnr frik taj firjli`el tant tajhanrnhtjr`st`hs if ha`bcrje wai jetjr taj f`rstlrncj if pr`knry shaiib`el anvj n vjry `kpirtnet`efbujehj upie taj s`zj if taj systjk nec upie`ts nlj hanrnhtjr`st`hs. Sajy nbsi priv`cj iej`kpirtnet `efbujehj upie taj c`ffjrjehjs tantjkjrlj gjtwjje LJWs nec EJWs. @f ha`bcrjejerib `e shaiib bntj, nec ci eit crip iut ifshaiib, tajy w`bb jkjrlj ns gj`el ivjr-nlj `etaj a`lajr lrncjs.

F`lurj 7.< saiws taj lriss `etndj rntj (L@W)fir >=> hiuetr`js `e >000. Saj L@W jxprjssjstaj titnb eukgjr if ha`bcrje jetjr`el shaiib `en hjrtn`e yjnr rjlnrcbjss if taj`r nlj, ns n

pripirt`ie if taj titnb eukgjr if ha`bcrje `e tajhiuetry wai nrj nt taj iff`h`nb jetry nlj. Saj L@Whne gj a`lajr tane >==% `f ibcjr ha`bcrje jetjr(`e tajiry, gut prjcik`enetby eit `e prnht`hj, ta`s`s nbsi truj if yiueljr ha`bcrje). @e >000, sikj:0 hiuetr`js anc n L@W lrjntjr tane >==%.

N hikpnr`sie gjtwjje F`lurj 7.<, wa`ha saiwstaj vnr`nt`ie `e L@W, nec F`lurj 7.3, wa`ha saiwstaj vnr`nt`ie `e LJW, pi`ets ti twi c`st`ehtpajeikjen. @e Hjetrnb nec Jnstjre Juripj nec`e Eirta Nkjr`hn nec \jstjre Juripj, L@Ws fnbb

w`ta`e n enrriw gnec. Sa`s kjnes tant shaiibs`e tajsj rjl`ies tndj `e ha`bcrje nt taj pripjrnlj. Aiwjvjr, taj vnr`nt`ie `e LJWs saiwe `eF`lurj 7.3 fir tajsj rjl`ies `s w`cjr, gjhnusjlrncj rjpjt`t`ie nec crips iut nrj `efbujeh`eljeribkjet ti c`ffjrjet cjlrjjs `e taj vnr`iushiuetr`js. Bnt`e Nkjr`hn nec taj Hnr`ggjne nbsianvj lrjntjr vnr`nt`ie `e LJWs tane `e L@Ws,wa`bj taj rjvjrsj `s taj hnsj fir Xiuta nec\jst Ns`n.

Saj ejt `etndj rntj (E@W) ncousts fir taj nljif ha`bcrje jetjr`el shaiib. Saj E@W `s cjf`ejcns taj eukgjr if ha`bcrje jetjr`el shaiib nttaj iff`h`nb jetry nlj ns n pripirt`ie if taj titnbeukgjr if ha`bcrje if tant nlj `e taj pipubnt`ie.F`lurj 7.1 saiws tant hiuetr`js wajrj n a`lapripirt`ie if jetrnets nrj nck`ttjc nt taj iff`h`nbshaiib jetry nlj nbsi tjec ti anvj a`la EJWs,nec v`hj vjrsn. Saj wnys `e wa`ha ivjr-nlj jetrynec rjpjt`t`ie `etjrnht ti pricuhj bnrlj lnpsgjtwjje taj LJW nec taj EJW nrj `ec`hntjc `eSngbj 7.<. If taisj hiuetr`js w`ta kirj tane n

ta`rty-pi`et LJW-EJW lnp, kist anc n a`la`etndj if ha`bcrje wai wjrj iuts`cj taj iff`h`nbjetrnehj nlj (L@W-E@W lnp), n bnrlj pripirt`ieif ivjr-nlj ha`bcrje jeribbjc, nec n rjbnt`vjbya`la pripirt`ie if rjpjntjrs. Hbjnrby, f iej iftaj hr`tjr`n fir Z]J `s tant if nha`jv`el EJWs ntir hbisj ti >==, ieby taisj hiuetr`js w`ta a`laejt `etndj rntjs w`bb gj ngbj ti nha`jvj taj linb.

=

Hanptjr 7

]rilrjss tiwnrcs taj lin bs

>== >== >=1 >>3 >>300

>=8>>6

>38

78076=

>=6>7:

87

11 0> 06 0<<0

33

00

=

:=

>==

>:=

7==

7:=

8==

Nrng Xtntjs/Eirta Nfr`hn

(>3/7=)

Hjetrnb/Jnstjre Juripj

(0/7=)

Jnst Ns`n/]nh`f`h(>>/76)

Bnt`e Nkjr`hn/Saj Hnr`ggjne

(7=/3>)

Eirta Nkjr`hn/\jstjre Juripj

(>>/76)

Xiuta/\jst Ns`n

(:/0)

Xug Xnanrne

(8>/3:)Nfr`hn

knx`kuk k`e`kuk kjc`ne

Co`giut`

@rnd Hzjhd Wjp.

Hrint`n

Bni ].C.W.

San`bnec

E`hnrnlun

Sr`e`cnc/Signli

Xw`tzjrbnec

Necirrn

Ejpnb

@sb. Wjp.@rne

Jquntir`nb Lu`ejn

E`ljr

F`lurj 7.<. Vnr`nt`ie `e lriss `etndj rntj gy rjl`ie (>000)

Xiurhj? Neejx, Sngbj :.

@e n liic eukgjrif hiuetr`js,

kney pup`bs knyrjl`stjr nt taj

gjl`ee`el if tajyjnr gut eit

sugsjqujetbynttjec ie n

rjlubnr gns`s.

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7 = =JFN Lbignb

Kie`tir`el Wjpirt

Xurv`vnb `e shaiib

Saj shaiib surv`vnb rntj `s taj pripirt`ie if nhiairt if pup`bs jeribb`el `e Lrncj > wai stny `e

shaiib up ti n l`vje a`lajr lrncj. Saj surv`vnbrntj ti Lrncj : `s pnrt`hubnrby rjbjvnet, s`ehj tajsuhhjssfub hikpbjt`ie if nt bjnst fiur yjnrs ifpr`knry jcuhnt`ie s hies`cjrjc ne `kpirtnettarjsaibc. Saj `ec`hntir kjnsurjs jnrby crip-iut. @t tjbbs us ngiut ha`bcrje wai bjnvj shaiibgjfirj rjnha`el Lrncj :, nec wai knysugsjqujetby rjbnpsj `eti `bb`tjrnhy.

F`lurj 7.0 saiws taj rjbnt`iesa`p gjtwjjeL@W nec surv`vnb ti Lrncj :. @t `ec`hntjs tanttaisj hiuetr`js w`ta vjry a`la rntjs if ivjr-nljjeribkjet `e Lrncj > tjec ti anvj a`la rntjs

if crip-iut gjfirj Lrncj :. Xikj hiuetr`js,suha ns Zlnecn nec Jquntir`nb Lu`ejn, anv`elsurv`vnb rntjs if 3:% nec >6%, rjspjht`vjby,`bbustrntj aiw jcuhnt`ie systjks w`ta bnrljeukgjrs if ivjr-nlj jetrnets anvj c`ff`hubty`e djjp`el ha`bcrje jeribbjc. ]rigbjknt`h `e nc`ffjrjet wny nrj systjks wa`ha anvj a`la

Ejtjeribkjetrnt`is(%)

Ejt `etndj rntj (%)

]nenkn

]nrnluny

>=

7=

8=

3=

:=

6=

<=

1=

0=

>= 7= 8= 3= := 6= <= 1= 0= >==

Gnarn`eHistn W`hn

_`kgngwj ZNJ

Ikne

Bjgneie

Kiznkg`quj

Z. W. Snezne`n

Co`giut`Nelibn

E`ljr

=

>==Nrljet`en

]jru

]nbjst`e`ne N. S.

Gib`v`n

LrjjhjV`jt EnkOircne

@rnqHnkgic`nHibikg`n

VjejzujbnHyprus

X`jrrn Bjiej

Nbljr`n

Jlypt

GnrgncisKyneknrBnis ]CW

Enk`g`n

Onkn`hn

Sue`s`nXnkinXt Buh`n

Xwnz`bnec

Ha`bj San`bnecE`hnrnlun

Lnkg`n_nkg`n

Xnuc` Nrng`n

Lu`ejn-G`ssjnu

Knur`t`us

Zruluny

Sili

@eciejs`n

Gitswnen

@rne, @sb. Wjp.

Bjsitai

Hanc

Xucne

Guruec`

Jr`trjn

Gurd`en Fnsi

Cik`e`hne Wjp

Kirihhi

F`lurj 7.1. Saj rjbnt`iesa`p gjtwjje ejt `etndj rntjs nec ejt jeribkjet rnt`is (>000)

Xiurhj? Neejx, Sngbjs : nec 6.

Nelibn

Grnz`b

Hikiris

Jr`trjn

Lu`ejn-G`ssnu

Bni ]CW

Bjsitai

Kncnlnshnr

Kiznkg`quj

Wwnecn

Xwnz`bnec

8< 3< :8.8 70.3

60 ‘ 80.7 78.=

70 ‘ 88.8 76.=

7> 3< 87.= >0.3

70 <1 8>.1 73.=

83 6: 70.> >0.<

3: <> 37.0 7=.3

8: ‘ 88.7 7<.0

8: 13 81.0 78.<

7: ‘ >1.8 70.>

87 61 73.3 ><.>

Sngbj 7.<.

]r`knry jcuhnt`ie? LJW‘EJW lnp, L@W‘E@W lnp, ivjr-nlj pup`bs

nec lrncj rjpjt`t`ie, sjbjhtjc hiuetr`js (>000/7===)

Lnp LJW‘EJW Lnp L@W‘E@W ]jrhjetnlj if Sitnb pjrhjetnlj(pjrhjetnlj (pjrhjetnlj ivjr-nlj stucjets if rjpjntjrs

Hiuetry pi`et) pi`et) `e pr`knry (%) `e pr`knry (%)

Xiurhj? Neejx, Sngbjs : nec 6.

surv`vnb rntjs, gut wa`ha ‘ b`dj taisj `e Co`giut`,Gurd`en Fnsi nec E`ljr ‘ sjrvj ieby n sknbbpripirt`ie if taj nlj lriup. Sajrj `s, aiwjvjr,n striel hiehjetrnt`ie if hiuetr`js w`ta L@Ws

gjtwjje 1=% nec >7=% anv`el surv`vnb rntjs ifgjtwjje <: nec >==%. Nln`e, `t sjjks tant tajnlj if jetry `s `efbujet`nb `e ajbp`el ti sjhurjsikj if taj kpirtnet etjecjc iuthikjs friktaj shaiib`el prihjss.

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Linb 7. Ze`vjrsnb pr`knry jcuhnt`ie

Iut-if-shaiib ha`bcrje

Saj eukgjr if iut-if-shaiib ha`bcrje, ns wjbb nstaj trjec tiwnrcs `t, cjpjec gita ie taj bjvjb iftaj EJW nec taj s`zj if taj shaiib-nlj

pipubnt`ie. Saus, rjl`ies b`dj Xiuta nec \jstNs`n nec sug-Xnanrne Nfr`hn st`bb sjj taj`reukgjrs if iut-shaiib-ha`bcrje lriw`el, jvjewajrj EJWs nrj r`s`el, gjhnusj if taj hiet`eujc

`kpnht if a`la rntjs if pipubnt`ie lriwta.Sajrj wjrj >>:.3 k`bb`ie ha`bcrje iut if shaiibwirbcw`cj `e >000 (n sb`lat `ehrjnsj ie tajprjv`ius yjnr‐s jst`kntj if >>8.6 k`bb`ie).8 Nejst`kntjc :6% if tajk, `e gita yjnrs, wjrj l`rbs403% if tajsj ha`bcrje wjrj b`v`el `e cjvjbip`elhiuetr`js. Bjnst cjvjbipjc hiuetr`js nbiejnhhiuetjc fir ivjr iej-ta`rc if ta`s sanrj, wa`bj3<% if iut-if-shaiib ha`bcrje wjrj hiehjetrntjc`e taj 0 a`la pipubnt`ie (J-0) hiuetr`js.F`lurj 7.>= saiws taj`r c`str`gut`ie nhrissrjl`ies, wa`ha ec`hntjs tant oust ivjr iej-ta`rcif taj ha`bcrje wjrj `e sug-Xnanrne Nfr`hn, w`tan furtajr ta`rc gj`el `e Xiuta nec \jst Ns`n.

Hikpubsiry shaiib`el

Ns taj wirc`el if taj linb sulljsts, `t sjjksstrn`latfirwnrc ti jxpjht tant n livjrekjet tantljeu`ejby jxpjhtjc ti priv`cj suff`h`jet shaiibpbnhjs fir nbb, nec `etjecjc tant tajsj saiubc gjfubby ut`b`zjc, wiubc etricuhj bjl`sbnt`ie ti kndjshaiib`el hikpubsiry fir taj rjbjvnet nlj lriup.@e fnht, suha bjl`sbnt`ie `s w`cjsprjnc, typ`hnbbyst`pubnt`el gita taj k`e`kuk curnt`ie if shaiibnttjecnehj `e yjnrs nec taj nljs cur`el wa`ha `tsaiubc ihhur. Sngbj 7.1 saiws tant, cur`el rjhjetcjhncjs ts eh`cjehj ans sugstnet`nbby`ehrjnsjc. @e >06:, 1=% if nbb `ecjpjecjet

7

Hanptjr 7

]rilrjss tiwnrcs taj lin bs

Nelibn

Jquntir`nb Lu`ejn

ZlnecnWwnecnKiznkg`quj

KncnlnshnrSili

Bni ]CW E`hnrnlunHanc

@ec`nE`ljr

Gurd`en FnsiBjsitai

KyneknrHibikg`n

]nrnlunyXwnz`bnec Xiuta Nfr`hn

Co`giut` Xjejlnb Gjb`zj_nkg`nZ. W. Snezne`n Kirihhi Gib`v`nXnkin

V`jt EnkEnk`g`n Cik`e`hne Wjpugb`h

ZrulunyXucneLu`ejn Gitswnen]jruKjx`hi

VjejzujbnBjgneieSue`s`n Ze`tjc Nrng Jk`rntjsIkne

Nrljet`enNbljr`n

Xnuc` Nrng`nJr`trjn

Gnarn`e

San`bnecHa`en OircneFrnehj

Hzjha Wjpugb`h

=

>=

7=

8=

3=

:=

6=

<=

1=

0=

>==

:= >== >:= 7== 7:= 8==

Xurv`vnbrntjtiLrncj:(%)

Lriss `etndj rntj (%)

F`lurj 7.0. L@W nec surv`vnb rntj ti Lrncj :, sjbjhtjc hiuetr`js (>000/7===)

Xiurhj? Neejx, Sngbjs : nec >=.

Xug-Xnanrne Nfr`hn

8<%

Xiuta/\jst Ns`n

83%

<% NrngXtntjs/Eirta Nfr`hn

7% Hjetrnb Ns`n

8% Hjetrnb nec Jnstjre Juripj

>8% Jnst Ns`n/]nh`f`h

7% Bnt`e Nkjr`hn/Hnr`ggjne

7% Eirta Nkjr`hn/\jstjre Juripj

Sitnb? >>:.3 k`bb`ie

F`lurj 7.>=. Iut-if-shaiib ha`bcrje? c`str`gut`ie gy rjl`ie (>000/7===)

Xiurhj? Neejx, Sngbj >8.

8. Sajsj jst`kntjs nrj gnsjc ieshaiib jeribkjets ns rjpirtjcgy hiuetr`js, tiljtajr w`ta tajZe`tjc Ent`ies 7=== rjv`sjcpipubnt`ie jst`kntjs fir tajrjbjvnet ent`ienb nlj lriups.

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7 = =JFN Lbignb

Kie`tir`el Wjpirt

Sngbj 7.1. Jxtjes`ie if hikpubsiry shaiib`el, gy rjl`ie (>06:‘7===). ]jrhjetnlj if hiuetr`js `e jnha

rjl`ie tant anvj pnssjc hikpubsiry shaiib`el bjl`sbnt`ie (eukgjr if hnsjs `e pnrjetajsjs).

Bnt`e Nkjr`hn/Hnr`ggjne

Xug-Xnanrne Nfr`hn

Ns`n/]nh`f`h

K`ccbj Jnst/Eirta Nfr`hn

Hjetrnb Juripj/firkjr ZXXW

Eirta Nkjr`hn/\jstjre Juripj

\irbc titnbs

>==.= >==.= >==.= 0<.> >==.=

(77) (76) (88) (83) (83)

:3.7 6:.> <8.8 10.6 10.6

(73) (38) (3:) (31) (31)

<>.3 66.< <7.< <6.: <0.3

(7>) (7<) (88) (83) (83)

<>.3 <<.1 <8.< 1=.= 1:.=

(>3) (>1) (>0) (7=) (7=)

>==.= >==.= >==.= >==.= 07.8

(:) (:) (:) (7>) (76)

>==.= >==.= >==.= >==.= >==.=

(7>) (78) (78) (7:) (7<)

1=.3 1=.8 18.: 0>.> 0>.=

(>=<) (>37) (>:1) (>17) (>10)

Wjl`ie Pjnr

>06: >0<: >01: >00: 7===

Eitjs? Ieby hiuetr`js tant wjrj pib`t`hnbby `ecjpjecjet nt taj cntjs saiwe anvj gjje `ehbucjc. F`enb hibuke `ehbucjs cntn fir 7===,ir fir taj kist rjhjet yjnr nvn`bngbj. Hikpis`t`ie if wirbc rjl`ies `s c`ffjrjet frik tant `e itajr tngbjs nec f`lurjs `e ta`s Wjpirt .

Xiurhj? Gjenvit (7==7).

Sngbj 7.0. Kjne curnt`ie if hikpubsiry shaiib`el `e yjnrs, gy rjl`ie (>06:‘7===)

Bnt`e Nkjr`hn/Hnr`ggjne

Xug-Xnanrne Nfr`hn

Ns`n/]nh`f`h

K`ccbj Jnst/Eirta Nfr`hn

Hjetrnb Juripj/firkjr ZXXW

Eirta Nkjr`hn/\jstjre Juripj

\irbc titnbs

Xtnecnrc cjv`nt`ie

6.=0 <.81 <.03 1.8= 1.8:

(77) (76) (88) (88) (83)

<.1: <.:= <.88 <.7> <.>6

(>8) (71) (88) (38) (38)

6.08 <.33 <.>< <.11 <.<=

(>:) (>1) (73) (76) (7<)

6.<= <.70 <.:< <.<: 1.==

(>=) (>3) (>3) (>6) (><)

1.3= 1.3= 1.1= 0.== 0.=1

(:) (:) (:) (7>) (73)

1.70 0.=3 1.<3 0.33 0.<>

(7>) (78) (78) (7:) (73)

<.73 <.<0 <.<1 1.>6 1.7>

(16) (>>3) (>87) (>63) (>60)

>.71 >.6> >.<> >.08 >.1:

Wjl`ie Pjnr

>06: >0<: >01: >00: 7===

Eitjs? Ieby hiuetr`js tant wjrj pib`t`hnbby `ecjpjecjet nt taj cntjs saiwe anvj gjje `ehbucjc. F`enb hibuke `ehbucjs cntn fir 7===,ir fir taj kist rjhjet yjnr nvn`bngbj. Hikpis`t`ie if wirbc rjl`ies `s c`ffjrjet frik tant `e itajr tngbjs nec f`lurjs `e ta`s Wjpirt .

Xiurhj? Gjenvit (7==7).

hiuetr`js anc pnssjc suha bjl`sbnt`ie4 gy tajyjnr 7===, jvje taiula taj eukgjr if`ecjpjecjet ent`ie-stntjs anc `ehrjnsjcsanrpby, fubby 0>% if nbb `ecjpjecjet hiuetr`jsanc pnssjc hikpubsiry shaiib bjl`sbnt`ie. Iejrjl`ie ‘ Hjetrnb Juripj nec taj firkjr Xiv`jtZe`ie ‘ fjbb gnhd frik hikpbjtj hivjrnlj `e taj

bnst fjw yjnrs if taj hjetury. Sa`s wns nrjfbjht`ie if taj eukgjr if ejw stntjs tant wjrjjstngb`sajc cur`el taj >00=s, nec taj vibukj ifejw bjl`sbnt`ie tant ta`s rjqu`rjc. Saj rjl`ie `sjxpjhtjc ti kivj gnhd tiwnrcs >==% ivjr tajejxt fjw yjnrs.

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Linb 7. Ze`vjrsnb pr`knry jcuhnt`ie

Jbsjwajrj, prilrjss wns stjncy nec striel. @eBnt`e Nkjr`hn nec taj Hnr`ggjne, nec `e \jstjre

Juripj nec Eirta Nkjr`hn, nbb hiuetr`js anvjanc hikpubsiry shaiib`el bnws `e jffjhttariulaiut taj pjr`ic uecjr hies`cjrnt`ie,`ehbuc`el ejwby `ecjpjecjet iejs. @e taj K`ccbjJnst nec Eirta Nfr`hne rjl`ie, nec `e Ns`n, tajpjrhjetnlj if hiuetr`js w`ta suha bjl`sbnt`ie`ehrjnsjc frik <=% ti 1=%‘1:%. Jspjh`nbbyeitjwirtay s taj kprjss`vj jxpnes`ie ifhikpubsiry shaiib`el e sug-Xnanrne Nfr`hn.\a`bj `e >06: oust ivjr anbf (:3%) if taj 73`ecjpjecjet hiuetr`js anc bnws hikpjbb`elshaiib nttjecnehj, gy 7=== sikj 0=% if taj31 ecjpjecjet hiuetr`js anc `est`tutjc suhabjl`sbnt`ie.

Nkiel taisj hiuetr`js anv`el pnssjchikpubsiry nttjecnehj bnws hies`cjrngbjent`ienb c`ffjrjehjs nrj nppnrjet `e taj eukgjrif yjnrs ha`bcrje nrj rjqu`rjc ti nttjec shaiib.@e sikj hiuetr`js ta`s `s ns fjw ns 3 ir : yjnrs,wa`bj `e itajrs taj bjl`sbnt`ie knecntjs ns kneyns >7 ti >8 yjnrs. Sngbj 7.0 saiws tant taj lbignbkjne curnt`ie if hikpubsiry jcuhnt`ie ans,ivjr taj pnst 8: yjnrs, `ehrjnsjc gy > yjnr?frik <.7 `e >06: (e ; 16) ti 1.7 `e 7=== (e ; >60).@ehrjnsjs nrj rjfbjhtjc `e nbb wirbc rjl`ies

jxhjpt sug-Xnanrne Nfr`hn. Saj bnttjr kny rjfbjhttaj hanel`el hikpis`t`ie if hiuetr`js frikwa`ha taj rjl`ienb kjne wns hnbhubntjc, ir ne`eng`b`ty if sikj hiuetr`js `e ta`s rjl`ie tikig`b`zj taj ejhjssnry f`eneh`nb rjsiurhjs.

@t w`bb gj eitjc tant gita taj `eh`cjehj ifbjl`sbnt`ie nec taj bjelta if nttjecnehj rjqu`rjcnrj bjss `e Nfr`hn nec Ns`n tane `e Bnt`e Nkjr`hn.Kirjivjr, `ts nvjrnlj curnt`ie `e taj`ecustr`nb`zjc hiuetr`js, wa`ha nbb anvjhikpubsiry shaiib`el, `s nbkist >= yjnrs ‘

3

Hanptjr 7

]rilrjss tiwnrcs taj lin bs

Saj `kprjss`vjjxpnes`ie ifhikpubsiryshaiib`el `e

sug-XnanrneNfr`hn `s

jspjh`nbbyeitjwirtay.

Nrng Xtntjs/Eirta Nfr`hn (7=)

Hjetrnb Ns`n (0)

Hjetrnb/Jnstjre Juripj (>0)

Jnst Ns`n/]nh`f`h (7:)

Bnt`e Nkjr`hn/Hnr`ggjne (3=)

Eirta Nkjr`hn/\jstjre Juripj (76)

Xiuta/\jst Ns`n (0)

Xug-Xnanrne Nfr`hn (3:)

Sitnb

>3 6 <.<> 1>.=8 <:.==

< 7 0.16 0=.86 1<.1=

>1 > 1.:= 11.3= 08.>7

7> 3 <.1> 0>.03 01.00

3= = 1.38 07.18

7: > 0.1= 0<.:>

6 8 6.6< <0.>6 <6.83

3= : <.7> 6=.:= <7.07

><> 77 1.77 13.87 <0.>0

Sngbj 7.>=. Hikpnr`sie if jeribkjet rntjs `e hiuetr`js w`ta nec w`taiut hikpubsiry shaiib`el bjl`sbnt`ie

Eukgjr if hiuetr`js Eukgjr if hiuetr`js Nvjrnlj curnt`ie Nvjrnlj pr`knry EJW Nvjrnlj pr`knry EJWw`ta hikpubsiry w`taiut hikpubsiry if hikpubsiry `e hiuetr`js w`ta `e hiuetr`js w`taiu

Wjl`ie shaiib`el shaiib`el shaiib`el (yjnrs) hikpubsiry shaiib`el hikpubsiry shaiib`el

Xiurhj? Hnbhubnt`ies gnsjc ie Neejx, Sngbj 64 JFN 7=== Nssjsskjet (HC-WIK)4 nec Z@X (7==>).

kuha a`lajr tane jbsjwajrj. Saj qujst`ienr`sjs tajrjfirj ns ti wajtajr tajrj `s ney

rjbnt`iesa`p gjtwjje taj eie-jenhtkjet ifbjl`sbnt`ie nec taj eh`cjehj if biw jeribkjetrnt`is hnusjc gy biw cjknec fir shaiib`el. @f si,taj nht if bjl`sbnt`el hiubc gj jxpjhtjc ti gr`el npny-iff e tjrks if ehrjnsjc jeribkjets.

Sa`s qujst`ie rn`sjs hikpb`hntjc ssujs ngiuttaj `etjrnht`ie if taj suppby if nec taj cjknecfir shaiib pbnhjs, wa`ha w`bb eit gj fubby jxpbirjcajrj. Aiwjvjr, want hne gj sn`c `s tant nsurpr`s`elby bnrlj eukgjr if hiuetr`js w`ta biwejt jeribkjets anvj bnws knd`el pr`knry-shaiib nttjecnehj hikpubsiry. Fir jxnkpbj,

tajrj nrj 8> hiuetr`js w`ta pr`knry EJWs bjsstane <:% anv`el suha bjl`sbnt`ie.3 Swjety-iej iftajsj hiuetr`js nrj `e sug-Xnanrne Nfr`hn, nectajy `ehbucj 6 hiuetr`js wajrj fjwjr tane 3=% ifha`bcrje e taj pr`knry-shaiib nlj lriup wjrjjeribbjc `e >000. Furtajrkirj, Sngbj 7.>= rjvjnbstaj rntajr surpr`s`el fnht tant `e sug-XnanrneNfr`hn nec taj Jnst Ns`n/]nh`f`h rjl`ie, taj0 hiuetr`js w`taiut hikpubsiry shaiib`elbjl`sbnt`ie anvj s`le`f`hnetby a`lajr ejtjeribkjets tane taisj w`ta `t. Hbjnrby, n eukgjrif hiuetr`js anvj fiuec tant bjl`sbnt`ie wns eitcjh`s`vj `e nha`jv`el ue`vjrsnb pnrt`h`pnt`ie `e

shaiib`el. \ajrj bnrlj eukgjrs if ha`bcrje cieit nttjec shaiib gjhnusj tajrj nrj `esuff`h`jetpbnhjs nvn`bngbj, `t `s c`ff`hubt fir taj bnw ti`es`st tant nttjecnehj saiubc gj hikpubsiryfir taisj wai ci eit sjjd `t. Saj jv`cjehjfrik ecustr`nb`zjc hiuetr`js sulljsts tanthikpubsiry shaiib`el bjl`sbnt`ie cijs prikitjhiet`eujc a`la bjvjbs if jeribkjet, iehjsuff`h`jet eukgjrs if pbnhjs nrj ljeu`ejbynvn`bngbj. \ajrj taj hivjrnlj if shaiib systjksrjkn`es pnrt`nb, suha rjlubnt`ies kny iftje gj ifb`ttbj ajbp.

3. Saj ta`rty-iej hiuetr`js nrjns fibbiws? Nelibn, Gje`e,Gurd`en Fnsi, Guruec`, HjetrnbNfr`hne Wjpugb`h, Hanc,Hikiris, Hótj c‐@vi`rj, Hrint`n,Co`giut`, Jr`trjn, Jta`ip`n, ,Lu`ejn, Lu`ejn-G`ssnu, An`t`,@ec`n, @sbnk`h Wjpugb`h if @rne,D`r`gnt`, Duwn`t, Bjsitai,Kncnlnshnr, Knb`, Kirihhi,Kiznkg`quj, E`ljr, E`ljr`n,Xjejlnb, Xucne, Ze`tjcWjpugb`h if Snezne`n, Pulisbnv`nnec _nkg`n.

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7 = =JFN Lbignb

Kie`tir`el Wjpirt

Saj wirc`el if sikj if taj Cndnr Frnkjwird linbs hne gj`etjrprjtjc `e c`ffjrjet wnys, rn`s`el qujst`ies ns ti aiwprilrjss saiubc gj kie`tirjc, nec want saiubc hiuet nssuhhjssfub nha`jvjkjet. @t `s pjranps kist knrdjc `e tajhnsj if taj linb fir ue`vjrsnb pr`knry shaiib`el (Z]J)?‑Jesur`el tant gy 7=>: nbb ha`bcrje, pnrt`hubnrby l`rbs, ha`bcrje`e c`ff`hubt h`rhukstnehjs nec taisj gjbiel`el ti jtae`hk`eir`t`js, anvj nhhjss ti nec hikpbjtj, frjj nechikpubsiry pr`knry jcuhnt`i if liic qunb`ty‐. Saj wirc`el iftaj K`bbjee`uk Cjvjbipkjet Linb fir pr`knry shaiib`el `shies`stjet w`ta ta`s, gut kirj c`rjht? ‑Jesurj tant, gy 7=>:,ha`bcrje jvjrywajrj, giys nec l`rbs nb`dj, w`bb gj ngbj tihikpbjtj n fubb hiursj if pr`knry shaiib`el.‐

Saj kist cjknec`el `etjrprjtnt`ie if gita if tajsjfirkubnt`ies ‘ `kpb`jc gy taj`r rjfjrjehj ti hikpbjt`ie ‘wiubc gj tant, gy 7=>:, nbb ha`bcrje `e taj rjbjvnet nlj-hiairtsaiubc gj jeribbjc `e, nec hikpbjtj, taj f`enb yjnr if pr`knryshaiib`el. Sa`s wiubc rjqu`rj ue`vjrsnb Lrncj > jeribkjet `e

7==0 (fir s`x-yjnr hyhbjs), w`ta ej`tajr crip-iut eirrjpjt`t`ie ihhurr`el ns taj hiairt prilrjssjc up taj pr`knrysystjk. @t wiubc nbsi sjjk ti rjqu`rj tant `e jnhasugsjqujet yjnr frik 7==0, taj snkj jeribkjet pnrnkjtjrssaiubc nppby. Itajrw`sj, `t wiubc eit gj piss`gbj fir nbbha`bcrje ti gj jeribbjc `e taj yjnr 7=>: nec ti gj ngbj (`e cujhiursj) ti hikpbjtj pr`knry shaiib. Gy 7=>:, uecjr tajsjh`rhukstnehjs, ejt (nlj-ncoustjc) hikpbjt`ie rntjs, LJWsnec EJWs wiubc jnha gj >==.

N sjhiec `etjrprjtnt`ie wiubc gj tant nbb jb`l`gbj ha`bcrjesaiubc gj jeribbjc gy 7=>:, nec tant tajy saiubc nbbjvjetunbby hikpbjtj ‘ gut eit ejhjssnr`by w`ta`e taj s`x-yjnrpjr`ic `kpb`jc gy taj curnt`ie if taj pr`knry hyhbj. Sa`swiubc rjqu`rj EJWs if >==, gut `t wiubc nbbiw taj piss`g`b`tyif rjpjt`t`ie (taiula eit if crip-iut). Saus, LJWs hiubc gjlrjntjr tane >==, nec hikpbjt`ie rntjs ejjc eit gj >==, `eejt (nlj-spjh`f`h) tjrks gy 7=>:? `t k`lat, fir jxnkpbj, tndjha`bcrje sjvje ir j`lat yjnrs ti hikpbjtj n s`x-yjnr hyhbj, `frjpjt`t`ie rntjs wjrj a`la. Ie taj itajr anec, `f rjpjt`t`ierntjs wjrj fn`rby jvjeby sprjnc tariulaiut taj systjk, lrisshikpbjt`ie rntjs hiubc gj jxpjhtjc ti gj hbisj ti >==.

N ta`rc, nec bjss cjknec`el, `etjrprjtnt`ie if taj linb wiubcgj tant pr`knry LJWs saiubc gj nt bjnst >== gy 7=>:. Sa`shr`tjr`ie ans frjqujetby gjje usjc `e taj pnst ti `ec`hntj tajnttn`ekjet if Z]J. @t wiubc `ec`hntj tant n shaiib systjk anctaj hnpnh`ty ti jerib nbb jb`l`gbj ha`bcrje, nec ti nbbiw tajkti hikpbjtj, jvje `f sikj shaiib pbnhjs wjrj ihhup`jc gyibcjr ha`bcrje wai anc j`tajr jeribbjc bntj, ir wai wjrjrjpjnt`el n yjnr. Saus, taj hnpnh`ty if taj pr`knry-shaiib

systjk ti sjhurj EJWs nec hikpbjt`ie rntjs if >==% wiubcgj `e pbnhj, gut spjh`f`h vnbujs fir tajsj pnrnkjtjrs wiubceit gj eit `kpb`jc.

F`enbby, taj bjnst hanbbjel`el `etjrprjtnt`ie wiubc gj tant,frik taj yjnr 7=>:, nbb ha`bcrje saiubc gj ngbj ti oi`e nec(sugsjqujetby) hikpbjtj pr`knry shaiib`el. Sa`s wiubcrjqu`rj ue`vjrsnb Lrncj > jeribkjet `e tant yjnr, w`taejlb`l`gbj crip iut tajrjnftjr. @t wiubc hnrry ei `kpb`hnt`iesfir taj bjvjbs if j`tajr taj LJW ir taj EJW `e 7=>:. @t wiubc,aiwjvjr, kjne tant `e jnha suhhjss`vj yjnr taj hiairt w`taue`vjrsnb jeribkjet wiubc `ehrjnsj gy iej lrncj. X`x yjnrsbntjr, taj EJW wiubc gj >== nec `t wiubc gj jqunb ti tajhikpbjt`ie rntj nt tant t`kj.

Saj `ec`hntirs sjbjhtjc gy taj `etjrent`ienb hikkue`ty firtaj purpisj if kie`tir`el prilrjss tiwnrcs taj K`bbjee`ukCjvjbipkjet Linb fir pr`knry jcuhnt`ie nrj taj nha`jvjkjetif EJWs if 00%, nec Lrncj 3 hikpbjt`ie rntjs if 00% gy7=>:. Sajsj hiec`t`ies nrj hbisjst ti taj sjhiec`etjrprjtnt`ie if taj kjne`el if taj linb, nbtaiula tajy nrjeit jxnhtby hies`stjet w`ta `t. Saj kicnb bjelta if pr`knrysystjks `s s`x yjnrs, eit fiur. Xi ue`vjrsnb hikpbjt`ie if fiuryjnrs gy 7=>: `kpisjs taj f`rst ir sjhiec `etjrprjtnt`ie iftaj linb (cjpjec`el upie wajtajr hikpbjt`ie `s kjnsurjc`e lriss ir ejt tjrks) fir taj f`rst fiur yjnrs, gut eit fir tajbnst twi. Aiwjvjr, taj rjqu`rjkjet tant EJWs fir taj waibjif pr`knry shaiib`el saiubc gj 00% `e tant yjnr jffjht`vjbykjnes tant hikpbjt`ie rntjs `e taj f`enb twi yjnrs wiubcnbsi ejjc ti gj nt s`k`bnr bjvjbs. @t ans rjhjetby gjje nlrjjctant taj ZEJXHI @est`tutj fir Xtnt`st`hs (Z@X) w`bb nkjec tajjx`st`el `ec`hntir ie hiairt surv`vnb ti Lrncj :. @estjnc ifjxprjss`el taj eukgjr if ha`bcrje jetjr`el Lrncj : ns n

pripirt`ie if taisj wai stnrtjc fiur yjnrs jnrb`jr, tajy w`bbgj saiwe ns n pjrhjetnlj if taj pipubnt`ie if Lrncj : nlj.@t `s `etjecjc ti usj ta`s ns n prixy `ec`hntir fir lrisshikpbjt`ie rntjs. Saus, taj `ec`hntirs sjbjhtjc fir tajpurpisj if kie`tir`el taj linb jffjht`vjby (nbgj`t eit qu`tjb`tjrnbby) ncipt taj sjhiec `etjrprjtnt`ie if `ts kjne`el.

@t `s hbjnr tant ei s`elbj stnt`st`h `s ncjquntj fir kie`tir`eltaj nha`jvjkjet if Z]J. Saj hikpbjt`ie rntj fihusjs upieieby iej yjnr if taj pr`knry shaiib systjk. Saus vnr`nt`ies`e jeribkjet ivjr taj prjv`ius f`vj yjnrs (if n s`x-yjnrsystjk) nrj `leirjc, nec taj stnt`st`h wiubc fn`b ti l`vjwnre`els if jeribkjet cjhb`ej `e t`kjs if ncvjrs`ty. Jqunbby,wajrj jxpnes`ie anc gjje vjry rnp`c, gita taj hnpnh`ty iftaj systjk nec hurrjet jeribkjets `e lrncjs gjbiw taj f`enbyjnr wiubc gj kuha a`lajr tane taj hikpbjt`ie rntj hiubc

sulljst. @e suha h`rhukstnehjs, tajrjfirj, taj hikpbjt`ierntj wiubc priv`cj n vjry hiesjrvnt`vj jst`kntj if tajhivjrnlj if taj systjk. Nbtaiula `e iej sjesj, t`kj sjr`js`efirknt`ie ie taj hikpbjt`ie rntj wiubc priv`cj n p`hturj iftaj cjvjbipkjet if taj pr`knry systjk, `t wiubc ci si w`ta nf`vj-yjnr bnl. Saus, `t ejjcs ti gj suppbjkjetjc gita gy tajLJW, wa`ha `ec`hntjs taj hnpnh`ty if taj systjk nec `ehbucjstaisj pup`bs wai nrj iuts`cj taj pr`knry shaiib nlj-lriup,nec gy taj EJW, wa`ha `s taj ieby stnt`st`h wa`ha `ec`hntjstaj jxtjet ti wa`ha taj tnrljt pipubnt`ie `s nhtunbby jeribbjc`e shaiib.

Sajrj nrj tarjj itajr hiec`t`ies nssih`ntjc w`ta ta`s linb, `e`ts Cndnr firkubnt`ie. Sajsj nrj tant pr`knry shaiib`elsaiubc gj frjj, hikpubsiry nec if liic qunb`ty.

@etjrprjtnt`ies if taj bnst twi if tajsj nrj c`shussjc uecjrLinbs 7 nec 6. Saj `etjrprjtnt`ie if ‑frjj‐ shaiib`el `s bjssstrn`latfirwnrc tane `t k`lat nt f`rst sjjk. Xhaiib`el histsiftje `ehbucj fjjs, itajr c`rjht hists, suha ns giids necue`firks, nec `ec`rjht hists, suha ns taj biss if ha`bc-bngiurt`kj, wa`ha nrj pnrt`hubnrby `kpirtnet fir kney piirjrfnk`b`js. Saus, wa`bj fjjs nrj ieby pnrt if taj shaiib`el histsfnhjc gy aiusjaibcs, rjkiv`el tajk `s usunbby tndje ti gj nsuff`h`jet hiec`t`ie ti kndj shaiib`el frjj.

Gix 7.7. Kjnsur`el nec kie`tir`el Z]J

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Linb 8. Bjnre`el ejjcs if nbb yiuel pjipbj nec ncubts

6

Linb 8Bjnre`el ejjcs if nbbyiuel pjipbj nec ncubts. . . jesur`el tant taj bjnre`el ejjcs ifnbb yiuel pjipbj nec ncubts nrj kjt tariulajqu`tngbj nhhjss ti nppripr`ntj bjnre`elnec b`fj sd`bbs prilrnkkjs . . .

Saj kie`tir`el if ta`s Cndnr linb prjsjetsknoir hiehjptunb nec kjtaicibil`hnb hanbbjeljswa`ha ta`s Wjpirt `s `e ei pis`t`ie ti nccrjss.

Ejvjrtajbjss, `t `s `kpirtnet ti `cjet`fy sikj iftaj `ssujs ti wa`ha futurj rjpirts w`bb ejjc tirjspiec.

Gy `ts vjry enkj jcuhnt`ie fir nbb `s eit nljspjh`f`h. Saj \irbc Jcuhnt`ie Firuk wns vjryhbjnr tant nbb yiuel pjipbj nec ncubts kust gjl`vje taj ippirtue`ty ti ln`e taj deiwbjclj neccjvjbip taj vnbujs, ntt`tucjs nec sd`bbs tant w`bbjengbj tajk ti cjvjbip taj`r hnpnh`t`js ti wird,ti pnrt`h`pntj fubby `e taj`r sih`jt`js, ti tndjhietrib if taj`r iwe b`vjs nec ti hiet`eujbjnre`el. Sa`s s Cndnr‐s etjrprjtnt`ie if

bjnre`el ejjcs nec b`fj sd`bbs nec cjf`ejs n vnsttjrr`tiry if jcuhnt`ienb nht`v`ty.

@t `s n cikn`e tant `s rnrjby jehikpnssjc gy ns`elbj pib`hy ir knenljc gy n ue`tnry nutair`ty.@t ans eukjrius priv`cjrs, kney if tajk sknbb

nec bihnbby gnsjc, nec `t `s hanrnhtjr`zjc gy nk`x if firknb, eie-firknb nec efirknbpriv`s`ie. Saj ejw hikkue`hnt`ie tjhaeibil`jsnrj priv`el `estrukjetnb `e jxpnec`el bjnre`elnec ippirtue`t`js nec c`vjrs`fy`el wnys ifbjnre`el. @t `s ne nrjn tii wajrj tajrj `s n r`hahiehjptunb cjgntj, `ehbuc`el ie taj kjne`el ifb`fj sd`bbs nec `e taj sjnrha fir kjne`elfub`ec`hntirs. Nec tajrj `s knoir ivjrbnp w`ta tajCndnr linb ie b`tjrnhy.

Sa`s Wjpirt tndjs n vjry prjb`k`enry biid nt tajc`vjrs`ty if priv`s`ie, nec nt taj prigbjks ifkjnsurjkjet. @t kndjs ei nttjkpt ti rjsibvj

taj hiehjptunb hanbbjeljs gjyiec eit`el tanttaj kjne`el if b`fj sd`bbs `s ipje ti n vnr`jty if`etjrprjtnt`ies (sjj fir jxnkpbj Gix 7.8). Iejnpprinha `s ti cjf`ej sd`bbs tant saiubc jengbjti pjipbj ti b`vj snfjr, ajnbta`jr, nec kirjjhieik`hnbby nec sih`nbby pricuht`vj b`vjs. Sajejxt sjht`ie iffjrs sikj jxnkpbjs `e ta`s rjlnrc.

@e kney `ecustr`nb`zjc hiuetr`js, b`fj sd`bbs rjfjrti kirj ljejr`h hriss hutt`el sd`bbs, suha nshikkue`hnt`ie, prigbjk-sibv`el nec tjnkwird`el. \ajrjns tajsj sd`bbs kny gj sjje nsue`vjrsnb, taj`r jbuh`cnt`ie nec nppb`hnt`ie `e

c`ffjrjet sih`jt`js `s eit ns strn`latfirwnrc nssikj kicjbs kny sulljst.

N kirj piwjrfub npprinha kny gj ti gu`bc ietaj aukne hnpng`b`t`js nrlukjet sjt iut `e tajprjv`ius hanptjr, hiehj`v`el taj cjvjbipkjet ifb`fj sd`bbs (gj tajy tjhae`hnb ir ljejr`h) ns tajkjnes if ln`e`el nhhjss ti rjsiurhjs tantjeanehj taj hai`hjs nec frjjciks wa`ha bjncti n gjttjr b`fj. @e ture ta`s `kpb`js n fihus iepjipbj ti waik bjnre`el ippirtue`t`js nrjfrjqujetby cje`jc? pnrt`hubnrby taj lriw`eleukgjr if yiuel pjipbj nec ncibjshjets fir

waik b`fj hanehjs nrj rjstr`htjc gy taj bnhd irb`k`tjc enturj if taj`r shaiib jcuhnt`ie.

Hanptjr 7

]rilrjss tiwnrcs taj lin bs

Saj K`e`stry if Jcuhnt`ie `e _`kgngwj `ssujc taj fibbiw`el stntjkjetrjlnrc`el taj jcuhnt`ie fir sd`bbs w`ta wa`ha pjipbj saiubc gj priv`cjc?‑TSa`s `s[ ne jcuhnt`ie wa`ha `s aib`st`h `e enturj, wa`ha jqu`ps ne `ec`v`cunb ti

b`vj hiestruht`vjby nec waibjsikjby `e taj hikkue`ty. Saj surv`vnb d`t `ehbucjstaj cjvjbipkjet if `etjrpjrsienb nec sih`nb sd`bbs suha ns taisj rjbntjc tiajnbta nec h`v`h jcuhnt`ie4 fueht`ienb b`tjrnhy nec eukjrnhy sd`bbs4 gns`hpays`hnb, tjhae`hnb, sh`jet`f`h, `efirknt`ie nec hikkue`hnt`ie sd`bbs tant w`bbjengbj ne `ec`v`cunb ti knenlj a`s/ajr sih`nb nec pays`hnb jev`riekjet necnbsi hi-jx`st `e n lbignb nec hikpjt`t`vj wirbc.‐

Saj Irlne`snt`ie fir Jhieik`h Hi-ipjrnt`ie nec Cjvjbipkjet (IJHC)cjvjbipjc taj fibbiw`el cjf`e`t`ie if ‑ljejr`h sd`bbs‐ uecjr taj CjXjHi priojht?

nht`el nutieikiusby nec rjfbjht`vjby (sjbf-kit`vnt`ie, hrjnt`v`ty nec prigbjksibv`el)4

us`el tiibs `etjrnht`vjby (hikkue`hnt`ie, pays`hnb cjxtjr`ty nec @S)4 nec

 oi`e`el nec fueht`ie`el `e sih`nbby ajtjriljejius lriups.

Gix 7.8. V`s`ies if b`fj sd`bbs, Xiuta nec Eirta

Bjnre`elsaiubc eit gj

rjstr`htjc tishaiib nlj,

eir ti neyitajr nlj.

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Bjnre`el prilrnkkjs fir yiutanec ncubts? n wirbc if c`vjrs`ty

Bjnre`el prilrnkkjs fir yiuel pjipbj necncubts nrj hanrnhtjr`zjc gy c`vjrs`ty `e taj enturjif taj`r priv`s`ie, irlne`znt`ie nec livjrenehj,gy taj`r tjrk`eibily, nec gy taj`r npprinha tikie`tir`el nec jvnbunt`ie (Ixjeank, 7===).Jffjht`vj prilrnkkjs nrj b`djby ti rjspiec tigita taj `etjbbjhtunb hur`is`ty if taj bjnrejr necti taj cjknec fir n gjttjr b`fj.

N hikpnrnt`vj stucy if Xjejlnb, Lu`ejn, Zlnecnnec Djeyn, fiuec tant ncubt jcuhnt`ie

prilrnkkjs nrj kirj b`djby ti suhhjjc `f tajnhqu`s`t`ie if b`tjrnhy `s ne `etjlrnb pnrt ifnht`v`t`js cjs`lejc ti `kprivj b`vjb`aiics, rntajrtane taj itajr wny nriuec (Ixjeank jt nb, 7==>)(sjj nbsi Gix 7.8). Saj pnrt`h`pnets, nbb piir, neckist if tajk wikje frik rurnb nrjns, ejjcjchbjnr, hiehrjtj nec `kkjc`ntj rjnsies ti jeribnec pjrsjvjrj. Bjnre`el ngiut hrjc`t nec sknbb-gus`ejss knenljkjet wns kirj suhhjssfubwaje nhhjss ti hrjc`t wns pnrt if tajprilrnkkj. Saj bnst`el nhqu`s`t`ie if ejwby wiesd`bbs wns cjkiestrntjc gy taj hief`cjehj if tajpnrt`h`pnets nec taj`r w`bb`elejss ti tndj ejw

`e`t`nt`vjs ti cjvjbip taj`r hiipjrnt`vjs nec taj`riwe b`vjb`aiics. @e priojhts rue gy ]nht `e Ejpnbtrn`e`el fir kirj sustn`engbj b`vjb`aiics s nbsihikg`ejc w`ta sih`nb nec pib`t`hnb nht`v`ty (\irbcGned, 7==7j).

@e n s`k`bnr wny, sikj prilrnkkjs fir taj`etjlrnt`ie if kk`lrnets eti IJHC hiuetr`js,n`k nt gr`el`el pjipbj qu`hdby ti taj k`e`kukb`tjrnhy bjvjb rjqu`rjc fir n hjrtn`e oig, `estjnc ifgjl`ee`el w`ta jxtjes`vj bnelunlj trn`e`el.Sariula frjqujet hietnhts w`ta itajrs nec taj`kkjrs`ie `e wird nec sih`jty, taj furtajr

nhqu`s`t`ie if bnelunlj sd`bbs `s fnh`b`tntjc.

Gjttjr ajnbta `s n s`le`f`hnet tr`lljr fir bjnre`el.ZE@HJF ans fiuec tant prilrnkkjs cjs`lejc tiprjvjet nec hikgnt A@V/N@CX w`bb gj kirjjffjht`vj waje tajy nrj jkgjccjc e grinc gnsjcprilrnkkjs if pjrsienb nec sih`nb cjvjbipkjetjehikpnssel ljejr`h sd`bbs suha ns hikkue`-hnt`ie, ejlit`nt`ie nec itajr `etjrpjrsienb sd`bbs4`efirknt`ie lntajr`el, hr`t`hnb ta`ed`el neccjh`s`ie knd`el4 sjbf-nwnrjejss, hip`el,nssjrt`vjejss nec anecb`el jkit`ies.

Hnrj fir taj jev`riekjet `s neitajr nvjeuj `etibjnre`el, nec ajrj syejrly w`ta bihnb deiwbjclj`s ne `kpirtnet tajkj. Kney hikkue`t`jspissjss vnbungbj jxpjrt`sj nec kjhane`sksfir hip`el w`ta bihnb jev`riekjets. X`k`bnrby,bjnrejrs jxpjr`jehj taj hanel`el jev`riekjetf`rst-anec, nec gu`bc ie deiwbjclj tant ansnhhukubntjc fir hjetur`js.

@e F`o`, ne nssih`nt`ie if trnc`t`ienb ajnbjrs, eursjs,jev`riekjetnb`sts nec hikkue`ty jcuhntirs nrjprikit`el taj usj if snfj nec jffjht`vj trnc`t`ienbkjc`h`ejs nec taj hiesjrvnt`ie if kjc`h`enbpbnets. Saj linb `s ti prjsjrvj `kpirtnetdeiwbjclj nec nssjts nec cjvjbip ejw wnysti ljejrntj `ehikj frik ibc trnc`t`ies. N]a`b`pp`ejs priojht ti cjvjbip sustn`engbj f`sa`eltjhae`qujs `s ne jxnkpbj if aiw sh`jet`f`hdeiwbjclj kjrljs w`ta bihnb deiw-aiw.

Ljecjr nec fnk`by b`fj nrj tajkjs wajrj tajbjnre`el if prnht`hnb nec ljejr`h sd`bbs lijs anec`e anec w`ta taj nhqu`s`t`ie if b`tjrnhy. N priojht`e @ec`n (sjj Gix 7.:) `bbustrntjs aiw rn`s`elwikje‐s nwnrjejss if taj`r c`sncvnetnljs,jcuhnt`el tajk ngiut taj`r r`lats nec ajbp`eltajk sanpj taj`r iwe b`vjs priv`cjs sd`bbs ns

7 = =JFN Lbignb

Kie`tir`el Wjpirt

B`fj sd`bbs nrj

taj sd`bbstant pjipbjejjc ti gu`bcn sustn`engbjb`vjb`aiic nec tifubby pnrt`h`pntj`e sih`jty.

Saj Fnrkjrs‐ Xhaiibs wjrj f`rst jstngb`sajc `e taj >01=s ns n wny tic`ssjk`entj liic nlr`hubturnb prnht`hjs nec hirrjht usj if pjst`h`cjs. Aiwjvjr,s`ehj tant t`kj taj`r ribj ans jxpnecjc ti hivjr nbkist nbb if taj cikn`eshivjrjc gy taj tjrk ‐b`fj sd`bbs‐ nec, `e sikj pbnhjs, tajy anvj eiw gjjecjs`lentjc Fnrkjr B`fj Xhaiibs.

@t wns c`shivjrjc tant kney if taj b`fj prigbjks jehiuetjrjc gy rurnb fnk`b`jshiubc gj jxpbn`ejc `e nlr`hubturnb tjrks. Fir jxnkpbj, taj usj if pjst`h`cjs tijb`k`entj pbnet c`sjnsj gjhnkj n kicjb fir c`shuss`ie if ajnbta nwnrjejss nectaj jb`k`ent`ie if aukne c`sjnsjs suha ns A@V/N@CX. Saj ejjc fir bngiur ie tajfnrk hiubc gj rjbntjc ti fnk`by pbnee`el `ssujs.

@e Hnkgic`n, suha ne npprinha ans gjje firknb`zjc ns Aukne Jhi-XystjkNenbys`s (AJXN). \`ta ta`s tiib, fnrkjrs nssjss tarjnts ti taj`r b`vjb`aiic, nec

sirt rjbntjc `efbujehjs `eti s`x hntjlir`js? jhieiky, ajnbta, jcuhnt`ie, sih`nbrjbnt`ies, hubturj nec jev`riekjet.

\irbc Jcuhnt`ie, ne ELI wa`ha ans spiesirjc kney if tajsj fnrkjrs‐ shaiibs,ans b`edjc taj`r hurr`hubuk ti ljejr`h sd`bbs `ehbuc`el b`tjrnhy, irnb fbujehy, sjbf-hief`cjehj, bjncjrsa`p, hr`t`hnb ta`ed`el nec prigbjk-sibv`el. Saus taj Fnrkjrs‐shaiibs cjkiestrntj n hbjnr strntjly b`ed`el ljejr`h sd`bbs w`ta n kirjipjrnt`ienb nppb`hnt`ie, nbb `e n b`fj sd`bbs frnkjwird.

Xiurhj? H. Xarjstan, Xustn`engbj nec Srnesfjrngbj Bjnre`el Ng`b`t`js? Gu`bc`el Jxpjr`jehj frik taj F`jbc,pnpjr prjsjetjc nt ]ib`hy C`nbiluj ie Ncubt nec B`fjbiel Bjnre`el, Aycjrngnc, Npr`b 7==7.

Gix 7.3. Fnrkjrs‐ shaiibs `e Ns`n

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Linb 8. Bjnre`el ejjcs if nbb yiuel pjipbj nec ncubts

prnht`hnb ns ipjrnt`el nec kn`etn`e`el wntjrpukps, w`ta n ljejr`h sd`bb suha ns `etjrnht`elw`ta nutair`t`js, nec w`ta b`tjrnhy.

Sajrj `s ne `kpirtnet sjhiecnry fueht`ie tiprilrnkkjs rjspiec`el ti taj bjnre`el ejjcsif wikje. Saj`r bjvjb if jcuhnt`ie `s n hr`t`hnb`efbujehj ie taj bjnre`el nha`jvjkjet if taj`rha`bcrje (sjj Linb 6 if ta`s hanptjr, gjbiw, iejcuhnt`ie qunb`ty). Furtajrkirj, prilrnkkjstant nccrjss kitajrs nec yiuel ha`bcrjes`kubtnejiusby anvj n pis`t`vj `kpnht ie gita,ns `s saiwe `e Gix 7.6 (gjbiw) nec nbsi uecjr

Linb >, ie jnrby ha`bcaiic hnrj nec jcuhnt`ie.]rilrnkkjs ie fnk`by b`fj typ`hnbby nccrjssfnk`by pbnee`el, ha`bc hnrj, ncibjshjehj, c`sjnsj(jspjh`nbby A@V/N@CX) nec cjnta. Eit ueb`dj taj@ec`ne hnsj, n prilrnkkj `e Saj Lnkg`ntnrljt`el gita wikje nec l`rbs sjts tajsj fnk`by`ssujs `e taj w`cjr hietjxt if taj ng`b`ty ti kndjcjh`s`ies `ecjpjecjetby (ZEC], >001).

Kie`tir`el prilrjss

Saj kie`tir`el if taj Cndnr linb nt taj ent`ienbnec `etjrent`ienb bjvjbs prjsjets n n knoir sjt ifkjtaicibil`hnb prigbjks wa`ha nrj nd`e ti taisjcjshr`gjc `e taj sjht`ie ie jnrby ha`bcaiic hnrjnec jcuhnt`ie. F`rst, tajrj `s n ejjc ti ljt ngjttjr if uecjrstnec`el if jxnhtby want `s tnd`elpbnhj `e tjrks if prilrnkkj priv`s`ie. Nhikprjajes`vj p`hturj if wai `s ci`el want `esuppirt if taj bjnre`el ejjcs if ncubts necyiuel pjipbj rjqu`rjs wjbb cjvjbipjc typibil`jstant ehbucj hivjrnlj if prilrnkkj tajkj,

igojht`vjs, curnt`ie, frjqujehy nec cjb`vjrykjtaics.

Xjhiec, cntn ie pnrt`h`pnt`ie `s pnrt`hubnrby`kpirtnet `f nhhjss nec ippirtue`ty `s ti gjnssjssjc. Aiusjaibc survjys nrj n pitjet`nbby`kpirtnet siurhj if `efirknt`ie `e ta`s rjlnrc.Sa`rc, nec kuha kirj hanbbjel`el, nrjnssjsskjets if aiw bjnre`el iuthikjs kpnhtie pjipbj‐s b`vjs nec b`vjb`aiics. Sa`s rjqu`rjs neuecjrstnec`el if taj deiwbjclj tant ans gjjeln`ejc nec taj sd`bbs tant anvj gjje bjnrejc. Nstucy frik Hnkgic`n priv`cjs ne `etjrjst`el

`es`lat (sjj Gix 7.<).Saj Hnkgic`ne survjy `s iej jxnkpbj if`etjrent`ienb `etjrjst `e taj c`rjht nssjsskjetif b`tjrnh`js nec aukne hikpjtjeh`js. @e taj`ecustr`nb`zjc wirbc tajrj nrj n lriw`el eukgjrif etjrent`ienb survjys cjs`lejc ti crnw hriss

Hanptjr 7

]rilrjss tiwnrcs taj lin bs

1

Kna`bn Xnkndayn n`ks ti ajbp piir rurnb wikjegjhikj kirj nht`vj `e sanp`el taj`r b`vjs necjev`riekjets. Saj prilrnkkj `s rue gy wikjenht`v`sts nec kjhane`hs, nec `t hikg`ejs b`tjrnhytjnha`el w`ta prnht`hnb sd`bbs nec trn`e`el suha nswntjr pukp kn`etjenehj.

Srn`e`el wikje ns anec-pukp kjhane`hs ansajbpjc tajk gu`bc hief`cjehj, `ehrjnsj kig`b`tynec grjnd stjrjitypjs. @t ans nbsi `ehrjnsjc taj`rhnpnh`ty ti cjnb w`ta nutair`t`js, cjknec gns`hejhjss`t`js nec `efirknt`ie frik nutair`t`js, necbiggy livjrekjet fir hanelj.

Saj prilrnkkj ans n hikkue`ty pnrt`h`pnt`ienpprinha tant stnrts w`ta wikje‐s jxpjr`jehjs `e

taj`r iwe hikkue`t`js nec taje lrncunbby `etricuhjstajk ti gns`h jcuhnt`ie nec b`tjrnhy tjnha`el. Saus`estjnc if iffjr`el jcuhnt`ie nec b`tjrnhy ns n hurjfir taj`r prigbjks, `t gjl`es gy nff`rk`el wikje‐sjx`st`el deiwbjclj nec sd`bbs4 `e`t`nt`el n prihjss ifhr`t`hnb qujst`ie`el nec nenbys`el w`ta rjlnrc ti`ssujs suha ns surv`vnb ir c`shr`k`ent`ie w`ta`e tajfnk`by4 nec prikit`el n ejw nec nht`vj ribj firwikje `e taj`r hikkue`t`js.

Saj priojht `s lu`cjc gy taj uecjrstnec`el tant ncubtbjnre`el `s eit oust ngiut trnesfjrr`el sd`bbs, gut nbsijengb`el wikje ti usj taj`r sd`bbs nec ejlit`ntjkirj jffjht`vjby.

Gix 7.:. Jkpiwjr`el wikje `e @ec`n

Sa`s prilrnkkj, wa`ha `s gj`el `kpbjkjetjc `e f`fty priv`ehjs `e Surdjy, `s

`etjecjc ti hrjntj n kirj b`tjrntj fnk`by jev`riekjet fir gita pnrjets necha`bcrje. Srn`e`el fir taj kitajr hies`sts `e twi c`ffjrjet nht`v`t`js? iej `scjs`lejc ti fistjr hile`t`vj cjvjbipkjet if taj ha`bc, nec taj itajr l`vjssuppirt ti taj kitajr `e fistjr`el taj sih`i-jkit`ienb nec pjrsienb`tycjvjbipkjet if taj ha`bc.

Saj prilrnkkj ans gjje jxtjecjc ti `ehbucj rjpricuht`vj nec fnk`by ajnbta,n`k`el eit ieby ti uplrncj taj prj-b`tjrnhy nec eukjrnhy sd`bbs if taj ha`bc, gutnbsi ti `ehrjnsj taj b`tjrnhy if taj kitajr. Sajsj linbs, `e ture, suppirt n kirjfueht`ienbby b`tjrntj sih`jty.

Saj prilrnkkj saiws tant tajrj nrj jffjht`vj wnys gjs`cjs firknb jcuhnt`ie tisanpj `ec`v`cunbs‐ bjvjb if b`tjrnhy nec b`fj sd`bbs. @t nbsi rn`sjs qujst`ies ngiuttaj ribj if b`tjrnhy jev`riekjets nec fnk`by b`tjrnhy.

Bjnre`el ngiutsknbb-gus`ejssknenljkjet`s kirj b`djbyti suhhjjc `f

bjnrejrs nhtunbbyanvj nhhjss

ti hrjc`t.

Kie`tir`eleie-firknb

jcuhnt`ie anseit gjje wjbb

cjvjbipjc.

Gix 7.6. Kitajr-ha`bc trn`e`el prilrnkkj `e Surdjy

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ent`ienb hikpnr`sies, fir jxnkpbj, taj@etjrent`ienb Ncubt B`tjrnhy Xtucy (@NBX, cntnhibbjht`ie >003->001) nec taj Ncubt B`tjrnhynec B`fj Xd`bbs Xtucy (NBBs, cntn hibbjht`ie `eprilrjss). N eukgjr if Bnt`e Nkjr`hne necHnr`ggjne hiuetr`js pnrt`h`pntj e NBBs. Sajf`rst stucy nccrjssjs (fueht`ienb) b`tjrnhy nkielncubts, wajrjns taj bnttjr nbsi jxnk`ejs sikjljejr`h sd`bbs. Saj @NBX ans privjc ti gj vjryrjbjvnet fir pib`hy purpisjs. X`ehj gnhdlriuechanrnhtjr`st`hs if rjspiecjets nrj deiwe, t `spiss`gbj ti trnhj taj `kpnht ie hikpjtjehj iffnhtirs suha ns ljecjr, sih`nb-jhieik`h stntus,

wird jxpjr`jehj nec, eit bjnst, jcuhnt`ie nectrn`e`el.

Saj nppb`hnt`ie if sd`bbs nssjsskjets `ehiuetr`js wajrj bnrlj eukgjrs if pjipbj nrjwird`el e taj sugs`stjehj nec `efirknb sjhtirs`s n hanbbjel`el tnsd, l`vje taj a`laby hietjxtunbenturj if kist prilrnkkjs. Hiipjrnt`ie ie nrjl`ienb gns`s, gjtwjje hiuetr`js w`ta suff`h`jets`k`bnr`t`js, s iej wny firwnrc.

Sajrj `s nbsi n ejjc ti kie`tir taj priv`s`ienec knenljkjet if prilrnkkjs. \`ta tajsuppirt if ZEJXHI, nec `e hibbngirnt`ie w`ta

pnrtejr nljeh`js, n eukgjr if p`bit priojhtsn`kjc nt cjvjbip`el n eie-firknb jcuhnt`ieknenljkjet efirknt`ie systjk (EFJ-K@X)nec taj hirrjspiec`el kie`tir`el kjtaicibilynrj tnd`el pbnhj `e sikj hiuetr`js (sjj Gix 7.1,gjbiw). Saj strntjly `s ti sprjnc taj gns`hEFJ-K@X systjk ti n lriw`el eukgjr ifhiuetr`js nec bihnb c`str`hts, wa`bj gu`bc`elipjrnt`ienb hnpnh`t`js nec lntajr`el fjjcgnhdti `kprivj kjtaicibily nec tiibs. Saj ZEJXHI@est`tutj fir Xtnt`st`hs (Z@X) w`bb lntajr hirj EFJcntn frik hiuetr`js nec c`ssjk`entj EFJ`ec`hntirs fir usj `e pib`hy-knd`el nt gita`etjrent`ienb nec ent`ienb bjvjbs.

7 = =JFN Lbignb

Kie`tir`el Wjpirt

]rilrnkkjs tantnccrjss kitajrsnec yiuelha`bcrje anvj nlrjnt pis`t`vj`kpnht ie gita.

@e >000, taj Livjrekjet if Hnkgic`n, ZEC] nec ZEJXHI Hnkgic`n hiecuhtjcn hikprjajes`vj b`tjrnhy nssjsskjet if taj hiuetry‐s pipubnt`ie nljc >: necivjr. Iej jbjkjet if taj nssjsskjet jvnbuntjc b`fj sd`bbs, us`el tarjj bjvjbs ifnha`jvjkjet?

gns`h? taj ng`b`ty ti tjbb taj t`kj frik n hbihd fnhj4

kjc`uk? taj ng`b`ty ti uecjrstnec taj nccrjss ie n bjttjr, n gus shajcubj w`tapr`hjs, n tjbjv`s`ie shajcubj, nrrneljkjets fir n kjjt`el, nec `cjet`fy`eltaj`r priv`ehj ie n knp4

sjbf-bjnre`el? nwnrjejss if aiw ti prjvjet A@V/N@CX, nec f`bb`el `e n h`v`brjqujst fir knrr`nlj.

Ivjrnbb, 8<% if rjspiecjets wjrj hbnss`f`jc ns b`tjrntj. If taisj wai wjrjb`tjrntj, >>% nttn`ejc gns`h bjvjb, 63% rjnhajc kjc`uk bjvjb nec 7:% wjrj

hies`cjrjc sjbf-bjnrejrs. Xjpnrntj rjsubts wjrj eit rjpirtjc fir taj b`fj sd`bbsjbjkjet if taj tjsts.

Xiurhj? D`elcik if Hnkgic`n (7===).

Gix 7.<. Nssjss`el b`fj sd`bbs `e Hnkgic`n

ZEJXHI nec bihnb pnrtejrs `e Hnkgic`n, @ec`n nectaj Ze`tjc Wjpugb`h if Snezne`n nrj cjvjbip`el necf`jbc-tjst`el n sjt if `etjrent`ienb kjtaicibil`jsnec siftwnrj fir jstngb`sa`el n Eie-FirknbJcuhnt`ie Knenljkjet @efirknt`ie Xystjk (EFJ-

K@X). Saj systjk `s cjs`lejc ti hibbjht, prihjssnec nenbysj cntn, pricuhj nec c`ssjk`entjc`rjhtir`js, nec knenlj `efirknt`ie nt tajent`ienb nec sug-ent`ienb bjvjbs. Saj systjk w`bbgj usjc ti cjvjbip pib`h`js, pbne nec hiirc`entjprilrnkkjs, nec `efirk nec kit`vntj pitjet`nbbjnrejrs.

N gns`h EFJ-K@X tjhae`hnb pnhdnlj `s gj`el f`jbc-tjstjc `e taj p`bit hiuetr`js. @t `ehbucjs? n ljejrnbkneunb ie EFJ kie`tir`el hiehjpts neckjtaicibil`js4 n anecgiid fir cjvjbip`el c`str`ht-bjvjb kie`tir`el4 nec n cntngnsj cjkiestrnt`iesiftwnrj fir usj `e ncvihnhy nec trn`e`el, wa`hahne gj jvjetunbby ncnptjc nec usjc `e prihjss`elEFJ kie`tir`el `efirknt`ie.

Sa`s `eeivnt`vj prilrnkkj gnbnehjs twi rjbntjccjknecs? taj ejjc fir n prnht`hnb, `etjrent`ienbbynppb`hngbj npprinha ti EFJ kie`tir`el tantljejrntjs kjne`elfub nec rjb`ngbj `efirknt`ie firusj nt taj `etjrent`ienb nec ent`ienb bjvjbs4 nectaj ejjc fir fbjx`gbj kjtaics nec tiibs firknenl`el `efirknt`ie ie EFJ nht`v`t`js nt taj bihnbbjvjb. Gy `evibv`el livjrekjetnb nljeh`js nec ELIs`e gu`bc`el n hikkie EFJ kie`tir`el systjk neccntngnsj, ta`s prilrnkkj ajbps gu`bc pnrtejrsa`psnec h`v`b sih`jty `evibvjkjet tant nrj taj djypr`eh`pbjs if taj Cndnr Frnkjwird fir Nht`ie.

Gix 7.1. EFJ-K@X ]`bit ]riojhts

Saj @etjrent`ienbNcubt B`tjrnhyXtucy ans privjcti gj vjryrjbjvnet fir pib`hypurpisjs.

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Linb 3. Ncubt b`tjrnhy

=

Linb 3Ncubt b`tjrnhy. . . nha`jv`el n :=% `kprivjkjet `e bjvjbs if ncubt b`tjrnhy gy 7=>:, jspjh`nbby fir wikje,nec jqu`tngbj nhhjss ti gns`h nec hiet`eu`eljcuhnt`ie fir nbb ncubts . . .

Gita taj \irbc Hiefjrjehj ie Jcuhnt`ie fir Nbb`e Oikt`je `e >00=, nec taj \irbc Jcuhnt`ieFiruk `e Cndnr `e 7=== f`rkby uecjrb`ejc taj`kpirtnehj if b`tjrnhy fir taj cjvjbipkjet if taj

`ec`v`cunb nec sih`jty. Si gj ngbj ti rjnc, wr`tjnec hnbhubntj ans gjje nhdeiwbjcljc ns naukne r`lat. Sajsj gns`h sd`bbs nrj ejjcjc tigu`bc nec sustn`e n b`vjb`aiic nec ti pnrt`h`pntj`e sih`jty, nec nrj n st`kubus fir furtajrbjnre`el. Aiwjvjr, e taj cjhncj fibbiw`elOikt`je, `etjrent`ienb nttjet`ie nec nht`iefihusjc ajnv`by ie ljtt`el ha`bcrje eti shaiib,nec tajrj `s jv`cjehj tant tajrj ans gjje ns`k`bnr trjec s`ehj Cndnr. Nt n hiehjptunb bjvjbivjr taj snkj pjr`ic, tajrj ans gjjehies`cjrngbj prilrjss `e taj uecjrstnec`el ifnec ntt`tucjs tiwnrcs ncubt b`tjrnhy. B`tjrnhy s

eiw uecjrstiic ns n struhturnb pajeikjeienec n sih`nb prnht`hj (sjj Gix 7.0). X`k`bnrby,wajrj b`tjrnhy usjc ti gj v`jwjc ieby ns ne`ec`v`cunb sd`bb, `t `s eiw sjje `e taj hietjxtif grincjr jcuhnt`ienb nec sih`i-jhieik`h`etjrvjet`ies. Saj tnsd hne gj sjje bjss nsjrnc`hnt`el bb`tjrnhy nec kirj ns hrjnt`el`ehrjns`elby b`tjrntj jev`riekjets nec bjnre`elsih`jt`js.

B`tjrnhy, ns hikkue`hnt`ie evibv`el taj usjif tjxt, `s eiw uecjrstiic ns iej if n eukgjrif hikkue`hnt`ie prnht`hjs wa`ha sih`jt`jsncipt ti kjjt taj`r ejjcs. Ns suha, `t fueht`iesnbiels`cj irnb`ty, knss kjc`n, jbjhtrie`h firksif hikkue`hnt`ie nec si ie. Gita `e taj`ecustr`nb`zjc nec cjvjbip`el wirbc b`tjrnhy nsn hikkue`hnt`ie prnht`hj nbsi sjrvjs tajpurpisjs if b`vjb`aiic4 `e fnht b`tjrnhy `s nbkistnbwnys jkgjccjc `e itajr purpisjs ‘ sih`nb,hubturnb, jhieik`h, rjb`l`ius. Saus b`tjrnhy sfrjqujetby nhqu`rjc nbiels`cj itajr b`fj sd`bbs, nswns eitjc `e taj prjv`ius sjht`ie, nec jeanehjs

tajk.X`tunt`ies vnry lrjntby `e taj pripirt`ie if tajusj if b`tjrnhy ns n hikkue`hntie prnht`hj frikiej hietjxt ti neitajr ‘ wa`ha `s way taj ibcanrc nec fnst c`st`eht`ie gjtwjje b`tjrntj nec`bb`tjrntj `s grjnd`el ciwe. Saj fihus ticny `s ietaj spjhtruk if b`tjrnhy prnht`hjs `e taj grincjrhietjxt if hikkue`hnt`ie, ie aiw fnr pjipbjpnrt`h`pntj `e suha prnht`hjs nec ie wantippirtue`t`js tajy ci nec ci eit igtn`e tariulasuha pnrt`h`pnt`ie. Sa`s uecjrstnec`el nffjhtstaj usj if tjrks. @e ta`s sjht`ie ‑`bb`tjrntj‐ nec

‑`bb`tjrnhy‐ nrj usjc `e taj tjhae`hnb sjesj if nbiw usj if b`tjrnhy, iftje jxprjssjc ns npjrhjetnlj if taj pipubnt`ie eit ngbj ti `etjrnhtncjquntjby w`ta taj`r w`cjr sih`jty tariulab`tjrnhy. Sajsj tjrks sny eita`el ngiuthikkue`t`js' ir `ec`v`cunbs' ng`b`ty ti jelnlj `eitajr d`ecs if hikkue`hnt`ie prnht`hj, eir citajy kpby taj pjoirnt`vj hieeitnt`ies w`ta wa`hataisj tjrks anvj iftje gjje nssih`ntjc `e tajpnst.

Sa`s sjht`ie w`bb biid pr`knr`by nt tajcjvjbipkjet if ncubt b`tjrnhy nt taj knhri-bjvjb?lbignb, rjl`ienb nec ent`ienb. @t w`bb nccrjssb`tjrnhy ns ne iuthikj if bjnre`el, rntajr tanefihus ie b`tjrnhy prilrnkkjs. Xikj jxnkpbjsif hurrjet b`tjrnhy wird w`bb gj l`vje, nec tajsjht`ie w`bb jec w`ta n hies`cjrnt`ie if b`tjrnhynssjsskjet.

Hanptjr 7

]rilrjss tiwnrcs taj lin bs

B`tjrnhy `s ei bieljr sjje ns n s`elubnr hiehjpt,gut rntajr ns pburnb ‑b`tjrnh`js‐. Sajsj b`tjrnh`jsc`ffjr nhhirc`el ti purpisj, hietjxt, usj, shr`pt,bnelunlj nec `est`tut`ienb frnkjwird. Ns`ec`v`cunbs wj nbb usj kubt`pbj b`tjrnh`js ‘ firjxnkpbj, fir wird, fir pjrsienb knttjrs, `ec`ffjrjet bnelunljs, nec si ie. \`ta`e neyhikkue`ty tajrj w`bb gj n rnelj if b`tjrnh`js ‘uecjrstnec`el want tajsj nrj nec aiw tajy nrjstruhturjc `s `kpirtnet fir ejlit`nt`el wajtajrnec aiw b`tjrnhy k`lat gj nhqu`rjc.

Gix 7.0. B`tjrnhy nec ‑b`tjrnh`js‐

Si gj ngbjti rjnc, wr`tjnec hnbhubntj

ans gjjenhdeiwbjcljc ns

n aukne r`lat.

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Cjvjbipkjet if ncubt b`tjrnhyNbtaiula tajrj nrj ei w`cjby nvn`bngbj cntn ieb`tjrnhy tant nrj kirj rjhjet tane >000/7===, `t `spiss`gbj fir n fn`r eukgjr if `ec`hntirs ti nssjssprilrjss frik >00=‘>000. Sa`s pjrk`tsruc`kjetnry priojht`ies ‘ eit firjhnsts ‘ if tajs`tunt`ie `e 7=>:, uecjr taj nrt`f`h`nb nssukpt`ietant pib`h`js nec hietjxts ci eit hanelj.C`ffjrjehjs `e taj wnys `e wa`ha hiuetr`js lntajrcntn ie b`tjrnhy kjne tant hnut`ie `s ejjcjc `etaj etjrprjtnt`ie if taj `ec`hntirs.

Saj knhri-bjvjb nssjsskjet w`bb saiw

pr`eh`pnbby tant prikit`el b`tjrnhy nln`est tajgnhdcrip if pipubnt`ie lriwta `s b`dj riw`elnln`est taj hurrjet? piss`gbj gut hanbbjel`el. @enbb rjl`ies, taj b`tjrntj pipubnt`ie `s priojhtjc tilriw `e rjbnt`vj tjrks, jvje taiula taj pnhj iflriwta `s eit yjt suff`h`jet ti kjjt taj linb if n:=% `kprivjkjet gy 7=>:. @e taj bjnst cjvjbipjchiuetr`js, ngsibutj eukgjrs if bb`tjrntjs k`latjvje r`sj, wa`ha urljs kkjc`ntj nht`ie.Aiwjvjr, n s`le`f`hnet eukgjr if hiuetr`jscjkiestrntjs tant kjjt`el ta`s Cndnr linb `sfjns`gbj.

Lbignb bjvjb

F`lurj 7.>> hanrts taj cjvjbipkjet if tajpripirt`ie if b`tjrntj kje nec wikje (ivjr nlj>:) if taj ncubt wirbc pipubnt`ie. @t saiws tantprilrjss `s uecje`ngbj gut sbiw.

]nst cjhncjs snw stjncy lriwta if taj b`tjrntjsanrj if taj ncubt wirbc pipubnt`ie frik riulaby<=% `e >01=, <:% `e >00= ti 1=% `e 7===. Gut nhbisjr biid tjbbs us tant tajrj `s n sb`latbysbnhdje`el pnhj, si nhhjbjrnt`ie s ejjcjc tikjjt taj Cndnr linb. Anbv`el taj `bb`tjrnhy

prigbjk nt lbignb bjvjb gy 7=>: wiubc kjne nfurtajr lriwta ti 0=%, wajrj taj nhtunb rjsubtwiubc gj 1:%, nssuk`el tant pib`h`js nechietjxts ci eit hanelj.

@e ngsibutj eukgjrs, taj ln`es nppjnr jvjekirj kicjst. @e >01= taj wirbc eukgjrjcnpprix kntjby 1<= k`bb`ie `bb`tjrntjs. Sa`seukgjr lrjw ti 11= k`bb`ie `e >00=, ns tajrjcuht`ie if `bb`tjrnhy c`c eit djjp pnhj w`ta

pipubnt`ie lriwta. Nriuec 7=== `t wns ciwe tiriulaby 16= k`bb`ie. Nt ta`s pnhj, taj f`lurj fir7=>: wiubc gj nriuec 1== k`bb`ie, wa`ha wiubc

gj fnr ngivj taj tnrljt.F`lurj 7.>7 bbustrntjs aiw pipubnt`ie lriwta(gridje ciwe gy sjx) nec taj prikit`ie ifb`tjrnhy etjrnht.

F`enbby, f`lurjs 7.>> nec 7.>7 gita saiw tant`bb`tjrnhy nt wirbc bjvjb `s kuha kirj w`cjsprjncnkiel wikje tane nkiel kje. @e 7===, hbisjti twi-ta`rcs if nbb `bb`tjrntjs wjrj fjknbj, nectaj lnp `s hbis`el jxnspjrnt`elby sbiwby.

7 = =JFN Lbignb

Kie`tir`el Wjpirt

=

>=

7=

8=

3=

:=

6=

<=

1=

0=

>==

>01= >01: >00= >00: 7=== 7==: 7=>= 7=>:

%

Sitnb Knbj Fjknbj

bb`iesK`

> ===

7 ===

8 ===

3 ===

: ===

6 ===

Fjknbj bb`tjrntjs

Knbj bb`tjrntjs

Fjknbj b`tjrntjs

Knbj b`tjrntjs

>01= >01: >00= >00: 7=== 7==: 7=>= 7=>:

F`lurj 7.>>. Ncubt b`tjrnhy rntjs wirbcw`cj (>01=‘7=>:)

Xiurhj? Neejx, Sngbj 7.

Xiurhj? Neejx, Sngbj 7.

F`lurj 7.>7. B`tjrntjs nec `bb`tjrntjs wirbcw`cj gy ljecjr (>01=‘7=>:)

@e taj bjnstcjvjbipjchiuetr`js,

taj ngsibutjeukgjrs if`bb`tjrntjs kny`e fnht r`sj.

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Linb 3. Ncubt b`tjrnhy

@e ngsibutj eukgjrs, `bb`tjrnhy `ehrjnsjc `e nbbtarjj rjl`ies cur`el taj >00=s. Nec tiljtajrtajy nhhiuetjc fir 6:% if taj wirbc‐s `bb`tjrntjpipubnt`ie `e >00=. Sant f`lurj `ehrjnsjc ti <=%`e 7===, nec `t w`bb kivj tiwnrcs 1=% `e 7=>:.Ncubt b`tjrnhy rntjs `e tajsj rjl`ies eiw anrcbyrjnha 6=%. Ne nhhjbjrnt`ie w`bb gj ejjcjc tinvi`c n bjvjb if ieby 6:%‘<:% b`tjrnhy `e 7=>: ‘taj tnrljt `s <:%‘1=%.

Saj hurvjs fir Jnst Ns`n nec ]nh`f`h, necjspjh`nbby fir Bnt`e Nkjr`hn nec taj Hnr`ggjne,rjvjnb neitajr prigbjk? taj hbisjr hiuetr`jsnpprinha taj linb if ue`vjrsnb b`tjrnhy, taj

kirj c`ff`hubt `t `s ti rjnha nec jcuhntj tajf`enb lriups if knrl`enb`zjc pjipbj. Nec tajrjsiurhjs ejjcjc ti `ehbucj tajk `e b`tjrnhyprilrnkkjs tjec ti r`sj nhhirc`elby. Xi `e tajsjrjl`ies, tii, wj igsjrvj n sbnhdje`el pnhj.

\`ta`e nbb rjl`ies, b`tjrnhy rntjs nrj a`lajrnkiel kje tane nkiel wikje, nbtaiula tajlnp `s tjec`el ti hbisj `e nbb hnsjs, ns `s saiwe`e F`lurj 7.>3.

B`tjrnhy gy cjvjbipkjet stntus

F`lurj 7.>: iehj nln`e saiws taj wirbc trjec`e ncubt b`tjrnhy gridje ciwe fir cjvjbipkjetstntus e ta`s hnsj? bjnst cjvjbipjc, cjvjbip`el,nec cjvjbipjc hiuetr`js nec hiuetr`js etrnes`t`ie. Saj cntn nrj nbsi sjpnrntjc gyljecjr.

Eit surpr`s`elby, taj prigbjks nppjnr ti gjkist prieiuehjc `e taj bjnst cjvjbipjchiuetr`js, wajrj tajrj s nbsi a`la pipubnt`ielriwta. @t `s ajrj `e pnrt`hubnr tant taj rjbnt`vjeukgjrs if bb`tjrntjs nrj cjhrjns`el, nec jvjent n fn`rby stjjp rntj, gut ta`s cjhrjnsj `s

hikg`ejc w`ta ehrjns`el ngsibutj eukgjrs if`bb`tjrntjs. Saj ngsibutj eukgjrs if `bb`tjrntjs `ebjnst cjvjbipjc hiuetr`js risj frik >6: k`bb`ie`e >00= ti >1: k`bb`ie `e 7===, nec nrj ajnc`eltiwnrcs n bjvjb if 7=< k`bb`ie `e 7=>:, `f trjecs`e ncubt b`tjrnhy nhqu`s`t`ie nec pipubnt`ielriwta ci eit hanelj.

7

Wjl`ienb bjvjb@e F`lurj 7.>8 taj wirbc trjec `e taj ncubtb`tjrnhy rntj `s gridje ciwe fir cjvjbip`elrjl`ies nec saiws tant sug-Xnanrne Nfr`hn, tajNrng Xtntjs nec Eirta Nfr`hn, nec Xiuta nec\jst Ns`n anvj hikj n biel wny, stnrt`el frikne ncubt b`tjrnhy rntj if 3=% `e >01=. Sajsjrjl`ies kncj `kkjesj prilrjss, nbb taj kirjsi `e b`lat taj`r a`la rntj if pipubnt`ie lriwta.

Hanptjr 7

]rilrjss tiwnrcs taj lin bs

=

>=

7=

8=

3=

:=

6=

<=

1=

0=

>==

>01= >01: >00= >00: 7=== 7==: 7=>= 7=>:

%

\irbc

Xiuta/\jst Ns`n

Bnt`e Nkjr`hn/Hnr`ggjne

Nrng Xtntjs/Eirta Nfr`hn

Xug-Xnanrne Nfr`hn

Jnst Ns`n/]nh`f`h

F`lurj 7.>8. Ncubt b`tjrnhy rntjs gy rjl`ie (>01=‘7=>:)

Xiurhj? Neejx, Sngbj 7.

= 7 3 6 1 >= >7 >3 >6 >1 7= 77 73

Bnt`e Nkjr`hn/Hnr`ggjne

Jnstjre Ns`n/]nh`f`h

Xug-snanrneNfr`hn

Nrng Xtntjs/Eirta Nfr`hn

Xiuta/\jst Ns`n

\irbc

C`ffjrjehj gjtwjje knbj nec fjknbj b`tjrnhy rntjs (%)

7=>:

7===

F`lurj 7.>3. Ljecjr lnp `e b`tjrnhy rntjs, gy rjl`ie (7=== nec 7=>:)

Xiurhj? Neejx, Sngbj 7.

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7 = =JFN Lbignb

Kie`tir`el Wjpirt

=

>=

7=

8=

3=

:=

6=

<=

1=

0=

>==

>01= >01: >00= >00: 7=== 7==: 7=>= 7=>:

%

SitnbFjknbj

Bjnst cjvjbipjc hiuetr`js

SitnbFjknbj

SitnbFjknbj

SitnbFjknbj

Cjvjbip`el hiuetr`js

Cjvjbipjc hiuetr`js nec hiuetr`js `e trnes`t`ie

\irbc

F`lurj 7.>:. Sitnb nec fjknbj ncubt b`tjrnhy rntjs gy cjvjbipkjet bjvjb if hiuetry (>01=‘7=>:)

Xiurhj? Neejx, Sngbj 7

Gix 7.>=. Wjl`ienb hibbngirnt`ie kivjs b`tjrnhy firwnrc `e Hnr`ggjne

Hugn‐s B`tjrnhy nec Knss Hikkue`hnt`ie Kjc`npriojht rjhj`vjc ne aieiurngbj kjet`ie fir taj D`elXjoiel B`tjrnhy ]r`zj ‘ n ZEJXHI b`tjrnhy nwnrc ‘ `e7==7 fir hiipjrnt`ie w`ta ej`lagiur`el hiuetry An`t`.Saj priojht wns taj oi`et hibbngirnt`ie if Hugn‐sK`e`str`js if Jcuhnt`ie, nec Piuta nec Xpirts,tiljtajr w`ta An`t`‐s K`e`stry if Ent`ienb Jcuhnt`ie.

Nt An`t`‐s rjqujst Hugn s`lejc ne nlrjjkjet ti ajbptnhdbj taj aulj b`tjrnhy hanbbjelj `e tant hiuetry.Ieby ne jst`kntjc 1% if l`rbs nec giys hikpbjtjsjhiecnry shaiib. Sa`s Xiuta-Xiuta hibbngirnt`iegu`bcs ie Hugn‐s iwe jxpjr`jehj `e `ehrjns`elb`tjrnhy rntjs.

Wnc`i ‘ n wny ti rjnha kney

Wnc`i ans gjje usjc `e kney hiuetr`js ti gr`elb`tjrnhy nec cjvjbipkjet `efirknt`ie ti pbnhjswajrj kirj firknb fnhj-ti-fnhj tjnha`el kjtaicsnrj eit piss`gbj. Aiwjvjr, ta`s priojht c`c eit tndjusj if rnc`i fir lrnetjc. Xurvjys wjrj hnrr`jc iut tif`ec iut wajrj taj rnc`is wjrj bihntjc, wai b`stjejcti tajk nec nt want t`kjs, ns wjbb ns jstngb`sa`el

b`tjrnhy nec shaiib`el rntjs. Saj djy `ssuj if piwjrsuppby wns nbsi `evjst`lntjc. Iw`el ti taj bnhd if fubbent`ienb hivjrnlj, sikj nrjns if An`t` hiubc eit usjn rnc`i-gnsjc npprinha ‘ ajrj kie`tirs usjchnssjttj rjhirc`els.

Iehj taj fjns`g`b`ty wns jstngb`sajc, n sknbb p`bitpriojht wns hnrr`jc iut ti tjst taj kntjr`nbs.Sajsj hies`stjc pr`eh`pnbby if n bjnrejrs‐ lu`cjnec n kie`tirs‐ anecgiid, us`el Hrjibj, taj bihnbbnelunlj.

Srn`e`el ‘ taj djy

@e ircjr ti gj sustn`engbj, b`tjrnhy wird rjqu`rjsn ajnvy `evjstkjet `e trn`e`el. Srn`ejrs if trn`ejrskust gj nvn`bngbj, ns wjbb ns ncjquntjby trn`ejcnck`e`strntirs nec knenljr`nb stnff.

Hugn‐s kn`e hietr`gut`ie wns irlne`z`el trn`e`el`e nbb nspjhts if taj priojht. Sa`s `ehbucjc eit iebykie`tirs e hikkuejs nec ej`lagiuraiics, gutnbsi survjy rjsjnrhajrs, hiirc`entirs necsupjrv`sirs. Wnc`i wns usjc `e taj trn`e`el ifkie`tirs, nbiel w`ta wr`ttje kntjr`nbs.

Iutputs

Saj linbs if ta`s priojht wjrj eita`el bjss tanern`s`el taj b`tjrnhy rntj nhriss taj waibj hiuetry,w`ta n hbjnr jkpans`s ie gr`el`el b`tjrnhy priv`s`ieti wajrj taj pjipbj nrj, wantjvjr taj`r sih`i-hubturnb ir pays`hnb jev`riekjet. X`ehj taj stnrt iftaj hibbngirnt`vj priojht `e 7===, taj iutputs gyCjhjkgjr 7==> wjrj ns fibbiws?

6,7:= pjipbj rjnhajc w`ta b`tjrnhy priv`s`ie4

pugb`hnt`ie if 8==,=== hip`js taj if bjnrejrs‐ lu`cj Nprnue4

pugb`hnt`ie if >=,=== hip`js if taj kie`tirs‐ lu`cj Nesjyj4

rjhirc`el if :7 rnc`i hbnssjs fir rjnc`el, wr`t`elnec eukjrnhy4

trn`e`el if kirj tane >=,=== kie`tirs4

cjs`le if 67 rnc`i hbnssjs fir tjnha`el Frjeha nsn sjhiec bnelunlj4 nec

prjpnrnt`ie if bjnrejrs‐ nec kie`tirs‐ anecgiidsfir Frjeha ns n sjhiec bnelunlj.

Xiurhj? ZEJXHI (7==7c ).

Saj hbisjrhiuetr`js

npprinha tajlinb if ue`vjrsnbb`tjrnhy, taj kirjc`ff`hubt `t `s tirjnha nec jcuhnttaj f`enb lriups iknrl`enb`zjcpjipbj.

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Ent`ienb bjvjbN systjknt`h ivjrv`jw if taj stntj if nffn`rs neccjvjbipkjets e ec`v`cunb hiuetr`js rjqu`rjssikj firk if hntjlir`znt`ie. @e Sngbj 7.>>,hiuetr`js nrj lriupjc `e tjrks if taj`r ncubtb`tjrnhy rntj? 2:=%, :=-<=%, <=-0=% nec 0=->==%. Saj lriup`els saiw taj rjsubts fir gita7=== nec fir taj priojhtjc shirj `e 7=>:,nssuk`el iehj nln`e tant pib`hy nec hietjxtcijs eit hanelj fir taj hiuetry.

@t hne gj igsjrvjc frik Sngbj 7.>> tant nsugstnet`nb pripirt`ie if taj hiuetr`js s

priojhtjc ti ‑lrncuntj‐ ti n a`lajr hntjliry `etaj jffirts tiwnrcs taj Cndnr cjncb`ej. Sa`shiehjres taj hiuetr`js `e taj hjbbs ajncjc gy

Gje`e, Nbljr`n nec Nbgne`n. Saj s`tunt`ie `swirr`sikj fir taj Hikiris, Jlypt, Jr`trjn, @ec`nnec B`gjr`n, nec `e pnrt`hubnr fir Gurd`en Fnsi,Knb`, Knur`tne`n nec E`ljr. @e tajsj hiuetr`js,ei knoir `kprivjkjet `s jxpjhtjc wa`bj b`tjrnhybjvjbs nrj nt prjsjet gjbiw <=% ir jvje :=%.@e fnht, taj pajeikjeie if r`s`el ngsibutjeukgjrs if `bb`tjrntjs `s b`djby ti pjrs`st `e tajsj‘ nec sikj itajr ‘ hiuetr`js.

Nhhirc`el ti taj Cndnr linb, hiuetr`js saiubcnha`jvj n :=% `kprivjkjet `e bjvjbs if ncubtb`tjrnhy gy 7=>:. @e itajr wircs, taj b`tjrnhy lnptant jx`stjc `e 7=== saiubc gj anbvjc. Saj f`enb

sjht`ie if ta`s hanptjr jxnk`ejs wa`ha hiuetr`jsanvj gjje knd`el taj prilrjss ejjcjc ti ci si`e taj pnst cjhncj.

Hanptjr 7

]rilrjss tiwnrcs taj lin bs

Linb 3. Ncubt b`tjrnhy

Gje`e, Guruec`, Hjetrnb Nfr`hneWjpugb`h, Hanc, Hótj C‐`vi`rj,Jta`ip`n, Lnkg`n, Lu`ejn-G`ssnu,An`t`, Kirihhi, Kiznkg`quj, Ejpnb,]nd`stne, Xjejlnb, Pjkje

Hikiris, Jlypt, Jr`trjn, @ec`n,B`gjr`n

Nbljr`n, Hnkgic`n, Cjkihrnt`h Wjp.if taj Hieli, Co`giut`, Luntjknbn,Bni ]jipbj‐s Cjk. Wjpugb`h,Kncnlnshnr, Knbnw`, E`hnrnlun,E`ljr`n, ]npun Ejw Lu`ejn, Wwnecn,Xucne, Sili, Zlnecn

Gitswnen, Hnkjriie, Hnpj Vjrcj,Cik`e`hne Wjpugb`h, Jb Xnbvncir,Lanen, Aiecurns, @sbnk`h Wjp. if@rne, Duwn`t, Bjsitai, B`gyne NrngOnkna`r`yn, Knur`t`us, Kyneknr,Ikne, ^ntnr, Xnuc` Nrng`n,Xwnz`bnec, Xyr`ne Nrng Wjpugb`h,Sue`s`n, Ze`tjc Nrng Jk`rntjs,Ze`tjc Wjpugb`h if Snezne`n, _nkg`n

Nbgne`n, Gnarn`e, Gib`v`n, Grnz`b,Ha`en, Hieli, Jquntir`nb Lu`ejn,@eciejs`n, Onkn`hn, Oircne, Djeyn,Bjgneie, Knbnys`n, Enk`g`n, ]jru,Wjue`ie, Xiuta Nfr`hn, Surdjy,_`kgngwj

Nrljet`en, Nrkje`n, Gnankns,Gnrgncis, Gjbnrus, Gjb`zj, Gruej`Cnrussnbnk, Gublnr`n, Ha`bj,Hibikg`n, Histn W`hn, Hugn, Hyprus,Jhuncir, Jstie`n, F`o`, Luynen,Dnzndastne, Bntv`n, B`taune`n, Knhnu,Knbc`vjs, Knbtn, Knrt`e`quj, Kjx`hi,Kielib`n, ]nenkn, ]nrnluny,]a`b`pp`ejs, ]ujrti W`hi, Wjpugb`h ifDirjn, Wjpugb`h if Kibcivn, Xbivje`n,Xr Bnedn, Sno d`stne, San`bnec, Sr`e`cncnec Signli, Zdrn`ej, Zruluny,Zzgjd`stne, Vjejzujbn, V`jt Enk

Gurd`en Fnsi, Knb`,Knur`tne`n, E`ljr

2:=%

:=‘<=%

<=‘0=%

5;0=%

B@SJWNHP WNSJ @E 7=>:

2:=% :=‘<=% <=‘0=%   5;0=%

B@SJWNHP WNSJ@E 7===

Sngbj 7.>>. ]rilrjss tiwnrcs b`tjrnhy, gy hiuetry/tjrr`tiry (7===‘7=>:)

Xiurhj? Neejx, Sngbj 7.

Jvjrywajrj,b`tjrnhy rntjsnrj a`lajr

nkiel kje tanenkiel wikje.

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Neitajr `ec`hnt`ie if hiuetry prigbjks `s ticjtjrk`ej wa`ha hiuetr`js anvj taj bnrljstngsibutj eukgjrs if `bb`tjrntjs (nbtaiula ta`s `sif hiursj kjc`ntjc gy taj s`zj if taj pipubnt`ie).F`lurj 7.>6 saiws taj sanrjs `e taj wirbc`bb`tjrntj pipubnt`ie if taj e`ej hiuetr`js w`tataj a`lajst eukgjrs if `bb`tjrntjs. Nbb gut iej

(Jta`ip`n) gjbiel ti taj J-0 lriup if a`lapipubnt`ie hiuetr`js.

@t hne gj eitjc tant taj jxpjhtjc haneljs `e tajpjrhjetnljs gjtwjje 7=== nec 7=>: nrj b`k`tjc,jxhjpt fir Ha`en. If taj e`ej hiuetr`js, Ha`ennec @eciejs`n nrj priojhtjc ti kjjt taj Cndnrlinb nec npprinha ue`vjrsnb b`tjrnhy4 taj bnttjrnbsi aibcs fir Grnz`b.

7 = =JFN Lbignb

Kie`tir`el Wjpirt

Sitnb ? <00 k`bb`ie7=>:Sitnb ? 167 k`bb`ie7===

8:% @ec`n

<% ]nd`stne1% Gnelbncjsa

E`ljr`n 7%

Jta`ip`n 8%

Grnz`b 7%

71%Wjst if taj wirbc

Jlypt 8%

@eciejs`n 7%

>=% Ha`en

83% @ec`n

:% ]nd`stneGnelbncjsa 6%

E`ljr`n 8%

Jta`ip`n 7%

Grnz`b 7%

71%Wjst if taj wirbc

Jlypt 7%@eciejs`n 7%

>6% Ha`en

F`lurj 7.>6. Ncubt `bb`tjrntj pipubnt`ie (7=== nec 7=>:)

Xiurhj? Neejx, Sngbj 7.

\`ta n fjknbj b`tjrnhy rntj if ieby 71%, ]nd`stne fnhjs n aulj hanbbjelj `epriv`c`el jcuhnt`ie fir nbb. Saj Gueync B`tjrnhy Hikkue`ty Hiueh`b (GBHH), neELI gnsjc `e Bnairj, ans gjje ncnptjc gy taj ]nd`stne B`tjrnhy Hikk`ss`iefir taj prikit`ie if eie-firknb jcuhnt`ie `e ]nd`stne. @e 7==7 GBHH wie iejif taj twi D`el Xjoiel B`tjrnhy ]r`zjs (l`vje gy ZEJXHI) `e rjhile`t`ie fir `tsp`iejjr`el jffirts nec `eeivnt`vj npprinhajs. Ivjr taj e`ej yjnrs s`ehj GBHH

stnrtjc, `e >008, `t ans cjvjbipjc 7,1=1 eie-firknb jcuhnt`ie hjetrjs `e >,116v`bbnljs. ]nrtejrsa`p `s iej if `ts fuecnkjetnb pr`eh`pbjs, putt`el cjh`s`ie-knd`el piwjr `eti taj anecs if bihnb v`bbnlj nec fnk`by hikk`ttjjs.

Saj prilrnkkj fihusjs jspjh`nbby ie l`rbs nec yiuel wikje wai nrj jxhbucjcfrik jcuhnt`ie. Kney if tajk wird `e taj hnrpjt nec fiitgnbb-st`tha`el`ecustr`js ns ha`bc bngiur. Saj prilrnkkj ans anc s`le`f`hnet suhhjss `egr`el`el ha`bcrje, giys ns wjbb ns l`rbs, iut if ha`bc bngiur `eti jcuhnt`ie.

GBHH wirds w`ta taj hikkue`ty frik taj iutsjt, wjbb gjfirj taj stnrt if neytjnha`el. Xtnff wird w`ta jx`st`el ELIs, uecjrtndj hiesh`iusejss-rn`s`el neckit`vnt`ie wird nec st`kubntj `etjrjst nt v`bbnlj bjvjb `e stnrt`el n eie-firknbjcuhnt`ie hjetrj. Ieby nftjr n bihnb wikne ans gjje sjbjhtjc ns tjnhajr, bihnbv`bbnlj nec fnk`by hikk`ttjjs anvj gjje firkjc nec ta`rty ha`bcrje anvj gjjesjbjhtjc cijs taj tjnha`el gjl`e. Kntjr`nbs nrj prjpnrjc wa`ha fihus ie ajnbtanec ayl`jej, rjpricuht`vj ajnbta `ssujs nec jev`riekjetnb `ssujs.

GBHH‐s tarjj ljejrnb igojht`vjs nrj?

ti ut`b`zj eie-firknb haneejbs ti `ehrjnsj wikje‐s pnrt`h`pnt`ie nec rjcuhjcrip-iut rntjs nt taj pr`knry bjvjb4

ti priv`cj sih`nb pritjht`ie ti wird`el ha`bcrje nec rjang`b`tntj tajk4 nec

ti gj taj spr`elginrc fir sih`nb cjvjbipkjet nht`v`t`js `e taj rurnbhikkue`t`js.

N prilrnkkj if suha s`zj rjqu`rjs hnrjfub knenljkjet. Nt v`bbnlj bjvjb,taj tjnhajr nec hikk`ttjjs nrj rjspies`gbj, gut nt a`lajr bjvjbs n systjkif hjetrjs nec lriups if hjetrjs ans gjje cjv`sjc. N titnb if <1,<<6 bjnrejrsanvj pnrt`h`pntjc `e taj prilrnkkj, ngiut <:% if tajk l`rbs nec wikje.

Xiurhj? ZEJXHI (7==7` ).

Gix 7.>>. B`tjrnhy fir wikje nec l`rbs `e ]nd`stne

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Linb 3. Ncubt b`tjrnhy

6

Piuta b`tjrnhy

Iej if taj kist piwjrfub cr`vjrs fir tajjrnc`hnt`ie if `bb`tjrnhy `s, if hiursj, tajjxpnes`ie if pr`knry jcuhnt`ie. Ns F`lurj 7.><`bbustrntjs, yiuta b`tjrnhy rntjs nrj wjbb ngivjncubt b`tjrnhy rntjs, nec `t `s oust n knttjr if t`kjgjfirj taj twi f`enbby hievjrlj.

@e taj b`lat if ta`s f`lurj tajrj nrj, aiwjvjr,tarjj kpirtnet rjnsies eit ti nssukj tant

ncubt b`tjrnhy w`bb s`kpby fncj nwny ns shaiib`eljxpnecs.

F`rst, ns taj f`lurj saiws, jvje yiuta b`tjrnhy`s eit priojhtjc ti gjhikj ue`vjrsnb gy 7=>:,gjhnusj tajrj `s ei lunrnetjj tant taj linbif ue`vjrsnb pr`knry jcuhnt`ie w`bb gj nha`jvjc`e taj uphik`el yjnrs. Sii kney ha`bcrje k`ssiut ie shaiib, nec tii kney wai ci nttjecshaiib ci eit gjhikj b`tjrntj. Furtajrkirj,taj ljecjr lnp fir yiuta b`tjrnhy w`bb hbisj iebysbiwby. @e fnht, tajrj wjrj >3= k`bb`ie `bb`tjrntjyiuel pjipbj `e taj wirbc `e 7=== (16 k`bb`ie iftajsj wjrj fjknbj), wajrjns ta`s f`lurj ieby

crips ti >=< k`bb`ie gy 7=>: (6< k`bb`ie fjknbj)nt taj hurrjet rntj if lriwta `e nhhjss ti gns`hjcuhnt`ie.

Xjhiec, taj ln`es `e taj qunb`ty if jcuhnt`iefir wa`ha taj Cndnr linb `s n`k`el w`bb ejjcti gj fubby rjnb`zjc `f taj eukgjrs if ncubt`bb`tjrntjs nrj eit ti gj swibbje gy shaiib-bjnvjrs nec shaiib crip-iuts, fir waik tajsystjk ans fn`bjc ti priv`cj ne ncjquntj bjvjbif b`tjrnhy.

Sa`rc, `f pib`h`js ci eit nccrjss yiuta nec ncubtb`tjrnhy s`kubtnejiusby, kney shaiib ha`bcrjew`bb lriw up e n aikj s`tunt`ie wajrj bb`tjrnhy`s st`bb taj eirk. ]ib`h`js w`bb gj `ejffjht`vj ‘nec `ecjjc hye`hnb ‘ `f tajy ci eit nccrjssncubt b`tjrnhy. Jvje `f aulj str`cjs nrj kncj `eha`bc nec yiuta b`tjrnhy, `t wiubc eit gj r`lat tihies`cjr taj prjsjet ncubt `bb`tjrntjs ns nprigbjk tant w`bb s`kpby fncj nwny `e t`kj.

B`tjrnhy nssjsskjet

Sajrj `s grinc nlrjjkjet tant `kpriv`el taj

nssjsskjet if b`tjrnhy ‘ gita `ec`hntirs neckjtaics ‘ `s n pr`ir`ty `e taj `kpbjkjetnt`ie iftaj Cndnr linbs, nec `e taj firtahik`el Ze`tjcEnt`ies B`tjrnhy Cjhncj (7==8‘7=>7), wa`ha w`bbgj ne `etjlrnb pnrt if JFN jffirts. Ns taj CndnrFrnkjwird c`rjhts, nssjsskjet saiubc trnhd eitieby taj `ehrjnsj `e eukgjrs nec pjrhjetnlj ifb`tjrntj pjipbj, gut nbsi taj lrncunt`ie if b`tjrntjpjipbj `eti a`lajr bjvjbs nec ncc`t`ienb prnht`hjsif b`tjrnhy (j.l. bnelunljs, b`fj sd`bbs, ajnbta neceutr`t`ie, tjhaeibil`js, sh`jehj, jth.).

\`ta taj sprjnc if `etjrjst `e hiecuht`el b`tjrnhy

survjys tant nhtunbby tjst nec kjnsurj tajb`tjrnhy bjvjb if taj pipubnt`ie, ZEJXHI, `ehibbngirnt`ie w`ta taj \irbc Gned nec itajrpnrtejr nljeh`js nec jxpjrt ejtwirds, `shurrjetby jxpbir`el aiw gjst ti suppirt suhab`tjrnhy kjnsurjkjet e`t`nt`vjs. Nt taj ent`ienbnec `etjrent`ienb bjvjbs, ta`s `kpb`js taj`cjet`f`hnt`ie if typ`hnb b`tjrnhy shnbjs, prnht`hjsnec hr`tjr`n, nec wnys nec kjnes ti nppby tajk`e ent`ienb hietjxts nec bihnb jev`riekjets sitant taj rjsubt`el b`tjrnhy ec`hntirs hne gjkjne`elfubby uecjrstiic gy stndjaibcjrsrnel`el frik pib`hy kndjrs ti taj ljejrnb

pugb`h. Sicny kist hiuetr`js usj n ‑fueht`ienbcjf`e`t`ie‐ if b`tjrnhy `e ent`ienb nssjsskjets ‘iej tant hnpturjs taj ng`b`ty if pjipbj ti usjb`tjrnhy ti hnrry iut jvjrycny tnsds. Aiwjvjr,tajsj hikkie tnsds vnry nhhirc`el ti bihnbhietjxt, hubturj nec rjqu`rjkjets, wa`ha knyeit kndj taj rjsubts str`htby hikpnrngbjgjtwjje iej pbnhj nec neitajr.

@t ans gjje pripisjc tant wird ti `kprivjb`tjrnhy nssjsskjet saiubc crnw upie taj bntjstncvnehjs e kjnsurjkjet tajir`js, prnht`hjs

Hanptjr 7

]rilrjss tiwnrcs taj lin bs

<:

:=

>==

>01= >01: >00= >00: 7=== 7==: 7=>= 7=>:

%

>:+, Sitnb>:-73, Sitnb

>:+, Fjknbj>:-73,Fjknbj

>:+, Knbj>:-73, Knbj

F`lurj 7.><. Ncubt nec yiuta b`tjrnhy rntjs (>01=‘7=>:)

Xiurhj? Neejx, Sngbj 8.

Iej if taj kistpiwjrfub cr`vjrs

fir tajjrnc`hnt`ie if

`bb`tjrnhy `s tajjxpnes`ie if

pr`knryjcuhnt`ie.

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nec jxpjr`jehjs, suha ns taisj if taj@NBX, nec saiubc nt taj snkj t`kj tndjfubb nhhiuet if c`vjrsj hubturnb necb`elu`st`h hietjxts e knd`el b`tjrnhy

nssjsskjets kjne`elfub nec hist-jffjht`vj fir `kpbjkjetnt`ie `ecjvjbip`el hiuetr`js. ]riojhts suhans taj B`tjrnhy Nssjsskjet ]rnht`hjspriojht (sjj Gix 7.>7) sulljst tant,wa`bj taj `ec`v`cunb `ec`hntirs usjc `eent`ienb b`tjrnhy nssjsskjets (sjjGix 7.>8) kny gj hubturnbby sjes`t`vj,`t k`lat gj piss`gbj ti f`ec n hikkiefrnkjwird fir `ec`hntirs, ir nt bjnstn hikkie etjrent`ienb npprinha tib`tjrnhy nssjsskjet.

7 = =JFN Lbignb

Kie`tir`el Wjpirt

Gix 7.>8. Saj f`rst ent`ienb b`tjrnhy survjy `e taj Bni ]jipbj‐s Cjkihrnt`h Wjpugb`h

\aje taj JFN 7=== Nssjsskjet saiwjc

tant taj Bni ]jipbj‐s Cjkihrnt`h Wjpugb`hanc wjnd `efirknt`ie nec `esuff`h`jet cntnie b`tjrnhy, taj livjrekjet sjt iut tihiecuht `ts f`rst ent`ie-w`cj b`tjrnhy survjy.Bni Ent`ienb B`tjrnhy Xurvjy (BEBX)cjvjbipjc gy taj K`e`stry if Jcuhnt`ie lituecjrwny `e Eivjkgjr 7===, w`ta tjhae`hnbnss`stnehj frik ZEJXHI nec fuec`el frikZE@HJF. @ts igojht`vjs wjrj ti?

nttn`e rjb`ngbj jst`kntjs if b`tjrnhy rntjsgy ljecjr, nlj lriup, knoir jtae`hlriup, rjl`ie nec urgne-rurnbpipubnt`ie4

tjst nec jst`kntj fueht`ienb b`tjrnhy rntjs4

gu`bc hnpnh`ty if taj jcuhnt`ie k`e`strytariula ie-taj-oig trn`e`el ti sjt up,usj, kn`etn`e nec kie`tir cntngnsjs firb`tjrnhy, nec hiecuht futurj survjys4 nec

priv`cj `e-cjpta nenbys`s if taj rjsubtsnec f`ec`els fir futurj b`tjrnhyprilrnkkjs nec `etjrvjet`ies, nec firJFN ent`ienb pbne prjpnrnt`ie.

Saj survjy kjnsurjc gita taj rjpirtjcb`tjrnhy rntj nec taj tjstjc b`tjrnhy rntj. Nb`tjrntj pjrsie wns cjf`ejc ns iej wai hnerjnc nec wr`tj s`kpbj sjetjehjs `e Bni necpjrfirk s`kpbj nr`takjt`h hnbhubnt`ie.

Saj f`rst pnrt if taj survjy hies`stjc if

`etjrv`jws w`ta 1,>== rjspiecjets, kistbyajncs if aiusjaibcs. Saj rjpirtjc b`tjrnhyrntj wns nssjssjc gy nsd`el wajtajr jnhaaiusjaibc kjkgjr nljc 6 nec ngivj hiubcrjnc, wr`tj nec pjrfirk s`kpbjhnbhubnt`ies.

Saj sjhiec pnrt if taj survjy wns nfueht`ienb b`tjrnhy tjst l`vje ti rnecikbysjbjhtjc aiusjaibc kjkgjrs nljc >:‘:0wai wjrj rjpirtjc ns b`tjrntj, nec anc nknx`kuk jcuhnt`ie bjvjb if `ehikpbjtjbiwjr sjhiecnry. Saj `e-cjpta `etjrv`jwhiecuhtjc sjpnrntj tjsts fir rjnc`el,wr`t`el, eukjrnhy nec v`sunb b`tjrnhy. Jnhatjst anc f`vj qujst`ies, rnel`el frik s`kpbjti c`ff`hubt. @f n qujst`ie hiubc eit gjneswjrjc, taj tjst wns jecjc.

Saj rjsubts if taj survjy anvj eit yjt gjjepugb`sajc. Gut `t `s nbrjncy nppnrjet tanttaj `e`t`nb cjs`le if n b`tjrnhy survjy,jspjh`nbby hist`el nec shajcub`el, saiubcgj hnrjfubby hies`cjrjc. Nbsi, hiesjesusnkiel usjrs rjlnrc`el taj igojht`vjs,jxpjhtjc iuthikjs nec b`k`tnt`ies if tajsurvjy `s jssjet`nb nt taj cjs`le stnlj.

Xiurhj? ZEJXHI-Gneldid (7==7).

Saj B`tjrnhy Nssjsskjet ]rnht`hjs (BN]) priojht jxnk`ejc aiwb`tjrnhy rntjs nrj cjtjrk`ejc `e hiuetr`js w`ta taj wirbc‐s bnrljst`bb`tjrntj pipubnt`ies (@ec`n, Ha`en, E`ljr`n nec Kjx`hi).

Saj linb wns ti hikj up w`ta n sjt if nssjsskjet lu`cjb`ejs tiajbp cjvjbip`el hiuetr`js `kprivj cntn hibbjht`ie nec nenbys`s`e prnht`hnb, hist-jffjht`vj wnys ti ajbp cjh`s`ie-kndjrs gita `etaj f`jbc nec nt taj ent`ienb bjvjb. Hurrjetby, tajy bnhd jssjet`nb`efirknt`ie ngiut wajtajr ir eit pnrt`h`pnets `e b`tjrnhy nec eie-firknb jcuhnt`ie prilrnkkjs nrj bjnre`el want `s tnulat, necngiut aiw wjbb tajy nrj bjnre`el ti nppby ejw deiwbjclj necsd`bbs ti taj`r b`fj linbs nec ti sibv`el prigbjks if cn`by b`fj.

Kist hiuetr`js, `ecustr`nb`zjc nec cjvjbip`el, anvj gjjenhhustikjc ti rjby`el ie surrilntj ir prixy kjnsurjs firb`tjrnhy, suha ns taj nssukpt`ie tant ney pjrsie w`ta f`vj ir j`latir kirj yjnrs if shaiib`el hne gj hies`cjrjc b`tjrntj. Sa`sprnht`hj ans piss`gby l`vje `enhhurntj nec k`sbjnc`el rjsubts.

Saj BN] npprinha aibcs tant bjnre`el nha`jvjkjet `s n hr`t`hnb

nec iftje k`ss`el hikpiejet `e kjnsur`el, kie`tir`el neccjvjbip`el b`tjrnhy `e`t`nt`vjs. BN] sulljsts tant gy hikg`e`elnhtunb bjnre`el nha`jvjkjet cntn w`ta itajr firks if cntn, kuhastrieljr nec kirj hrjc`gbj stntjkjets hne gj kncj ngiut ‑wantwirds‐ `e b`tjrnhy bjnre`el, `estruht`ie nec `kpnht.

Saj kist typ`hnb kjtaic if lntajr`el ent`ienb cntn ie b`tjrnhy `stariula taj ent`ienb hjesus. Itajr kjtaics ehbucj aiusjaibcsurvjys, pist-hjesus snkpbj jeukjrnt`ie, spjh`nb b`tjrnhysurvjys nec prilrnkkj jvnbunt`ie. BN] fihusjs ie aiusjaibcsurvjys gjhnusj tajy nrj hist-jffjht`vj wa`bj priv`c`el n eukgjrif ncvnetnljs. Sajy lntajr ncjquntj `efirknt`ie, kndj c`rjhtkjnsurjs if b`tjrnhy sd`bbs, pjrk`t lrjntjr fihus ie bihnb hubturjnec hietjxt, nrj nhhjss`gbj ti taj eie-jxpjrt usjr, nec priv`cjgnsjb`ej cntn ie bjnrejr sd`bbs nec taj bjnrejr‐s hikkue`ty.

Saj BN] stucy cjshr`gjc tarjj knoir hikpiejets ti survjycjs`le? nssjsskjet `estrukjets fir b`tjrnhy sd`bbs4 n sjpnrntj`estrukjet ti kjnsurj ntt`tucjs, vnbujs nec b`fj sd`bbs4 nechibbjht`ie if gnhdlriuec vnr`ngbjs tant nbbiw nenbys`s if, firjxnkpbj, b`tjrnhy sd`bbs gy ljecjr, ns wjbb ns `efirknt`ie ngiutb`tjrnhy cjtjrk`enets.

N knoir bjssie bjnrejc frik taj BN] hiuetry hnsj stuc`js `s tantb`tjrnhy nssjsskjet prnht`hjs anvj n lrjnt cjnb `e hikkie nt tajent`ienb bjvjb `e jnha hiuetry. Aiwjvjr, taj BN] stucy nbsi fiuectant tajrj nrj fjw, `f ney, hikkiepbnhj nssjsskjet prnht`hjs tantwiubc stnec up ticny ti jxpjrt shrut`ey.

Xiurhj? Ze`vjrs`ty if ]jeesybvne`n, @etjrent`ienb B`tjrnhy @est`tutj, 7==7.

Gix 7.>7. @kpriv`el b`tjrnhy nssjsskjet `e cjvjbip`el hiuetr`js

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Linb :. Ljecjr jqunb`ty

1

Linb :Ljecjr jqunb`ty. . . jb`k`ent`el ljecjr c`spnr`t`js `e pr`knry nec sjhiecnry jcuhnt`ie gy 7==:, nec nha`jv`el ljecjr jqunb`ty `e jcuhnt`ie gy  7=>:, w`ta n fihus ie jesur`el l`rbs‐ fubb nec jqunb nhhjss ti nec nha`jvjkjet `e gns`h jcuhnt`ie if liic qunb`ty . . .

Jcuhnt`ie `s n fuecnkjetnb r`lat fir nbb,`ehbuc`el fir l`rbs nec wikje. Pjt, cjsp`tj

s`le`f`hnet prilrjss, tajy nrj st`bb bjss jcuhntjcnec kirj b`djby ti gj `bb`tjrntj tane kje `e kneyhiuetr`js. ]ivjrty `s, if hiursj, n s`le`f`hnetfnhtir e ta`s s`tunt`ie. Aiwjvjr, ta`s ejqunb`tykust nbsi gj jxpbn`ejc `e taj b`lat if taj stntusif wikje `e n eukgjr if sih`jt`js.

Ljecjr jqunb`ty, `ehbuc`el `e jcuhnt`ie, `s nhiec`t`ie fir cjvjbipkjet, nec nwnrjejss if tajljecjr c`kjes`ie nec nht`ie ti prikitj ljecjrjqunb`ty anvj lriwe nt taj etjrent`ienb bjvjb.@ecjjc, nftjr cjhncjs if `etjesj cjgntj, tajwirbc ans rjnhajc hiesjesus tant ei hiuetry‐s

cjvjbipkjet hne gj oucljc snt`sfnhtiry `f wikje

ci eit fubby pnrt`h`pntj `e hikkue`ty b`fj, `esih`jty nec `e wird. Sa`s hiesjesus wnsrjnff`rkjc nt sjvjrnb lbignb hiefjrjehjs suhans taj Fiurta \irbc Hiefjrjehj ie \ikje `eGj`o`el (>00:), taj \irbc Xukk`t fir Ha`bcrje(>00=), nec `e jcuhnt`ie, taj \irbc Hiefjrjehjie Jcuhnt`ie fir Nbb `e Oikt`je (>00=) nec taj\irbc Jcuhnt`ie Firuk `e Cndnr (7==7). Ljecjrjqunb`ty gjhnkj iej if taj j`lat Ze`tjc Ent`iesK`bbjee`uk Cjvjbipkjet Linbs nt tajK`bbjee`uk Xukk`t if wirbc ajncs if stntj `eEjw Pird `e 7===.

Lriw`el nwnrjejss if taj `kpirtnehj if ljecjr

jqunb`ty `s nbsi v`s`gbj nt taj hiuetry bjvjb. Saus,tariulaiut taj >00=s, fibbiw`el taj Oikt`jeHiefjrjehj, `eeivnt`vj prilrnkkjs wjrjbnuehajc gy kney livjrekjets `e hibbngirnt`iew`ta etjrent`ienb irlne`znt`ies nec ELIs, nec`ehjet`vjs wjrj put `e pbnhj ti jehiurnlj l`rbs‐pnrt`h`pnt`ie e jcuhnt`ie. Xhaibnrsa`ps ir frjjnhhjss fir l`rbs, `kprivjc shaiib jev`riekjets,nec `ehjet`vjs ti `ehrjnsj taj sanrj if fjknbjtjnhajrs nrj nkiel taj kist frjqujet e`t`nt`vjs.

Sa`s sjht`ie w`bb jxnk`ej prilrjss ie ta`s Cndnrlinb tariulaiut taj pnst cjhncj nec w`bb fihus

ie ljecjr pnr`ty `e pr`knry nec sjhiecnryjcuhnt`ie, w`ta n hiehbuc`el c`shuss`ie ngiuttaj ljecjr gnbnehj nkiel tjnhajrs.

Jeribkjet `e pr`knry jcuhnt`ie

C`spnr`t`js gjtwjje l`rbs nec giys stnrt w`tanhhjss ti pr`knry shaiib. @e fnht, pr`ir ti ta`sbjvjb if jcuhnt`ie, `e jnrby ha`bcaiic hnrj necjcuhnt`ie (JHHJ) prilrnkkjs, tajrj nrj fjwljecjr c`spnr`t`js e kist hiuetr`js ns rjvjnbjcgy cntn ie JHHJ prilrnkkjs uecjr Linb > ifta`s hanptjr. ]ivjrty `s ne `kpirtnet jbjkjettant hietr`gutjs ti ta`s s`tunt`ie. @e taj piirjrhiuetr`js tant nrj kist nffjhtjc, ippirtue`tyhists `ehrjnsj ns ha`bcrje ljt ibcjr nec gjhikjn siurhj if `ehikj nec bngiur fir taj`r pnrjets.@e sih`nb nec hubturnb hietjxts eit fnviurngbj tiwikje, l`rbs nrj kirj nffjhtjc gy ta`spajeikjeie tane giys, gjhnusj tajy nrj kistiftje rjqu`rjc ti ajbp fnk`b`js w`ta aiusjaibcnec nlr`hubturnb hairjs nec ti hnrj fir yiueljrs`gb`els, ir fir jbcjrby ir s`hd fnk`by kjkgjrs.Furtajr rjsjnrha w`bb gj ejjcjc ti jbuh`cntj

Hanptjr 7

]rilrjss tiwnrcs taj lin bs

]nd`stne. Nbb pr`knry shaiibs w`bb gj hi-jcuhnt`ienb, nec nbb ejw pr`knryshaiibs nrj rjqu`rjc ti anvj rnt`is if 6= l`rbs ti 3= giys, nec pripirt`ies if <=%wikje tjnhajrs ti 8=% kje tjnhajrs. \ajrj taj eukgjr if wikje tjnhajrs `s`encjquntj, nlj nec qunb`f`hnt`ie rjqu`rjkjets fir tajk w`bb gj rjbnxjc. Xpjh`nb`ehjet`vjs, j.l. kiejtnry `ehjet`vjs, w`bb gj usjc ti nttrnht nec rjtn`e fjknbjtjnhajrs `e rurnb nrjns nec uecjr-sjrvjc rjl`ies if taj hiuetry.

Gje`e. Xhaiib fjjs fir l`rbs w`bb gj jb`k`entjc `e pugb`h pr`knry shaiibs `e rurnbnrjns. N hnkpn`le ti sjes`t`zj pnrjets ie ljecjr `ssujs `e jcuhnt`ie w`bb gjhiecuhtjc tariula taj kjc`n.

Knur`tne`n. Ne ivjrnbb strntjly w`ta ne `etjlrntjc sih`i-jhieik`h, hubturnb nec`est`tut`ienb npprinha ans gjje cjvjbipjc ti `kprivj l`rbs' pnrt`h`pnt`ie `ejcuhnt`ie. @ehjet`vjs `ehbucj rjcuh`el taj c`stnehj ha`bcrje anvj ti trnvjb tishaiib, `ehrjns`el taj eukgjr if wikje tjnhajrs, jstngb`sa`el shaibnrsa`ps firl`rbs, nec ehrjns`el taj eukgjr if shaiib hnetjjes.

E`ljr. Saj >001 ir`jetnt`ie bnw st`pubntjs? ‑Saj Xtntj `s hikk`ttjc ti `cjet`fynec rjkivj sih`ihubturnb gnrr`jrs, pjcnlil`hnb aurcbjs nec itajr igstnhbjswa`ha a`ecjr taj fubb cjvjbipkjet if l`rbs nec wikje `e taj bjnre`el prihjss.‐

Xiurhjs? Gje`e, Knur`tne`n nec ]nd`stne, sjj JFN 7=== Nssjsskjet hiuetry rjpirts4 E`ljr, sjjNgcjbdncjr (7==>).

Gix 7.>3. Ent`ienb nht`ies ti enrriw taj ljecjr lnp

Ljecjr jqunb`ty,`ehbuc`el `e

jcuhnt`ie, `s nhiec`t`ie fir

cjvjbipkjet.

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\irbc

@ecustr`nb`zjc hiuetr`js

Cjvjbipjc hiuetr`js

Hiuetr`js `e trnes`t`ie

Nrng Xtntjs

Hjetrnb Ns`n

Hjetrnb/Jnstjre Juripj

Jnst Ns`n/]nh`f`h

Bnt`e Nkjr`hn/Hnr`ggjne

Eirta Nkjr`hn/\jstjre Juripj

Xiuta/\jst Ns`n

Xug-Xnanrne Nfr`hn

qujst`ies ngiut taj b`eds gjtwjje JHHJ nectaj pr`knry bjvjb. Hiubc JHHJ gj ne `kpirtnetpansj `e wa`ha ti nccrjss ljecjr `ssujs9Ci l`rbs wai pnrt`h`pntj `e JHHJ anvj n gjttjrhanehj if li`el ie ti pr`knry shaiib9

Hnut`ie `s ejjcjc waje hikpnr`el LJW cntnfrik >00=/0> nec >000/7===, gita gjhnusj if tajncipt`ie if taj rjv`sjc @etjrent`ienb XtnecnrcHbnss`f`hnt ie if Jcuhnt`ie (@XHJC >00<) gy tajZEJXHI @est`tutj if Xtnt`st`hs, nec gjhnusj iftaj usj if c`ffjrjet sjts if taj Ze`tjc Ent`iespipubnt`ie jst`kntjs (>001 fir >00= `ec`hntirsnec 7=== fir taj >000 `ec`hntirs). Ejvjrtajbjss,

hjrtn`e trjecs ivjr taj >00=s hne gj `cjet`f`jc.

Lbignb bjvjb

Nt taj lbignb bjvjb, taj sbiw`el `e pr`knryjeribkjet cur`el taj >00=s nffjhtjc giys kirjtane l`rbs. L`rbs‐ LJW `ehrjnsjc gy kirj tane 8pjrhjetnlj pi`ets, frik 08.>% `e >00= ti 06.:%`e >000, wa`bj taj giys‐ rntj fjbb sb`latby frik>=:.:% ti >=3% (Sngbj 7.>7). @kprivjkjet el`rbs‐ jeribkjet wirbcw`cj `s cuj kn`eby titrjecs `e cjvjbip`el hiuetr`js wajrj taj ljecjrpnr`ty jeribkjet ecjx (L]@? rnt`i gjtwjje l`rbs‐

nec giys‐ rntjs) wjet frik =.16 ti =.07 wa`bj tajs`tunt`ie ans anrcby haneljc e `ecustr`nb`zjchiuetr`js, wajrj gita sjxjs jeoiy taj snkjbjnre`el ippirtue`t`js.

Nbb cjvjbip`el rjl`ies gut iej (Bnt`e Nkjr`hnnec taj Hnr`ggjne, wajrj ljecjr pnr`ty `snbkist n rjnb`ty, L]@ ; =.01) jxpjr`jehjc`kprivjkjet `e l`rbs‐ jeribkjet. Cjsp`tj ta`strjec, c`spnr`t`js `e fnviur if giys nrj st`bb nljejrnb rubj `e Xiuta nec \jst Ns`n, taj NrngXtntjs nec sug-Xnanrne Nfr`hn w`ta L]@s if =.13,=.11 nec =.10 rjspjht`vjby `e >000.

Hiuetry bjvjb

]rilrjss tiwnrcs ljecjr pnr`ty `e jeribkjetwns w`cjsprjnc cur`el taj >00=s. @e ejnrby twi-ta`rcs if taj e`ejty-twi hiuetr`js fir wa`ha cntnwjrj nvn`bngbj, l`rbs kprivjc taj`r s`tunt`ie ejeribkjet. C`spnr`t`js jnsjc `e Lu`ejn, Gje`e,Hanc, taj Lnkg`n nec Knb` ‘ tajsj wjrj nkieltaj hiuetr`js w`ta taj a`lajst c`spnr`t`js `e >00=.Nkiel taj Nrng Xtntjs, sugstnet`nb prilrjss wnsrjl`stjrjc `e Knur`tne`n, Kirihhi nec taj Xucne.

Nkiel hiuetr`js if Xiuta nec \jst Ns`n,]nd`stne nec Ejpnb jxpjr`jehjc knrdjc`kprivjkjet (F`lurj 7.>1).

Jbjvje hiuetr`js jxpjr`jehjc n cjhb`ej e taj`rL]@, gut `e sikj if tajsj hiuetr`js l`rbs wjrj `en fnviurngbj pis`t`ie hikpnrjc w`ta giys, nectaj L]@ kivjc hbisjr ti taj pnr`ty b`ej. Sajsjhiuetr`js nrj kistby `e Bnt`e Nkjr`hne nec tajHnr`ggjne (Hibikg`n nec E`hnrnlun), nec `eXiutajre Nfr`hn (Gitswnen, Enk`g`n necBjsitai), ir `e taj ]nh`f`h (Xnkin).

@e twjety-f`vj hiuetr`js, taj L]@ rjkn`ejcuehaneljc ivjr taj pjr`ic. Kist if tajk nrj`e Bnt`e Nkjr`hn nec taj Hnr`ggjne nec `eXiutajre nec Jnstjre Nfr`hn, wajrj tajljecjr pnr`ty `ecjx wns nbrjncy hbisj ti >,w`ta taj jxhjpt`ie if Jta`ip`n, Kiznkg`qujnec Hnkjriie, wajrj ta`s ec`hntir s st`bbqu`tj biw (=.6<, =.<: nec =.1: rjspjht`vjby).

7 = =JFN Lbignb

Kie`tir`el Wjpirt

08.> >=:.: =.11

06.: >=3.= =.08

>=3.6 >=3.6 >.==

>=>.: >=7.: =.00

0>.1 >=6.6 =.16

06.7 >=3.< =.07

0>.6 0>.1 >.==

0=.> 0>.3 =.00

<=.1 10.< =.<0

1:.= 0<.= =.11

1<.1 16.3 >.=7

11.= 10.= =.00

00.6 >=8.0 =.06

07.6 06.> =.06

>>8.: >>0.0 =.0:

>=:.0 >=:.: >.==

>=8.> >=:.3 =.01

>73.: >7<.: =.01

>=:.8 >=:.3 >.==

>=>.6 >=7.< =.00

<1.3 >=3.7 =.<:

0=.= >=<.1 =.13

61.8 16.< =.<0

<6.8 16.= =.10

L`rbs Giys L]@ (F/K)

Sngbj 7.>7. Srjecs `e pr`knry LJW, gy sjx nec rjl`ie (>00= nec >000)*

]rilrjsstiwnrcsljecjr pnr`ty`e jeribkjetwns w`cjsprjnccur`el taj >00=s.

* Xancjc riws `ec`hntj LJW fir >00=4 uesancjc riws, fir >000.

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Linb :. Ljecjr jqunb`ty

Cjsp`tj taj ljejrnb trjecs tiwnrcs ljecjrpnr`ty, e kney hiuetr`js tajrj rjkn`e strielc`spnr`t`js `e fnviur if giys. Sa`s `s taj hnsj `esikj hiuetr`js e Hjetrnb nec \jst Nfr`hn nec,ti n bjssjr jxtjet, `e taj Nrng Xtntjs. @t `s nbsitaj hnsj `e sikj Ns`ne hiuetr`js, jspjh`nbby `eXiuta nec \jst Ns`n. C`spnr`t`js nrj pnrt`hubnrby

a`la e Pjkje, Hanc, Hjetrnb Nfr`hne Wjpugb`h,Jta`ip`n, Lu`ejn-G`ssnu, E`ljr, Gje`e, nec]nd`stne, wajrj jeribkjet rnt`is fir l`rbs nrjtwi-ta`rcs ir bjss tane taisj rjl`stjrjc firgiys. @e kist if tajsj hiuetr`js, taj ngsibutjljecjr lnp (knbj k`eus fjknbj LJW) jxhjjcs8= pjrhjetnlj pi`ets, nec `s ns a`la ns 38 pi`ets`e Pjkje nec ]nd`stne. ^u`tj igv`iusby, tajsjhiuetr`js nrj eit ie trnhd, nec w`bb prigngby eitnha`jvj taj Cndnr linb fir ljecjr `e 7==:, eirjvje e 7=>:, uebjss a`laby fihusjc strntjl`js efnviur if l`rbs nrj `kpbjkjetjc.

Ejt jeribkjet nec ljecjr pnr`ty

C`spnr`t`js gjtwjje l`rbs‐ nec giys‐ jeribkjet`e shaiib nrj usunbby biwjr waje ieby ha`bcrjeif rjlubnr shaiib nlj nrj tndje `eti nhhiuet(ejt jeribkjet rnt`is). Saj c`ffjrjehjs nrjsb`latby kirj s`le`f`hnet e sug-Xnanrne Nfr`hnehiuetr`js nec taj Nrng Xtntjs tane `e Bnt`e

Nkjr`hn nec taj Hnr`ggjne, nec `e Ns`n. Saus`t nppjnrs tant nbtaiula kirj giys nrj jeribbjcivjrnbb, tajy nbsi kndj up taj knoir`ty if tajivjr-nlj pup`bs, kistby gjhnusj tajy rjpjntlrncjs kirj frjqujetby tane l`rbs (sjj gjbiw).

=

Hanptjr 7

]rilrjss tiwnrcs taj lin bs

F`lurj 7.>1. Srjecs `e ljecjr c`spnr`t`js `e LJW `e pr`knry-shaiib jcuhnt`ie (>00=‘>000)

>. Cntn rjfjr ti >001/00.

Xiurhj? Neejx, Sngbj 6

Nrng Xtntjs

=.6=

=.<=

=.1=

=.0=

>.==

>.>=

L]@ >00=

L]@ >000

   K   i   r   r   i   h   i

   C   o   `   g   i  u   t   `

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   @   r   n   q

   J   l  y   p   t

   N   b   l   j   r   `   n

   X   n  u   c   `   N   r   n   g   `   n

   S  u   e   `   s   `   n

   X  y   r   `   n   e   N   r   n   g

   W   j   p  u   g   b   `   h   >

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   ^   n   t   n   r   >

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   G   n   a   r   n   `   e

   O   i   r   c   n   e

Ljecjr pnr`ty b`ej

Ns`n/]nh`f`h

=.3=

=.:=

=.6=

=.<=

=.1=

=.0=

>.==

>.>=Ljecjr pnr`ty B`ej

L]@ >00=L]@ >000

   ]   n   s   d   `   s   t   n   e

   E   j   p   n   b

   @   e   c   `   n

   B   n   i   ]   C   W

   ]   n   p  u   n   E   j  w

   L  u   `   e   j   n   >

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   H   a   `   e   n

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   @   e   c   i   e   j   s   `   n

   K  y   n   e   k   n   r

   ]   a   `   b   `   p   p   `   e   j   s   >

   S   n   o   `   d   `   s   t   n   e

   S   a   n   `   b   n   e   c

   X   r   `   B   n   e   d   n   >

   N  z   j   r   g   n   `   o   n   e

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  u   g   b   `   h   i   f   D   i   r   j   n

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   X   n   k   i   n

Xikj hiuetr`jsnrj eit ie

trnhd ti nha`jvjtaj 7==:

ljecjr linb.

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7 = =JFN Lbignb

Kie`tir`el Wjpirt

F`lurj 7.>1. (hiet`eujc)

Bnt`e Nkjr`hn nec Hnr`ggjne

=.6=

=.<=

=.1=

=.0=

>.==

>.7=

>.>=

L]@ >00=

L]@ >000

   G   i   b   `  v   `   n

   A   n   `   t   `

   ]   n   e   n   k   n

   ]   n   r   n   l  u   n  y

   H  u   g   n

   H   a   `   b   j

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   S   r   `   e   `   c   n   c

   n   e   c   S   i   g   n   l   i

   O   n   k   n   `   h   n

   Z   r  u   l  u   n  y

   H   i   s   t   n   W   `   h   n

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   J   b   X   n   b  v   n   c   i   r              >

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   E   `   h   n   r   n   l  u   n

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Ljecjr pnr`tyb`ej

Xug-Xnanrne Nfr`hn

=.3=

=.:=

=.6=

=.<=

=.1=

=.0=

>.==

>.>=

>.7=>.8=

Ljecjr pnr`ty B`ej

L]@ >00=L]@ >000

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   D   j   e  y   n              >

   Z

   e   `   t   j   c   W   j   p  u   g   b   `   h

   i   f   S   n   e  z   n   e   `   n

   W  w   n   e   c   n

   _   `   k   g   n   g  w   j

   G   i   t   s  w   n   e   n              >

   K   n   c   n   l   n   s   h   n   r

   B   j   s   i   t   a   i

   K   n   b   n  w   `

   E   n   k   `   g   `   n

   K   n  u   r   `   t   `  u   s

    C   j   k   i   h   r   n   t   `   h

   W   j   p .

   i   f   H   i   e   l   i

   H

   j   e   t   r   n   b   N   f   r   `   h   n   e

   W   j   p  u   g   b   `   h              >

   S   i   l   i

   H    ó   t   j   c   '   @  v   i   `   r   j

Nhhjss `ssujs

Ns rjlnrcs c`spnr`t`js e nhhjss ti shaiibgjtwjje l`rbs nec giys, taj bntjst nvn`bngbj cntnfir lriss etndj rntjs fir shaiib yjnr >000/7===,rjvjnbjc tarjj shjenr`is.

C`spnr`t`js `e nhhjss fnviur giys. Kney hiuetr`js

fnbb `eti ta`s hntjliry (sjj F`lurj 7.>0 gjbiw).@e sikj hiuetr`js if Hjetrnb nec \jst Nfr`hn,ns wjbb ns Jta`ip`n nec Pjkje, taj lriss`etndj rntj fir l`rbs wns bjss tane tarjj-qunrtjrs if taj rntj fir giys.

Ljecjr pnr`ty. Sa`s pnttjre `s fiuec `e kneyhiuetr`js if Bnt`e Nkjr`hn nec taj Hnr`ggjne,`e sikj Nrng Xtntjs nec `e taj Ns`n nec ]nh`f`hrjl`ie.

C`spnr`t`js `e nhhjss fnviur l`rbs. @e taj Xiutajrenec Jnstjre Nfr`hn rjl`ie, sb`lat c`spnr`t`js `efnviur if l`rbs nrj eitjc `e Enk`g`n, Bjsitai,Knbnw`, Knur`t`us nec _nkg`n. @e taj f`rst twihiuetr`js, ta`s `s jxpbn`ejc kistby gy tajtrnc`t`ienb ribj if giys `e k`ec`el b`vjstihd.Ljecjr `kgnbnehjs `e fnviur if l`rbs nrj nbsi

igsjrvjc `e sikj Ns`ne, Bnt`e Nkjr`hne necHnr`ggjne hiuetr`js, nbtaiula ta`s `s eit siprieiuehjc ns `e itajr bjvjbs if jcuhnt`ie.

C`spnr`t`jsgjtwjje l`rbsnec giys stnrtw`ta nhhjss tipr`knry shaiib.

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Linb :. Ljecjr jqunb`ty

7

Bjnre`el prihjssLjecjr c`spnr`t`js, wajrj tajy jx`st, hiehjre eitieby nhhjss ti shaiib, gut nbsi c`ffjrjet`nbprilrjss w`ta taj bjnre`el prihjss, `ehbuc`elrntjs if pr`knry shaiib hikpbjt`ie. Saj jxtjet tiwa`ha ljecjr jqunb`ty s kn`etn`ejc tariulaiuttaj shaiib hyhbj kny gj sjje ns pnrt if taj`etjrenb jff`h`jehy if taj shaiib systjk. @etjrenbjff`h`jehy `s kjnsurjc ajrj tariula pjrhjetnljif rjpjntjrs nec taj pripirt`ie if pup`bs tantrjnha Lrncj :.

Wjpjt`t`ie

@e taj knoir`ty if hiuetr`js stuc`jc, giys rjpjntlrncjs kirj tane l`rbs (F`lurj 7.7=). Sajhiuetr`js wajrj l`rbs rjpjnt kirj tane giys nrjnbkist nbb `e sug-Xnanrne Nfr`hn, wajrj ivjrnbbrjpjt`t`ie bjvjbs ngivj >:% nrj eit uehikkie.Hiuetr`js w`ta a`lajr l`rbs‐ rjpjt`t`ie rntjs nbsitjec ti anvj taj lrjntjst c`spnr`t`js `e fnviur ifgiys‐ nhhjss nec jeribkjet. Saus, ajrj, l`rbs eitieby anvj bjss nhhjss ti shaiib, gut nrj nbsifnhjc w`ta kirj c`ff`hubt`js e taj bjnre`elprihjss. Saj ejjc fir l`rbs ti nttjec ti cikjst`hnec itajr hairjs, taj biw jxpjhtnt`ies if l`rbs‐

pjrfirknehj `e shaiib ie taj pnrt if pnrjets necsih`jty, hurr`hubuk nec pjcnlil`hnb g`nsjs knygj h`tjc nkiel piss`gbj fnhtirs cjtjrk`e`el ta`spnrt`hubnr pnttjre e tajsj hiuetr`js.

Hanptjr 7

]rilrjss tiwnrcs taj lin bs

F`lurj 7.>0. Hiuetr`js w`ta ljecjr

pnr`ty `ecjx gjbiw =.0:?lriss `etndj rntjs `e pr`knry-shaiib

jcuhnt`ie, gy sjx (>000/7===)

= 7= 3= 6= 1= >== >7= >3= >6=

@ec`n

Bni ]CW

Hnkgic`n

@eciejs`n

]npun E.L.>

San`bnec

Knhnu, Ha`en

Gautne

Cik`e`hne Wjp.

Ejta. Net`bbjs>

Gnankns>

B`gjr`n>

Gje`e

Lu`ejn-G`ssnu

Djeyn>

Jta`ip`n

Lnkg`n

Kiznkg`quj

Sili

Hanc

Lanen>

Hnkjriie

Hikiris

Hótj c‐@vi`rj

Guruec`

Jr`trjn

Nelibn

Lu`ejn

Knb`>

Gurd`en Fnsi

E`ljrHjetrnb Nfr. Wjp.

Hieli

@rnq

Xyr`ne N.W.>

Pjkje

Xucne

Co`giut`

Lriss etndj rntjs (%)

Fjknbj

Knbj

Ns`n/]nh`f`h

Bnt`e Nkjr`hn/Hnr ggjne

Xug-Xnanrne Nfr`hn

Nrng Xtntjs

>. Cntn rjfjr ti >001/00.

Xiurhj? Neejx, Sngbj :.

@e taj knoir`tyif hiuetr`jsstuc`jc, giys

rjpjnt lrncjskirj tane l`rbs.

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7 = =JFN Lbignb

Kie`tir`el Wjpirt

F`lurj 7.7=. ]jrhjetnlj if rjpjntjrs `e pr`knry-shaiib jcuhnt`ie, gy sjx (>000/7===)

Xiurhj? Neejx, Sngbj 0.

= 8=>= 3=7=

Giys rjpjnt kirj

]nbjst`e`ne N.S.

Duwn`t

Z. N. Jk`rntjs

Gnarn`e

Xnuc` Nrng`n

Jlypt

Xyr`ne N. W.

Ikne

Bjgneie

Pjkje

Kirihhi

@rnq

Co`giut`

Nbljr`n

Sue`s`n

Gitswnen

Knur`t`us

Lanen

_nkg`n

Zlnecn

Lnkg`n

Xiuta Nfr`hn

E`ljr

Hnpj Vjrcj

Enk`g`n

C. W. Hieli

Xwnz`bnec

Bjsitai

Hikiris

HieliKncnlnshnr

Wwnecn

X. Sikj / ]r`eh.

Nrng Xtntjs/tjrr`tir`js

Xug-Xnanrne Nfr`hn

Wjpjntjrs (%)

FjknbjKnbj

= >= 7= 8= 3=

Giys rjpjnt kirj

Gib`v`n

Jhuncir

Ha`bj

Luynen

Cik`e`hn

E`hnrnlun

Hibikg`n

Cik`e`hne Wjp.Onkn`hn

Nrljet`en

Kjx`hi

]nenkn

Jb Xnbvncir

Vjejzujbn

Sr`e`cnc nec Sig.

]nrnluny

Zruluny

Nrugn

Histn W`hn

]jru

Gjb`zj

Lrjencn

An`t`

Luntjknbn

V`jt Enk

@ec`n

Xr` Bnedn

@rne, @sb. Wjp.

Suvnbu

Knhnu, Ha`enVneuntu

Gautne

Bni ]CW

Bnt`e Nkjr`hn/Hnr`ggjne

Ns`n/]nh`f`h

Wjpjntjrs (%)

FjknbjKnbj

= 8=>= 3=7=

L`rbs rjpjnt kirj ir snkj pripirt`

Nrng Xtntjs

Xug-Xnanrne Nfr`hn

Wjpjntjrs (%)

Sieln

@eciejs`n

]npun E. L.

San`bnec

Hjetrnb Nfr. Wjp.

Nelibn

Sili

Guruec`

Hanc

Lu`ejn-G`ssnu

Kiznkg`quj

Lu`ejn

Jr`trjn

Knb`

Gurd`en Fnsi

Xjejlnb

Jqunt. Lu`ejn

Jta`ip`n

Z. W. Snezne`n

B`gjr`n

Xucne

Ns`n/]nh`f`h

FjknbjKnbj

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Linb :. Ljecjr jqunb`ty

3

Xurv`vnb ti Lrncj :

Ns stntjc `e taj sjht`ie ie ue`vjrsnbpr`knry jcuhnt`ie (Linb 7, ngivj), tajsurv`vnb rntj ti Lrncj : `s ne `ec`hntir ifjnrby crip-iut, wa`ha `s hnusjc gita gyjxtjrenb nec shaiib-rjbntjc fnhtirs suhans a`la rjpjt`t`ie rntjs.

@e sikj hiuetr`js l`rbs suffjr frik nciugbj `ejqu`ty? tajy eit ieby anvj bjssnhhjss ti shaiib`el `e hikpnr`sie w`tagiys, gut tajy nrj nbsi kirj b`djby ti cripiut gjfirj tajy rjnha Lrncj :. Ie taj itajranec, wajrj ljecjr c`spnr`t`js nrj bjss irci eit jx`st `e tjrks if nhhjss, tajy nrjnbsi bjss ir eie-jx`stjet `e tjrks ifsurv`vnb ti Lrncj :. Jv`cjehj frikhiuetr`js wajrj cntn wjrj nvn`bngbj fir tajshaiib yjnr >000/== `ec`hntjs taj fibbiw`elfnhts (sjj F`lurj 7.7>)?

@e n eukgjr if hiuetr`js `e Bnt`eNkjr`hn nec taj Hnr`ggjne, XiutajreNfr`hn, Ns`n nec taj Nrng Xtntjs, giys nrjkirj b`djby ti crip iut if shaiib tanel`rbs. Kist if tajsj hiuetr`js nrj nbsitaisj wajrj nhhjss ti shaiib`el `s `e

fnviur if l`rbs.Sajrj s st`bb, aiwjvjr, n s`le`f`hneteukgjr if hiuetr`js wajrj l`rbs crip iutkirj tane giys, pnrt`hubnrby si `ehiuetr`js wajrj ivjrnbb surv`vnb rntjs nrjbiw nec ljecjr c`spnr`t`js a`la. @e kistif tajsj hiuetr`js, l`rbs eit ieby anvjbiw nhhjss, gut tajy nbsi hikpbjtjshaiib bjss tane giys.

Saj ivjrnbb jv`cjehj sulljsts tantnbtaiula giys nrj kirj b`djby ti gjjeribbjc e shaiib, l`rbs nrj kirj b`djby

ti stny tajrj uet`b Lrncj :. Sa`s kjnestant iehj l`rbs nrj `e shaiib tajy tjec tiprilrjss ns wjbb ns, ir gjttjr tane giys.

Hanptjr 7

]rilrjss tiwnrcs taj lin bs

3= := 6= <= 1= 0= >==

>

Jr`trjn

Gitswnen

_nkg`n

Enk`g`n

Z. W. Snezne`n

Xiuta Nfr`hn

Xwnz`bnec

Bjsitai

Jta`ip`n

Kncnlnshnr

Kiznkg`quj

Wwnecn

Zlnecn

Lu`ejn

Gurd`en Fnsi

E`ljr

Hanc

Sili

Oircne

Gnarn`e

Xnuc` Nrng`n

Nbljr`n

Ikne

Duwn`t>

Z. N. Jk`rntjs

Sue`s`n

Bjgneie

Xucne

Kirihhi

Co`giut`

Xurv`vnb rntjs (%)

Fjknbj

Knbj

Hjetrnb /\jst Nfr`hn

Nrng Xtntjs

Xiuta/Jnst Nfr`hn 

3= := 6= <= 1= 0= >==

@rne @sb. Wjp.

Ha`en

San`bnec

Xnkin

@eciejs`n

Gautne

Kyneknr

@ec`n

Bni ]CW

Nrugn

Nrljet`en

]nenkn

]jru

Kjx`hi

Gib`v`n

Zruluny

Cik`e`hneWjp.

Gjb`zj

]nrnluny

Hibikg`n

Xurv`vnb rntjs (%)

Fjknbj

Knbj

E`hnrnlun

Bnt`e Nkjr`hn/Hnr`ggjne

Ns`n/]nh`f`h

F`lurj 7.7>. Xurv`vnb rntj ti Lrncj :, gy sjx (>000/7===)

>. Cntn rjfjr ti surv`vnb ti Lrncj 3 (bnst yjnr if pr`knry jcuhnt`ie).

Xiurhj? Neejx, Sngbj >=.

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Xjhiecnry jcuhnt`ieSajrj ans gjje n s`le`f`hnet `ehrjnsj `epnrt`h`pnt`ie rntjs nt sjhiecnry bjvjb s`ehj >00=.F`lurj 7.77 `ec`hntjs tant ta`s wns gjejf`h`nb til`rbs, w`ta n rjcuht`ie `e ljecjr c`spnr`t`js gj`eljv`cjet `e kist if taj hiuetr`js saiwe. @e ljejrnb,taj fibbiw`el twi igsjrvnt`ies hne gj kncj.

]rilrjss tiwnrcs ljecjr pnr`ty ans gjjesugstnet`nb `e taj Nrng Xtntjs, nec `e sikjsug-Xnanrne Nfr`hne hiuetr`js, pnrt`hubnrby eHikiris, taj Lnkg`n, Djeyn, E`ljr nec

Wwnecn. C`spnr`t`js anvj enrriwjcsugstnet`nbby e Xiuta Ns`ne hiuetr`js.

@e hiuetr`js wajrj taj ljecjr lnp fnviurjcl`rbs nt taj gjl`ee`el if taj cjhncj, tajrj ansgjje n kivj ti ejnr-pnr`ty, w`ta taj jxhjpt`ieif Kielib`n, wajrj taj c`spnr`ty `e fnviur ifl`rbs ans gjhikj kirj prieiuehjc. @e XiutaNfr`hn taj pis`t`vj gnbnehj `e fnviur if l`rbsc`ppjc gjbiw taj pnr`ty b`ej4 `e v`jw if tajsih`i-pib`t`hnb haneljs if taj >00=s, ta`s `s nknttjr fir hiehjre, nec w`bb rjqu`rj hbisjnttjet`ie ns taj shaiib systjk hiet`eujs tiuecjrli rjfirk.

7 = =JFN Lbignb

Kie`tir`el Wjpirt

Bnt`e Nkjr`hn nec taj Hnr`ggjne - Ns`n nec ]nh`f`h

=

=,7

=,3

=,6

=,1

>,=

>,7

>,3

>,6

   L   ]   @

   G   i   b   `  v   `   n

   O   n   k   n   `   h   n

   J   b   X   n   b  v   n   c   i   r              >

   G   j   b   `  z   j

   L  u  y   n   e   n              >

   H   a   `   b   j

   ]   n   r   n   l  u   n  y

   K   j  x   `   h   i

   H  u   g   n

   ]   n   e   n   k   n

   S   r   `   e   `   c   n   c    /

   S   i   g   n   l   i

   H   i   b   i   k   g   `   n

   H   i   s   t   n   W   `   h   n

   E   `   h   n   r   n   l  u   n

   V   j   e   j  z  u   j   b   n

   H   n   k   g   i   c   `   n

   @   e   c   `   n

   ]   n   d   `   s   t   n   e

   B   n   i   ]   C   W

   E   j   p   n   b

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   V   n   e  u   n   t  u

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   L   j   i   r   l   `   n

   S   a   n   `   b   n   e   c

   D  y   r   l  y  z   s   t   n   e              >

   X   r   `   B   n   e   d   n              >

   G   n   e   l   b   n   c   j   s   a

   K   n   h   n  u ,

   H   a   `   e   n

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   ]   a   `   b   `   p   p   `   e   j   s              >

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   K   i   e   l   i   b   `   n

L]@ >00=/0>L]@ >000/==

Ljecjr pnr`ty b`ej

Nrng Xtntjs - Xug-Xnanrne Nfr`hn

=

=,7

=,3

=,6   L   ]   @

   @   r   n   q

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   n   e  z   n   e   `   n

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   D   j   e  y   n              >

   W  w   n   e   c   n

   K   n   c   n   l   n   s   h   n   r              >

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=,1

>,=

>,7

>,3

>,6

Ljecjr pnr`ty b`ej

L]@ >00=/0>L]@ >000/==

F`lurj 7.77. Srjecs `e ljecjr c`spnr`t`js `e LJW `e sjhiecnry jcuhnt`ie (>00=‘>000)

>. Cntn fir taj bntjst yjnr rjfjr ti >001/00.

Xiurhj? Neejx, Sngbj <.

Iehj l`rbs nrj`e shaiibtajy tjec tiprilrjss ns wjbbns, ir gjttjrtane giys.

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Linb :. Ljecjr jqunb`ty

6

Hanptjr 7

]rilrjss tiwnrcs taj lin bs

LjecjrKnbj Fjknbj L]@ lnp

Hiuetry LJW LJW (F/K) (K/F)Wjl`ie

LjecjrKnbj Fjknbj L]@ lnp

Hiuetry LJW LJW (F/K) (K/F)

LjecjrKnbj Fjknbj L]@ lnp

Hiuetry LJW LJW (F/K) (K/F)

L]@;=.00 nec ivjr

Hiuetr`js w`ta ljecjr pnr`ty ir c`spnr`t`js`e fnviur if l`rbs Hiuetr`js w`ta c`spnr`t`js e fnviur if giys

Kicjrntj c`spnr`t`js (=.00 5 L]@ 5 =.1=) A`la c`spnr`t`js (L]@;=.1= nec gjbiw)

Sngbj 7.>8. LJW `e sjhiecnry-shaiib jcuhnt`ie gy sjx, L]@ nec ljecjr lnp, gy rjl`ie (>000/7=== ir >001/00)

Z. N. Jk`rntjs <= 1= >.>: ‘>=

B`gyne N.O.>

<:.* 18.* >.>> ‘1Bjgneie <: 17 >.=0 ‘<Nbljr`n 6: 60 >.=< ‘:Gnarn`e 00 >=: >.=6 ‘6]nbjst`e`ne N.S. <1 18 >.=6 ‘:Sue`s`n <8 <6 >.=3 ‘8Oircne 16.* 10.* >.=8 ‘8Duwn`t :: :6 >.=7 ‘>

Bjsitai 73 87 >.8< ‘0Enk`g`n :6 68 >.>7 ‘<Xiuta Nfr`hn> 16.* 0<.* >.>7 ‘>>Gitswnen <1 1: >.=0 ‘<Xwnz`bnec> 6=.* 6=.* >.=> =

Xt Buh`n 1:.* >=3.* >.77 ‘>0Ejta. Net`bbjs <0 11 >.>7 ‘0Sr`e`cnc/Sig. <: 17 >.=0 ‘<Gnrgncis 00 >=8 >.=3 ‘3Luynen> 1= 17 >.=7 ‘>Gjb`zj <7 <7 >.== =

Cik`e`h. Wjp. 6=.* <8.* >.77 ‘>8Vjejzujbn :3.* 6:.* >.>0 ‘>=E`hnrnlun ::.* 6:.* >.>0 ‘>=Zruluny 13 00 >.>< ‘>:Histn W`hn 31 :3 >.>7 ‘6Grnz`b 01 >=0 >.>> ‘>>Hibikg`n 6< <: >.>> ‘<Nrljet`en 0> 0< >.=< ‘6]nenkn 6< <> >.=< ‘3Hugn 1= 13 >.=3 ‘3Kjx`hi <7 <: >.=3 ‘8]nrnluny :6 :1 >.=3 ‘7Ha`bj 1< 11 >.=7 ‘7Jhuncir :6 :< >.=7 ‘>Jb Xnbvncir> := := =.00 =

Kielib`n :1 <> >.78 ‘>8Dyrlyzstne> 17 13 >.=8 ‘7Ljirl`n << <1 >.=7 ‘>Dnzndastne 1< 1< >.=> =Nzjrgn`one 1= 1= >.== =

Gnelbncjsa :7 :6 >.=1 ‘3Knbc`vjs 3> 33 >.=< ‘8Xr` Bnedn> <=.* <3.* >.=< ‘:

Gruej` Cnruss. >=: >>6 >.>= ‘>>Knbnys`n 03 >=3 >.>= ‘>=]a`b`pp`ejs> <8 <0 >.=0 ‘<Knhnu 0= 0< >.=1 ‘<San`bnec <1 1= >.=7 ‘7Onpne >=> >=8 >.=> ‘>Kyneknr> 8:.* 8:.* >.== =Wjp.if Dirjn 01 0< >.== =

Xnkin <8 1= >.=0 ‘<

Ikne 61 6< =.01 >Xucne> 8> 70 =.06 >Jlypt 16.* 1=.* =.03 6Xnuc` Nrng`n <7 6: =.0= <Xyr`ne N. W.> 33 80 =.10 :

Lngie> :1 :> =.1< 1X`jrrn Bjiej 76 77 =.17 :

Knur`t`us >=1 >=6 =.01 7Kncnlnshnr> >:.* >3.* =.06 >Wwnecn >7 >7 =.0: >Djeyn> 8>.* 71.* =.0= 8_`kgngwj 31 38 =.11 6Z.W. Snezne`n 6 : =.16 >Hikiris 7.* >1 =.17 3

Onkn`hn 1: 17 =.06 8

]jru> 18 <1 =.03 :Gib`v`n 1>.* <6.* =.08 :Luntjknbn 8: 8= =.1< :

Sno`d`stne 17 <= =.16 >7

@rne @sb. W. 18 << =.07 6Gautne >7 0 =.17 7

@eciejs`n :6.* :3.* =.0: 8V`jt Enk 61 6> =.0> 6Ha`en 66.* 6=.* =.0= 6

Vneuntu 8> 76 =.18 :

Kirihhi 33 8: =.1= 0

Knur`tne`n 7> >: =.<7 6Co`giut`> >0 >3 =.<7 6@rnq 3< 70 =.67 >1Pjkje> 60 7: =.8< 38

Hnkjriie> 77.* ><.* =.<1 :Lanen> 37 88 =.<1 0Guruec > 1.* 6.* =.<: 7Lnkg`n 8> 78 =.<3 1B`gjr`n 7< >1 =.60 1E`ljr 1.* :.* =.6: 8Xjejlnb> 73 >: =.63 1Gurd`en Fnsi >7 1 =.63 3Lu`ejn-G`ss. 76 >3 =.:3 >7Hótj c'@vi`rj> 71.* >:.* =.:8 >8C.W. Hieli> 73.* >8.* =.:7 >7Knb`> 7= >= =.:7 0

Gje`e 8= >3 =.3: ><Jqunt. Lu`ejn 38.* >0.* =.33 73Sili :=.* 77.* =.33 71Lu`ejn> 7=.* <.* =.86 >8Hanc >1 : =.71 >8

Knbnw`> :=.* 3=.* =.1= >=_nkg`n> 70 77 =.<< <Nelibn >1.* >8.* =.<< 3Jr`trjn 88 78 =.<= >=Jta`ip`n 6 3 =.61 7Kiznkg`quj >< >> =.61 :

Ejpnb 67 3: =.<7 ><]nd`stne 36 87 =.<= >3@ec`n :0 3= =.61 >0

Bni ]CW 37 70 =.<= >7Hnkgic`n 77 >7 =.:: >=

]npun E.L.> 73 >1 =.<1 :

Nrng Xtntjs/

Eirta Nfr`hn

Hjetrnb/\jst Nfr`hn

Xiuta/Jnst Nfr`hn

Hnr`ggjne

Bnt`eNkjr`hn

Hjetrnb Ns`n

Xiuta/\jst Ns`n

Jnst Ns`n

]nh`f`h

* Cntn nrj frik taj ZEJXHI @est`tutj fir Xtnt`st`hs.>. Cntn rjfjr ti shaiib yjnr >001/00.

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7 = =JFN Lbignb

Kie`tir`el Wjpirt

C`spnr`t`js `e pr`knry jcuhnt`ie tjec ti gjfurtajr nkpb`f`jc `e sjhiecnry jcuhnt`ie? `f tajL]@ fir jeribkjet `e pr`knry jcuhnt`ie `s gjbiwtaj pnr`ty b`ej, taj L]@ fir sjhiecnry `s usunbbyfurtajr gjbiw `t4 nec `f pr`knry L]@ `s nriuec irngivj taj pnr`ty b`ej, sjhiecnry L]@ `s iftjefurtajr ngivj t.

LJW cntn fir >000/7=== saiw tant taj biwjstbjvjbs if sjhiecnry jeribkjet, jspjh`nbby firl`rbs, nrj fiuec `e Hjetrnb nec \jst Nfr`hn ‘ ns`s taj hnsj fir pr`knry jcuhnt`ie. Saj jeribkjets`tunt`ie s kirj fnviurngbj ti yiuel wikje `ehiuetr`js if Xiutajre nec Jnstjre Nfr`hn, nln`e

ns `t `s fir itajr bjvjbs nec nspjhts if jcuhnt`ie.@e ta`s sug-rjl`ie, Xiuta Nfr`hn, Gitswnen necKnur`t`us anvj lriss sjhiecnry jeribkjet rnt`isa`lajr tane <=%, s`k`bnr ti rntjs `e rjl`ieswajrj taj cjvjbipkjet if sjhiecnry jcuhnt`ie`s nkiel taj kist ncvnehjc. Ie taj itajr anec,taj sjhiecnry LJW fir l`rbs wns bjss tane >=%`e Jta`ip`n, Gurd`en Fnsi, Hanc, E`ljr nec tajZe`tjc Wjpugb`h if Snezne`n (Sngbj 7.>8).

Sjnhajrs `e pr`knry

jcuhnt`ie@ehrjns`el taj pripirt`ie if wikje tjnhajrs s`tsjbf n kjnsurj if ljecjr jqunb`ty, ne `etjlrnbpnrt if kpriv`el wikje‐s pnrt`h`pnt`ie e nbbjhieik`h nec sih`nb sjhtirs. @t `s nbsi n strntjlyusjc gy kney hiuetr`js ti fnh`b`tntj l`rbs‐ nhhjssti jcuhnt`ie nec ti ajbp `kprivj taj`r bjnre`elprihjss. Sajrjfirj, `t `s `kpirtnet ti nenbysj tajpjrhjetnlj if fjknbj tjnhajrs gy hiuetry, nswjbb ns taj pjrhjetnlj if taisj wai nrj trn`ejc`e hikpnr`sie w`ta taj`r knbj hiuetjrpnrts.

F`lurj 7.78 saiws tant, `e kist hiuetr`js firwa`ha cntn nrj nvn`bngbj, taj pripirt`ie ifwikje tjnhajrs ehrjnsjc ivjr taj pjr`ic>00=/0> ti >000/==. Gnarn`e, Knur`tne`n, Hanc,Jta`ip`n, @ec`n, Ejpnb nec ]nd`stne, wajrjtaj pripirt`ie if fjknbj tjnhajrs wns nkieltaj biwjst `e >00=, jxpjr`jehjc taj a`lajst`ehrjnsjs (8=% nec kirj) e rjbnt`vj tjrks. Gyhietrnst, sugstnet`nb cjhrjnsjs (ivjr 7=%) sjjkti anvj ihhurrjc `e Sili, Co`giut`, taj Lnkg`n,Jr`trjn nec Suvnbu, jvje taiula wikje

rjprjsjet fnr fjwjr tane :=% if taj titnb `e sikjif tajsj hnsjs. Ie taj itajr anec, kicjrntjcjhrjnsjs ir stng`b`ty nrj igsjrvjc `e Bnt`eNkjr`hn nec taj Hnr`ggjne, taj rjl`ie w`ta taja`lajst pripirt`ie if wikje tjnhajrs ‘ tarjj-qunrtjrs ir kirj if tjnha`el stnff.

Saj f`lurj nbsi saiws tant taj pripirt`ie ifwikje nkiel taj tjnha`el stnff vnr`jchies`cjrngby frik iej wirbc rjl`ie ti neitajr `e>000.

Xug-Xnanrne Nfr`hn ans taj a`lajst eukgjrif hiuetr`js wajrj wikje rjprjsjet bjss taneanbf if taj tjnha`el stnff ‘ nec taj biwjstsanrjs if wikje tjnhajrs. Nbb hiuetr`js wajrjfjwjr tane iej tjnhajr `e fiur `s n wikje nrj`e Hjetrnb nec \jst Nfr`hn, w`ta taj jxhjpt`ieif Kiznkg`quj. Saj pripirt`ie if wikjetjnhajrs `s ns biw ns >=% `e Hanc nec >8%`e Sili. Saj a`lajst vnbujs ‘ wikjerjprjsjet`el twi iut if tarjj tjnhajrs ir kirj‘ nrj fiuec e Xiutajre Nfr`hn.

]r`knry tjnhajrs nrj prjcik`enetby wikje`e Bnt`e Nkjr`hn nec taj Hnr`ggjne, w`ta tajjxhjpt`ie if An`t`, wajrj wikje rjprjsjetieby iej-ta`rc if taj titnb eukgjr if tjnhajrs.

@e taj Nrng Xtntjs, wikje rjprjsjet iej-anbfir kirj if taj tjnhajrs `e twi-ta`rcs if tajhiuetr`js fir wa`ha cntn nrj nvn`bngbj, rnel`elfrik 7=% `e Pjkje ti <:% `e ^ntnr.

@e Ns`n nec taj ]nh`f`h, tajrj nrj w`cjvnr`nt`ies w`ta taj biwjst vnbujs `e XiutaNs`ne hiuetr`js, a`lajr vnbujs `e Jnst Ns`nnec taj ]nh`f`h, nec taj a`lajst, nbkist >==%,`e Hjetrnb Ns`ne hiuetr`js.

F`enbby, ns rjlnrcs ljecjr c`spnr`t`js `e tjnhajrtrn`e`el, taj nvn`bngbj cntn (F`lurj 7.73) saiwtant `e kist hnsjs tajrj nrj kirj trn`ejcwikje tane kje tjnhajrs `e pr`knry jcuhnt`ie.Aiwjvjr, tajrj nrj eitngbj jxhjpt`ies frik nbbrjl`ies `e hiuetr`js suha ns, Jr`trjn, Jta`ip`n,Knbnw`, X`jrrn Bjiej, Xucne, Sr`e`cnc necSignli nec `e Ze`tjc Nrng Jk`rntjs. @e sikjif tajsj hiuetr`js, taj pjrhjetnlj if nbb trn`ejctjnhajrs (gita kje nec wikje)`s ljejrnbby vjrybiw (Knbnw`, Xucne).

C`spnr`t`js`e pr`knryjcuhnt`ie tjecti gj furtajrnkpb`f`jc `esjhiecnryjcuhnt`ie.

Xug-XnanrneNfr`hn ans taj

biwjst eukgjrsif wikjetjnhajrs.

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7 = =JFN Lbignb

Kie`tir`el Wjpirt

>000

>00=

Bnt`e Nkjr`hn/Hnr`ggjne

Onkn`hn7

Xur`enkj

Luynen

E`hnrnlun

Hugn

Xt. Buh`n

X. D`tts/Ejv.

Histn W`hn

Cik`e`hn

Ha`bj

Lrjencn

Sr`e`cnc/Sig.

Gnrgncis

]nenkn

Aiecurns

X. V`eh./Lr.

Gjb`zj

Gib`v`n

Jb Xnbvncir

Anét`>

= 7= 3= 6= 1= >==

% fjknbj tjnhajrs

 

= 7= 3= 6= 1= >==

 

Gautne

V`jt Enk

Knbc`vjs

Knhnu, Ha`en

Ejta. Net`bbjs

Hugn

Hnykne @sb.

Nrugn

Sr`e`cnc/Sig.

Cik`e`hn

Snezne`n

Knur`t`us

Jta`ip`n

E`ljr

Djeyn_nkg`n

Xwnz`bnec

Gitswnen

Jr`trjn

Xjyhajbbjs

Lnkg`n>

Bjsitai

Xiuta Nfr`hn

Lanen

Kiznkg`quj

Gje`e

X`jrrn Bjiej

Hieli

Knbnw`

Zlnecn>

Lu`ejn-G`ssnu

Enk`g`n

Duwn`t>

Ikne>

Xucne>

Nbljr`n>

Xyr`ne N. W.>

Z. N. Jk`r.>

% trn`ejc tjnhajrs

Bnt`e Nkjr`hn/Hnr`ggjne

Ns`n

Xug-Xnanrne Nfr`hn

Nrng Xtntjs

FjknbjKnbj

Z. W.

gjttjr gu`bt, eit w`ta ljecjr-ejutrnb npprinhajstant fbnttje taj bjnre`el jev`riekjet, gut w`taljecjr-fn`r kjnsurjs tant rjhile`zj necrjspiec nppripr`ntjby ti taj c`ffjrjehjs gjtwjjel`rbs nec giys (nec `ecjjc nkiel itajrsugsjhtirs if taj pipubnt`ie suha ns jtae`hk`eir`t`js nec pjrsies w`ta c`sng`b`t`js). @e ta`swny, n ljecjrjc npprinha ti jcuhnt`ie hne gr`elgjejf`ts fir nbb stucjets.

F`lurj 7.73. ]jrhjetnlj if trn`ejc tjnhajrs,

`e pr`knry-shaiib jcuhnt`ie, gy sjx (>000/7===)

>. Cntn rjfjr ti >001/00.

Xiurhj? Neejx, Sngbj 1.

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Linb 6. Jcuhnt`ie qunb`ty

=

Linb 6Jcuhnt`ie qunb`ty. . . `kpriv`el nbb nspjhts if taj qunb`ty if jcuhnt`ie nec jesur`el jxhjbbjehj if nbb sitant rjhile`zjc nec kjnsurngbj bjnre`eliuthikjs nrj nha`jvjc gy nbb, jspjh`nbby `eb`tjrnhy, eukjrnhy nec jssjet`nb b`fj sd`bbs.

Saj Cndnr Frnkjwird fir Nht`ie lnvj ejw`kpjtus ti taj prikit`ie if qunb`ty `e jcuhnt`ie,gnsjc ie taj hiesjesus tant jxpnec`el nhhjss

ti jcuhnt`ie w`bb anvj n gjejf`h`nb `kpnht ie`ec`v`cunbs nec ie sih`jty ieby `f taj jcuhnt`ie `sif liic qunb`ty. ^unb`ty `s n kubt`-fnhjtjchiehjpt. @t jehikpnssjs aiw bjnre`el sirlne`zjc nec knenljc, want taj hietjet ifbjnre`el `s, want bjvjb if bjnre`el `s nha`jvjc,want `t bjncs ti `e tjrks if iuthikjs, nec wantlijs ie `e taj bjnre`el jev`riekjet. Firjxnkpbj, `f pnrjets ci eit gjb`jvj tant want taj`rha`bcrje bjnre `s rjbjvnet ti b`fj, tajy w`bb eitsjec taj`r ha`bcrje ti shaiib jvje `f tajippirtue`ty jx`sts. Sa`s `s nbb taj kirj truj `fippirtue`ty hists nrj a`la, `f taj shaiib `s fnr

nwny, nec `f li`el ir gj`el tajrj `s eit snfj.\ajrj taj kicjs if cjb`vjry if ncubt bjnre`el nrj`enppripr`ntj ir cjkit`vnt`el, ir wajrj ncubtjcuhntirs nrj uetrn`ejc ir piirby trn`ejc, `t `sueb`djby tant ncubts w`bb nvn`b tajksjbvjs if tajjcuhnt`ienb iffjr.

@t ans frjqujetby gjje taiulat tant qunb`ty hiubcgj nha`jvjc ieby nt taj jxpjesj if `ehrjnsjcnhhjss. @t `s hbjnr tant gita qunb`ty nec nhhjsskust rjhj`vj nttjet`ie, nec taj iej kust eit gjsnhr`f`hjc e n ‑trncj-iff‐ nln`est taj itajr.Ajehj, `t `s ns `kpirtnet ti djjp trnhd if

jcuhnt`ie qunb`ty ns `t `s ti kie`tir tajjxpnes`ie if jcuhnt`ie systjks. Nt prjsjet, suhakie`tir`el `s piss`gbj ieby ti n b`k`tjc jxtjet.Xystjknt`h rjpirt`el ie wirbc prilrjss `ejcuhnt`ie qunb`ty s`ehj taj Cndnr firuk `spiss`gbj nt prjsjet ieby gy us`el twi prix`js ifqunb`ty fir wa`ha stnt`st`hs nrj nvn`bngbj?jcuhnt`ienb jxpjec`turj nec taj pup`b-tjnhajrrnt`i. Sajsj twi `ec`hntirs nppby ngivj nbb tipr`knry jcuhnt`ie4 `ec`hntirs if qunb`ty fir jnrbyha`bcaiic, b`fj-sd`bbs bjnre`el prilrnkkjs irncubt b`tjrnhy anvj eit yjt gjje ncjquntjby

cjvjbipjc, ns wns ec`hntjc e taj rjbjvnetsjht`ies if ta`s hanptjr (ngivj). Xhnrh`ty if cntnnbsi kjnes tant ta`s sjht`ie w`bb nccrjss iebyfirknb jcuhnt`ie, nec ieby nt pr`knry bjvjb.Itajr prixy ec`hntirs e pr`knry jcuhnt`ie, nswjbb ns c`rjht nssjsskjet if bjnre`el iuthikjs,nrj nvn`bngbj fir b`k`tjc nec vnry`el sjts ifhiuetr`js. Saj igojht`vj if taj prihjss jev`snljcnt Cndnr wns eit ti priv`cj jxhjbbjet jcuhnt`iefir sikj nec piir qunb`ty shaiib`el fir tajitajrs, n s`tunt`ie tant jvje cjvjbipjc hiuetr`jsnvi`c ieby w`ta c`ff`hubty.

Sa`s Wjpirt hneeit, tajrjfirj, prjsjet wirbcw`cj

prilrjss ie jcuhnt`ie qunb`ty, eir `s taj`efirknt`ie suff`h`jet nt ta`s stnlj ncjquntjby tikie`tir haneljs `e qunb`ty, wajtajr pis`t`vj irejlnt`vj. Aiwjvjr, ie taj gns`s if taj cntn neckntjr`nb nvn`bngbj, ne `knlj if jcuhnt`ie qunb`ty`e cjvjbip`el hiuetr`js hne gj iutb`ejc frikvnr`ius nelbjs. F`rst, taje, taj vnr`ius ec`hntirsnrj put `eti pjrspjht`vj gy kjnes if n s`kpbjhiehjptunb frnkjwird.

\ant `s jcuhnt`ie qunb`ty9

Cjf`e`el taj qunb`ty if jcuhnt`ie `s eit jnsy.Aiwjvjr, iej frnkjwird wa`ha hne ajbp ssaiwe `e Sngbj 7.>3. @e ta`s `eput-prihjss-iutputfrnkjwird, taj vnr`ius stndjaibcjrs ejcuhnt`ie (bjnrejrs, pnrjets, tjnhajrs,hikkue`t`js, livjrekjet) nec taj vnr`ius bjvjbs(hbnssriik, shaiib, ent`ienb pib`hy) f`ec taj`rpbnhjs. Saj frnkjwird hne lu`cj n stjp gy stjpnssjsskjet if jcuhnt`ienb qunb`ty, wa`ha w`bbfibbiw nftjr sikj ljejrnb hikkjets ieF`lurj 7.>3.:

Saj nrriws `e taj tngbj `ec`hntj taj c`rjht`ies `ewa`ha `eput `efbujehjs prihjss, nec `e wa`haprihjss `efbujehjs iuthikj. Saj gicy ifdeiwbjclj rjlnrc`el jcuhnt`ie ans eit yjtrjnhajc taj stnlj nt wa`ha sib`c ljejrnb`znt`ieshne gj kncj ngiut taj strjeltas if tajsj hnusnbrjbnt`ies4 ta`s s cuj pnrtby ti hietjxtunb fnhtirs.

Hanptjr 7

]rilrjss tiwnrcs taj lin bs

:. Sa`s npprinha `s usjc nsne irlne`z`el frnkjwird firtaj c`shuss`ie, nec eit ns ncjf`e`t`vj kicjb if shaiibqunb`ty. Itajr npprinhajsjx`st wa`ha nrj jqunbby vnb`c.

Saj CndnrFrnkjwird fir

Nht`ie lnvj ejw`kpjtus ti taj

prikit`ie ifqunb`ty `e

jcuhnt`ie.

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@e taj b`lat if ta`s frnkjwird, s`le`f`hnetc`ffjrjehjs anvj gjje eitjc gjtwjje`ecustr`nb`zjc nec cjvjbip`el hiuetr`js.Jvjrywajrj, jxtjrenb fnhtirs suha ns pnrjetnb`ehikj nec jcuhnt`ienb gnhdlriuec nrj

`kpirtnet e bjnrejr nha`jvjkjet. Itajr fnhtirs,suha ns shaiib kntjr`nbs nec fnh`b`t`js, kndjb`ttbj c`ffjrjehj e `ecustr`nb`zjc hiuetr`js, gutnrj s`le`f`hnet `e cjvjbip`el hiuetr`js. @e tajfirkjr, taj vnr`nt`ie `e priv`s`ie `s kuha bjsstane `e taj bnttjr hiuetr`js. B`djw`sj, `ecjvjbip`el hiuetr`js, bnrlj e-hiuetry c`spnr`t`jsihhur ns rjlnrcs taj pup`b-tjnhajr rnt`i, trn`ejctjnhajrs, taj nvn`bng`b`ty if tjxtgiids, nec si ie.

@eput nec hietjxt nrj taj kist ‑v`s`gbj‐ jbjkjets`e ta`s frnkjwird4 prihjss `s taj ‑gbnhd gix‐. @ecjvjbip`el nec `ecustr`nb`zjc hiuetr`js nb`dj, `t `sc`ff`hubt ti hibbjht rjb`ngbj nec hikpnrngbj`efirknt`ie ie want lijs ie `e taj hbnssriik.

]rix`js, suha ns lrncj rjpjt`t`ie, nrj iftje tndjeti rjfbjht prihjss qunb`ty, nec taj prjpnrjcejssif tjnhajrs, gita `e tjrks if hietjet necc`cnht`hs, `s if `kpirtnehj. Ns fnr ns hurr`hubuk`s hiehjrejc, wj sanbb sjj tant taj `etjecjcpnrnkjtjrs gy wa`ha ent`ienb pib`hy stjjrs tajbjnre`el prihjss ci eit nbwnys rjfbjht rjnb`ty.

7 = =JFN Lbignb

Kie`tir`el Wjpirt

Sngbj 7.>3. Ne `eput-prihjss-iuthikj frnkjwird fir nssjss`el jcuhnt`ie qunb`ty

Xiurhj? cjr`vjc frik Ajejvjbc nec Lrn`l (>00:), IJHC/@EJX (7==>), Xhajjrjes (7==7).

Xhaiib

hurr`hubuk hietjet

tjxtgiids nec bjnre`el kntjr`nbs

tjnhajr qunb`f`hnt`ies, trn`e`el,kirnbj nec hikk`tkjet

ncjquntj fnh`b`t`js

pnrjet/hikkue`ty suppirt

Xtucjet hanrnhtjr`st`hs

npt`tucj, ng`b`typjrsjvjrnehj/hikk`tkjet

eutr`t`ie nec ajnbta

shaiib rjnc`ejssnttjecjc JHHJ

ljecjr

Aiusjaibc/hikkue`tyhanrnhtjr`st`hs

pnrjetnb ntt`tucjs

aiusjaibc `ehikj

hikkue`ty jhieik`h nec bngiurknrdjt hiec`t`ies

hubturnb/rjb`l`ius fnhtirs

Hietjxtunb fnhtirs

Knhri-jhieik`h nec f`shnb pib`h`js,

pib`t`hnb stng`b`ty, cjhjetrnb`znt`ie neclivjrenehj, h`v`b sjrv`hj qunb`ty

Ent`ienb linbs nec stnecnrcs fir

jcuhnt`ie, hurr`hubnr lu`cjb`ejs,siurhjs if fuec`el nec nbbihnt`ie,tjnhajr rjhru`tkjet/cjpbiykjet

Jcuhnt`ie systjk knenljkjet

]nrt`h`pnt`ie, prilrjss`ie, hikpbjt`ienec trnes`t`ie

Jelnljkjet nec usj if t`kj

]jjr jffjhts, pnrjetnb suppirt,prikit`ie pib`h`js

Nha`jvjkjet

hile`t`vj cjvjbipkjet

b`tjrnhy, ljejr`h sd`bbs

liic h`t`zjesap

pjrsienb cjvjbipkjet

pis`t`vj ntt`tucjs tiwnrcsbjnre`el

ajnbtay gjanv`iur

Nttn`ekjet

firknb hikpbjt`ie

c`pbikns/qunb`f`hnt`ies

Xtnecnrcs

iff`h`nb bjnre`el igojht`vjs(cjs`rjc iuthikjs)

Xhaiib hb`kntj

a`la jxpjhtnt`ies

striel bjncjrsa`p

pis`t`vj tjnhajr ntt`tucjs

snfj nec ljecjr-sjes`t`vjjev`riekjet

`ehjet`vjs fir liic rjsubts

fbjx`g`b`ty/nutieiky

@E]ZSX ]WIHJXX IZSHIKJX

Sjnha`el/bjnre`el

suff`h`jet bjnre`el t`kj

nht`vj tjnha`el kjtaics

`etjlrntjc systjks fir

nssjsskjet nec fjjcgnhd

nppripr`ntj hbnss s`zj

nppripr`ntj usj if bnelunlj

Jvjrywajrj,jxtjrenb fnhtirssuha ns pnrjetnb`ehikj nec

jcuhnt`ienbgnhdlriuecnrj `kpirtnet`e bjnrejrnha`jvjkjet.

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Linb 6. Jcuhnt`ie qunb`ty

7

@t `s `kpirtnet ti c`st`elu`sa tarjj nspjhts if tajiuthikjs?

nha`jvjkjet ? want stucjets rjnbby bjnre4

nttn`ekjet ? taj eukgjr if stucjets tantnhtunbby kjjt taj stnecnrcs, gy pnss`el tajjxnks nec nhqu`r`el firknb qunb`f`hnt`ies4 nec

 stnecnrcs? taj iuthikjs siulat gy sih`jty.

Kirj jns`by kjnsurjc, nttn`ekjet cntn tjec ticik`entj ivjr nha`jvjkjet. @t `s `kpirtnet tieitj tant `e hiuetr`js wajrj nttn`ekjet `s a`la,nha`jvjkjet hne nhtunbby gj biw nec v`hj vjrsn.

Hanptjr 7

]rilrjss tiwnrcs taj lin bs

Xiutajre Ns`n

Bnt`e Nkjr`hn/Hnr`ggjne

Nrng Xtntjs

Xug-Xnanrne Nfr`hn

Jnstjre Ns`n/Ihjne`n

   J   e   r   i   b   j   k   j   e   t    (   k   `   b   b   `   i   e   s    )

=

:=

>==

>:=

7==

7:=

: >= >: 7= 7: 8= 8: 3=

>00<

>0<:

>00<

>00<

>0<:

>0<:

>0<:>0<:>0<:

Hurrjet jxpjec`turj (g`bb`ies if ZX$, >00:)

>00<>00<

>00<

F`lurj 7.7:. Hurrjet jxpjec`turj nec pr`knry jeribkjets (>0<:‘>00<)

Xiurhj? Z@X cntngnsj, Grissnrc (7===).

Hurrjet jxpjec`turj (g`bb`ies if ZX$, >00:)

   ]  u   p   `   b    /   t   j   n   h   a   j   r   r   n   t   `   i

7=

7:

8=

8:

3=

3:

:=

>0<:

>00<

>0<:

>00<>00<

>0<:

>0<: >00<

>0<:

>00<

: >= >: 7= 7: 8= 8: 3=

Xiutajre Ns`n

Bnt`e Nkjr`hn/Hnr ggjne

Nrng Xtntjs

Xug-Xnanrne Nfr`hn

Jnstjre Ns`n/Ihjne`n

F`lurj 7.76. Hurrjet jxpjec`turj nec taj pup`b-tjnhajr rnt`i (>0<:‘>00<)

Xiurhj? Z@X cntngnsj, Grissnrc (7===).

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@eputs? f`eneh`nb nec auknerjsiurhjs

If nbb piss`gbj eput ec`hntirs, f`enehj necaukne rjsiurhjs nrj taj kirj rjnc`by nvn`bngbjie n lbignb shnbj, nec tajy nbbiw hikpnr`sie gyrjl`ie. F`lurj 7.7: saiws taj jvibut`ie s`ehj>0<: if jeribkjet nec pugb`h `evjstkjet `epr`knry jcuhnt`ie fir f`vj cjvjbip`el rjl`ies.

@e Xiuta nec \jst Ns`n, ns wjbb ns `e sug-Xnanrne Nfr`hn, taj eukgjr if jeribbjc pup`bsnbkist ciugbjc ivjr taj pjr`ic `e qujst`ie, wa`bjtaj bjvjb if hurrjet jxpjec`turj, jxprjssjc `e

hiestnet ZX$ fir >00:, `ehrjnsjc kicjstby. @ehietrnst, jeribkjets rjkn`ejc fn`rby stngbj `eBnt`e Nkjr`hn nec taj Hnr`ggjne nec `e JnstNs`n, wajrjns hurrjet jxpjec`turj `ehrjnsjc nt nkuha kirj rnp`c rntj tane `e taj itajr twirjl`ies. @e fnht, jxpjec`turj `e Jnst Ns`n lrjw nskuha, `e ngsibutj tjrks, `e taj pjr`ic >00:–>00<, ns jxpjec`turj e sug-Xnanrne Nfr`hn c`civjr taj pnst 7: yjnrs.

Saj ‑c`nlienb‐ pnttjres fir sug-Xnanrne Nfr`hnnec Xiuta nec \jst Ns`n sulljst tant hiuetr`js`e tajsj rjl`ies anvj gjje `evjst`el `e qunet`ty

(taj jxpnes`ie if jeribkjet), wa`bj taj‑air`zietnb‐ pnttjres if taj itajr rjl`ies ‘ wajrjjeribkjet rntjs wjrj a`lajr ti gjl`e w`ta ‘`ec`hntj taj nbbihnt`ie if ncc`t`ienb rjsiurhjs tirjnha a`lajr bjvjbs if spjec`el pjr pup`b.

@e sug-Xnanrne Nfr`hn nec Xiuta nec \jst Ns`n,jxpjec`turj ans eit djpt pnhj w`ta taj lriwta ifpipubnt`ie nec if taj jeribkjet rntj. @ehiesjqujehj, spjec`el pjr pup`b ans cjhb`ejc `etajsj rjl`ies.

@e jcuhnt`ie, n rjbnt`vjby bnrlj pripirt`ie ifjxpjec`turj `s spjet ie aukne rjsiurhjs.

@ehrjnsjs `e jxpjec`turj taus tjec ti trnesbntj`eti a`lajr eukgjrs if tjnhajrs, nbtaiula ta`s`ehrjnsj hne gj iffsjt gy haneljs `e taj bjvjb iftjnhajr snbnr`js, wa`ha w`bb gj nccrjssjc gjbiw.F`lurj 7.76 saiws, nln`e fir taj f`vj rjl`ies necfir taj pjr`ic >0<:‘>00<, taj cjvjbipkjet if tajpup`b/tjnhajr rnt`i nln`est taj gnhdcrip ifhaneljs e jxpjec`turj.

@e taj Nrng Xtntjs, Jnstjre Ns`n nec Ihjne`n,nec `e Bnt`e Nkjr`hn nec taj Hnr`ggjne, tajrnt`i ans crippjc frik ngiut 8= ti 7: nec

stng`b`zjc nt tant bjvjb. @e Xiuta Ns`n, tajrj `srjhjet `ec`hnt`ie if n ciwewnrc trjec fir tajpup`b/tjnhajr rnt`i, nftjr r`s`el frik 3= ti 3: `etaj yjnrs gjfirj. Saj rjvjrsj `s taj hnsj firsug-Xnanrne Nfr`hn? n ciwewnrc trjec ansrjhjetby gjje rjvjrsjc `eti n r`sj tiwnrcsnpprix`kntjby 3=.

Fir n vnr`jty if rjnsies, taj cntn `e F`lurj 7.76ci eit c`rjhtby cjkiestrntj cjvjbipkjets ejcuhnt`ie qunb`ty. F`rst if nbb, taj pup`b-tjnhajrrnt`i vnr`js w`cjby nkiel hiuetr`js `e taj snkjrjl`ie. Fir jxnkpbj, `e Hjetrnb nec \jst Nfr`hn,taj rnt`i vnr`js frik 8= `e X`jrrn Bjiej ti 03 `e

Knb`, nec `e Xiuta nec Jnst Nfr`hn, frik >: `eXjyhajbbjs ti 68 `e Knbnw`. Xjhiecby, tajpup`b/tjnhajr rnt`i `s eit taj snkj ns hbnss s`zj.Hbnssjs hne gj g`lljr tane taj rnt`i `ec`hntjs,s`ehj eit nbb if nvn`bngbj tjnhajr-t`kj `s spjet ietjnha`el. Hbnssjs hne nbsi gj sknbbjr, enkjbywaje iej tjnhajr ans n wirdbinc if sjvjrnbhbnssjs wa`ha aj ir saj tjnhajs j`tajrhiesjhut`vjby ir s`kubtnejiusby. Saj bnttjrprnht`hj ‘ nbsi rjfjrrjc ti ns kubt`lrncjtjnha`el ‘ hne anvj n pis`t`vj `kpnht ie bjnre`eliuthikjs4 taj firkjr cijs eit. Sa`rcby, tajrj `s

ei hiesjesus ngiut taj rjbnt`ie gjtwjje hbnsss`zj nec taj qunb`ty if tjnha`el. Sajrj `s n fn`rnkiuet if nlrjjkjet tant rjcuht`ie if hbnss s`zjans n pis`t`vj `kpnht ie bjnre`el iuthikjswaje taj eukgjr if ha`bcrje pjr hbnss `s nbrjncyvjry biw, j.l. twjety ir bjss. Sajrj `s, aiwjvjr,hiefb`ht`el jv`cjehj ie wajtajr taj rjcuht`ieans n s`le`f`hnet nec wirtawa`bj `kpnht iehbnssjs if gjtwjje twjety nec firty pup`bs. @efnht, sikj Ns`ne hiuetr`js anvj anc jxhjbbjetrjsubts w`ta hbnssjs if f`fty ha`bcrje. Gut tajsjiuthikjs nrj anrcby rjbjvnet fir hiuetr`js wajrjhbnssjs hne gj kuha bnrljr st`bb (Gix 7.>:).

Ns ans nbrjncy gjje kjet`iejc, taj rjbnt`iegjtwjje jxpjec`turj nec ngsibutj eukgjrs iftjnhajrs `s kjc`ntjc gy taj snbnry if tjnhajrs,wa`ha `s tajrjfirj ne `kpirtnet pib`hy bjvjr. Sajljejrnb rubj `s tant snbnr`js tant nrj tii a`lagr`el hists fir hnpnh`ty, nec snbnr`js tant nrj tiibiw gr`el hists fir qunb`ty. Wjhjet rjsjnrhasaiws tant taj firkjr tjecjehy `s vjry striel.

7 = =JFN Lbignb

Kie`tir`el Wjpirt

Hbnssjs hne gj

g`lljr tane tajrnt`i `ec`hntjs,s`ehj eit nbbif nvn`bngbjtjnhajr-t`kj`s spjet ietjnha`el.

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Linb 6. Jcuhnt`ie qunb`ty

3

A`lajr tjnhajr snbnr`js ‘ nec ajehj tajpiss`g`b`ty if fjwjr tjnhajrs ‘ nbsi nffjht jqu`ty.C`sncvnetnljc lriups suffjr taj kist frik bnhdif hnpnh`ty. Fir jxnkpbj, wajrj snbnr`js rjnhataj bjvjb if npprix`kntjby tw`hj pjr hnp`tn LC],

taj ljecjr rnt`i ‘ lriss jeribkjet if l`rbs ivjrgiys ‘ nvjrnljs ngiut >= pjrhjetnlj pi`ets bjsstane waje `t `s sjvje t`kjs pjr hnp`tn LC].

Cntn ie itajr `eputs nrj eit yjt nvn`bngbj ien hriss-hiuetry gns`s ti nbbiw ncjquntjkie`tir`el if prilrjss. Xystjknt`h cntnhibbjht`ie s ejjcjc, pnrt`hubnrby fir cjvjbip`elhiuetr`js wajrj shaiib `efrnstruhturj nec tajshaiib jev`riekjet nffjht jeribkjet, ljecjrjqu`ty nec qunb`ty. @ec`hntirs hiubc ehbucj tajfibbiw`el?

shaiib efrnstruhturj? c`stnehj ti shaiib,4

stucjet/hbnssriik rnt`is, shaiib b`grnr`js necitajr bjnre`el rjsiurhjs4

ajnbta? nvn`bng`b`ty if l`rbs‐ nec giys‐ ti`bjtfnh`b`t`js, snfj cr`ed`el wntjr, stntus if stucjeteutr`t`ie.

Hanptjr 7

]rilrjss tiwnrcs taj lin bs

=

7=

3=

6=

1=

>==

>7=

= 7 3 6 1 >= >7

%

Sjnhajr snbnr`js (pjr hnp`tn LC] ue`ts)

   ]   r   `   k   n   r  y   L   J   W

F`lurj 7.7<. Wjbnt`iesa`p gjtwjje LJW nec tjnhajr snbnry

Xiurhj? K`elnt (7==7).

JFN rjprjsjets n grinc rnelj if linbs, w`ta`e wa`ha pr`knry shaiib tjnhajrs pbny n v`tnb ribj. @e >000/7===tajrj wjrj 7:.: k`bb`ie pr`knry tjnhajrs wirbcw`cj, w`ta w`cjby vnry`el qunb`f`hnt`ies nec trn`e`el. Jst`kntjsif taj eukgjr if ncc`t`ienb tjnhajrs rjqu`rjc gy 7=>: vnry frik >: ti 8: k`bb`ie. @e sug-Xnanrne Nfr`hn,w`taiut fnhtir`el `e ney `kprivjkjets `e jff`h`jehy ir jcuhnt`ie qunb`ty, taj eukgjr if ncc`t`ienb pr`knrytjnhajrs jxhjjcs 8 k`bb`ie, `ehbuc`el kirj tane iej k`bb`ie `e E`ljr`n nbiej.

Saj `ssuj ajrj `s eit oust n knttjr if eukgjrs. Saj qunb`ty if tjnha`el s`le`f`hnetby nffjhts pup`b nha`jvjkjet,pnrt`hubnrby `e tjrks if tjnha`el kjtaics, sugojht-spjh`f`h jxpjrt`sj, kit`vnt`ie nec ntt`tucjs. @e Grnz`b, ieby8% if pr`knry tjnhajrs `e taj stntjs if Gna`n ir ]nrn anvj tjrt`nry-bjvjb trn`e`el, hikpnrjc ti 37% `e tajstntj if Xèi ]nubi. @e taj Ze`tjc Xtntjs, cntn sulljst tant `e a`la-pivjrty nrjns, ns kney ns anbf if nbb ejwtjnhajrs bjnvj taj prifjss`ie `e taj f`rst f`vj yjnrs. @e kney hiuetr`js nttr`t`ie cuj ti ajnbta rjnsies, suha nsA@V/N@CX, ans ne `kkjc`ntj nec iftje crnknt`h `kpnht. Fir jxnkpbj, `e _nkg`n taj jst`kntjc eukgjr ifpr`knry-shaiib tjnhajrs wai c`jc frik N@CX `e 7=== wns jqunb ti 3:% if nbb tjnhajrs trn`ejc tant yjnr.

Fir kney hiuetr`js, pup`b-tjnhajr rnt`is nrj nbrjncy nt vjry a`la bjvjbs. @e taj bjnst cjvjbipjc hiuetr`js(BCHs), taj rnt`i `s tarjj t`kjs a`lajr tane `e cjvjbipjc hiuetr`js, wa`bj hbnssjs w`ta >== pup`bs nrj eijxhjpt`ie. Sa`s sulljsts tant furtajr cjknec ie tjnhajrs hiubc gj cjtr`kjetnb ti tjnhajr hnpnh`ty neckirnbj, rjsubt`el `e c`k`e`sajc bjnre`el iuthikjs nkiel pup`bs.

Xiurhj? Kit`vnes (7==7)4 ZEJXHI/@BI (7==7).

Gix 7.>:. Eit jeiula pr`knry shaiib tjnhajrs

F`lurj 7.7< saiws tant taj snbnry if pr`knrytjnhajrs fir n eukgjr if Nfr`hne hiuetr`js vnr`jsw`cjby? frik >.6 t`kjs LC] pjr hnp`tn, ti 0.6t`kjs, nec tant ta`s nffjhts lriss jeribkjet. Nknrl`enb `ehrjnsj `e tjnhajrs‐ snbnry gy iej ue`t

if pjr hnp`tn LC] `kpb`js, ie nvjrnlj, nrjcuht`ie if nbkist : pjrhjetnlj pi`ets `e tajlriss jeribkjet rnt`i.

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]rihjss? `ec`hntirs if systjkjff`h`jehy nec hurr`hubuk

Lrncj rjpjt`t`ie nec crip-iut nrj ljejrnbby sjjens s`les if `ejff`h`jehy `e ne jcuhnt`ie systjk.\ajrj tajrj `s nbrjncy b`k`tjc hnpnh`ty `e nejcuhnt`ie systjk, n rjpjntjr `s tnd`el taj pbnhjif neitajr ha`bc tant hiubc itajrw`sj anvj gjjejeribbjc.

@e ivjr anbf if taj hiuetr`js if sug-XnanrneNfr`hn, kirj tane iej pup`b `e tje rjpjnts ntbjnst iej lrncj `e pr`knry shaiib. Si n bjssjrjxtjet ta`s ihhurs `s taj Nrng Xtntjs, Bnt`e

Nkjr`hn nec taj Hnr`ggjne. Lrncj rjpjt`t`ie `srntajr biw `e Hjetrnb Ns`n.

@etjrprjtnt`ie if taj pajeikjen if lrncjrjpjt`t`ie nec crip-iut rjqu`rjs hnut`ie. A`labjvjbs if rjpjt`t`ie usunbby ec`hntj systjk`ejff`h`jehy, gut tajy hne nbsi gj n s`le if sjvjrjtjst`el nec lrncunt`ie prnht`hjs. B`djw`sj, a`lacrip-iut rntjs nrj sikjt`kjs taj nhhjptjchiesjqujehj if n sjbjht`vj jcuhnt`ie systjk. Gyhietrnst, sikj hiuetr`js anvj haisje nutiknt`hlrncunt`ie nec hikpbjt`ie, pnrtby ie pjcnlil`hnblriuecs. \ant rjkn`es gjyiec ciugt `s tant

lrncj rjpjt`t`ie `s n prigbjk fir jcuhnt`iesystjks w`ta `esuff`h`jet hnpnh`ty.

F`lurj 7.71 fihusjs ie taj pnttjre if lrncjrjpjt`t`ie tariula taj shaiib hnrjjr `e hiuetr`jsw`ta pnrt`hubnrby a`la bjvjbs if rjpjt`t`ie.Hivjr`el ieby n fjw hiuetr`js frik c`ffjrjetrjl`ies, taj f`lurj cijs eit pjrk`tljejrnb`znt`ie. @t sjrvjs kjrjby ti bbustrntj tajpi`et tant lrncj rjpjt`t`ie kny rjkn`e a`la irgj hiehjetrntjc `e taj jnrby lrncjs, ns `s tajhnsj fir taj tarjj hiuetr`js ti taj r`lat. Ajrj,aiwjvjr, `t kny gj nt taj jxpjesj if rjtjet`ie,

s`ehj crip-iut rntjs nrj deiwe ti gj rntajra`la `e tajsj tarjj hiuetr`js.

Neitajr hr`t`hnb `elrjc`jet if prihjss `s tajhurr`hubuk. N prjcik`enetby qunb`tnt`vj tjk,hurr`hubuk s c`ff`hubt ti hikpnrj ivjr hiuetr`jsnec rjl`ies. Iej hne, aiwjvjr, s`elbj iut sikjqunet`tnt`vj nspjhts, suha ns taj eukgjr iftjnha`el aiurs. F`lurj 7.70 saiws, fir n eukgjrif cjvjbip`el hiuetr`js, taj iff`h`nb eukgjr iftjnha`el aiurs nhhirc`el ti ent`ienb stnecnrcs,ns wjbb ns taj igsjrvjc eukgjrs if tjnha`el

aiurs. Nln`e, taj sjbjht`ie if hiuetr`js nbbiws eiljejrnb`znt`ie, gut F`lurj 7.70 cijs `bbustrntj tajw`cj vnr`nt`ie `e taj jxpjhtjc eukgjr if aiursgjtwjje hiuetr`js. Nhtunb aiurs tnulat wjrjnbwnys bjss, nbtaiula c`ffjrjehjs wjrj iftje eitlrjnt.

Wjhjet rjsjnrha ans nccrjssjc taj rjbnt`iesa`pgjtwjje estruht`ienb t`kj nec itajr vnr`ngbjs,suha ns jhieik`h `ec`hntirs. Sngbj 7.>: saiwstant `e r`hajr hiuetr`js, pup`bs tjec ti rjhj`vjkirj hbnss tjnha`el `e pr`knry shaiib`el tanepup`bs e biwjr-`ehikj hiuetr`js, pnrt`hubnrby etaj biwjr lrncjs. Snd`el nbb lrncjs tiljtajr,a`la-`ehikj hiuetr`js nbbihntj 3== kirj aiurstjnha`el t`kj tane taisj `e taj biwjst `ehikjlriup.

Furtajr systjknt`h cntn fir kie`tir`el purpisjsk`lat `ehbucj?

hurr`hubuk nec pjcnlily? tjxtgiid priv`s`ie4usj if bnelunljs nec kubt`b`elunb npprinhajs4pbnhj if bihnb deiwbjclj4 usj if efirknt`ietjhaeibily4 nec

trn`e`el nec rjsjnrha? tjnhajr trn`e`elstnt`st`hs4 eukgjrs nec iutput if jcuhnt`ienbrjsjnrha `est`tutjs.

7 = =JFN Lbignb

Kie`tir`el Wjpirt

=

:

>=

>:

7=

7:

8=

8:

3=

Lrncj >

Wwnecn

   ]   j   r   h   j   e   t   n   l   j   i   f   r   j   p   j   n   t   j   r   s

Hnkjriie Kncnlnshnr Sili Hanc Bni ]CW Luntjknbn

Lrncj :

F`lurj 7.71.

Wjpjt`t`ie rntjs, Lrncjs > nec :, `e sjbjhtjc hiuetr`js (>000/7===)

Xiurhj? Neejx, Sngbj 0.

Snd`el nbb lrncjstiljtajr, a`la-`ehikj hiuetr`jsnbbihntj 3== kirjaiurs tjnha`el

t`kj tane taisj `etaj biwjst `ehikjlriup.

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Linb 6. Jcuhnt`ie qunb`ty

6

Iuthikjs? nssjsskjet if stucjetnha`jvjkjet

Sarjj c`kjes`ies if jcuhnt`ie iuthikjs wjrjc`st`elu`sajc `e Sngbj 7.>3.

stnecnrcs? taj cjs`rjc iuthikjs4

nttn`ekjet? taj eukgjrs if stucjets wai

firknbby kjjt taj stnecnrcs4

nha`jvjkjet? want stucjets rjnbby bjnre.

Hbjnrby, tajrj s n trncj-iff gjtwjje tajusjfubejss if tajsj `ec`hntirs. Xtnecnrcs knygj jnsy ti `cjet`fy, gut eit vjry `efirknt`vj.Nttn`ekjet tjbbs us kirj, gut `s anrcjr tikjnsurj. Kist efirknt`vj nrj survjys ifstucjet nha`jvjkjet, gut tajy nrj hikpbjx,jxpjes`vj nec shnrhj.

@e jssjehj, survjys tjst rjnc`el, kntajknt`hs,sh`jehj nec ljejr`h sd`bbs (sjj taj sjht`ie ie

Linb 8 `e ta`s hanptjr, ie b`fj sd`bbs)X`ehj taj gnhdlriuec hanrnhtjr`st`h if tajstucjets, taj shaiibs nec taj jev`riekjet nrjusunbby nbsi rjpirtjc, taj kjnsurjc c`ffjrjehjs`e pjrfirknehj hne gj trnhjc gnhd ti taj`rprigngbj hnusjs.

Saj @etjrent`ienb Nssih`nt`ie fir taj Jvnbunt`ieif Jcuhnt`ienb Nha`jvjkjet (@JN) ans p`iejjrjcnha`jvjkjet survjys. ]riojhts suha ns taj Sa`rc@etjrent`ienb Kntajknt`hs nec Xh`jehj Xtucy(S@KXX) nec ]rilrjss `e Wjnc`el B`tjrnhy Xtucy(]@WBX) gjhnkj vjry `efbujet`nb. @JN‐s jxnkpbjans gjje fibbiwjc gita e cjvjbip`el hiuetr`js

wajrj taj Xiutajre Nfr`hn Hiesirt`uk firKie`tir`el Jcuhnt`ienb unb`ty (Xnhkjq),]rilrnkkj c‐Nenbysj cjs Xystjkjs Jcuhnt`fscjs pnys cj bn HIEFJKJE (]nsjh), Kie`tir`elBjnre`el Nha`jvjkjet (KBN) nec Bngirntir`istuc`js wjrj hiecuhtjc, nec e cjvjbipjchiuetr`js wajrj taj IJHC e`t`ntjc taj]rilrnkkj fir @etjrent`ienb XtucjetNha`jvjkjet (]@XN) stucy.

Hikpnrngbj stuc`js rjlnrc`el ncubt b`tjrnhy anvjnbsi gjje cjvjbipjc. F`enbby, n priojht `s gj`elhiecuhtjc uecjr taj njl`s if taj Juripjne

Ze`ie, `e wa`ha rjlubnr shaiib tjsts ‘ `e ta`shnsj Jelb`sa ns n sjhiec bnelunlj ‘ nrj kncjhikpnrngbj ivjr n eukgjr if hiuetr`js. Snd`eln biwjr bjvjb if nhhurnhy fir lrnetjc, ta`sprihjcurj rjcuhjs taj hists if cntn hibbjht`ie,nec hiubc gj n prik`s`el kicjb fir cjvjbip`elrjl`ies.

Hanptjr 7

]rilrjss tiwnrcs taj lin bs

Xurvjys ifstucjet

nha`jvjkjet nrj`efirknt`vj,gut tajy nrj

hikpbjx,

jxpjes`vj necshnrhj.

=

7==

3==

6==

1==

> ===

> 7==

Gnelbncjsa Gje`e Gautne Gurd`en Fnsi Hnpj Vjrcj Jq. Lu`ejn Jta`ip`n Kncnlnshnr Knbc`vjs Ejpnb Z.W. Snezne`n Sili Zlnecn

Iff`h`nb ei. aiurs Nhtunb ei. aiurs

F`lurj 7.70. Jxpjhtjc nec nhtunb eukgjr if aiurs `e taj f`rst yjnr if pr`knry shaiib (>003/0:)

Xiurhj? ]istbjwn`tj, Xhabj`hajr nec X`enbshi (>00:).

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Saj Xnhkjq, ]nsjh, KBN nec Bngirntir`istuc`js nrj eit str`htby hikpnrngbj. Sajy k`latejvjr gj si, gjhnusj `t `s jssjet`nb tantnha`jvjkjet survjys hirrjspiec ti taj ejjcsnec hanrnhtjr`st`hs if taj hiuetry e qujst`ie.

Saus, survjys nrj kist rjbjvnet waje f`ej-tuejcti taj spjh`f`h pib`hy qujst`ies nec pib`hy bjvjrsif pnrt`h`pnt`el hiuetr`js (Wiss jt nb., >000). @tfibbiws tant tajy ci eit priv`cj ne ivjrnbb p`hturjif prilrjss rjlnrc`el stucjet nha`jvjkjet.

\`ta`e jnha rjl`ie, aiwjvjr, survjys ci priv`cjhruh`nb fjjcgnhd ti hiuetr`js ngiut taj`rstnec`el, ngiut wa`ha hiuetr`js nrj bjnc`el ehjrtn`e rjspjhts, nec ngiut aiw tajy hne bjnrefrik iej neitajr‐s jxpjr`jehj. Xikj ljejrnbbjssies nppjnr ti gj taj fibbiw`el.

Xikj hiuetr`js ir sug-rjl`ies privj tant liicpjrfirknehj nec jxhjbbjehj `s piss`gbj, jvje

w`ta kicjst kjnes.Saj tjecjehy fir l`rbs ti pjrfirk gjttjr tanegiys sjjks `ehrjns`elby w`cjby sprjnc(Xnhkjq, KBN, S@KXX, ]@XN).

7 = =JFN Lbignb

Kie`tir`el Wjpirt

Sngbj 7.>:. Kjne `etjecjc `estruht`ienb t`kj `e neeunb aiurs fir Lrncjs > ti 6, gy pjr hnp`tn `ehikj bjvjbs (>00<)

Kjne `etjecjc `estruht`ienb t`kj `e jnha lrncj (`e neeunb aiurs)

Lrncj > Lrncj 7 Lrncj 8 Lrncj 3 Lrncj : Lrncj 6 Lrncjs >-6

Eukgjr if hnsjs `e grnhdjts.Xiurhj? Gjenvit, 7==7.

Biw `ehikj? 2 $>,:== pjr hnp. (>:)

$>,:=>‘$8,>== pjr hnp`tn (7=)

$8,>=>‘$:,7== pjr hnp`tn (77)

$:,7=>‘$>7,>== pjr hnp`tn (73)

A`la `ehikj? 5 $>7,>== pjr hnp. (71)

\irbc titnbs (>=0)

Xtnecnrc cjv`nt`ie

66<.8 661.< <=7.< <:0.< 1>=.7 17<.1 3 386.3

616.: <=:.= <77.3 <3=.< <11.0 1>8.= 3 3:6.:

66<.3 <=:.< <8<.3 <:<.1 1>>.= 187.8 3 :>>.<

<80.3 <:=.= <<1.1 <01.1 1>>.6 17:.7 3 <=8.1

<:7.0 <68.8 1==.3 1>1.: 137.1 13:.8 3 178.=

<=1.< <7:.= <::.7 <<0.: 1>:.7 170.0 3 6>8.:

>3:.0 >87.1 >7<.0 >73.: >=<.0 >=8.: 6<0.3

]nrjetnb `ehikjnec pnrjetnbjcuhnt`ie bjvjbanvj n striel`kpnht iebjnre`el

iuthikjs.

Xtucjet hanrnhtjr`st`hs suha ns pnrjetnb`ehikj nec pnrjetnb jcuhnt`ie bjvjb anvj nstriel `kpnht ie bjnre`el iuthikjs (F`lurjs7.8= nec 7.8>). Sa`s `s truj fir gita cjvjbipjcnec cjvjbip`el hiuetr`js. @e taj bnttjr,c`ffjrjehjs gjtwjje urgne nec rurnb shaiibsjkjrlj strielby ns wjbb.

@e cjvjbip`el hiuetr`js, shaiib hanrnhtjr`st`hsnrj st`bb `kpirtnet. Xikj if tajsj nrj`bbustrntjc e F`lurj 7.8>. Xa`ft-tjnha`el ejjcsti gj usjc hnrjfubby `f nha`jvjkjet `s eit ti gj`kpn`rjc. Fubb nvn`bng`b`ty if tjxtgiids necitajr bjnre`el kntjr`nb, taj piss`g`b`ty if jxtrn`estruht`ie, nec jxpjr`jehjc tjnhajrs nrj fnrfrik ike`prjsjet, nec tajrjfirj kndj nc`ffjrjehj ti bjnre`el iuthikjs.

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Linb 6. Jcuhnt`ie qunb`ty

1

Hanptjr 7

]rilrjss tiwnrcs taj lin bs

=

>=

7=

8=

3=

:=

6=

<=

1=

0=

_nkg`nKnur t`us _`kgngwj_nez`gnrEnk`g`n

%

vjry biw

ent`ienb kjne

vjry a`la

F`lurj 7.8=. ]jrhjetnlj if pup`bs kjjt`el k`e`kuk rjnc`el knstjry bjvjbs,

gy a`lajst nec biwjst wjnbta nssjt shirj (>00:/06)

Hikpnrjc ti ivjrnbb ent`ienb kjne shirj.

Xiurhj? Frik Xnhkjq hiuetry rjpirts (>001).

-7= ->: ->= -: = : >=

Saj pup`b `s n rjpjntjr

]up`b `s ngivj taj eirknb nlj

]up`b b`vjs `e rurnb nrjn

]up`b `s n l`rb

]up`b ans nhhjss ti tjxtgiids

]up`b b`vjs `e urgne nrjn

]up`b spjnds Frjeha nt aikj

Saj hbnss `s kubt`lrncj

Saj hbnss`s kubt`pbj sa`ft

ejlnt`vj kpnht pis`t`vj kpnht

F`lurj 7.8>. @kpnht if shaiib irlne`znt`ie nec pup`b hanrnhtjr`st`hs ie

nha`jvjkjet shirjs `e f`vj Frnehipaiej Nfr`hne hiuetr`js, k`c->00=s

Xiurhj? Frik ]nsjh (7==7).

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 S aj prjhjc`el s`x sjht`ies if ta`shanptjr tiid stihd if prilrjsstiwnrcs jnha if taj s`x Cndnr linbs`ec`v`cunbby. Fir sikj linbs, taj`ec`hntirs nrj suff`h`jetby rjb`ngbj ti

`ec`hntj wa`ha rjl`ies ‘ nec sikjt`kjs wa`hahiuetr`js ‘ nrj ie trnhd `e kjjt`el taj linb `equjst`ie, nec wa`ha rjl`ies ir hiuetr`js nrj nt

r`sd if fn`b`el ti ci si. Aiwjvjr, ta`s npprinhaans eit nccrjssjc taj kirj ljejrnb qujst`ietant ejjcs ti gj rn`sjc. Si want jxtjet `s tajwirbc ‘ nbb rjl`ies nec hiuetr`js hikg`ejc ‘ie trnhd fir nha`jv`el taj s`x linbs if taj CndnrFrnkjwird fir Nht`ie tndje ns n waibj9

@e ne `cjnb stnt`st`hnb wirbc n wjbb-gnbnehjchikpis`tj ec`hntir, ir ‑Cndnr-`ecjx‐, wiubcpriv`cj taj neswjr. Sa`s `ecjx wiubc `ehirpirntjeukjrius `ec`hntirs, wa`ha wiubc tiljtajr hivjrnbb s`x linbs, rned`el rjl`ies nec hiuetr`js gita`e stnt`h (Nrj tajy hbisj ti ir fnr wny frik taj

linb9) nec `e cyenk`h tjrks (Nrj tajy kiv`eltiwnrcs ir nwny frik taj linb, nec aiwqu`hdby9). Nt prjsjet, aiwjvjr, t s eit piss`gbjti hiestruht suha ne `ecjx gjhnusj tajejhjssnry rnelj if stnt`st`hs `s eit yjt nvn`bngbjfrik n suff`h`jet eukgjr if hiuetr`js.Eiejtajbjss, ta`s f`enb sjht`ie if taj hanptjr w`bbnttjkpt ti tndj taj f`rst stjp `e kjnsur`elljejrnb prilrjss.

Nftjr taj kjtaicibily ans gjje prjsjetjc, tarjjif taj s`x Cndnr linbs, enkjby ue`vjrsnb pr`knryjcuhnt`ie (Z]J), ncubt b`tjrnhy nec ljecjr

jqunb`ty, w`bb gj nccrjssjc. Saj sjht`ie w`bbhiehbucj w`ta ne ivjrnbb nssjsskjet if tajwirbc‐s prilrjss tiwnrcs kjjt`el tajk.

Kjtaicibily

Saj kjtaicibily `s gnsjc jssjet`nbby upie tajfibbiw`el igsjrvnt`ies. Ney hiuetry ihhup`js nhjrtn`e pis`t`ie `e rjbnt`ie ti jnha if taj Cndnrlinbs? `t kny anvj rjnhajc taj linb nbrjncy, irgj hbisj ti `t ir fnr nwny4 ta`s w`bb gj hnbbjc tajstnt`h c`kjes`ie. Ney hiuetry `s nbsi bihntjc `e nhjrtn`e trnojhtiry `e rjbnt`ie ti jnha linb, kiv`eltiwnrcs `t ir nwny frik `t4 ta`s `s tjrkjc tajcyenk`h c`kjes`ie. Saj twi c`kjes`ies nrj`etjlrntjc nec hikpnrjc ie taj gns`s if jxpb`h`thr`tjr`n, firk`el n kntr`x if fiur quncrnets(sjj F`lurj 7.87). Hiuetr`js tant anvj nbrjncynha`jvjc taj linb nrj eit `ehbucjc `e taj kntr`x.

Xikj hiuetr`js w`bb ‘ `e rjbnt`ie ti n hjrtn`elinb ‘ f`ec tajksjbvjs `e ^uncrnet @@? ‑Hiuetr`jshbisj ti taj linb(s) nec kiv`el hbisjr‐. Sa`squncrnet `s bngjbbjc? ‑A`la hanehj if nha`jv`eltaj linb(s)‐. Itajr hiuetr`js nrj fnr frik taj linb

nec kiv`el nwny frik `t. Sajy anvj gjje pbnhjc`e ^uncrnet @V, bngjbbjc ‑Xjr`ius r`sd if eitnha`jv`el taj linb(s)‐. ^unecrnet @ hikpr`sjshiuetr`js tant nrj nt r`sd if eit nha`jv`el tajlinb(s) (hbisj ti taj linb gut kiv`el nwny frik`t). F`enbby, ^unecrnet @@@ hies`sts if taisj w`tabiw hanehj if nha`jv`el taj linb(s) (fnr frik tajlinb gut kiv`el tiwnrcs `t).

F`enbby, taj sjpnrntj kntr`hjs nrj hiesib`cntjc`eti iej. Sa`s nbbiws ljejrnb`znt`ies hiehjre`eltaj prilrjss st`bb ti gj kncj tiwnrcs taj linbs`e n kirj ljejrnb sjesj. Igsjrvnt`ies nec

hnbhubnt`ies hne gj kncj ‘ nt lbignb necrjl`ienb bjvjb ‘ ngiut taj titnb eukgjrs ifhiuetr`js (nec taj`r pipubnt`ies) wajrj hanehjsnrj a`la fir nha`jv`el taj linbs (ir hiuetr`js tantanvj nbrjncy ciej si)4 taisj tant saiw`esuff`h`jet prilrjss4 nec taisj sjr`iusby nt r`sdif eit nha`jv`el taj linbs.

7 = =JFN Lbignb

Kie`tir`el Wjpirt

@s taj wirbc ie trnhd9

Si want jxtjet`s taj wirbc ietrnhd fir nha`jv`etaj s`x linbsif taj CndnrFrnkjwird firNht`ie tndje

ns n waibj9

Nt prjsjet,`t `s eit piss`gbjti hiestruhtn ‑Cndnr `ecjx‑gjhnusj tajejhjssnry rneljif stnt`st`hs `s eityjt nvn`bngbjfrik n suff`h`jeteukgjr ifhiuetr`js.

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Hiehbus`ie. @s taj wirbc ie trnhd9

=

prjsjet ieby pnrt`nb nec nrj esuff`h`jetbykjne`elfub ti gj usjfub, s`ehj nttjecnehj ie nwjjdby gns`s vnr`js ‘ gjtwjje hiuetr`js ‘ frik oust n fjw aiurs ti n fubb shaiib wjjd. Fir tajlinb if b`fj sd`bbs, ei qunet`tnt`vj `ec`hntirwantsijvjr s nvn`bngbj4 nec fir jcuhnt`ie qunb`ty`ec`hntirs nrj j`tajr prix`js if qunb`ty (fuec`el4pup`b/tjnhajr rnt`i) ir nvn`bngbj fir ieby sknbbsjts if hiuetr`js (survjys if stucjetnha`jvjkjet).

Cntn fir taj yjnrs >00= nec >000 nrj usjcwajejvjr piss`gbj.6 Ncc`t`ienbby, cntn frik tajJFN 7=== Nssjsskjet anvj gjje usjc ti

`ehrjnsj taj eukgjr if hiuetr`js nvn`bngbj,jspjh`nbby fir taj pr`knry EJW, wajrj hivjrnljif hiuetr`js `e taj Xtnt`st`hnb Neejx `s tii biw.<

Gy hiesjqujehj, ><6 hiuetr`js nrj ehbucjc etaj nenbys`s, rjprjsjet`el 0=% if nbb hiuetr`jswirbcw`cj nec 01% if wirbc pipubnt`ie. @tsaiubc, aiwjvjr, gj eitjc tant efirknt`ie firsikj if tajsj hiuetr`js `s eit nvn`bngbj fir nbbtarjj `ec`hntirs.

Hanptjr 7

]rilrjss tiwnrcs taj lin bs

Hiuetr`js hbisj ti taj linb(s)gut kiv`el nwny frik `t

Nt r`sd if eit nha`jv`eltaj linb(s)

^ZNCWNES @

Hiuetr`js fnr frik taj linb(s)nec kiv`el nwny frik `t

Xjr`ius r`sd if eit nha`jv`eltaj linb(s)

^ZNCWNES @V

Hiuetr`js hbisj ti taj linbnec kiv`el tiwnrcs `t

A`la hanehj if nha`jv`eltaj linb(s)

^ZNCWNES @@

Hiuetr`js fnr frik taj linb(s)gut kiv`el tiwnrcs `t

Biw hanehj if nha`jv`eltaj linb(s)

^ZNCWNES @@@

Hbisj

Fnr   C   `   s   t   n   e   h   j   f   r   i   k    t   a

   j   l   i   n   b   `   e   7   =   =   =

Nwny frik taj linb

Haneljs ivjr taj pjr`ic frik >00= ti 7===

Siwnrcs taj linb

F`lurj 7.87. Nenbyt`hnb frnkjwird 

Nt prjsjet, tarjj if taj linbs ‘ ue`vjrsnb pr`knryjcuhnt`ie (Z]J), ncubt b`tjrnhy nec ljecjr pnr`ty‘ anvj `ec`hntirs knd`el `t piss`gbj ti hikpnrjhiuetry prilrjss. @e pr`eh`pbj, hikpnr`sieswiubc nbsi gj piss`gbj fir jnrby ha`bcaiic hnrjnec jcuhnt`ie (JHHJ). Aiwjvjr, taj cntn nrj nt

6. Cntn fir tajsj twi yjnrs nrjeit str`htby hikpnrngbj. Saisjfir >00= anvj yjt ti gj rjv`sjcus`el Ze`tjc Ent`ies 7===

pipubnt`ie cntn, nec tajrj nrjnbsi `ssujs rjbntjc ti taj@etjrent`ienb XtnecnrcHbnss`f`hnt`ie if Jcuhnt`ie(@XHJC) usjc `e jnha hnsj. Sajhikpnrng`b`ty prigbjk `spnrt`hubnrby `kpirtnet `e taisjhiuetr`js wajrj taj vnr`nt`iegjtwjje gita yjnrs ans gjjesknbb. @e tajsj hnsjs, kist iftaj vnr`nt`ie rjsubts frik tajc`ffjrjet pipubnt`ie priojht`iesusjc, rntajr tane frikc`ffjrjehjs `e taj vnr`ngbjs.

<. Saisj hiuetr`js wajrj cntnwjrj tndje frik taj JFN 7===Nssjsskjet nrj fir taj jnrb`jstnec bntjst yjnr nvn`bngbj `e taj>00=s.

Nrng Xtntjs/Eirta Nfr`hn

Hjetrnb Ns`n

Hjetrnb/JnstjreJuripj

Jnst Ns`n/]nh`f`h

Bnt`e Nkjr`hn/Hnr`ggjne

Eirta Nkjr`hn/\jstjre Juripj

Xiuta/\jst Ns`n

Xug-Xnanrne Nfr`hn

Sitnb

Nbljr`n, B`gyne Nrng Onkna`r`yn, Sue`s`n

Dnzndastne

Gise`n nec Ajrzjliv`en, Gublnr`n, Auelnry, ]ibnec

F`o`, Onpne, Knbnys`n, Ejw _jnbnec, E`uj,]a`b`pp`ejs, Wjpugb`h if Dirjn, Xnkin, Vneuntu,V`jt Enk, Nustrnb`n

Net`lun nec Gnrgucn, Nrljet`en, Gnankns, Gjb`zj,Gib`v`n, Grnz`b, Hnykne @sbnecs, Hugn, Jhuncir,Lrjencn, Kjx`hi, Ejtajrbnecs Net`bbjs, ]nenkn,]jru

Gjbl`uk, Hnencn, Cjeknrd, Frnehj, Lrjjhj,@rjbnec, Ejtajrbnecs, Eirwny, ]irtulnb, Xpn`e,Xwjcje, Xw`tzjrbnec, Ze`tjc D`elcik,Ze`tjc Xtntjs

Knbc`vjs

Wwnecn, Xjyhajbbjs

8

>

3

>>

>3

>3

>

7

:=

>6

<

>=

>6

70

>:

:

8=

>71

>1.1

>3.8

3=.=

61.<

31.8

>==.=

7=.=

6.<

80.=

Sngbj 7.>6. Hiuetr`js tant anvj nha`jvjc Z]J,> gy rjl`ie (>000)

>. Cjf`ejc fir tajsj purpisjs ns EJWs if 0:% ir kirj.

Xiurhj? Hnbhubnt`ies nrj gnsjc ie Neejx, Sngbj 64 suppbjkjetjc gy JFN 7=== Nssjsskjet (HC-WIK).

Wjl`ie Hiuetr`js

N?

eukgjr ifhiuetr`js tant anvjnha`jvjc Z]J

G?

eukgjr ifhiuetr`js`e rjl`ie

N/G(ns %)

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>6 hiuetr`js

Biw hanehj if nha`jv`el taj linb(s)

Gje`e, Gautne, Gurd`en Fnsi, Hanc, Hótj c‐@vi`rj,Cjk. Wjp. if taj Hieli, Jr`trjn, Jta`ip`n, Lnkg`n,An`t`, Knbnw`, Knb`, Knur`tne`n, Kirihhi,Kiznkg`quj, E`hnrnlun

^ZNCWNES @@@

Ze`vjrsnb pr`knryjcuhnt`ie

Saj jxjrh`sj ti nenbysj prilrjss tiwnrcs tajlinb if ue`vjrsnb pr`knry jcuhnt`ie (Z]J) ansgjje gnsjc ie hiuetry ejt jeribkjet rnt`is(EJW). F`rst, taj hr`tjr`n nhhirc`el ti wa`hahiuetr`js nrj hies`cjrjc ns anv`el nha`jvjc tajlinb, gj`el hbisj ti taj linb, ir gj`el fnr frik `t,kust gj cjtjrk`ejc. Fir taj purpisj if ta`shikpnr`sie, hiuetr`js w`ta EJWs a`lajr tane0:% nrj hies`cjrjc ti anvj nha`jvjc taj linb.Ns ec`hntjc ngivj, fjw hiuetr`js nha`jvj EJWsif >==%, nec hnut`ie kust gj usjc ns rjlnrcsrjpirt`el jrrirs. Sngbj 7.>6 saiws taj hiuetr`jstant anvj rjnhajc taj linb nhhirc`el ti ta`shr`tjr`ie.

Saj EJW vnbuj if 1=% wns ut`b`zjc ti c`v`cjhiuetr`js `eti twi lriups? hbisj ti taj linb necfnrtajr nwny. F`lurj 7.88 saiws taj pis`t`ie `etaj kntr`x if taj sjvjety-j`lat hiuetr`js (firwa`ha cntn wjrj nvn`bngbj) waisj EJWs fjbbgjbiw 0:%.

@t hne gj sjje frik F`lurj 7.88 tant firty-iejhiuetr`js nrj hbisj ti taj linb. @ehbuc`el taj f`ftytant anvj nbrjncy nha`jvjc `t (Sngbj 7.>6), ta`slriup hikpr`sjs n titnb if e`ejty-iej hiuetr`js,ir <=% if nbb taj hiuetr`js `ehbucjc `e ta`sjxjrh`sj. Aiwjvjr, twjety if taj hiuetr`js hbisjti taj linb nrj kiv`el nwny frik `t. Nbtaiula `tsaiubc gj jkpans`zjc tant jvje n sknbb kivj `etaj wriel c`rjht`ie pbnhjs n hiuetry `e ta`shntjliry, taj fnht rjkn`es tant ta`s lriup ifhiuetr`js ans eit kncj prilrjss ivjr taj pnstcjhncj. Saus, ieby sjvjety-iej hiuetr`js ‘ oustivjr anbf if taj titnb ‘ anvj j`tajr nha`jvjc tajlinb ir stnec n striel hanehj if ci`el si.

Frik F`lurj 7.88 `t hne nbsi gj sjje tant tajhiuetr`js fnr frik taj linb nrj kn`eby `e tajNrng Xtntjs nec Eirta Nfr`hn, gut jspjh`nbby `esug-Xnanrne Nfr`hn. Saj snkpbj hietn`es ta`rtysug-Xnanrne hiuetr`js4 twjety-twi nrj st`bb fnrfrik taj linb, nec fir jbjvje if tajk, tajc`stnehj frik taj linb ans r`sje `e rjhjet yjnrs.Bnt`e Nkjr`hn ns n waibj `s kuha ejnrjr ti tajlinb tane itajr cjvjbip`el rjl`ies.

Sajrj nrj uefirtuentjby ei cntn fir fiur if tajJ-0 hiuetr`js. Fir taj itajr f`vj, twi anvjnha`jvjc taj linb ‘ Grnz`b nec Kjx`hi ‘ nec twikirj nrj hbisj ti taj linb ‘ Ha`en necGnelbncjsa. E`ljr`n `s fnr frik taj linb, necsikj cntn sulljst tant `t ans kivjc jvjefurtajr nwny frik `t cur`el taj >00=s.

7 = =JFN Lbignb

Kie`tir`el Wjpirt

Saj hiuetr`jsfnr friktaj linb nrjkn`eby `e tajNrng Xtntjs necEirta Nfr`hn,gut jspjh`nbby`e sug-XnanrneNfr`hn.

Nt r`sd if eit nha`jv`el taj linb(s)

Gnarn`e, Gnrgncis, Gitswnen, Ha`en, Hyprus, Lngie,Ljirl`n, Luynen, @eciejs`n, Onkn`hn, Dyrlyzstne, Knur`t`us,]nrnluny, Xt D`tts nec Ejv`s, Xt V`ehjet nec taj Lrjenc`ejs,Xyr`ne Nrng Wjpugb`h, Saj firkjr Pulisbnv Wjpugb`h ifKnhjcie`n, Surdjy, Zzgjd`stne, Vjejzujbn

^ZNCWNES @

Xjr`ius r`sd if eit nha`jv`el taj linb(s)

Guruec`, Hjetrnb Nfr`hne Wjpugb`h, Hikiris, Hrint`n,Co`giut`, Jquntir`nb Lu`ejn, Pulisbnv`n, @rne, D`r`gnt`, Duwn`t,Bjgneie, Bjsitai, Kncnlnshnr, Enk`g`n, E`ljr, E`ljr`n,Ikne, Xnuc` Nrng`n, Ze`tjc Nrng Jk`rntjs, Ze`tjc Wjpugb`hif Snezne`n, _nkg`n

^ZNCWNES @V

A`la hanehj if nha`jv`el taj linb(s)

Nzjrgn`one, Gnelbncjsa, Ha`bj, Histn W`hn,Cik`e`hn, Luntjknbn, Aiecurns, @rnq, Oircne,Bni ].C.W., Bntv`n, Kielib`n, ^ntnr, Wikne`n,Xr` Bnedn, Xwnz`bnec, Sno`d`stne, San`bnec, Sili,Sr`e`cnc nec Signli, Zlnecn

^ZNCWNES @@

Hbisj

EJW1=%‘0:%

FnrEJW 21=%

   C   `   s   t   n   e   h   j   f   r   i   k    >

   =   =   %    E

   J   W   `   e   >   0

   0   0

F`lurj 7.88. ]r`knry jcuhnt`ie ejt jeribkjet rnt`i? hiuetr`js `e jnha quncrnet

7= hiuetr`js 7> hiuetr`js 3>

8<

<1

7> hiuetr`js

3> hiuetr`jsSitnb

Nwny frik taj linb

Haneljs ivjr taj pjr`ic frik >00= ti 7===

8< hiuetr`js

Siwnrcs taj linb

Xiurhj? Hnbhubnt`ies Gnsjc ie Xtnt`st`hnb Neejx, Sngbj 64 JFN 7=== Nssjsskjet (HC WIK).

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Hiehbus`ie. @s taj wirbc ie trnhd9

7

Ncubt b`tjrnhyFir taj prjsjet nenbys`s, hiuetr`js w`ta ne ncubtb`tjrnhy rntj if 0:% ir a`lajr nrj hies`cjrjc nsanv`el rjnhajc taj linb. Saj cjknrhnt`ie b`ejgjtwjje ‑hbisj ti taj linb‐ nec ‑fnr frik taj linb‐wns sjt ns ncubt b`tjrnhy rntj if <=%. Sajhiuetr`js tant anc nha`jvjc taj linb if ncubtb`tjrnhy gy 7=== nrj b`stjc `e Sngbj 7.><4 `t w`bb gjigsjrvjc tant fjwjr tane 8=% if taj hiuetr`js`ehbucjc `e ta`s jxjrh`sj nrj ie taj b`st. Sajrj nrjei hiuetr`js frik sug-Xnanrne ir Eirta Nfr`hnnec taj Nrng Xtntjs. Gy hietrnst, n fn`rby a`la

pjrhjetnlj if hiuetr`js `e Hjetrnb nec JnstjreJuripjne hiuetr`js, anvj rjnhajc taj linb.Zefirtuentjby, ieby n fjw hiuetr`js `e \jstjreJuripjne nec Eirta Nkjr`hn wjrj ehbucjc eta`s jxjrh`sj.1

Si cjtjrk`ej taj cyenk`h c`kjes`ie `e ncubtb`tjrnhy hikpnr`sies, n sb`latby c`ffjrjetkjtaicibily wns ejhjssnry. Nbkist nbb hiuetr`jsrjcuhjc taj`r `bb`tjrnhy rntjs frik >00=‘7=== ti

Hanptjr 7

]rilrjss tiwnrcs taj lin bs

1. Sngbj 6 `e taj Xtnt`st`hnbNeejx ans ei cntn fir kist iftaj IJHC Kjkgjr Xtntjs4 eir`s tajrj cntn `e taj JFN 7===Nssjsskjet fir tajsj hiuetr`js.

Nrng Xtntjs/Eirta Nfr`hn

Hjetrnb Ns`n

Hjetrnb/JnstjreJuripj

Jnst Ns`n/]nh`f`h

Bnt`e Nkjr`hn/Hnr`ggjne

Eirta Nkjr`hn/\jstjre Juripj

Xiuta/\jst Ns`n

Xug-Xnanrne Nfr`hn

Sitnb

eiej

Nrkje`n, Nzjrgn`one, Ljirl`n,Dnzndastne, Kielib`n, Sno`d`stne, Zzgjd`stne

Gjbnrus, Gublnr`n, Hrint`n, Jstie`n, Auelnry, Bntv`n,B`taune`n, Kibcivn, ]ibnec, Wikne`n, Wuss`neFjcjrnt`ie, Xbivje`n, Zdrn`ej

Wjp. if Dirjn, Xnkin, San`bnec

Nrljet`en, Gnankns, Gnrgncis, Ha`bj, Histn W`hn,Hugn, Luynen, Ejtajrbnecs Net`bbjs, Sr`e`cnc necSignli, Zruluny

Hyprus, Lrjjhj, @tnby, Xpn`e

Knbc`vjs

Eiej

=

<

>8

8

>=

3

>

=

81

>0

<

>6

>7

70

<

<

81

>8:

Sngbj 7.><. Hiuetr`js tant anvj nha`jvjc taj linb if ncubt b`tjrnhy,> gy rjl`ie

* Cjf`ejc fir tajsj purpisjs ns ne ncubt b`tjrnhy rntj if 0:% ir kirj.

Xiurhj? Hnbhubnt`ies nrj gnsjc ie Xtnt`st`hnb Neejx, Sngbj 74 suppbjkjetjc gy JFN 7=== Nssjsskjet (HC-WIK).

Wjl`ie Hiuetr`js

N?eukgjr if

hiuetr`js tantanvj nha`jvjcncubt b`tjrnhy

G?eukgjr if

hiuetr`js e tajsnkpbj

N/G(ns %)

=.=%

>==.=%

1>.8%

7:.=%

83.:%

:<.>%

>3.8%

=.=%

71.>%

sikj cjlrjj, si tajrj wiubc gj ei pi`et `ec`st`elu`sa`el gjtwjje kivjkjet tiwnrcs irnwny frik taj linb. Ej`tajr hne taj tnrljt fir7=>: ‘ anbv`el taj b`tjrnhy lnp gy tant cntj ‘priv`cj taj b`ej if cjknrhnt`ie. Sa`s kjnes tant,fir n hiuetry w`ta n b`tjrnhy rntj if 6=%, tajtnrljt fir 7=>: wiubc gj n rntj if 1=%, wa`bjfir n hiuetry w`ta n rntj if 1=%, taj tnrljt wiubcgj 0=%. @e itajr wircs, taj tnrljt rntj vnr`jsfrik hiuetry ti hiuetry. Saj rntj if prilrjssans taus gjje usjc ns taj hr`tjr`ie fir cyenk`hc`kjes`ie `e ta`s jxjrh`sj. @t hne gjje sjjetant nbb hiuetr`js anvj prilrjssjc, gut sikj

hiuetr`js nrj prilrjss`el rnp`cby jeiula tirjnha taj tnrljt `e 7=>:. Sajsj hiuetr`js nrjbngjbbjc ‑fnst pjrfirkjrs‐. Hiuetr`js tant w`bbeit rjnha taj`r tnrljts nt taj`r hurrjet pnhj nrjbngjbbjc ‑sbiw pjrfirkjrs‐. F`lurj 7.83 saiwstaj rjsubts if taj jxjrh`sj fir ncubt b`tjrnhy.

F`fty-sjvje hiuetr`js nrj hbisj ti taj linb4 w`tataj ta`rty-j`lat hiuetr`js tant anvj nha`jvjc tajlinb (Sngbj 7.><) tajy hikpisj n lriup if e`ejty-f`vj hiuetr`js, `.j. <=% if nbb hiuetr`js `ehbucjc

Saj rntj ifprilrjss ans

gjje usjc ns tajhr`tjr`ie fir

cyenk`hc`kjes`ie `e

nha`jv`el ncubtb`tjrnhy.

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`e taj jxjrh`sj. Aiwjvjr, tajrj `s eit`hjngbj`kgnbnehj gjtwjje fnst- nec sbiw-pjrfirk`el

hiuetr`js. Nkiel hiuetr`js hbisj ti taj linb,ta`rty-e`ej nrj sbiw pjrfirkjrs nln`est j`latjjefnst pjrfirkjrs, wa`bj nkiel hiuetr`js fnr friktaj linb, tajrj nrj ei fnst pjrfirkjrs nt nbb. Sa`s`ec`hntjs sjr`ius stnlent`ie, nec taj rjl`ieskist `e triugbj nrj, iehj nln`e, sug-XnanrneNfr`hn (twjety-tarjj hiuetr`js e ^uncrnet @V),taj Nrng Xtntjs nec Eirta Nfr`hn (j`lat) necXiuta Ns`n (fiur). F`vj if taj J-0 hiuetr`js nrj `eta`s lriup? @ec`n, ]nd`stne, Gnelbncjsa, Jlyptnec E`ljr`n. Saj a`la eukgjr if `bb`tjrntjs `etajsj hiuetr`js ns n pjrhjetnlj if taj wirbctitnb ans gjje jkpans`zjc jnrb`jr `e ta`s Wjpirt.

@e ^uncrnet @ ‘ hbisj ti taj linb gut pjrfirk`elsbiwby ‘ tajrj nrj tarjj J-0 hiuetr`js? Grnz`b,Kjx`hi nec Ha`en. Saj itajr hiuetr`js nrj kistbyfrik sug-Xnanrne Nfr`hn nec taj Nrng Xtntjsnec Eirta Nfr`hn. @t `s, aiwjvjr, jehiurnl`el tanttajrj nrj sikj sug-Xnanrne nec Eirta Nfr`hnehiuetr`js ti gj fiuec `e ^uncrnet @@, w`ta n a`lahanehj if nha`jv`el taj linb.0

Ljecjr jqunb`ty

Saj ljecjr jqunb`ty linb jxpb`h`tby tnrljts gitapr`knry nec sjhiecnry jcuhnt`ie, gut`esuff`h`jet cntn nrj nt prjsjet nvn`bngbj fir tajbnttjr. Fir pr`knry jcuhnt`ie, hiuetr`js nrjhies`cjrjc ti anvj nha`jvjc taj linb `f taj`rljecjr pnr`ty `ecjx (L]@) `s gjtwjje =.0< nec>.=8. Sngbj 7.>1 b`sts tajsj hiuetr`js. Kirjtane anbf if taj hiuetr`js `e ta`s jxjrh sj anvjnha`jvjc taj linb if ljecjr pnr`ty, wa`bj tajc`spnr`t`js gjtwjje taj rjl`ies nrj bjss knrdjctane fir taj twi itajr linbs jxnk`ejc `e ta`ssjht`ie. Xug-Xnanrne Nfr`hn nec taj Nrng Xtntjsnec Eirta Nfr`hn ejvjrtajbjss bnl sikjwant

gja`ec.

Saj c`v`c`el b`ej fir cjtjrk`e`el prix k`ty irc`stnehj frik taj linb ans gjje sjt nt L]@ if0=%. F`lurj 7.8: prjsjets taj cyenk`hc`kjes`ie if rjsubts fir ljecjr pnr`ty.

Ns ans nbrjncy gjje `ec`hntjc `e taj sjht`ie `eta`s hanptjr ie Linb :, s`le`f`hnet ljecjr lnpsihhur `e taj Nrng Xtntjs nec Eirta Nfr`hn nec `eXiuta nec \jst Ns`n. @e sug-Xnanrne Nfr`hn, anbfif taj hiuetr`js rjkn`e fnr frik taj linb neciej qunrtjr nrj kiv`el nwny frik `t.

7 = =JFN Lbignb

Kie`tir`el Wjpirt

0. Saj `kgnbnehj gjtwjje fnstnec sbiw pjrfirkjrs ‘ >1vjrsus <0 ‘ hiubc gj jxpbn`ejcajrj gy taj rjbnt`vjby ‑sjvjrj‐hr`tjr`ie if suff`h`jet/`esuff`h`jetprilrjss `e hutt`el taj b`tjrnhylnp `e anbf. @e ircjr ti tjst tajsjes`t`v`ty if taj rjsubts w`tarjspjht ti taj hai`hj if tajhr`tjr`ie, taj jxjrh`sj ans gjjerjpjntjc us`el n bjss sjvjrjhut-iff pi`et, enkjby <:% if tajprilrjss ejjcjc fir anbv`el tajb`tjrnhy lnp. Saj twi f`lurjsgjbiw saiw taj c`ffjrjehjs `eiuthikjs.

Xuff`h`jet/`esuff`h`jet prilrjssejjcjc ti anbvj taj lnp (ns `eF`lurj 7.83)?

Kirj/bjss tane <:% if tajprilrjss ejjcjc ti anbvj tajlnp (nbtjrent`vj hnbhubnt`ie)?

@t rjnc`by nppjnrs tant tajiuthikjs fir taj hiuetr`jshbisj ti taj linb nrj sjes`t`vjti taj hai`hj if hr`tjr`ie. Guttaj iuthikjs fir taj hiuetr`jsfnr frik taj linb nrj anrcbysjes`t`vj. Saj hiehbus`ierjkn`es tant tajsj hiuetr`jsnrj `e sjr`ius triugbj.

86 3

>8 33

3= =

80 >1

Nt r`sd if eit nha`jv`el taj linb(s)

Net`lun nec Gnrgucn, Gnarn`e, Gitswnen, Grnz`b, Hnkjriie,Hnpj Vjrcj, Ha`en, Hibikg`n, Cik`e`hn, Cik`e`hne Wjpugb`h,Jhuncir, Jb Xnbvncir, Lanen, Aiecurns, Onkn`hn, Duwn`t,Bjgneie, Bjsitai, Knbtn, Knur`t`us, Kjx`hi, Kyneknr,Enk`g`n, ]nenkn, ]nrnluny, ]jru, ^ntnr, Xnuc` Nrng`n,Xiuta Nfr`hn, Xr` Bnedn, Xwnz`bnec, Xyr`ne Nrng Wjpugb`h,Sue`s`n, Surdjy, Ze`tjc Nrng Jk`rntjs, Ze`tjc Wjpugb`h ifSnezne`n, Vjejzujbn, V`jt Enk, _nkg`n

^ZNCWNES @

Xjr`ius r`sd if eit nha`jv`el taj linb(s)

Nbljr`n, Gnelbncjsa, Gje`e, Gurd`en Fnsi, Guruec`, Hnkgic`n,Hjetrnb Nfr`hne Wjpugb`h, Hanc, Hikiris, Cjk. Wjp. if tajHieli, Co`giut`, Jlypt, Jr`trjn, Jta`ip`n, Lnkg`n, Luntjknbn,Lu`ejn, Lu`ejn-G`ssnu, An`t`, @ec`n, @rnq, B`gjr`n, Kncnlnshnr,Knbnw`, Knb`, Knur`tne`n, Kirihhi, Kiznkg`quj, Ejpnb,E`hnrnlun, E`ljr, E`ljr`n, ]nd`stne, ]npun Ejw Lu`ejn,Wwnecn, Xjejlnb, Xucne, Sili, Zlnecn, Pjkje

^ZNCWNES @V

A`la hanehj if nha`jv`el taj linb(s)

Nbgne`n, Gjb`zj, Gib`v`n, Gise`n nec Ajrzjliv`en,Hieli, Jquntir`nb Lu`ejn, F`o`, @eciejs`n, @rne,@srnjb, Oircne, Djeyn, B`gyne Nrng Onkna`r`yn,Knbnys`n, ]nbjst`e`ne N.S., ]a`b`pp`ejs, ]irtulnb,_`kgngwj

^ZNCWNES @@

Biw hanehj if nha`jv`el taj linb(s)

^ZNCWNES @@@

A`lab`tjrnhy?5<=% nec20:%

Biwb`tjrnhy?2<=%

   B   j  v   j   b   i   f   n   c  u   b   t   b   `   t   j   r   n   h  y   r   n   t   j   `   e   7   =   =   =

F`lurj 7.83. Ncubt b`tjrnhy rntj? hiuetr`js `e jnha quncrnet

>1 hiuetr`js

= hiuetr`js

>1 hiuetr`js

Fnst pjrfirkjr

:<

3=

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Xiurhj? Hnbhubnt`ies gnsjc ie Xtnt`st`hnb Neejx, Sngbj 74 JFN 7=== Nssjsskjet (HC-WIK).

80 hiuetr`js

3= hiuetr`js

<0 hiuetr`js

Xbiw pjrfirkjr

Haneljs ivjr taj pjr`ic frik >00= ti 7===

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Hiehbus`ie. @s taj wirbc ie trnhd9

3

Hanptjr 7

]rilrjss tiwnrcs taj lin bs

Nrng Xtntjs/Eirta Nfr`hn

Hjetrnb Ns`n

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Xiuta/\jst Ns`n

Xug-Xnanrne Nfr`hn

Sitnb

Gnarn`e, Oircne, Duwn`t, ]nbjst`e`ne N.S., Ze`tjc Nrng Jk`rntjs

Nzjrgn`one, Ljirl`n, Dnzndastne, Dyrlyzstne, Zzgjd`stne

Nbgne`n, Gjbnrus, Gise`n nec Ajrzjliv`en, Gublnr`n, Hrint`n, Hzjha Wjpugb`h, Auelnry,B`taune`n, Bntv`n, ]ibnec, Wikne`n, Wuss`ne Fjcjrnt`ie, Xbivnd`n, Saj firkjr PulisbnvWjp. if Knhjcie`n, Pulisbnv`n

Nustrnb`n, Ha`en, F`o`, Onpne, Knbnys`n, Kyneknr, E`uj, Ejw _jnbnec, ]a`b`pp`ejs,Wjp. if Dirjn, V`jt Enk

Nrljet`en, Gnankns, Gnrgncis, Gib`v`n, Hnykne @sbnecs, Hibikg`n, Histn W`hn,Cik`e`hne Wjpugb`h, Jhuncir, Aiecurns, E`hnrnlun, Kjx`hi, ]nenkn, ]jru, Sr`e`cncnec Signli, Surds nec Hn`his @sbnecs, Zruluny, Vjejzujbn

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Xw`tzjrbnec, Ze`tjc D`elcik, Ze`tjc Xtntjs

Knbc`vjs

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Xiurhj? Hnbhubnt`ies nrj gnsjc ie Xtnt`st`hnb Neejx, Sngbj 74 suppbjkjetjc gy JFN 7=== Nssjsskjet (HC-WIK).

Wjl`ie Hiuetr`js

N?eukgjr if

hiuetr`js tantanvj nha`jvjcljecjr pnr`ty

G?eukgjr if

hiuetr`js etaj snkpbj

N/G(ns %)

8>.8%

<>.3%

11.7%

61.1%

6=.=%

0:.:%

>3.8%

76.8%

:6.7%

Nt r`sd if eit nha`jv`el taj linb(s)

Gjb`zj, Ha`bj, Hugn, Jstie`n, @eciejs`n, Onkn`hn,Kncnlnshnr, Kielib`n, ]nrnluny, Xnkin, Xiuta Nfr`hn,Xt D`tts nec Ejv`s, Xt V`ehjet nec taj Lrjenc`ejs,Xwnz`bnec, Sno`d`stne, San`bnec, Surdjy, Vneuntu

^ZNCWNES @

Xjr`ius r`sd if eit nha`jv`el taj linb

Nelibn, Guruec`, Hnkjriie, Jquntir`nb Lu`ejn,Jta`ip`n, Lrjencn, @rnq, Kiznkg`quj

^ZNCWNES @V

A`la hanehj if nha`jv`el taj linb

Nbljr`n, Gnelbncjsa, Hnpj Vjrcj, Hieli, Jlypt,Lnkg`n, An`t`, @rne, Bjsitai, Knur`tne`n, Ikne,]irtulnb, ^ntnr, X`jrrn Bjiej, Xyr`ne NrngWjpugb`h, Sue`s`n, Xnuc` Nrng`n, Zlnecn

^ZNCWNES @@

Biw hanehj if nha`jv`el taj linb(s)

Gje`e, Gautne, Gurd`en Fnsi, Hjetrnb Nfr`hneWjpugb`h, Hikiris, Hótj c'@vi`rj, Hanc, Co`giut`,Cik`e`hn, Lanen, Luntjknbn, Lu`ejn,Lu`ejn-G`ssnu, @ec`n, Bni ].C.W., Knb`, Kirihhi,Ejpnb, E`ljr, ]nd`stne, Xjejlnb, Xucne, Sili

^ZNCWNES @@@

Hbisj=.0= 2L]@2=.0< ir>.=8 2L]@2>.>=

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   i   k    t   a

   j   l   i   n   b    (   L   ]   @  ;   >    )   `   e   7   =   =   =

F`lurj 7.8:. ]r`knry lriss jeribkjet rntj ljecjr pnr`ty `ecjx? hiuetr`js `e jnha quncrnet

>1 hiuetr`js 86

8>

6<

1 hiuetr`js 78 hiuetr`js

76 hiuetr`jsSitnb

Nwny frik taj linb

Haneljs ivjr taj pjr`ic frik >00= ti 7===

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Siwnrcs taj linb

Xiurhj? Hnbhubnt`ies nrj gnsjc ie Xtnt`st`hnb Neejx, Sngbj 74 suppbjkjetjc gy JFN 7=== Nssjsskjet (HC-WIK).

>1 hiuetr`js

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Oircne, B`gyne Nrng Onkna`r`yn,]nbjst`e`ne N.S., Sue`s`n

3

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<

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>8

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>8

Net`lun nec Gnrgucn, Nrljet`en,Gnankns, Gnrgncis, Gjb`zj, Gib`v`n,Grnz`b, Hnykne @sbnecs, Ha`bj, Hibikg`n,Histn W`hn, Hugn, Cik`e`hne Wjpugb`h,Jhuncir, Luynen, Aiecurns, Kjx`hi,Ejtajrbnecs Net`bbjs, ]nenkn, ]jru,Sr`e`cnc nec Signli, Zruluny

77

Gjbl`uk, Hnencn, Hyprus, Cjeknrd,Frnehj, Lrjjhj, @rjbnec, @srnjb, @tnby,Ejtajrbnecs, Eirwny, ]irtulnb, Xpn`e,Xwjcje, Xw`tzjrbnec, Ze`tjc D`elcik,Ze`tjc Xtntjs

><

Knbc`vjs

>

Hieli, Lngie, Djeyn, Wwnecn,Xjyhajbbjs, _`kgngwj

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>=

Surdjy, Pulisbnv`n

7

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>=

Gnelbncjsa, Gautne, @rne,Xr` Bnedn

3

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:

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8

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E`ljr, E`ljr`n, Xjejlnb, _nkg`n 7=

71

76.1%

Nrng Xtntjs/Eirta Nfr`hn

Hjetrnb Ns`n

Hjetrnb/JnstjreJuripj

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]jrhjetnlj ifwirbc pipubnt`ie

>0

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>. A`la hanehj if nha`jv`el ir anv`elnha`jvjc nbb tarjj linbsWjl`ie

7. Nt bjnst iej linbb`djby ti gj k`ssjc

8. Xjr`ius r`sd if eit nha`jv`elney if taj tarjj linbs Sitnb

Sngbj 7.>0. Cndnr linb nha`jvjkjet gy rjl`ie

Eitj? Gibcfnhj `ec`hntjs J-0 hiuetr`js.

Xiurhj? Hnbhubnt`ies nrj gnsjc ie F`lurjs 7.88‘7.8:, ngivj. ]ipubnt`ie jst`kntjs nrj frik taj Sngbjs `e taj Neejx.

7 = =JFN Lbignb

Kie`tir`el Wjpirt

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Hiehbus`ie. @s taj wirbc ie trnhd9

6

F`lurj 7.8< `ec`hntjs taj pipubnt`ie c`str`gut`ie ‘gy rjl`ie nec wirbcw`cj ‘ ie taj snkj gns`s.

Saj rjsubts if ta`s nenbys`s `ec`hntj tant tajwirbc `s eit yjt ie trnhd.

@e tjrks if eukgjrs if hiuetr`js (F`lurj 7.86),kirj tane anbf anvj j`tajr rjnhajc taj linb irw`bb prigngby ci si (18 iut if >:3 hiuetr`js).Gut `e tjrks if eukgjrs if pjipbj (F`lurj 7.8<),n qu`tj c`ffjrjet p`hturj jkjrljs. If taj J-0hiuetr`js, ieby Kjx`hi `s vjry hbisj ti taj linbs(twi nha`jvjc), wa`bj Grnz`b ans n a`la hanehjif nha`jv`el tajk. Fir Gnelbncjsa, Ha`en, Jlypt

nec @eciejs`n, nt bjnst iej linb `s b`djby ti gjk`ssjc, nec @ec`n nec ]nd`stne rue n a`la r`sdif eit nha`jv`el taj linbs.

Nbkist iej-ta`rc if wirbc pipubnt`ie b`vjs `e

hiuetr`js wajrj nha`jv`el taj linbs sjt iut `e taj

Cndnr Frnkjwird fir Nht`ie w`bb rjkn`e n crjnk

uebjss striel nec hiehjrtjc jffirt `s kncj ti rjvjrsj

taj igsjrvjc trjecs. Hiuetr`js `e taj rjl`ies if

Xiuta nec \jst Ns`n, sug-Xnanrne Nfr`hn nec taj

Nrng Xtntjs nec Eirta Nfr`hn nrj anrcby jvje kiv`el

`e taj r`lat c`rjht`ie nt prjsjet, nec tajrj `s n a`la

r`sd tant tajy w`bb eit gj ngbj ti nha`jvj taj linbs gy

7=>:. Saj pipubius hiuetr`js `e Jnst Ns`n nec ]nh`f`h

nrj knd`el sikj prilrjss, gut w`bb eit nha`jvj tajlinb w`taiut `etjes`f`jc jffirt.

Hiuetr`js `e Eirta Nkjr`hn nec \jstjre Juripjanvj nbb rjnhajc taj linbs ir nrj hbisj ti tajk.Gy hietrnst, `e Hjetrnb nec Jnstjre Juripj, nr`ha jcuhnt`ienb trnc`t`ie s gj`el tarjntjejc.Fir Bnt`e Nkjr`hn nec taj Hnr`ggjne, f`enbby, tajCndnr linbs sjjk w`ta`e rjnha.

Sajrj nrj kney hiuetr`js priv`el ti taj wirbctant `t `s rjnbby piss`gbj ti gr`el jcuhnt`iesystjks ti kntur`ty w`ta`e n rjbnt`vjby sairt t`kjspne. Sajsj suhhjssfub hnsjs ‘ nec tajy nrj ti

gj fiuec `e nbb rjl`ies wirbcw`cj ‘ hne sjrvjns siurhjs if esp`rnt`ie fir itajr cjvjbip`elhiuetr`js nec fir taj wirbc hikkue`ty. Hanptjr3 w`bb nttjkpt ti qunet`fy taj jffirts ejjcjc firta`s bjnp firwnrc ti gj kncj.

Hanptjr 7

]rilrjss tiwnrcs taj lin bs

Xikj hiehbus`iesngiut ivjrnbb prilrjsswirbcw`cj

Saj hiesib`cnt`ie if taj hnbhubnt`ies hiehjre`eltaj tarjj linbs wns hnrr`jc iut us`el tajfibbiw`el ‑hrjc`t-pi`et‐ systjk.

Xhirj ]i`ets

Linb nha`jvjc 8

Xhirj e quncrnet 7 7

Xhirj e quncrnet > ir 8 >Xhirj e quncrnet 3 =

k`ss`el vnbuj Nvjrnlj if gitaitajr vnbujs

X`xty-s`x hiuetr`js anvj vnbujs fir ieby twi if tajtarjj linbs. Jxhbuc`el tajsj hiuetr`js frik tajjxjrh`sj wiubc anvj sjr`iusby enrriwjc taj gns`sfir taj hnbhubnt`ie `e taj f`enb nenbys`s, nec tajywjrj taus `ehbucjc ie taj nssukpt`ie tant taj`rk`ss`el vnbujs wjrj jqunb ti taj nvjrnljs if tajitajr twi vnbujs.>=

Saj a`lajst nttn`engbj shirj wiubc gj 0(nbb linbs nha`jvjc)4 n shirj if = `ec`hntjs tantnbb tarjj shirjs fnbb eti uncrnet @@@. Hiuetr`jshne gj hntjlir`zjc ns fibbiws?

6‘0 pi`ets? ans nha`jvjc nbb tarjj linbs,ir ans n a`la hanehj if ci`el si4

8‘: pi`ets? nt bjnst iej linb `s b`djby tigj k`ssjc4

=-7 pi`ets? tajrj `s sjr`ius r`sd tant eiejif taj tarjj linbs w`bb gj nha`jvjc.

Sngbj 7.>0 prjsjets taj rjsubts if hnbhubnt`elCndnr linb nha`jvjkjet gy rjl`ie, gnsjc ieta`s kjtaic.

F`enbby, prilrjss nhriss rjl`ies wns nenbysjc.F`lurj 7.86 prjsjets ‘ gy rjl`ie nec fir tajwirbc ‘ taj eukgjrs if hiuetr`js w`ta n a`lahanehj if nha`jv`el taj linb ir anv`el nbrjncyciej si (lrjje gnrs)4 taj eukgjrs if hiuetr`jsw`ta `esuff`h`jet prilrjss (yjbbiw gnrs)4 nec tajeukgjrs if hiuetr`js sjr`iusby nt r`sd if eitnha`jv`el taj linbs (rjc gnrs).

@e sug-XnanrneNfr`hn, anbf iftaj hiuetr`js

rjkn`e fnrfrik taj ljecjr

linb nec iejqunrtjr nrj

kiv`elnwny frik `t.

Sajrj nrj kneyhiuetr`js priv`el

ti taj wirbctant `t `s rjnbby

piss`gbj ti gr`eljcuhnt`ie

systjks tikntur`ty w`ta`e

n rjbnt`vjby sairtt`kj spne.

>=. Gjhnusj if taj b`ednljsgjtwjje taj tarjj linbs, ta`s `sn pbnus`gbj nssukpt`ie? a`laEJW vnbujs w`bb `kpby a`la L]@snec, `f sustn`ejc ivjr t`kj,a`lajr vnbujs fir ncubt b`tjrnhy.

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7 = =JFN Lbignb

Kie`tir`el Wjpirt

F`lurj 7.86. Nssjsskjet if Cndnr linb nha`jvjkjet, gy rjl`ie

   E  u   k   g   j   r   i   f   h   i  u   e   t   r   `   j   s

3

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Jnst Ns`n/]nh`f`h

Bnt`e Nkjr`hn/Hnr`ggjne

Eirta Nkjr`hn/\jstjre Juripj

Xiuta/\jst Ns`n

A`la hanehjs if nha`jv`el ir anv`el nha`jvjc taj tarjj linbs

Nt bjnst iej linb b`djby ti gj k`ssjc

Xjr`ius r`sds if eit nha`jv`el ney if taj linbs

Xiurhj? Sngbj <.>0.

F`lurj 7.8<. Nssjsskjet if Cndnr linb nha`jvjkjet, gy pipubnt`ie

   E  u   k   g   j   r   i   f   p   j   i   p   b   j

 = =   =   =  >   = = 

=

Xug-XnanrneNfr`hn

HjetrnbNs`n

Hjetrnb/Jnstjre Juripj

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Jnst Ns`n/]nh`f`h

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Eirta Nkjr`hn/\jstjre Juripj

Xiuta/\jst Ns`n

 1  6 > 3 < 

7 7   8 0  : 

 6 <   8 0  6 

7  :  6   1  =  = 

3 < 0  7 <  8 

3 3  8  > 3 > 

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 :  8   6 3  : 

 7    1    7   

> 3 7  3 0 0 

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>  :  1   6 3  1 

7 7 3   6  = 3 

 8  : 0  3 7  6 

>  >  : 7  < 3 3 

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7,:

bb`iesK`

Wjl`iesA`la hanehjs if nha`jv`el ir anv`el nha`jvjc taj tarjj linbs

Nt bjnst iej linb b`djby ti gj k`ssjc

Xjr`ius r`sds if eit nha`jv`el ney if taj linbs

Xiurhj? Sngbj 7.>0.

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7

=

=

KietirelWjpir

t

7

     ©     Z     E     J     X     H     I     /     V     `     c    n     b

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7 = =JFN Lbignb

Kie`tir`el Wjpirt

@f taj jec if 7==7 wns jxpjhtjc ti gr`el n sjt if f`ejby aiejc,hikprjajes`vj Ent`ienb JFN Nht`ie ]bnes tant wiubc priv`cj ngns`s fir c`nbiluj w`ta `etjrent`ienb nljeh`js fir jeanehjc bjvjbsif fuec`el taje ta`s tnrljt ans eit gjje kjt. @f, ie taj itajr anec,

Cndnr `s nssjssjc `e tjrks if `eojht`el sikj urljehy nec sikjJFN fihus `eti jcuhnt`ie nec cjvjbipkjet pbnee`el, taje tajrj `sjv`cjehj tant ta`s `s tnd`el pbnhj. ]bnes tant nrj ljecjr sjes`t`vj,`ehbus`vj nec, wajrj nppripr`ntj, rjspies`vj ti taj h`rhukstnehjsif A@V/N@CX nec hiefb`ht, w`bb gj truby suppirt`vj if JFN. ]bnes tantbnhd taj f`eneh`nb hrjc`g`b`ty nec aukne rjsiurhj hnpng`b`tyrjqu`rjc ti kndj tajk jffjht`vj w`bb eit wird. Saj urljehy `kpb`h`t`e taj 7==7 pbnee`el tnrljt nec taj 7==: nec 7=>: JFN linbs kustgj sustn`ejc.

Hanptjr 8

]bnee`el fir

jcuhnt`ie fir nbb

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Cndnr‐s pbnee`elhanbbjelj

Saj Cndnr Frnkjwird fir Nht`ie (ZEJXHI,7===) `s sugt`tbjc Kjjt`el Iur Hibbjht`vj

Hikk`tkjets. X`ehj taj \irbc Jcuhnt`ie Firuk`e 7===, taj Cndnr hikk`tkjets anvj gjjequitjc, etjrprjtjc nec prikitjc gy kneylivjrekjets, suppirtjc strielby gy h`v`b sih`jtygic`js, nec jecirsjc gy Ze`tjc Ent`iesnljeh`js, taj \irbc Gned nec s`le`f`hnet nec`efbujet`nb lriups if hiuetr`js suha ns taj L1.

Grinc hikk`tkjets hne gj kncj rjbnt`vjbyjns`by. Fibbiw`el tajk tariula `s kirjprigbjknt`h, ns taj jxpjr`jehj if taj cjhncjfibbiw`el taj \irbc Jcuhnt`ie Hiefjrjehj ntOikt`je `e >00= cjkiestrntjs (B`ttbj nec K`bbjr,7===4 Sirrjs, >000). Aiwjvjr, ueb`dj Oikt`je, tajCndnr Frnkjwird fir Nht`ie spjh`f`js n sjt ifnht`ies tant nrj cjs`lejc ti `est`b n sjesj ifurljehy nec hrjntj n hb`kntj if nhhiuetng`b`ty.Xikj if tajsj djy nht`ies nrj t`kj-giuec. Nbb iftajk nrj gnsjc ie taj ejjc fir striel pib`t`hnbhikk`tkjet nec fir wjbb-hiehj`vjc, wjbb-

knenljc, nec sjhurjby fuecjc strntjl`js, twjbvjif wa`ha nrj jbngirntjc `e taj Frnkjwird firNht`ie (Gix 8.>). Jffjht`vj pbnee`el rjhj`vjs npnrt`hubnr jkpans`s.

Saj Frnkjwird jbngirntjs n sjt if pib`hycjvjbipkjet nec pbnee`el hanbbjeljs tant nrjnccrjssjc pr`knr`by gut eit jxhbus`vjby tilivjrekjets. @t rjqu`rjs tant hiuetr`js saiubcprjpnrj ir strjeltaje hikprjajes`vj Ent`ienbJFN Nht`ie ]bnes gy 7==7 nt taj bntjst. @t kndjshbjnr tant pbnee`el fir JFN saiubc gj `etjlrntjc`eti w`cjr jcuhnt`ie sjhtir, pivjrty rjcuht`ie

nec cjvjbipkjet frnkjwirds ti jesurj tant JFNrjhj`vjs taj nttjet`ie nec taj pr`ir`ty tant `trjqu`rjs, ns wjbb ns taj gucljtnry nbbihnt`iestant nrj ejjcjc `f ent`ienb JFN linbs nrj ti gjsjhurjc. Saj Frnkjwird `s hbjnr tii, tant tajcjknecs nec taj ejjcs if taisj wai nrjjxhbucjc frik jcuhnt`ienb ippirtue`t`js kust gjkjt. F`enbby, `t nrlujs strielby tant h`v`b sih`jtysaiubc gj hbisjby jelnljc `e taj firkubnt`ie,`kpbjkjetnt`ie nec kie`tir`el if strntjl`jscjs`lejc ti nha`jvj JFN.>

Sajsj hanbbjeljs nrj ej`tajr ejw eirstrn`latfirwnrc gut kust gj nccrjssjc `f JFN`s ti gjhikj n rjnb`ty. Saj f`rst pnrt if ta`shanptjr ‘ ‑@s taj pbnee`el hanbbjelj gj`el kjt9‐‘ `ehbucjs ne `etjr`k nssjsskjet if taj jxtjetif taj sugstnet`vj rjspiesj ti taj hanbbjeljsif pbnee`el fir JFN. Aiw anvj livjrekjets`etjrprjtjc taj`r iwe hikk`tkjet ti tajFrnkjwird fir Nht`ie9 Nrj tajy l`v`el kirjwj`lat nec `kpirtnehj ti gns`h jcuhnt`ie9 @stajrj jv`cjehj if pbnee`el fir taj `ehbus`ie iftaisj wai nrj knrl`enb`zjc nec c`sncvnetnljc9@s pbnee`el ljecjr rjspies`vj9 Saj jxtjet ti

wa`ha tajrj `s n hikprjajes`vj npprinha tipbnee`el fir JFN `s nbsi jxnk`ejc, `ehbuc`el nenssjsskjet if wajtajr taj Cndnr 7==7 tnrljtans gjje ir w`bb gj kjt. Saj wj`lat tant `s l`vjeti taj nha`jvjkjet if JFN linbs `e ]ivjrtyWjcuht`ie Xtrntjly ]npjrs (]WX]s) s nenbysjc,nec n prjb`k`enry nssjsskjet `s priv`cjc ie tajshipj nec taj enturj if taj jelnljkjet if h`v`bsih`jty `e pbnee`el, l`vje `ts `kpirtnehj ns ne`ec`hntir if ent`ienb hikk`tkjet ti JFN.

Saj \irbc Jcuhnt`ie Firuk uecjrshirjc tajurljehy if cjvjbip`el wnys if k`t`lnt`el taj

`kpnht if A@V/N@CX ie jcuhnt`ie nec cjvjbip`eljcuhnt`ie strntjl`js ti hikgnt taj pnecjk`h.@t nbsi rjhile`zjc tant hiuetr`js `e hiefb`ht irfnh`el rjhiestruht`ie rjqu`rj spjh`nb nttjet`ie.Saj sjhiec pnrt if taj hanptjr ‘ ‑]bnee`el firA@V/N@CX‐ ‘ w`bb jxnk`ej taj cjvjbipkjet ifpbnee`el tant s rjspies`vj ti taj h`rhukstnehjsif pjipbj wai b`vj w`ta A@V/N@CX, nec ti taisjwai surv`vj `e taj fnhj if hr`s`s, hiefb`ht necjkjrljehy.

Saj f`enb sjht`ie ‘ ‑Hrjc`gbj pbnee`el, hrjc`gbjpbnes‐ ‘ jxnk`ejs taj hiehjpt if n hrjc`gbj pbne.Sa`s `s n tjrk usjc nt Cndnr ti cjf`ej nprjrjqu`s`tj fir fuec`el nljeh`js nec itajrpnrtejrs `e taj prihjss if nss`st`el hiuetr`js`kpbjkjet nec sustn`e taj`r JFN prilrnkkjs.X`ehj Cndnr, taj hiehjpt if n hrjc`gbj pbne ansgjje hbisjby nssih`ntjc w`ta taj hikk`tkjet `etaj Frnkjwird fir Nht`ie (pnrn. >=), ‑tant eihiuetr`js sjr`iusby hikk`ttjc ti jcuhnt`ie firnbb w`bb gj tawnrtjc `e taj`r nha`jvjkjet if ta`slinb gy n bnhd if rjsiurhjs‐.

Hanptjr 8

] bnee `el fir jcuhnt `ie fir n b b

Saj CndnrFrnkjwird fir

Nht`ie spjh`f`js nsjt if nht`ies

tant nrj cjs`lejcti `est`b n sjesjif urljehy nec

hrjntj n hb`kntjif nhhiuetng`b`ty.

>. Kney if tajsj rjqu`rjkjetsnrj jxpbirjc furtajr `e taj JFNWjl`ienb nec J-0 Frnkjwirdstant nrj ne `etjlrnb pnrt if tajCndnr Frnkjwird fir Nht`ie(ZEJXHI, 7===n, pp. 78‘<7).

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Si nha`jvj tajsj linbs, wj taj livjrekjets, irlne`znt`ies, nljeh`js, lriupsnec nssih`nt`ies rjprjsjetjc nt taj \irbc Jcuhnt`ie Firuk pbjclj iursjbvjs ti?

(`) kig`b`zj striel ent`ienb nec `etjrent`ienb pib`t`hnb hikk`tkjet fir

jcuhnt`ie fir nbb, cjvjbip ent`ienb nht`ie pbnes nec jeanehj s`le`f`hnetby`evjstkjet `e gns`h jcuhnt`ie4

(``) prikitj JFN pib`h`js w`ta`e n sustn`engbj nec wjbb-`etjlrntjc sjhtirfrnkjwird hbjnrby b`edjc ti pivjrty jb`k`ent`ie nec cjvjbipkjetstrntjl`js4

(```) jesurj taj jelnljkjet nec pnrt`h`pnt`ie if h`v`b sih`jty `e taj firkubnt`ie,`kpbjkjetnt`ie nec kie`tir`el if strntjl`js fir jcuhnt`ienb cjvjbipkjet4

(`v) cjvjbip rjspies`vj, pnrt`h`pntiry nec nhhiuetngbj systjks if jcuhnt`ienblivjrenehj nec knenljkjet4

(v) kjjt taj ejjcs if jcuhnt`ie systjks nffjhtjc gy hiefb`ht, ent`ienbhnbnk`t`js nec `estng`b`ty nec hiecuht jcuhnt`ienb prilrnkkjs `e wnystant prikitj kutunb uecjrstnec`el, pjnhj nec tibjrnehj, nec ajbp tiprjvjet v`ibjehj nec hiefb`ht4

(v`) `kpbjkjet `etjlrntjc strntjl`js fir ljecjr jqunb`ty e jcuhnt`ie wa`harjhile`zj taj ejjc fir haneljs `e ntt`tucjs, vnbujs nec prnht`hjs4

(v``) `kpbjkjet ns n knttjr if urljehy jcuhnt`ie prilrnkkjs nec nht`ies tihikgnt taj A@V/N@CX pnecjk`h4

(v```) hrjntj snfj, ajnbtay, `ehbus`vj nec jqu tngby rjsiurhjc jcuhnt`ienbjev`riekjets hiecuh`vj ti jxhjbbjehj `e bjnre`el w`ta hbjnrby cjf`ejc bjvjbsif nha`jvjkjet fir nbb4

(`x) jeanehj taj stntus, kirnbj nec prifjss ienb`sk if tjnhajrs4

(x) anrejss ejw efirknt`ie nec hikkue`hnt`ie tjhaeibil js ti ajbp nha`jvjJFN linbs4

(x`) systjknt`hnbby kie`tir prilrjss tiwnrcs JFN linbs nec strntjl`js nt tajent`ienb, rjl`ienb nec `etjrent`ienb bjvjbs4 nec

(x``) gu`bc ie jx`st`el kjhane`sks ti nhhjbjrntj prilrjss tiwnrcs jcuhnt`iefir nbb.

Xiurhj? ZEJXHI (7===n), pnrn. 1.

Gix 8.>. Swjbvj strntjl`js fir nha`jv`el JFN

@s taj pbnee`el hanbbjeljgj`el kjt9

Saj uecjrby`el pr`eh`pbjs nec linbs if JFNwjrj sjt `e Oikt`je. Sajy wjrj rjnff`rkjc necjxpnecjc `e Cndnr wajrj tajrj wns tajippirtue`ty ti crnw ie n grinc spjhtruk ifhikpnrnt`vj jcuhnt`ienb deiwbjclj necjxpjr`jehj. Ha`bcrje jxhbucjc frik shaiib,l`rbs‐ jcuhnt`ie nec taj pnrt`h`pnt`ie if c`sngbjcbjnrejrs wjrj nkiel taj `ssujs c`shussjc.Hikkue`ty pnrtejrsa`ps e jcuhnt`ie nec taj

ribj if eie-livjrekjetnb irlne`znt`ies, shaiibajnbta nec eutr`t`ie, b`tjrnhy nec jcuhnt`ie,jnrby ha`bcaiic hnrj nec cjvjbipkjet nec tajnppb`hnt`ie if ejw tjhaeibil`js fir jcuhnt`ienbsi rjhj`vjc nttjet`ie (ZEJXHI, 7==> n,h‘ 

f,a,o,b,i‘q). @etjrent`ienbby, tajrj `s ne jeirkiusfuec if deiwbjclj nec hikpnrnt`vj jxpjr`jehjie aiw ti priv`cj liic qunb`ty jcuhnt`ie firyiuel ha`bcrje, aiw ti prikitj ljecjr jqunb`ty,nec aiw ti rjnha taj piir nec taj jxhbucjc.Sa`s deiwbjclj `s eit nbwnys sanrjc ir wjbbhikkue`hntjc gut `t jx`sts (j.l. ZE@HJF, >000g,7==7n4 Xhajjrjes, 7===4 Xnvj taj Ha`bcrje, 7==>4

ZELJ@ wjgs`tj).

Aiwjvjr, `e kney rjspjhts, Cndnr `s if pib`t`hnbrntajr tane tjhae`hnb nec prifjss`ienbs`le`f`hnehj. @t w`bb gj oucljc bjss gy tajsiuecejss if `ts tjhae`hnb cjgntjs, nec kuhakirj gy taj jxtjet ti wa`ha `t prikitjshikk`tkjet nec kig`b`zjs aukne nec f`eneh`nbrjsiurhjs `e suppirt if taj strntjl`js nlrjjc nttaj \irbc Jcuhnt`ie Firuk (Gix 8.>). Sajrjnb`znt`ie if Jcuhnt`ie Fir Nbb rjqu`rjssustn`ejc pib`t`hnb suppirt, rjnb`st`h hai`hjsngiut taj nbbihnt`ie if shnrhj rjsiurhjs, nec

ne jev`riekjet tant jengbjs pjipbj ti jelnlj `ene `ehbus`vj prihjss if knd`el pbnes nec tnd`elcjh`s`ies. @t `s nbsi ngiut cjvjbip`el n lbignbuecjrstnec`el if JFN tant uecjrp`es suppirtfir etjrent`ienb evjstkjet e jcuhnt`ie.

JFN Ent`ienb Nht`ie ]bnes

@f taj Cndnr hikk`tkjet tant hiuetr`js w`bb 

 prjpnrj hikprjajes`vj Ent`ienb JFN ]bnes gy 7==7

nt taj bntjst `s `etjrprjtjc ns kjne`el ney ejwpbne saiubc jehikpnss nbb if taj Cndnr linbs

nec rjsubt frik n striel nec pib`t`hnbby hrjc`gbjprihjss, taje taj tnrljt ans gjje kjt `e ieby nrjbnt`vjby sknbb lriup if hiuetr`js. Gnsjc ie tajjv`cjehj if ZEJXHI survjys nec sukknryrjpirts frik `ts Wjl`ienb Gurjnux, `e taj k`ccbjif 7==7, taj twjety-twi hiuetr`js b`stjc e Sngbj8.> gjbiw anvj j`tajr `ec`hntjc taj`r hikpbjt`ieif, ir `etjet`ie ti f`enb`zj n Ent`ienb ]bne ifNht`ie fir JFN gy taj jec if 7==7.

Saj b`st `e Sngbj 8.> saiubc gj trjntjc w`ta tajlrjntjst piss`gbj hnut`ie ns `t `s gnsjc ie`ehikpbjtj cntn nec rjpirts tant nrj eit jns`byhikpnrngbj. @e sikj hnsjs `t kny ivjrstntjprilrjss nec taj cjlrjj ti wa`ha n pbne `shikprjajes`vj. Ie taj itajr anec, `t knyjxhbucj hiuetr`js suha ns ]nd`stne tant anvjuecjrtndje n hies`cjrngbj nkiuet if wird iene JFN pbne tant `s nwn`t`el f`enb`znt`ie necnpprivnb.7

7. N rjhjet rjture if wird ciej`e ]nh`f`h `sbnec stntjs `ec`hntjstant nbb hiuetr`js nrj prjpnr`elJFN pbnes. @e Bnt`e Nkjr`hnnec taj Hnr`ggjne, >: hiuetr`jsnrj wird`el ie JFN pbnes(gnsjc ie taj hiuthikjs if nZEJXHI rjl`ienb Kjjt`el `eXneti Cik`eli, Nulust 7==7).

7 = =JFN Lbignb

Kie`tir`el Wjpirt

@e kneyrjspjhts, Cndnr`s if pib`t`hnb,rntajr tanetjhae`hnb irprifjss`ienb,s`le`f`hnehj.

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N hikpbjtjc pbne `s eit ejhjssnr`by iej tantans gjje nciptjc gy Livjrekjet nec npprivjcns taj gns`s fir gucljtnry nbbihnt`ies `e tajkn`estrjnk if sjhtir nec cjvjbipkjet pib`hy.@e sikj hiuetr`js, taj pbnes nrj n rjstntjkjetir rjfirkubnt`ie if jx`st`el pbnes. Nec taj jxtjet`s ti wa`ha tajrj jelnljkjet w`ta h`v`b sih`jtytant lijs gjyiec sjt-p`jhj hiesubtnt`ie ans eitnbwnys gjje wjbb cjf`ejc.

@f n grincjr nec w`cjr `etjrprjtnt`ie if pbnee`elfir JFN `s usjc, wajrj`e hiuetr`js nrj rjv`s`t`el

taj`r linbs nec tnrljts fir JFN, gu`bc`el iejx`st`el sjhtir strntjl`js nec pbnes, necprikit`el JFN `e itajr pbnee`el prihjssjssuha ns ]WX]s, taje tajrj `s n kuha strieljrhnsj ti gj kncj fir n bnrljr lriup if hiuetr`js.

N c`vjrs`ty if rjspiesj

ZEJXHI ans gjje taj bjncjr `e prikit`el tajCndnr hikk`tkjet ti cjvjbip JFN Ent`ienbNht`ie ]bnes nec `t `s taj kn`e rjpis`tiry ifprilrjss rjpirts, tariula `ts ]nr`s ajncqunrtjrsnec Wjl`ienb Gurjnux. Gut ns yjt, tajrj `s einutair`tnt`vj lbignb nenbys`s tant crnws iecjtn`bjc hiuetry stuc`js. Ns n hiesjqujehj, `t `sc`ff`hubt ti nssjss w`ta ney cjlrjj if hief`cjehj,aiw ent`ienb livjrekjets anvj etjrprjtjc tajCndnr pbnee`el hikk`tkjet. Cntn tant nrjnvn`bngbj nt taj `etjrent`ienb bjvjb nrj b`k`tjc,uejvje nec sikjt`kjs c`ff`hubt ti `etjrprjt.Ejvjrtajbjss, rjpirts frik ZEJXHI‐s Wjl`ienbGurjnux a`lab`lat n rnelj if jcuhnt`ie sjhtirpbnee`el nht`v`t`js nec n hies`cjrngbj vnr`jty if`etjrprjtnt`ies rjlnrc`el taj hnbb fir n

hikprjajes`vj JFN Ent`ienb Nht`ie ]bne gy 7==7(ZEJXHI, 7==7j, 7==7 o 4 Lbignb Knrha wjgs`tj).

Iej prjb`k`enry hiehbus`ie tant hne gj crnwe,`bbustrntjc gy taj twjety-twi hiuetr`jsprjsjetjc `e Sngbj 8.>, `s tant taj Cndnrpbnee`el hikk`tkjet s pjrhj`vjc pr`knr`byns ne jxjrh`sj fir cjvjbip`el hiuetr`js. Sajrjnrj sikj jxhjpt`ies ti ta`s, aiwjvjr, ns tajhrjnt`ie if sug-rjl`ienb firuks fir taj Eirc`hnec Gnbt`h hiuetr`js nec fir tarjj Hnuhnsusstntjs cjkiestrntjs. Xpn`e s cjvjbip`el neJFN pbne nec tajrj `s s`k`bnr wird uecjrwny`e Jnstjre Juripjne hiuetr`js suha ns Jstie`n

nec Wjpugb`h if Kibcivn (V`rtisu, 7==7).Aiwjvjr, `t `s grincby truj tant `ecustr`nb`zjchiuetr`js ci eit sjj taj linbs if JFN nspriv`c`el taj pnrnkjtjrs fir ent`ienb jcuhnt`iepbnee`el. @ecjjc, ta`s pjrhjptie s eit rjstr`htjcti pbnee`el nec hne gj nppb`jc ti JFN `e kirjljejrnb tjrks. Sa`s ans `kpirtnet `kpb`hnt`iesfir JFN ns n lbignb hikk`tkjet.

Gnsjc ie n qujst`ieen`rj survjy hnrr`jc iut `eOuej 7==7, ZEJXHI ajncqunrtjrs ans hibbjhtjccntn ie JFN-rjbntjc pbnee`el nht`v`t`js e f`fty-fiur hiuetr`js (tje frik sug-Xnanrne Nfr`hn,

jbjvje Nrng Xtntjs, ta`rtjje frik Ns`n nec taj]nh`f`h, fiurtjje frik Bnt`e Nkjr`hn nec s`x frikJuripj). Sajsj cntn sulljst tant <=% if tajhiuetr`js anvj sjt up JFN Firuks. Sajy nbsisulljst tant <:% if taj snkpbj hiuetr`js nrjjelnljc e pbnee`el prihjssjs tant jehikpnsssikj ir nbb if taj Cndnr linbs, wajtajr `e tajfirk if n sjpnrntj nec c`st`eht Ent`ienb JFN]bne ir w`ta`e grincjr pbnee`el frnkjwirdssuha ns jcuhnt`ie sjhtir pbnes nec ent`ienbcjvjbipkjet strntjl`js.

Saj survjy rjhircs sikj if taj c`ff`hubt`js tant

hiefriet jcuhnt`ie sjhtir pbneejrs? taj bnhd ifrjb`ngbj cntn, encjquntj tjhae`hnb sd`bbs firpib`hy firkubnt`ie nec pbnee`el, taj ngsjehj ifrigust nenbysjs ie hists nec taj f`eneh`el ifJFN, nec taj nssih`ntjc c`ff`hubty if cjvjbip`elrjb`ngbj gucljt priojht`ies. Sajsj nrj `ssujs tiwa`ha furtajr nttjet`ie `s pn`c `e Hanptjr 3.

ZEJXHI‐s Wjl`ienb Gurjnux anvj hiecuhtjctaj`r iwe survjys if pbnee`el fir JFN. Sajsjpriv`cj ajncb`ej `efirknt`ie ie taj stntus if

Hanptjr 8

] bnee `el fir jcuhnt `ie fir n b b

Saj jxtjet `s tiwa`ha tajrj

jelnljkjetw`ta h`v`b sih`jty

tant lijs gjyiecsjt-p`jhj

hiesubtnt`ie ans

eit nbwnys gjjewjbb cjf`ejc.

Nrng Xtntjs

Ns`n

Bnt`e Nkjr`hn/Hnr`ggjne

Xug-Xnanrne Nfr`hn

Co`giut`, Knur`tne`n

Gnelbncjsa, Hnkgic`n, @ec`n, Dnzndastne, Dyrlyzstne, Ejpnb

Hugn, Cik`e`hne Wjpugb`h, Jhuncir

Nelibn, Hnkjriie, Hjetrnb Nfr`hne Wjpugb`h, Hanc, Jta`ip`n,Lu`ejn, Lu`ejn-G`ssnu, Enk`g`n, E`ljr, Xjejlnb nec _`kgngwj.

Sngbj 8.>. Ent`ienb JFN pbnes, hikpbjtjc ir jxpjhtjc

 ti gj f`enb`zjc gy taj jec if 7==7

Xiurhj? @etjrprjtnt`ie if firknb rjpirts ti ZEJXHI (k`c-7==7) frik ZEJXHI Wjl`ienb Gurjnux4survjys hiecuhtjc gy ZEJXHI‐s C`v`s`ie if Jcuhnt`ienb ]ib`h`js nec Xtrntjl`js (J]X), 7==7.

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Saj Livjrekjet if taj D`elcik if Hnkgic`n hrjntjc taj Ent`ienb Jcuhnt`ie firNbb Hikk`ttjj `e Ihtigjr 7==>. @t ans >:= kjkgjrs nec `s han`rjc gy taj ]r`kjK`e`stjr w`ta hriss-k`e`stry rjprjsjetnt`ie. Saj Hikk`ttjj ans n sjhrjtnr`nt `etaj K`e`stry if Jcuhnt`ie. JFN hikk`ttjjs nrj gj`el jstngb`sajc nt priv`ehj,kue`h`pnb`ty, c`str`ht nec hikkue`ty bjvjbs.

X`x wird`el lriups anvj gjje jstngb`sajc ti wird ie jnha if taj Cndnr Linbs.Sajsj lriups nrj wird`el w`ta ELIs nec `etjrent`ienb nljeh`js. Saj djy tnsd `sti cjvjbip ne JFN Ent`ienb ]bne if Nht`ie tant `etjlrntjs jx`st`el jcuhnt`iepbnes, s`ehj, ns `s jxpbn`ejc `e taj rjpirt, ‑Saj hanbbjelj ans gjje ti b`ed tajjx`st`el Jcuhnt`ie Xtrntjly ]bne (JX]) nec taj Jcuhnt`ie Xjhtir Xuppirt]rilrnkkj (JXX]) w`ta taj Jcuhnt`ie fir Nbb ]bne if Nht`ie.‐

X`ehj taj JXX] fihusjs kn`eby ie firknb jcuhnt`ie, tajrj `s n ejjc ti cjvjbip

prilrnkkjs ti rjnha taj uerjnhajc ‘ strjjt ha`bcrje, k`eir`ty lriups,`ec`ljeius lriups, hikkue`t`js `e rjkitj rurnb nrjns nec l`rbs ‘ gy prikit`elprilrnkkjs `e taj nrjn if eie-firknb jcuhnt`ie nec b`tjrnhy.

Xiurhj? D`elcik if Hnkgic`n (7==7).

Gix 8.7. ]bnee`el fir JFN `e Hnkgic`npbne cjvjbipkjet, c`ff`hubt`js tant nrj gj`eljxpjr`jehjc nec taj jx`stjehj if rjbntjcpbnee`el cihukjets nec frnkjwirds. Frik ta`s`efirknt`ie `t `s piss`gbj ti crnw sikj ncc`t`ienbgut tjetnt`vj hiehbus`ies. F`vj JFN rjl`ies nrjjxnk`ejc gr`jfby gjbiw.8

@e taj e`ejtjje Nrng Xtntjs, nbb gut iej hiuetry`s rjhircjc ns anv`el sjt up n ent`ienb JFN tjnkir hikk`ttjj. F`vj hiuetr`js (@rnq, B`gyne NrngOnkna`r`yn, ]nbjst`e`ne Nutieikius Sjrr`tir`js,Xyr`ne Nrng Wjpugb`h nec Sue`s`n) anvj prjpnrjctaj f`rst crnft if ne JFN pbne. Knur`tne`n `srjpirtjc ns anv`el f`enb`zjc `ts pbne.

@e Jnst Ns`n, kist if taj twjbvj hiuetr`js `etaj rjl`ie anvj `ec`hntjc tant taj`r ent`ienbigojht`vjs w`bb cjr`vj frik jx`st`el pib`hycihukjets nec jcuhnt`ie sjhtir pbnes nec tantncc`t`ienb igojht`vjs w`bb gj cjf`ejc fir JFNhikpiejets eit hivjrjc uecjr jx`st`el pib`hycihukjets nec pbnes.3 Jnha hiuetry `s`etjrprjt`el taj Cndnr hikk`tkjet `e n hietjxt-spjh`f`h wny. Knbnys`n ans nbrjncy nccrjssjc tajJFN linbs w`ta`e ts jx`st`el ent`ienb jcuhnt`iesjhtir cjvjbipkjet pbnes, gut nbiel w`ta s`xitajr hiuetr`js, `t `s rjpirtjc ns anv`el

jstngb`sajc ne JFN Firuk ir n ent`ienb JFNhikk`ttjj (Hnkgic`n, Cjkihrnt`h ]jipbj‐sWjpugb`h if Dirjn, @eciejs`n, Bni ]jipbj‐sCjkihrnt`h Wjpugb`h, Knbnys`n, Kielib`n necKyneknr). Hnkgic`n `s n hiuetry tant anshaisje ti cjvjbip ne JFN pbne tantjehikpnssjs linbs nec strntjl`js nbrjncyjkgjccjc `e jx`st`el pbnes (Gix 8.7). Ha`en nectaj Cjkihrnt`h ]jipbj's Wjpugb`h if Dirjn nrjgita rjpirtjc ti anvj prjpnrjc taj f`rst vjrs`ieif ne JFN ]bne.

If taj e`ej hiuetr`js if Xiuta nec \jst Ns`n,

Gnelbncjsa nec ]nd`stne anvj cjvjbipjc crnftpbnes. ]nd`stne ans prjpnrjc n ent`ienb JFN]bne fir taj pjr`ic 7===‘7=>: (]nd`stne, 7==>n),cjf`ejc ns ne `etjlrnb pnrt if ]nd`stne‐sJcuhnt`ie Xjhtir Wjfirks? 7==>‘7==3 (]nd`stne,7==>g). @e taj crnft JFN ]bne, `t `s jst`kntjc tanttaj Livjrekjet hne fuec 3=% if ne jebnrljcgucljt gut tant jxtjrenb fuec`el w`bb gj rjqu`rjcti f`bb taj f`eneh`el lnp. Saj JFN ]bne kndjsspjh`f`h rjfjrjehj ti taj Cndnr hikk`tkjet tantei hiuetr`js sjr`iusby hikk`ttjc ti Jcuhnt`ie

fir Nbb w`bb gj tawnrtjc `e taj`r nha`jvjkjet gyn bnhd if rjsiurhjs.

@ec`n‐s ]bne if Nht`ie w`bb gj f`enb`zjc gy taj jecif 7==7. @t w`bb rjfbjht nec hikpbjkjet taj XnrvnXa`dsn Nga`yne prilrnkkj fir Ze`vjrsnb

Jbjkjetnry Jcuhnt`ie (ZJJ) tant `s cjs`lejc tijesurj tant nbb ha`bcrje nljc 6 ti >3 w`bb rjhj`vjj`lat yjnrs if qunb`ty jcuhnt`ie gy 7=>=, ns wjbbns @ec`n‐s >=ta F`vj-yjnr ]bne 7==7‘7==< (@ec`n,7==7), wa`ha `ehbucjs b`tjrnhy strntjl`js ns wjbbns ZJJ.

Gita Gnelbncjsa nec Ejpnb nrj shajcubjc tianvj f`enb`zjc JFN pbnee`el cihukjets gy tajjec if 7==7. Ne nssjsskjet if Xr` Bnedn‐s`etjrprjtnt`ie if taj Cndnr hikk`tkjet, nrlu`eltant Xr` Bnedn ans n pirtfib`i if pbnes, `sprjsjetjc e Gix 8.8.

@e taj Bnt`e Nkjr`hn nec taj Hnr`ggjne rjl`ietajrj nrj firty-iej hiuetr`js. Ajrj tii, jx`st`elpib`h`js nec pbnes nrj gj`el rjv`sjc ti tndj nkirj hikprjajes`vj npprinha ti JFN. Firjxnkpbj, taj Livjrekjet if Grnz`b ans wirdjcti jesurj tant taj Cndnr linbs nrj nccrjssjc`e `ts ent`ienb jcuhnt`ie pbne fir 7==>‘7=>=(Gix 8.3). @e Gib`v`n, taj jx`st`el 7=-yjnr pbne firgns`h jcuhnt`ie nec taj hiuetry‐s ]WX] priv`cjtaj kn`e frnkjwirds fir nccrjss`el taj linbsif JFN. E`hnrnlun‐s Ent`ienb Jcuhnt`ie ]bne

7 = =JFN Lbignb

Kie`tir`el Wjpirt

Saj livjrekjetif Grnz`b answirdjc ti jesurjtant taj Cndnrlinbs nrjnccrjssjc `e`ts ent`ienbjcuhnt`ie pbne

fir 7==>‘7=>=.

8. @efirknt`ie wns nbsi kncjnvn`bngbj ti taj Lbignb Wjpirtie Juripj (sjj Hanptjr :) nectaj hiuetr`js if taj ]nh`f`h.

3. @efirknt`ie priv`cjc gyZEJXHI Iff`hj `e Gneldidnec Wjl`ienb Gurjnu firJcuhnt`ie (San`bnec), 7==7.

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Gix 8.8. JFN `e Xr` Bnedn? n pirtfib`i if pbnes

]ib`hy cjvjbipkjet

Oikt`je nec Cndnr jkpans`zj taj `kpirtnehj if Ent`ienb JFN]bnes. Pjt gita frnkjwirds pny b`k`tjc nttjet`ie ti taj

cjvjbipkjet if ent`ienb pib`h`js nec ti taj shipj fir pib`h`js neclinbs tant c`ffjr frik JFN. @e Xr` Bnedn, JFN-rjbntjc linbs anvjuecjrp`eejc jcuhnt`ienb pib`h`js fir kney yjnrs nec taj prihjsstant uecjrp`es taj firkubnt`ie if pib`hy ans gjje v`tnb ti tajcjvjbipkjet nec `kpbjkjetnt`ie if pbnes.

@e taj >00=s, taj kn`e rjspies`g`b`ty fir firkubnt`el jcuhnt`iepib`hy rjstjc w`ta taj Ent`ienb Jcuhnt`ie Hikk`ss`ie (EJH) wa`hawns jstngb`sajc ti ncv`sj taj ]rjs`cjet ie hiet`eu`ty `e jcuhnt`ienbpib`hy nec ti jesurj rjspies`vjejss ti hanel`el ejjcs.

@e >00:, taj ]rjs`cjet strjssjc taj `kpirtnehj if `kprivjkjets `ejcuhnt`ie w`ta`e taj ivjrnbb cjvjbipkjet pib`hy. Wjsiurhjs firjcuhnt`ie anc cjhb`ejc (frik nriuec 3% if LC] ir >:% iflivjrekjet jxpjec`turj `e taj >06=s, ti 8% if LC] ir >=% iflivjrekjet jxpjec`turj `e taj >00=s). Sa`s nhhjetuntjc `ejqu`t`js

nec taj qunb`ty if jcuhnt`ie cjhb`ejc. Saj livjrekjet's kjc`uk-tjrk `evjstkjet strntjly jev`snljc ne `ehrjnsj `e pugb`h rjsiurhjsti jcuhnt`ie, nec `e`t`nt`vjs ti rjcuhj ir rjkivj `ejqu`t`js, uplrncjtaj qunb`ty if jcuhnt`ie, jxpnec ippirtue`t`js fir vihnt`ienb trn`e`elnec rjstruhturj taj tjrt`nry systjk.

Bntjr tant yjnr, taj Ent`ienb Jcuhnt`ie ]ib`hy nppjnrjc `e twipnrts? ‑Siwnrcs n Ent`ienb Jcuhnt`ie ]ib`hy‐, nec ‑Ne Nht`ie-Ir`jetjc Xtrntjly‐.

Ie pr`knry jcuhnt`ie, EJH jkpans`zjc `evjstkjet `e qunb`tynhriss taj systjk, taj ejjc ti cjkihrnt`zj nhhjss fir taj :‘>3 nljlriup, nec fir rjlubnt`ies ie hikpubsiry jcuhnt`ie fir tant nljlriup. Sajsj c`rjht`vjs gjhnkj taj djy rjfjrjehj pi`et fir taj]rjs`cjet`nb Snsd Firhj ie Jcuhnt`ie, taj Jcuhnt`ie Wjfirks@kpbjkjetnt`ie Ze`t `e taj K`e`stry if Jcuhnt`ie, nec fir spjh`nb`st

pbnee`el lriups suha ns taj lriup tant cjvjbipjc taj F`vj-yjnr]bne fir ]r`knry Jcuhnt`ie (FP]J).

Xr` Bnedn‐s npprinha ti pbnee`el

]bnee`el rjspiecs ti tajsj jvibv`el pib`hy frnkjwirds. \`tarjspjht ti taj s`x JFN Linbs, taj fibbiw`el npprinhajs nppjnr tianvj gjje nciptjc.

Jnrby Ha`bcaiic Hnrj nec Cjvjbipkjet (JHHC) `s taj rjspies`g`b`tyif taj Ha`bcrje‐s Xjhrjtnr`nt `e taj K`e`stry if Xih`nb \jbfnrj. @e7==7, nftjr n hanelj if livjrekjet, ne @etjr-K`e`stjr`nb Ncv`siryHikk`ttjj ie JHHC wns jstngb`sajc. \ird ie bjl`sbnt`vj priv`s`ie`s ieli`el.

B`fj sd`bbs nec bjnre`el ippirtue`t`js fir yiuta nec ncubts nrjnccrjssjc tariula sjhiecnry jcuhnt`ie prilrnkkjs, uecjr taj

Ent`ienb Hikk`ss`ie ie Vihnt`ienb nec Sjhae`hnb Srn`e`el, nectariula taj wird if ELIs nec taj Piuta Xjrv`hjs Hiueh`b. Sajrj`s ei hi-irc`entjc pbne if nht`ie.

Saj jb`k`ent`ie if ljecjr c`spnr`t`js `s eit jbjvntjc ti taj bjvjb ifent`ienb jcuhnt`ienb pib`hy `e Xr` Bnedn. Nhhjss ti, nec taj qunb`tyif, gns`h jcuhnt`ie `s rjknrdngby jvje fir knbjs nec fjknbjs, necans gjje fir kuha if taj >00=s. \ajrj spjh`f`h c`spnr`t`js anvjgjje kne`fjst, fir jxnkpbj nkiel l`rbs `e taj pbnetnt`ies, tajsjanvj gjje nccrjssjc w`ta`e prilrnkkjs tnrljtjc ie taj pbnetnt`ieshaiibs.

Z]J nec taj qunb`ty if jcuhnt`ie nrj rjfbjhtjc `e taj wird ifeukjrius pib`hy nec pbnee`el lriups. Kist rjhjetby, taj ]r`knry

Jcuhnt`ie ]bnee`el ]riojht (]J]]) `e taj K`e`stry if Jcuhnt`iepugb`sajc j`lat ]riv`eh`nb ]bnes fir ]r`knry Jcuhnt`ie (>000‘7==3)nec taj F`vj-yjnr ]bne fir ]r`knry Jcuhnt`ie (FP]]J 7===‘7==3).

Saj Ent`ienb ]bne if Nht`ie ‘ pist-CndnrSaj Ent`ienb ]bne if Nht`ie (7==7‘7==3) crnws ie ne nrrny if pbnesnec `e`t`nt`vjs, kney if wa`ha prjcntj Cndnr. Sa`s `s n pirtfib`ipbne, cjvjbipjc gy lriups hikpr`s`el sje`ir stnff frik nljeh`js,`ehbuc`el taj K`e`stry if Jcuhnt`ie, taj Ent`ienb @est`tutj ifJcuhnt`ie, taj ]rjs`cjet`nb Xjhrjtnr`nt, taj Ipje Ze`vjrs`ty, tajHa`bc ]ritjht`ie Nutair`ty, ZE@HJF, nec rjprjsjetnt`vjs if ELIs.Kuha if taj tjhae`hnb wird wns hietr`gutjc gy Sjhae`hnb XuppirtLriups frik taj K`e`stry, taj Ent`ienb @est`tutj if Jcuhnt`ie, tajHa`bcrje‐s Xjhrjtnr`nt nec Xr` Bnedne hiesubtnets. N ent`ienb JFNhiirc`entir, suppirtjc gy j`lat priv`eh`nb hiirc`entirs, crjw tajpbne tiljtajr.

Saj Xr` Bnedne Ent`ienb Nht`ie ]bne `s cjr`vjc frik pbnescjvjbipjc fir jnha if taj JFN Linbs nec frik n k`x if pbnee`el

struhturjs nec pib`h`js. Saj pbnes fir pr`knry jcuhnt`ie anvj eitgjje hrjntjc ir rj-hrjntjc ti rjspiec ti Cndnr. Sajy wjrjcjvjbipjc pr`ir ti Cndnr nec anvj gjje jc`tjc nec rj-prjsjetjcnbiels`cj pbnes tant kjjt taj itajr Cndnr Linbs. \a`bj sikjhiuetr`js kny ejjc ti hrjntj pbnes cj eivi itajrs kny s`kpbyrjqu`rj n trnesbnt`ie if jx`st`el kntjr`nb `eti n sb`latby c`ffjrjetfirknt, a`lab`lat`el taisj nspjhts tant rjfbjht taj Cndnr hr`tjr`n.Nec s`ehj `t `s ueb`djby tant n s`elbj K`e`stry hne cjvjbip nbb pbnesti kjjt nbb taj JFN Linbs, taj Ent`ienb Nht`ie ]bne `s gjttjrtaiulat if ns n pirtfib`i if hikpbjkjetnry pbnes.

Saj ]bne fir pr`knry jcuhnt`ie nec Cndnr hr`tjr`n fir JFN pbnes

FP]]J 7===‘7==3 rjsientjs w`ta sjvjrnb if taj hr`tjr`n fir Ent`ienbJFN pbnes sulljstjc nt Cndnr?

]bnes saiubc gj cjvjbipjc w`ta livjrekjet bjncjrsa`p

`e c`rjht nec systjknt`h hiesubtnt`ie w`ta h`v`b sih`jty. FP]]Jwns cjr`vjc frik taj Ent`ienb ]ib`hy ie Jcuhnt`ie cjvjbipjc`e hiesubtnt`ie w`ta kjkgjrs if ent`ienb h`v`b sih`jty.

]bnes saiubc nttrnht hiirc`entjc suppirt if nbb cjvjbipkjetpnrtejrs. Saj pbnes if nbb hurrjet cjvjbipkjet pnrtejrs (K`e`stryif Jcuhnt`ie, ]riv`ehjs, E@J, firj`le-fuecjc priojhts, jth.) anvjgjje `ehirpirntjc w`ta`e taj struhturj if FP]]J.

]bnes saiubc spjh`fy rjfirks nccrjss`el nbb JFN linbs. FP]]Jnccrjssjs twi if taj linbs.

]bnes saiubc sjt `e pbnhj n sustn`engbj f`eneh`nb frnkjwird.FP]]J prjsjets n histjc pbne ivjr f`vj yjnrs, `cjet`f`js rjsiurhjlnps nec wnys if kjjt`el taisj lnpsfrik gita cikjst`h nec firj`le siurhjs.

]bnes saiubc gj t`kj-giuec nec nht`ie-ir`jetjc.

FP]]J prjsjets ne `kpbjkjetnt`ie shajcubj ivjr f`vj yjnrs,nec `s nht`v`ty-gnsjc. Neeunb `kpbjkjetnt`ie pbnes nrj jxpjhtjcnt taj shaiib, ziej, priv`ehj nec ent`ienb bjvjbs.

]bnes saiubc `ehbucj k`c-tjrk pjrfirknehj `ec`hntirs. FP]]Jprjsjets n cjtn`bjc frnkjwird fir taj kie`tir`el if linbs frikshaiib ti ent`ienb bjvjb.

]bnes saiubc nha`jvj n syejrly if nbb aukne cjvjbipkjetjffirts, tariula `ts `ehbus`ie `e taj ent`ienb cjvjbipkjetpbnee`el frnkjwird nec prihjss. FP]]J `s hies`stjet w`tataj Ent`ienb s`x-yjnr kubt`-sjhtir cjvjbipkjet pbne.

Xiurhj? Xjj B`ttbj (firtahik`el).

=3

Hanptjr 8

] bnee `el fir jcuhnt `ie fir n b b

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@e Oneunry 7==>, taj ]rjs`cjet if taj Wjpugb`h, Fjreneci Ajer`quj Hnrcisi,npprivjc taj ejw ent`ienb jcuhnt`ie pbne. Firkubntjc tariula n pnrt`h`pntiryprihjss `evibv`el h`v`b sih`jty, livjrekjet nec taj bjl`sbnturj, taj ]bne sjtslu`cjb`ejs, linbs nec pr`ir`t`js ti gj `kpbjkjetjc gy taj jec if ta`s cjhncj.@ts prjk`sjs nec pripisnbs nrj `e tuej w`ta taj JFN Linbs if taj \irbcJcuhnt`ie Firuk.

Nhhirc`el ti taj pbne, taj tarjj bjvjbs if livjrekjet ‘ fjcjrnb, stntj neckue`h`pnb ‘ nrj hikk`ttjc ti ncipt`el kjnsurjs ti rn`sj taj pipubnt`ie‐s bjvjbif shaiib`el, `kprivj taj qunb`ty if `estruht`ie, rjcuhj sih`nb nec rjl`ienb`ejqunb`t`js nec cjkihrnt`zj taj knenljkjet if pugb`h jcuhnt`ie gy taj jecif taj cjhncj. ]bnes nrj gj`el cjvjbipjc nt kue`h`pnb nec stntj bjvjbs tilunrnetjj tant taj hikk`tkjets nec taj linbs if taj ent`ienb jcuhnt`ie pbnehne gj nha`jvjc.

@e n hiuetry taj s`zj if n hiet`ejet, w`ta 7< Xtntjs nec :,:6> kue`h`pnb`t`js,

><= k`bb`ie `eang`tnets nec ivjr :: k`bb`ie stucjets, `ehbuc`el 86 k`bb`ie `egns`h jcuhnt`ie ‘ ta`s hikk`tkjet `s n knoir hanbbjelj.

Xiurhjs? Sndje frik Lu`knrnjs cj Hnstri (7==7).

Gix 8.3. Grnz`b‐s Ent`ienb Jcuhnt`ie Nht`ie ]bne, 7==>‘7=>=

7==>‘7=>: `ec`hntjs tant nbb taj linbs necstrntjl`js if taj Frnkjwird fir Nht`ie nrj`ehbucjc w`ta`e ts struhturj, ne ipjrnt`ienbfrnkjwird fir 7==7‘7==1 nbrjncy anv`el gjjef`enb`zjc.

@e Hugn, `t `s jxpjhtjc tant ne JFN ]bne w`bb gjhikpbjtjc `e 7==7 ti hikpbjkjet taj jx`st`el>:-yjnr ent`ienb pbne if nht`ie. Saj Cik`e`hneWjpugb`h nec Jhuncir gita `ec`hntj tant ejw JFNpbnes saiubc gj rjncy gy taj jec if 7==7. @e tajHnr`ggjne, nbb hiuetr`js rjpirt jx`st`el pib`h`jsnec pbnes tant nccrjss JFN linbs. Cik`e`hnrjpirts tant ts >000 Jcuhnt`ie Cjvjbipkjet

]bne, rjv`sjc e 7==7, nccrjssjs JFN igojht`vjs.Ieby Sr`e`cnc nec Signli `s rjpirtjc nsprjpnr`el n sjpnrntj JFN ]bne.

Fir taj firty-s`x hiuetr`js tant hikpr`sj tajsug-Xnanrne Nfr`hn rjl`ie, cjtn`bjc nenbys`s sb`k`tjc (ZEJXHI-GWJCN, 7==7). Ns hne gj sjje`e Sngbj 8.>, jbjvje hiuetr`js nrj rjhircjc nsanv`el JFN pbnes cuj fir hikpbjt`ie gy taj jecif 7==7. Itajr hiuetr`js nrj cjvjbip`el taj`rjx`st`el sjhtir pbnes. Fir jxnkpbj, Saj Lnkg`n`s cjvjbip`el ne Nht`ie ]bne tant gu`bcs ie `tshurrjet Jcuhnt`ie Knstjr ]bne, >001‘7==6 nec

`ts upcntjc ]ugb`h Jxpjec`turj Wjv`jw (7==>).Sa`rtjje hiuetr`js nrj ehbucjc e taj f`rsttrnehaj if ent`ies cjet`f`jc uecjr taj \irbcGned‐s Fnst-Srnhd @e`t`nt`vj fir Z]J, wa`ha`ehbucjs n rjqu`rjkjet tant n hiuetry anvj gitan ]WX] nec ne jcuhnt`ie sjhtir pbne. Sajsjhiuetr`js nrj Gurd`en Fnsi, Cjkihrnt`h Wjpugb`hif taj Hieli, Jta`ip`n, Saj Lnkg`n, Lanen,Lu`ejn, Knur`tne`n, Kiznkg`quj, E`ljr, E`ljr`n,Zlnecn, taj Ze`tjc Wjpugb`h if Snezne`n nec_nkg`n.

Sajsj sukknry rjl`ienb rjpirts sulljst tant

tajrj nrj kney kirj tane taj twjety-twihiuetr`js b`stjc `e Sngbj 8.> wird`el ie jx`st`elpib`h`js nec pbnes ti jkgrnhj sikj ir nbb if tajJFN linbs nlrjjc `e Oikt`je nec uecjr SajCndnr Frnkjwird fir Nht`ie. Saj @etjrent`ienb 

Xtrntjly ti ]ut taj Cndnr Frnkjwird fir Nht`ie ie

Jcuhnt`ie fir Nbb `eti Ipjrnt`ie (ZEJXHI, 7==7a)stntjs tant gy Knrha 7==7, nriuec sjvjetyhiuetr`js anc cjvjbipjc pbnes fir Jcuhnt`ie firNbb, nbtaiula taj jv`cjehj gnsj fir ta`s nssjrt`ie`s eit priv`cjc. Hbjnrby tajrj `s hurrjetby sikjrjta`ed`el nec kic`f`hnt`ie tnd`el pbnhj

rjlnrc`el jcuhnt`ie pbnes nec strntjl`js tn`birjcti rjfbjht taj strjeltas if jx`st`el pib`h`js necpbnes ns wjbb ns taj rjbjvnehj if taj JFN linbsti ent`ienb h`rhukstnehj. Fir jxnkpbj, tajlivjrekjet if Cjkihrnt`h ]jipbj‐s Wjpugb`h ifDirjn `s fihus`el ie b`fj sd`bbs nec taj qunb`ty ifjcuhnt`ie `e taj gjb`jf tant `t ans kjt taj itajr

linbs. Sajrj `s jv`cjehj tii if taj jstngb`sakjetif JFN Firuks nec hikk`ttjjs jvje `f n ejwnec/ir firknb JFN pbne s eit gj`el hiestruhtjc,nbtaiula cntn ie taj ribjs, hikpis`t`ie necwird if tajsj firuks nrj eit rjnc`by nvn`bngbj.

Fir taj futurj, `f tajrj `s ti gj ne jffjht`vjkie`tir`el prihjss nt taj rjl`ienb nec`etjrent`ienb bjvjb, tajrj `s n hbjnr ejjc fir nhikprjajes`vj cntngnsj ie hiuetry-bjvjbbjl`sbnt`ie, pib`h`js nec pbnes. Sa`s `s n knttjrtant ZEJXHI, `ts spjh`nb`zjc `est`tutjs, necitajr etjrent`ienb irlne`znt`ies saiubc nccrjss.

@t `s n cjvjbipkjet w`ta wa`ha taj Lbignb Wjpirt`s wjbb pbnhjc ti nss`st.

@e ncvnehj if taj nvn`bng`b`ty if suha n rjsiurhj,taj JFN Lbignb Kie`tir`el Wjpirt uecjrtiid twijxjrh`sjs. N rnp`c survjy if rjnc`by nhhjss`gbjent`ienb pib`hy nec pbnee`el cihukjetscjvjbipjc ivjr taj bnst f`vj yjnrs wnsuecjrtndje fir firty hiuetr`js. Saj rjsubts nrj`ec`hnt`vj, eit hikprjajes`vj. Sajrj wjrj f`vjgrinc igojht`vjs?

7 = =JFN Lbignb

Kie`tir`el Wjpirt

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>. jstngb`sa wajtajr tajrj ans gjje rjhjetbjl`sbnt`vj hanelj ti strjeltaje taj r`lat tijcuhnt`ie nec priv`cj n striel gns`s fir JFNpbnee`el nec prilrnkkj cjvjbipkjet4

7. `cjet`fy taj pr`knry pib`hy nec pbnee`el`estrukjets nec frnkjwirds fir JFN4

8. sjj wajtajr hbjnr t`kjb`ejs fir tajnha`jvjkjet if JFN linbs nec tnrljts nrj`e pbnhj4

3. sjj wajtajr tajrj nrj hikk`tkjets ti`ehrjnsj ir rjnbbihntj gucljts fir JFN4 nec

:. nssjss wajtajr taj jelnljkjet if h`v`b

sih`jty `e pbnee`el fir JFN `s n rjnb`ty.Saj firty hiuetr`js/tjrr`tir`js nrj b`stjc eSngbj 8.7. Sajy wjrj sjbjhtjc `e ircjr ti `ehbucjn rjbnt`vjby bnrlj snkpbj if hiuetr`js jnha ifwa`ha pissjssjs iej ir kirj if taj fibbiw`elhanrnhtjr`st`hs? biw bjvjbs if pr`knry shaiib ejtjeribkjet, sugstnet`nb eukgjrs if shaiib nljha`bcrje iut if shaiib, biw bjvjbs if ncubt b`tjrnhy,a`la rjhjet ir hurrjet prjvnbjehj rntjs ifA@V/N@CX nkiel ncubts, nec taj `eh`cjehj ifhiefb`ht. Hiuetr`js w`ta bnrlj nec sknbb titnbpipubnt`ies wjrj ehbucjc.

Siljtajr, tajsj hiuetr`js hikpr`sj 3=% if tajlbignb shaiib-nlj pipubnt`ie `e >000/7===. Sajtwjety-tarjj hiuetr`js frik sug-Xnanrne Nfr`hnnhhiuet fir <8% if taj sug-hiet`ejet‐s shaiib-nlj pipubnt`ie wa`bj taj s`x hiuetr`js frikXiuta nec \jst Ns`n nhhiuet fir 03%. Ieby fiurhiuetr`js `e taj snkpbj anvj ncubt b`tjrnhy bjvjbsif ivjr 1=%. Fiurtjje hiuetr`js anvj A@Vprjvnbjehj rntjs if ivjr :%. Nt bjnst twjbvj iftaj snkpbj hiuetr`js nrj b`v`el w`ta hiefb`ht irjkjrljehy.

@e ncc`t`ie ti ta`s survjy, wird wns

hikk`ss`iejc ie taj jxtjet ti wa`ha JFN necKCL linbs nrj rjfbjhtjc e ]ivjrty Wjcuht`ieXtrntjly ]npjrs (]WX]s), `e gita taj prihjss iftaj`r cjvjbipkjet nec taj`r pricuht (Gnln`,7==7). \ird gy Nht`ieN`c `s nbsi `estruht`vj `eta`s rjlnrc (Nht`ieN`c, 7==7).

Bjl`sbnt`vj hanelj

@e taj >00=s ejnrby ::% if taj hiuetr`js b`stjc`e Sngbj 8.7, jenhtjc bjl`sbnt`ie fir jcuhnt`ie.Kist s`le`f`hnet s bjl`sbnt`ie fir `etricuh`el ir

strjeltaje`el taj priv`s`ie if frjj nechikpubsiry pr`knry jcuhnt`ie. Sa`s `s truj ifHnkgic`n, Bni ]jipbj‐s Cjkihrnt`h Wjpugb`h,San`bnec, Nrljet`en, Lu`ejn, Kncnlnshnr, E`ljr,E`ljr`n nec Zlnecn. X`ehj Cndnr, @ec`n anspnssjc ts 08rc Hiest`tut`ienb Nkjeckjet G`bb(Eivjkgjr 7==>), wa`ha stntjs tant jcuhnt`iefir ha`bcrje `e taj nlj lriup 6‘>3 yjnrs `s nfuecnkjetnb r`lat. Bjl`sbnt`ie s hurrjetby gj`elprjpnrjc ti cjb`ejntj rjspies`g`b`t`js gjtwjjetaj hjetrnb livjrekjet, stntj livjrekjets necbihnb gic`js, cjf`ej taj pnrnkjtjrs if nenhhjptngbj qunb`ty if jcuhnt`ie nec est`tutj

kjhane`sks fir rjcrjss waje taj r`lat `sv`ibntjc. @e E`ljr`n, n g`bb ti ]riv`cj Hikpubsiry,Frjj Ze`vjrsnb Gns`h Jcuhnt`ie s cjs`lejc tiuecjrp`e nec strjeltaje E`ljr`n‐s Ze`vjrsnbGns`h Jcuhnt`ie ]rilrnkkj. Nkjeckjets tiEjpnb‐s Jcuhnt`ie Nht (7==7) anvj hbnr`f`jc tajhiehjpt if frjj pr`knry jcuhnt`ie nec taj ribjif hikkue`t`js e jcuhnt`ie.

Sajsj jenhtkjets sjt ne jssjet`nb gns`s firstrjeltaje`el taj r`lat ti jcuhnt`ie nec hrjnt`eln pbntfirk ie wa`ha JFN pbnee`el hne gu`bc,pbnh`el siuec pib`h`js `e n bjlnb frnkjwird.

Xiuta Nfr`hn priv`cjs n striel jxnkpbj `e ta`srjlnrc (Gix 8.:). Kie`tir`el taj bjl`sbnt`vj gns`sfir taj r`lat ti jcuhnt`ie cjsjrvjs kirj cjtn`bjcnttjet`ie etjrent`ienbby, ehbuc`el suppirt firtaj wird if taj Ze`tjc Ent`ies Xpjh`nbWnppirtjur ie taj W`lat ti Jcuhnt`ie.

]bnee`el frnkjwirds

Jcuhnt`ie fir Nbb linbs nec igojht`vjs nppjnrnhriss n rnelj if ent`ienb-, stntj- nec priv`ehj-bjvjb pib`h`js nec pbnes. Sajy nppjnr `e ivjrnbbcjvjbipkjet frnkjwirds ehbuc`el ]ivjrtyWjcuht`ie Xtrntjly ]npjrs (]WX]s), w`ta`e

jcuhnt`ie sjhtir, sugsjhtir nec JFN pbnes,nhriss taj strntjl`js if c`ffjrjet k`e`str`js, nec`e sjpnrntj pbnes nec prilrnkkjs ti kjjt tajejjcs if pnrt`hubnr lriups if pjipbj. Sajjxpjr`jehj if @ec`n cjkiestrntjs sikj if tajsjhikpbjx t`js nec rjbnt`iesa ps (Gix 8.6).

Gnsjc ie pib`hy pnpjrs nec jcuhnt`ie pbnesfrik ta`rty-s`x if taj firty hiuetr`js b`stjc `eSngbj 8.7, j`latjje ir :=% anvj jcuhnt`ie sjhtirpbnes tant priv`cj taj gns`s fir `kpbjkjet`elstrntjl`js ti nha`jvj JFN linbs. Nbb gut fiur if

Hanptjr 8

] bnee `el fir jcuhnt `ie fir n b b

Bjl`sbnt`ietant `etricuhjsir strjeltajes

taj priv`s`ieif frjj nec

hikpubsirypr`knry

jcuhnt`ie `skist s`le`f`hnet .

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@e >003 Ejbsie Knecjbn tiid iff`hj ns taj f`rst prjs`cjet if n ejw cjkihrnt`hXiuta Nfr`hn, nec sairtby nftjrwnrcs Xiuta Nfr`hn wns `ev`tjc ti pnrt`h`pntj `e tajJFN prihjss. Saj tnsd fnh`el taj ‑livjrekjet if ent`ienb ue`ty‐ tant Knecjbn bjcwns eit taj typ`hnb hanbbjelj fir cjvjbip`el hiuetr`js if jeaneh`el nhhjss necqunb`ty `e ne jx`st`el stntj jcuhnt`ie systjk. Wntajr taj ejjc wns ti c`sknetbjne jx`st`el systjk nec rjpbnhj `t w`ta ejw struhturjs ir`jetjc nriuec rnc`hnbbyc`ffjrjet vnbujs.

Hies`stjet w`ta taj pr`eh`pbjs if JFN, taj hiuetry‐s ejw hiest`tut`ie, nciptjc `ef`enb firk `e >006, rjfjrs ti e`ej yjnrs if hikpubsiry shaiib`el, tajrjgy knd`eljcuhnt`ie fir gbnhd Nfr`hnes hikpubsiry fir taj f`rst t`kj. X`le`f`hnetby, uecjrtaj Hiest`tut`ie n pjrsie‐s r`lat ti n gns`h jcuhnt`ie `s uequnb`f`jc nec, `ehietrnst ti tant if itajr pugb`h sjrv`hjs suha ns ajnbta hnrj nec sih`nb sjhur`ty,`s eit b`k`tjc gy parnsjs rjfjrr`el ti taj nvn`bng`b`ty if fuecs.

Hies`stjet w`ta taj hiuetry‐s ejw cjkihrnt`h vnbujs, ne `kpirtnet igojht`vj iftaj ejw livjrekjet wns ti jqunb`zj taj c`str`gut`ie if stntj fuecs nkiel taje`ej ejw priv`ehjs, waisj nssjts vnry w`cjby. ]riv`ehjs suha ns Lnutjel nec\jstjre Hnpj, aikj ti taj knoir h`t`js if Oianeejsgurl nec Hnpj Siwerjspjht`vjby, anvj sugstnet`nb jhieik`h nec itajr rjsiurhjs nt taj`r c`spisnb,wa`bj itajrs, suha ns Jnstjre Hnpj, hrnftjc bnrljby iut if twi firkjr Nfr`hnegbnhd ‑aikjbnecs‐, gjl`e w`ta fjw jhieik`h rjsiurhjs nec b`ttbj fueht`ie`el`efrnstruhturj.

Cjsp`tj taj hiestrn`et if ei ncc`t`ienb fuec`el rjsiurhjs, hies`stjet w`ta nhiesjrvnt`vj knhri-jhieik`h pib`hy, Xiuta Nfr`hne pib`hy-kndjrs wjrj bnrljbysuhhjssfub `e jqunb`z`el taj c`str`gut`ie if stntj fuecs nkiel taj e`ejpriv`ehjs. ]up`b spjec`el `e taj Jnstjre Hnpj risj frik <1% ti 1<% if tajivjrnbb nvjrnlj gjtwjje >00> nec 7==>, wa`bj spjec`el `e taj \jstjre Hnpjcjhrjnsjc frik >1=% ti >>0% if taj nvjrnlj.

Xiurhjs? Crnwe frik F`sdj nec Bncc (7==7).

Gix 8.:. Saj r`lat ti jcuhnt`ie `e Xiuta Nfr`hntaj j`latjje anc sjhtir pbnes `e pbnhj pr`irti Cndnr. N furtajr twjbvj hiuetr`js anvjjbngirntjc cjtn`bjc sugsjhtir pbnes necprilrnkkjs j`tajr w`ta`e ir iuts`cj if n w`cjrsjhtir frnkjwird. Sajsj kny rjfbjht pnrt`hubnrbjvjbs if jcuhnt`ie suha ns jnrby ha`bcaiic hnrjnec cjvjbipkjet ir pr`knry jcuhnt`ie, spjh`f`hlinbs ir tajkjs suha ns b`tjrnhy, ir pnrt`hubnrlriups suha ns l`rbs, A@V/N@CX irpanes ireikncs. Fir jxnkpbj, `e Pjkje tajrj `s nent`ienb strntjly fir b`tjrnhy, n strntjly fir l`rbs‐jcuhnt`ie nec n pipubnt`ie pbne if nht`ie tant`ehbucjs jcuhnt`ie.

Xikj hiuetr`js nrj `e taj prihjss if cjvjbip`elne ivjrnrha`el pivjrty strntjly, n biel-tjrkjcuhnt`ie sjhtir evjstkjet frnkjwird nec neJFN pbne, nbb nt taj snkj t`kj. Knbnw` `s n hnsj`e pi`et. Saj prjssurjs ti cjvjbip tajsj tarjjc`ffjrjet bjvjbs if pib`hy nenbys`s nec pbnee`elnrj iftje jxtjrenb. Sajy fbiw c`rjhtby frikrjqu`rjkjets jstngb`sajc gy Saj \irbc Gned,g`bntjrnb nljeh`js wird`el ie sjhtirprilrnkkjs, nec `ec`rjhtby frik taj w`sa tirjspiec ti, nec rjpirt ie, taj `etjrent`ienbhikk`tkjets kncj e Cndnr nec jbsjwajrj.

Nrt`hubnt`el n pricuht`vj rjbnt`iesa`p gjtwjjetaj tarjj s hanbbjel`el, pnrt`hubnrby e systjksw`ta b`k`tjc pbnee`el hnpnh`ty. Saj c`ffjrjetcjknecs if nljeh`js hne rjsubt `e pbnee`eljxanust`ie. Sa`s hikjs nt n t`kj `e Knbnw` wajetajrj `s ne urljet ejjc ti `kprivj taj qunb`ty ifjcuhnt`ie fibbiw`el sugstnet`nb jeribkjet ln`esw`ta taj `etricuht`ie if Frjj ]r`knry Jcuhnt`ie`e >003 (Dncznk`rn, 7==7).

\ajrj hiuetr`js nrj cjvjbip`el sjpnrntj JFNpbnes, `t `s hbjnrby `kpirtnet tant tajy nrj ci`elsi eit oust ti kjjt ne `etjrent`ienb hikk`tkjetgut `e ircjr ti rjspiec ti ent`ienb JFNhanbbjeljs `e n kneejr wa`ha strjeltajesjx`st`el pbnee`el prihjssjs. Siwnrcs tajjec if 7==7, `t `s jxtrjkjby c`ff`hubt ti ouclj tajjxtjet ti wa`ha ejw nec sjpnrntj JFN pbnes w`bbanvj n wjbb-cjf`ejc pbnhj `e taj pnetajie ifent`ienb pbnee`el estrukjets. Sa`s oucljkjetkny gj furtajr hikpb`hntjc gy taj ejwpripisnbs nec pbnee`el sugk`ss`ies fir taj\irbc Gned Fnst-Srnhd @e`t`nt`vj wa`ha kny firkneitajr `estrukjet `e taj bjcljr if pbnee`elrjqu`rjkjets (sjj Hanptjr :).

]WX]s nrj tnd`el ie `ehrjns`el `kpirtnehj firivjrnbb ent`ienb cjvjbipkjet pib`hy nec pbnee`el`e taj wirbc‐s piirjst hiuetr`js. Lbignbby, firty-j`lat hiuetr`js nrj `e taj prihjss if cjvjbip`el`etjr`k ir fubb ]WX]s. Sajsj nrj cjs`lejc ticjshr`gj n hiuetry‐s jhieik`h nec sih`nb pib`h`jsivjr n 8-yjnr ir bieljr t`kj air`zie nec ti gjtaj ipjrnt`ienb vja`hbj fir trnesbnt`el n pivjrty

rjcuht`ie strntjly `eti ne nht`ie pbne ‘ nenht`ie pbne uecjrp`eejc gy sjhtir strntjl`js.L`vje taj lriw`el cik`enehj if ]WX]s, nec iftaj`r igojht`vj if nha`jv`el taj KCLs, `t fibbiwstant jcuhnt`ie nec taj nttn`ekjet if taj JFNlinbs saiubc aibc n prik`ejet pbnhj `e taj`rcjvjbipkjet nec `kpbjkjetnt`ie.

Fir etjr`k nec fubb ]WX]s e twjety-f`vjhiuetr`js, Nht`ieN`c eitjs tant kist strntjl`js`cjet`fy ue`vjrsnb pr`knry jcuhnt`ie (Z]J) ns ndjy linb nec cjf`ej `t `evnr`ngby `e tjrks if lriss

7 = =JFN Lbignb

Kie`tir`el Wjpirt

Xikj hiuetr`jsnrj `e taj prihjssif cjvjbip`el neivjrnrha`elpivjrty strntjly,n biel-tjrkjcuhnt`ie sjhtir

`evjstkjetfrnkjwird necne JFN pbne, nbbnt taj snkj t`kj.

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Hanptjr 8

] bnee `el fir jcuhnt `ie fir n b b

68.= =.0: 13.8 =.03 … …

00.> >.== >=1.6 >.=> … …

… … … … … …

… … … … … …

1>.3 >.=3 … … … …

:7.0 =.1> … … … …

11.6 =.11 >=7.3 =.1< …… … >==.0 =.1: :0.< =.0>

1>.1 =.07 >>:.8 =.1: :3.7 =.01

… … >76.3 =.1= … …

… … 06.= =.68 … …

1>.3 =.06 08.: =.0: 0<.> >.=8

06.> =.07 >><.> >.=1 … …

>=6.3 >.== >>1.0 >.== 03.< >.=8

66.8 >.== >76.= =.06 3=.1 >.=<

<=.8 =.60 1:.0 =.6< …

18.6 … >=1.3 1<.6 >.=1

83.6 =.60 37.0 =.<= 61.8 >.=:

… … … … … …<0.= =.1 >73.1 =.17 >6.8 >.8

3=.8 =.16 6>.7 =.17 0:.8 =.0:

… … <=.1 =.6< … …

60.1 =.1< <:.> =.0= … …

30.= =.<8 67.1 =.61 16.0 =.16

:8.: =.<> 17.< =.6< … …

… … … … … …

:1.: >.>3 >=8.: >.=0 61.3 >.7:

66.3 >.=> >=>.1 =.06 :>.> >.=7

… … >:1.> >.== … …

80.0 =.60 :=.= =.6< <1.> …

:=.> =.18 1:.3 =.<: 36.7 =.1:

7>.7 >.=6 87.3 =.6< 6>.8 =.0<

… … … … … …

0<.8 >.== >77.3 =.01 3:.3 =.106:.7 =.08 6:.7 =.07 … …

33.< =.13 ::.= =.1: 16.1 >.=8

36.< >.=3 68.= >.== 1=.0 >.=6

0>.3 =.1> >78.1 =.<1 :>.6 =.10

… … >3=.0 =.08 33.< >.=3

66.3 =.01 <1.< =.03 <1.7 =.1<

Ejt jeribkjet rnt`is Lriss jeribkjet rnt`is(EJW) (LJW)

Gita Ljecjr pnr`ty Gita Ljecjr pnr`tysjxjs `ecjx (F/K) sjxjs `ecjx (F/K)

Xurv`vnb tiLrncj :

Gita Ljecjr pnr`tysjxjs `ecjx (F/K)

]W@KNWP JCZHNS@IE

Sngbj 8.7. Xjbjhtjc gnhdlriuec `ec`hntirs fir 3= hiuetr`js/tjrr`tir`js*

>. \irbc Gned cntn (7==7n). Sajsj cntn nrj eit n sugst`tutj fir taj sustn`ejc hibbjht`ie if stnecnrc`zjc `etjrent`ienb jcuhnt`iestnt`st`hs tariula Z@X. Sajy wjrj pricuhjc ti ajbp upcntj taj lbignb p`hturj if prilrjss ti cntj.

7. Srjec rntj `s taj nvjrnlj neeunb pjrhjetnlj pi`et hanelj `e pr`knry hikpbjt`ie rntj frik >00= ti taj kist rjhjet yjnr.Cntn fir taj kist rjhjet yjnr nrj ljejrnbby fir >000.

8. Cntn ie jeribkjet nec surv`vnb rntjs nrj frik JFN 7=== hiuetry rjpirts.

Nrng Xtntjs

Knur`tne`n8

]nbjst`e`ne Nut. Sjrr.

Pjkje

Ns`n/]nh`f`h

Nflane`stne

Gnelbncjsa8

Gautne8

Hnkgic`n@ec`n

Bni ].C.W.

Ejpnb

]nd`stne

San`bnec

Vneuntu

Bnt`e Nkjr`hn/Hnr`ggjne

Nrljet`en

An`t`8

Xug-Xnanrne Nfr`hn

Gje`e

Gitswnen

Gurd`en Fnsi

Cjk. Wjp. if taj HieliJquntir`nb Lu`ejn

Jr`trjn

Jta`ip`n

Lnkg`n

Lu`ejn

Lu`ejn-G`ssnu

Djeyn

Bjsitai

Kncnlnshnr

Knbnw`

Knb`8

Kiznkg`quj

E`ljr

E`ljr`n

WwnecnX`jrrn Bjiej

Xucne

Z.W. Snezne`n

Sili

Zlnecn

_nkg`n

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7 = =JFN Lbignb

Kie`tir`el Wjpirt

83 36 >.3< … 3=.7 =.:0 >8.< 8.6 30.= >.1 …

… … … 8 … … … … … … …

e/n 3= e/n … 36.3 =.8< >8.= :.> :3.7 7.< =.>

77 1 ‘>.80 … … … … … … … …

<= … 3=.= =.6> 0.6 >.0 30.0 =.0   2=.>

< 78 7.60 … … … … … … …   2=.>

:7 6= =.6< 7:> 61.= =.<> >:.= >.< :>.= =.0 7.<66 6< =.7> … :<.7 =.66 ><.3 7.6 81.: >.= =.1

33 63 7.:8 >87 63.1 =.<= 8.> =.: :1.6 =.8   2=.>

30 :< =.17 … 3>.< =.3= >>.> >.0 68.1 >.7 =.:

e/n e/n e/n … 38.7 =.30 1.8 >.< 67.7 >.> =.>

08 13 ‘>.83 >7>3 0:.: =.0< … … … … >.1

0= 16 ‘>.7: … … … … … … … …

… 06.1 >.== =.<

71 <= :.71 … 30.1 =.07 ><.= >.0 81.< =.< 6.>

78 80 >.03 878 8<.3 =.3: >6.: 7.: 67.6 >.6 8.6

… … … 30 <<.7 >.=< … … … … 81.1

>0 7: =.<: >701 78.0 =.37 ><.> 7.: 63.= >.6 6.:

31 3= ‘=.17 … 6>.3 =.60 8.7 =.8 6:.> =.7 3.0… … … 36.6 18.7 =.1= … … … … 8.3

>0 8: 7.=: 711 ::.< =.66 1.= 7.1 :8.6 >.: 7.1

77 73 =.73 … 80.> =.66 >:.= 7.< 36.7 >.7 6.3

3= <= 8.88 :6 86.6 =.61 >6.6 8.> :>.< >.6 >.6

>6 8: >.0= 637 … … >1.> 7.= 8<.7 =.1 …

>6 8> >.73 13 81.3 =.38 0.1 >.0 8:.= =.< 7.1

68 :1 ‘>.== … 17.3 =.16 76.7 6.8 33.7 7.1 >:.=

63 60 =.18 >36 18.3 >.70 77.7 1.= 3=.7 8.7 8>.=

83 7< ‘=.08 <70 66.: =.1> >1.1 7.= :3.< >.> =.8

8= := 3.== … 6=.> =.67 >0.1 8.6 30.7 >.1 >:.=

>> 78 >.:6 … 7:.6 =.3: >8.< 7.8 37.> >.= >.<

8= 86 =.<6 >787 33.= =.31 >1.> 7.= 36.3 >.= >8.=

>1 7= =.70 >3=1 >6.= =.86 8>.: 7.0 67.= >.1 …

<7 6< ‘=.:8 … 63.= =.<1 0.0 3.6 3>.= >.0 :.1

e/n e/n e/n 87 66.1 =.17 87.6 8.7 33.< >.3 1.0e/n 8< e/n 786 … … 8=.3 8.: :>.8 >.1 <.=

8: e/n e/n 7:<6 :<.< =.6< >6.7 >.1 :=.: =.0 7.6

36 :0 >.68 8:38 <:.= =.<0 >6.3 >.1 68.= >.> <.1

3> 68 7.:= 63 :<.> =.:0 7:.6 8.1 31.8 >.1 6.=

80 6> 7.7> … 6<.= =.<8 8=.> 8.7 :8.7 >.< :.=

0< 1= ‘8.3 663 <1.7 =.13 >7.8 7.8 38.7 >.= 7>.:

Jst`kntjceukgjr if

iut-if-shaiib ha`bcrje (===)

JCZHNS@IE F@ENEHJ

Jcuhnt`ie spjec`el ]r`knry jcuhnt`iens %> spjec`el ns %>

Livt Jcuhnt`iespjec`el LC] spjec`el LC]

A@V/N@CX

@eh`cjehjif A@V/N@CX

nkiel>:-30 yjnr ib

]r`knry hikpbjt`ie rntj `e>

Kist rjhjet Srjec rntj>00= yjnr7 frik >00= ti

kist rjhjetyjnr7

B@SJWNHP

Ncubt b`tjrnhyrntj (>:+)

Gita Ljecjr pnr`tysjxjs `ecjx (F/K)

]W@KNWP JCZHNS@IE

* F`vj hr`tjr`n wjrj usjc `e sjbjht`el taj hiuetr`js? >. biw pr`knry jcuhnt`ie jeribkjet/hikpbjt`ie rntjs4 7. Bnrlj eukgjrs if iut-if-shaiib ha`bcrje (5> k`bb`ie)48. biw bjvjbs if ncubt b`tjrnhy4 3. a`la prjvnbjehj if A@V/N@CX (5 :%)4 nec :) hr`sjs/hiefb`hts (ir pist-hiefb`ht s`tunt`ies) nec jkjrljehy. Gjs`cjs tajsj hr`tjr`n, ne nttjkptwns kncj ti hivjr nbb taj cjvjbip`el rjl`ies nec ti `ehbucj sikj sknbb hiuetr`js.

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@ec`n gjlne `ts oiurejy tiwnrcs taj linb if hrjnt`eln systjk if knss jcuhnt`ie frjjby nhhjss`gbj ti nbbha`bcrje if taj hiuetry kirj tane f`fty yjnrs nli.Hies`cjrngbj prilrjss ans gjje kncj, gut taj linb ifue`vjrsnb jcuhnt`ie fir nbb ns jesar`ejc `e taj @ec`neHiest`tut`ie ans st`bb jbucjc taj hiuetry.

Jcuhnt`ie fir Nbb? sikj f`lurjs fir @ec`n(>0:> nec 7==7)

>0:> 7==7

B`tjrnhy rntj >1.% 6:.81%

Fjknbj b`tjrnhy 1.0% :3.>6%

Ha`bcrje `e shaiib

Biwjr pr`knry shaiib LJWs,Lrncjs >‘:

37.6=% 0:.%

L`rbs 73.1% 1:.%

Zppjr pr`knry shaiib LJWs,Lrncjs 6‘1

>7.<=% :0.%

L`rbs 3.6% :=.%

If >== ha`bcrje `e shaiib

Giys 16 :6.

L`rbs >3. 33.

\`ta kirj tane ta`rty hiest`tujet stntjs nec ue`ietjrr`tir`js, @ec`n ans trnc`t`ienbby anc n ent`ienblivjrekjet fihusjs ieby ie grinc pib`hy `ssujs.Aiwjvjr, taj Ent`ienb ]ib`hy ie Jcuhnt`ie (>016)lnvj ent`ienb livjrekjet n kirj prinht`vj ribj `eprikit`el ncubt b`tjrnhy nec pr`knry jcuhnt`ie.

X`le`f`hnet kprivjkjets wjrj rjl`stjrjc cur`eltaj >00=s. Saj b`tjrnhy rntj `kprivjc frik :7.7% ti6:.3%. Saj ngsibutj eukgjr if `bb`tjrntjs fjbb gy87 k`bb`ie. Saj eukgjr if biwjr pr`knry shaiibs`ehrjnsjc gy >3% nec taj uppjr pr`knry shaiibs gy86%. Nbtiljtajr, 73.8 k`bb`ie kirj ha`bcrje jetjrjcshaiib, >8=,=== ejw shaiibs ipjejc nec :8=,===ncc`t`ienb tjnhajrs wjrj nppi`etjc. Saj sanrj if l`rbs`e titnb jeribkjet wjet frik 3>% ti 33% `e pr`knrynec frik 81% ti 3=% `e uppjr pr`knry. Jxpjec`turjie jcuhnt`ie `e taj Livjrekjet sjhtir wjet up frik8.13% ti 3.>>% if LC].

@etjrfnh`el ent`ienb nht`ie w`ta Cndnr linbs

@ec`n ans gjje `kpbjkjet`el n eukgjr if spjh`nbby

cjs`lejc prilrnkkjs ti kivj tiwnrcs ue`vjrsnbpr`knry jcuhnt`ie nec jrnc`hnt`el ncubt `bb`tjrnhy.Fir taj f`rst t`kj, ne nttjkpt ans gjje kncj ti b`edent`ienb nec lbignb tnrljts ie JFN?

Jnrby Ha`bcaiic Hnrj nec Jcuhnt`ie? `etjlrntjcHa`bc Cjvjbipkjet Xjrv`hjs shajkj `s gj`elue`vjrsnb`zjc. Jst`kntjc hist, ZX$8.8 g`bb`ie7==7‘7==<.

Xnrvn Xa`dsan Nga`yne (Kivjkjet fir Jcuhnt`ie firNbb) n`ks ti priv`cj j`lat yjnrs if qunb`ty jcuhnt`ieti nbb ha`bcrje `e nlj lriup 6‘>3 gy 7=>=. Jst`kntjchist, ZX$7= g`bb`ie.

Gix 8.6. ]bnee`el fir JFN `e @ec`n

N hikprjajes`vj pbne fir ncibjshjets, jspjh`nbby firl`rbs, `e taj Sjeta F`vj-yjnr ]bne.

Ent`ienb B`tjrnhy K`ss`ie ti priv`cj fueht`ienb

b`tjrnhy ti `bb`tjrntj ncubts `e taj nlj lriup >:‘8:.Nha`jvj sustn`engbj tarjsaibc bjvjb if <:% b`tjrnhygy 7==:. Jst`kntjc hist ZX$>.8 g`bb`ie ivjr : yjnrs.

Xpjh`nb shajkjs tnrljtjc nt l`rbs, npnrt frik fihusie l`rbs `e ljejrnb shajkjs. Wjkivnb if nbbc`spnr`t`js, `ehbuc`el ljecjr, `e pr`knry (hbnss @‘V)gy 7==< nec jbjkjetnry (@‘V@@@) gy 7=>=.

Sajsj tnrljts surpnss taj `etjrent`ienb jxpjhtnt`iesnrt`hubntjc `e taj Cndnr Frnkjwird. Ne urljetrjqu`rjkjet `s ti rj-jstngb`sa pugb`h fn`ta `e taj stntj-spiesirjc pr`knry shaiibs nec ncubt b`tjrnhy prilrnk-kjs gy cjkiestrnt`el jffjht`vjby fueht`ie`el`est`tut`ies tant kjjt taj nsp`rnt`ies if sih`jty.

Hurrjet JFN strntjl`js

Xtrntjl`js fir nha`jv`el titnb b`tjrnhy nec ue`vjrsnbjbjkjetnry jcuhnt`ie fihus ie sjvjrnb `etjrrjbntjcstrntjl`js.

Cjhjetrnb`znt`ie. Saj livjrekjet if @ec`n jehiurnljsstntj livjrekjets ti ljejrntj hietjxtunb`zjc nht`iepbnes nec suppirts tajk tariula taj hjetrnbbyspiesirjc prilrnkkjs if XXN nec EBK. Saj fihus `sie rjnha`el taj uerjnhajc tariula `eeivnt`vj kicjsif shaiib`el.

Ha`bc bngiur. Saj jkpbiykjet if ha`bcrje `e wird `sv`jwjc ns n c`rjht cje`nb if taj`r fuecnkjetnb r`lat tijcuhnt`ie. Nht`ie frik taj Xtntj ans gjje sbiw gut `tans gjhikj n knoir pbned if nht`ie `e sjvjrnb pnrts iftaj hiuetry cuj ti taj s`le`f`hnet ribj pbnyjc gy ELIs.

Gut kuha lrjntjr suppirt frik pnrjets necjkpbiyjrs w`bb gj hr`t`hnb.

Saj r`lat ti jcuhnt`ie. Nht`ie ans gjje tndje tirjkivj bjlnb aurcbjs `e nhhjss`el gns`h jcuhnt`ie nsn fuecnkjetnb r`lat. Saj @ec`ne Hiest`tut`ie ans gjjenkjecjc, knd`el gns`h jcuhnt`ie n oust`hjngbj r`lat`e b`ej w`ta taj Hievjet`ie ie taj W`lats if taj Ha`bc.

Xih`nb kig`b`znt`ie. Xih`nb kig`b`znt`ie necjrnc`hnt`el ncubt `bb`tjrnhy tariula knss b`tjrnhyhnkpn`les, bnrljby ns n ent`ienb prilrnkkj gutpbneejc nec `kpbjkjetjc nt taj c`str`ht bjvjb nrjgj`el hikpbjkjetjc gy stntj livjrekjets nht`iesuha ns one snkpnrd nga yne (pjipbj‐s hietnhthnkpn`le) if Kncayn ]rncjsa nec gy h`v`b sih`jty

irlne`znt`ies suha ns pronynten (pjipbj‐s jffirt) `eDnrentndn.

Wibj if taj kjc`n. Sajrj `s lrjntjr hivjrnlj if gns`hjcuhnt`ie `e taj kjc`n, pnrt`hubnrby SV, tajrjgyajbp`el ti nrt`hubntj pugb`h pjrhjpt`ies nec kig`b`z`elprjssurj lriups, hiupbjc w`ta n kivj `e kney stntjstiwnrcs ‑r`lat ti `efirknt`ie‐ wa`ha ans ajbpjc pbnhjfnhts rjbntjc ti gns`h jcuhnt`ie `e pugb`h spajrj. Kneystntj livjrekjets nrj nttjkpt`el ti usj @HShnpng`b`t`js fir ta`s purpisj.

=

Hanptjr 8

] bnee `el fir jcuhnt `ie fir n b b

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H`v`b sih`jty pnrt`h`pnt`ie. ENFFWJ (Ent`ienbNbb`nehj fir Fuecnkjetnb W`lat ti Jcuhnt`ie) ansjkjrljc ns n hinb`t`ie ti nrt`hubntj taj vi`hj iftaj h`v`b sih`jty `e fnviur if jcuhnt`ie fir nbb ns nfuecnkjetnb r`lat.

JFN pbnee`el nec kie`tir`el `e @ec`n

@e suha n vnst hiuetry `t `s eit jnsy ti prjpnrj nent`ienb pbne if nht`ie fir JFN. C`ffjrjet stntjs nrj`e c`ffjrjet s`tunt`ies w`ta rjspjht ti taj linbs ifJFN. N ljeu`ej ent`ienb pbne w`bb anvj ti tndj`etjr-stntj vnr`nt`ies `eti hies`cjrnt`ie. Saj]bne w`bb nbsi anvj ti rjfbjht taj pjrspjht`vjs iftaj h`v`b sih`jty irlne`znt`ies wa`ha nrj `evibvjc`e jcuhnt`ienb nht`v`t`js ie n bnrlj shnbj nhrisstaj hiuetry. Fiur rjl`ienb hiesubtnt`ies anvj gjjehiecuhtjc ti jb`h`t taj pjrspjht`vjs if iff`h`nbbjncjrsa`p nec ELIs `e c`ffjrjet stntjs. Saj stntjs

nrj prjpnr`el gns`h `eputs fir taj JFN pbne w`tahiehrjtj rjfjrjehj ti taj s`x Cndnr JFN linbs. @tans gjje pripisjc tant n ent`ienb hiesubtnt`iesaiubc gj ajbc `evibv`el ELI rjprjsjetnt`vjs necprifjss`ienb jcuhntirs nec pbneejrs.

Ne Nht`ie ]bne prjpnrjc ieby nt taj gjajst if taj`etjrent`ienb hikkue`ty hiubc rjkn`e n kjrjstntjkjet if `etjet`ie. Knd`el taj pbne n hrjc`gbjiej nec trnesbnt`el `t `eti rjnb`ty a`elj ie twifnhtirs. F`rst, taj `etjrent`ienb hikk`tkjets anvjti hievjrlj w`ta ent`ienb pripisnbs. Xjhiec, tajpib`t`hnb hikk`tkjet if taj ent`ienb bjncjrsa`p nswjbb ns taj ljeu`ej suppirt if h`v`b sih`jty nrjejjcjc.

Saiula tajrj ans gjje n aj`latjejc bjvjb ifpib`t`hnb nec sih`nb kig`b`znt`ie `e fnviur ifjbjkjetnry jcuhnt`ie nec b`tjrnhy nht`v`t`js, nrjtajy ncjquntj ti rjnha taj linbs nec tnrljts sjtgy taj hiuetry9 Nt n firknb bjvjb, taj pib`t`hnbbjncjrsa`p ans saiwe `ts w`bb`elejss ti hikk`t`tsjbf ti taj linb if JFN gy pbnh`el jbjkjetnryjcuhnt`ie ns n fuecnkjetnb r`lat if jvjry h`t`zjeif taj hiuetry. Saj qujst`ie rjkn`es, aiwjvjr, ifwaje jcuhnt`ie w`bb r`sj ti taj tip if taj pib`t`hnbnljecn if taj hiuetry. @ec`n hneeit wird `e nk`hri-`ehrjkjetnb wny `e `ts jffirts ti rjnha gns`hjcuhnt`ie fir nbb, ns ans gjje taj hnsj cur`el tajpnst f`fty yjnrs. Hanelj ans ti gj sugstnet`nb necprilrjss kuha fnstjr `f taj nsp`rnt`ies if taj

pjipbj ns wjbb ns taj ejwby kncj hikk`tkjet ifpursu`el qunb`ty gns`h jcuhnt`ie ns n fuecnkjetnbr`lat if nbb h`t`zjes nrj ti gj kjt. Sa`s w`bb cjknecn knss`vj kivjkjet tariula pib`t`hnb nec sih`nbkig`b`znt`ie ti hrjntj n hikkie pbntfirk w`ta tajsibj nljecn ‑^unb`ty Jcuhnt`ie Fir Nbb‐ nsjev`snljc gy Xnrvn Xa`dan Nga`yne ns wjbb ns tajCndnr JFN Frnkjwird fir Nht`ie.

Xiurhj? Liv`ecn (7==7), JFN `e @ec`n.

7 = =JFN Lbignb

Kie`tir`el Wjpirt

Kist hiuetr`js cieit ejhjssnr`byusj taj JFN linbsns taj gns`s firsjbjht`el djyjcuhnt`ieiuthikjs.

jeribkjet rntjs (rntajr tane ejt jeribkjet rntjsir hikpbjt`ie rntjs, wa`ha nrj bjss nkg`luius`ec`hntirs if prilrjss). Ieby fiur hiuetr`js, SajLnkg`n, Lu`ejn-G`ssnu, Knbnw` nec V`jt Enk,ncipt pnrt ir nbb if taj ljecjr-rjbntjc jcuhnt`ieK`bbjee`uk Cjvjbipkjet Linb. @kpriv`el bjvjbsif ncubt b`tjrnhy nppjnrs ns n linb `e tje ]WX]snec ns djy pib`hy nht`ie `e Lanen, Luynen,Knbnw`, Kiznkg`quj, Wwnecn, Zlnecn nec_nkg`n. Eie-firknb jcuhnt`ie fjnturjs strielby`e taj ]WX]s if Jta`ip`n nec Lu`ejn. IebyWwnecn stntjs `ts `etjet`ie ti ipjrnt`ienb`zj `tspib`h`js tariula ne JFN Nht`ie ]bne.

Nht`ieN`c f`ecs tant tajrj `s n striel fihus ietaj qunet`tnt`vj nspjhts if Z]J nec n ajnvyjkpans`s ie `eputs. @t nbsi f`ecs hbjnr jv`cjehjif \irbc Gned pib`hy prjshr`pt`ies ehbuc`elcjhjetrnb`znt`ie, taj ribj if taj pr`vntj sjhtirpist-pr`knry jcuhnt`ie, tnrljtjc pugb`h

sugs`c`js nec ne jkpans`s ie hist-jff`h`jehy.Nht`ieN`c (7==7) hiehbucjs

Zebjss taj ipt`k`st`h lriwta nec rjvjeuj

priojht`ies `e ]WX]s nrj kjt . . . taj jcuhnt`ie

linbs w`bb gj c`ff`hubt ti f`enehj. Saj fjw prilrjss

rjpirts tant anvj gjje pricuhjc pi`et ti tajsj

pitjet`nb c`ff`hubt`js (fir jxnkpbj Zlnecn's prilrjssrjpirt saiws sjvjrnb if taj jcuhnt`ie linbs ti gj

uerjnb`st`h w`ta`e taj ir`l`enb t`kjfrnkj nec gucljt

pbnes (p. 8).

Saj Lbignb Kie`tir`el Wjpirt survjy if s`xtjjefubb ]WX]s hikpbjtjc up ti Ouby 7==7 hiehbucjstant wa`bj jcuhnt`ie `s rjhile`zjc ns ns`le`f`hnet c`kjes`ie if pib`h`js ti rjcuhjpivjrty `e ]WX]s, taj ngsjehj if stnecnrc`zjc,hikpnrngbj jcuhnt`ie ec`hntirs bjncs tihies`cjrngbj vnr`nt`ie `e taj cjpta ti wa`hajcuhnt`ie s rjfbjhtjc. Kist if taj ]WX]sprjsjet n k`x if nhhjss, hikpbjtie, qunb`ty

nec f`eneh`nb `ec`hntirs nec `e sikj hnsjsc`snllrjlntj tajsj gy ljecjr, `ehikj, necurgne nec rurnb c`kjes`ies. Kiznkg`quj`bbustrntjs n hbjnr jffirt ti c`snllrjlntj cntn`e ta`s wny (sjj Sngbj 8.8).

Kist hiuetr`js rjfjr ti taj K`bbjee`ukCjvjbipkjet Linbs (KCLs) rjbnt`el ti jcuhnt`ienec/ir ti taj JFN linbs `e taj jcuhnt`iestrntjl`js w`ta`e taj ]WX]s, gut tajy ci eitejhjssnr`by usj taj JFN linbs ns taj gns`s firsjbjht`el djy jcuhnt`ie iuthikjs.

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Saj kntr`x sjt iut `e Sngbj 8.3 prjsjets neivjrv`jw fir taj s`xtjje hiuetr`js ie taj bjvjb ifhievjrljehj gjtwjje djy jcuhnt`ie iuthikjsnec KCLs nec JFN linbs.

Ze`vjrsnb ]r`knry Jcuhnt`ie s hbjnrby cjb`ejntjc

`e f`ftjje if taj s`xtjje ]WX]s, gut ieby sjvjehiuetr`js anvj rjtn`ejc taj JFN linb nec tajKCL fir jb`k`ent`el ljecjr c`spnr`t`js `epr`knry nec sjhiecnry jcuhnt`ie. Bjnre`el

ippirtue`t`js fir yiuta nec ncubts `s rnedjcsjhiec. @e n s`k`bnr jxjrh`sj fir ta`rty-iej if tajfirty hiuetr`js b`stjc `e Sngbj 8.7, n hikpnrngbjpnttjre jkjrljc. Ieby Knbnw`, Ejpnb, E`ljr, nectaj ]nbjst`e`ne Nutieikius Sjrr`tir`js anc hbjnrhivjrnlj if nbb s`x JFN linbs. ]nrncix`hnbby,

E`ljr `s taj iej hiuetry tant `s eit b`stjc uecjrZ]J `e taj ]WX] survjy.

Hanptjr 8

] bnee `el fir jcuhnt `ie fir n b b

Sngbj 8.3. JFN nec KCL jcuhnt`ie linbs `e ]WX]s

Jxpnec`el nec `kpriv`el hikprjajes`vjjnrby ha`bcaiic hnrj nec jcuhnt`ie,

jspjh`nbby fir taj kist vubejrngbj necc`sncvnetnljc ha`bcrje

Jesur`el tant gy 7=>: nbb ha`bcrje,pnrt`hubnrby l`rbs, ha`bcrje `e c`ff`hubth`rhukstnehjs nec taisj gjbiel`el ti jtae`hk`eir`t`js, anvj nhhjss ti nec hikpbjtj frjjnec hikpubsiry pr`knry jcuhnt`ie if liicqunb`ty

Jesur`el tant taj bjnre`el ejjcs if nbb yiuelpjipbj nec ncubts nrj kjt tariula jqu`tngbjnhhjss ti nppripr`ntj bjnre`el nec b`fj sd`bbsprilrnks

Nha`jv`el n :=% `kprivjkjet `e bjvjbs ifncubt b`tjrnhy gy 7=>:, jspjh`nbby fir wikje,nec jqu`tngbj nhhjss ti gns`h nec hiet`eu`el

jcuhnt`ie fir nbb ncubts

Jb`k`ent`el ljecjr c`spnr`t`js `e pr`knry necsjhiecnry jcuhnt`ie gy 7==:, nec nha`jv`elljecjr jqunb`ty `e jcuhnt`ie gy 7=>:, w`ta nfihus ie jesur`el l`rbs' fubb nec jqunb nhhjssti nec nha`jvjkjet `e gns`h jcuhnt`ie ifliic qunb`ty

@kpriv`el nbb nspjhts if taj qunb`ty ifjcuhnt`ie nec jesur`el jxhjbbjehj if nbb sitant rjhile`zjc nec kjnsurngbj bjnre`eliuthikjs nrj nha`jvjc gy nbb, jspjh`nbby `eb`tjrnhy, eukjrnhy nec jssjet`nb b`fj sd`bbs

Jesurj tant, gy 7=>:, ha`bcrjejvjrywajrj, giys nec l`rbs nb`dj, w`bbgj ngbj ti hikpbjtj n fubb hiursj ifpr`knry shaiib`el

Jb`k`entj ljecjr c`spnr`ty `e pr`knrynec sjhiecnry jcuhnt`ie prjfjrngbygy 7==: nec ti nbb bjvjbs if jcuhnt`ieei bntjr tane 7=>:

Sitnb (nvjrnlj)

   N   b   g   n   e   `   n

   G   i   b   `   v   `   n

   G   u   r   d   `   e   n   F   n   s   i

   L   n   k   g   `   n

   L   u   `   e   j   n

   L   u   y   n   e   n

   A   i   e   c   u   r   n   s

   K   n   u   r   `   t   n   e   `   n

   K   i   z   n   k   g   `   q   u   j

   E   `   h   n   r   n   l   u   n

   E   `   l   j   r

   Z .   W .   S   n   e   z   n   e   `   n

   Z   l   n   e   c   n

   V   `   j   t   E   n   k

   P   j   k   j   e

   _   n   k   g   `   n

   S   i   t   n   b

∟ ∟ ∟ ∟ ∟ ∟ ∟ ∟ 1

∟ ∟ ∟ ∟ ∟ ∟ ∟ ∟ ∟ ∟ ∟ ∟ ∟ ∟ ∟ >:

∟ ∟ ∟ ∟ ∟ ∟ ∟ ∟ ∟ ∟ ∟ ∟ >7

∟ ∟ ∟ ∟ ∟ ∟ ∟ <

∟ ∟ ∟ ∟ ∟ ∟ ∟ <

∟ ∟ ∟ ∟ ∟ ∟ ∟ ∟ ∟ 0

8 8 : 3 : 3 7 7 3 3 8 3 8 : 8 3

Jcuhnt`ie fir Nbb Linbs K`bbjee`uk Cjvjbipkjet Linbs

Sngbj 8.8. Kiznkg`quj? pr`knry-shaiib hikpbjt`ie nec jeribkjet, gy rurnb/urgne, sjx nec pivjrty stntus

Nbb Kiznkg`quj

Vjry piir ]iir Eie-piir Nbb

Zrgne

Vjry piir ]iir Eie-piir Nbb

Wurnb

Vjry piir ]iir Eie-piir NbbJcuhnt`ie `ec`hntirs

Xiurhj? Kiznkg`quj ]ivjrty Wjcuht`ie Xtrntjly ]npjr (]WX]), >= Oneunry 7==>.

Ajnc if aiusjaibc wai hikpbjtjcpr`knry jcuhnt`ie ir a`lajr (%)

Ha`bcrje jeribbjc, Knljc <‘>> (%)

F

0.1 >>.> ><.= >8.3 7:.3 71.< :1.3 3>.0 >7.6 >3.> 7:.8 >1.6

31.7 :=.> ::.0 :>.: :7.< :<.0 <<.6 6:.6 30.> 68.= <:.7 :3.:

70.> 87.0 83.3 67.8 3<.7 :>.1 <:.> 6>.3 87.8 :=.: 66.8 3=8

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@e kist hnsjs, jcuhnt`ie linbs nrj sjt iut `e vjryljejrnb tjrks rntajr tane ns spjh`f`h iuthikjstant hne gj nssjssjc ir kjnsurjc. Saj j`latjjehirj JFN `ec`hntirs tant priv`cjc taj gns`s firtaj 7=== JFN Nssjsskjet nrj eit w`cjby usjcnec kist ]WX]s ci eit anvj hbjnr t`kjb`ejs tikntha pripisjc djy jcuhnt`ie iuthikjs.

]WX]s knp pib`hy nht`ies `e djy sjhtirs suhans jcuhnt`ie `e c`ffjrjet wnys, usunbby nt nsugsjhtir bjvjb, gut `e sikj hnsjs nln`est grincigojht`vjs ir tajkjs. Pjkje `s ne jxnkpbj if tajfirkjr nec E`hnrnlun if taj bnttjr (Sngbj 8.:).

Sajrj `s ne jeirkius nrrny if pripisjc pib`hynht`ies, wa`ha rjvibvj pr`knr`by nriuec `ehrjnsjchivjrnlj, kprivjc f`eneh`el, gjttjr livjrenehjnec knenljkjet, gjttjr qunb`ty, `ehrjnsjcb`tjrnhy nec kprivjkjet e a`lajr jcuhnt`ie.@t `s jxtrjkjby c`ff`hubt ti nssjss taj f`eneh`nbfjns`g`b`ty if jcuhnt`ie strntjl`js e ]WX]s,wa`ha `e kist hnsjs sjt iut n grinc lbignbsjhtir ir sih`nb sjhtir gucljt. Gurd`en Fnsi`s ueusunb `e priv`c`el cjtn`bjc hist`el if `tspib`hy nht`ies fir jcuhnt`ie fir taj f`rst fiuryjnrs if taj prilrnkkj.

Sarjj grinc hiehbus`ies jkjrlj frik tajsjsurvjys.

\ajtajr `e ]WX]s, ir JFN sjhtir pbnes, tajrj`s iftje n fn`burj ti cjvjbip n hbjnr rjbnt`iesa`pgjtwjje taj c`nleis`s if jcuhnt`ie necpivjrty ie taj iej anec, nec taj jcuhnt`ieiuthikjs nec nht`ies tant nrj pripisjc etaj pbnes nec strntjl`js ie taj itajr. N \irbcGned stucy if ]WX]s nec l`rbs‐ jcuhnt`ie nbsisulljsts n wjnd b`ednlj gjtwjje `cjet`f`hnt`ieif taj ejjc nec pr`ir`ty nht`ies (Gurejtt nec\`etjr, 7==7).

Sajrj nrj eit jeiula hbjnrby sjt `etjrkjc`ntjtnrljts.

\a`bj tajrj nrj grinc `ec`hnt`ies if `etjet`iesti `ehrjnsj jxpjec`turj ie jcuhnt`ie nec`kprivj `etjrenb jff`h`jehy, tajrj `s rnrjbycjtn`bjc hist`el.

Xjtt`el JFN linbs nec tnrljts

Gnsjc ie ne nenbys`s if taj jcuhnt`ie pbnesif ta`rty hiuetr`js: (iut if taj firty hiuetr`js `etaj Lbignb Kie`tir`el Wjpirt survjy saiwe `eSngbj 8.7), `t `s piss`gbj ti hanrt taj jxtjet ti

wa`ha livjrekjets nrj sjtt`el t`kj-giuec JFNtnrljts. Ns fir ]WX]s, Z]J jxprjssjc `e tjrksif jeribkjet, nec, bjss frjqujetby, hikpbjt`ie,rjhj`vj taj kist nttjet`ie. @e ncc`t`ie ti grincuequnb`f`jc stntjkjets ngiut nha`jv`el Z]J,nbb gut fiur if taj hiuetr`js anvj sjt spjh`f`htnrljts, ehbuc`el etjrkjc`ntj tnrljts. Saus,Knb`, `etjecs ti nha`jvj <:% pr`knry lrissjeribkjet rntjs gy 7==1. Wwnecn w`bb ehrjnsjpr`knry shaiib ejt jeribkjet rntjs frik <8%`e 7==> ti 1=% `e 7==:, ti 0=% `e 7=>=. Gurd`enFnsi pbnes ti `ehrjnsj taj pripirt`ie if Lrncj >pup`bs wai w`bb rjnha taj bnst yjnr if taj pr`knry

hyhbj frik 6=% ti <:% gy 7=>=. \a`bj `e]nd`stne, t s firjhnst tant taj pnrt`h`pnt`ie rntjif :- ti 0-yjnr-ibcs saiubc lriw frik 66% `e7=== ti <0% `e 7==: ti 0=% `e 7=>=. Nhanrnhtjr`st`h if tajsj tnrljts s tant tajy prjc`htqu`tj sugstnet`nb pjrhjetnlj ehrjnsjs ivjrrjbnt`vjby sairt pjr`ics if t`kj. Jr`trjn priojhtsne neeunb `ehrjnsj if >=% `e pr`knry jeribkjetrntjs, Gje`e pbnes ne `ehrjnsj if >:% pi`ets,frik ::% ti <=%, `e taj rntj if pup`bs f`e`sa`elpr`knry shaiib gy 7==3/=:. Saj nssukpt`ies tantuecjrp`e tajsj priojht`ies nrj rnrjby priv`cjc.

Snrljts fir taj jb`k`ent`ie if ljecjr c`spnr`t`jsnrj jxprjssjc nbkist jet`rjby `e tjrks ifjeribkjet, w`ta taj ihhns`ienb rjfjrjehj tit`kj-giuec tnrljts fir ehrjns`el taj eukgjrsif fjknbj tjnhajrs, fir jxnkpbj, e Jta`ip`n necLu`ejn-G`ssnu. Hnkgic`n, Lu`ejn, Ze`tjcWjpugb`h if Snezne`n nec Pjkje anvj 7==:tnrljts fir bjssje`el ljecjr c`spnr`t`js gut tajrj`s b`ttbj c`rjht rjfjrjehj ti taj KCL firjb`k`ent`el ljecjr c`spnr`t`js ir ti taj ljecjr-rjbntjc JFN linb. Snrljts fir ncubt b`tjrnhy nrjsjt pr`knr`by `e tjrks if ivjrnbb b`tjrnhy rntjs.Sajrj `s rnrjby rjfjrjehj ti fjknbj b`tjrnhy

nbtaiula Knb` s ne jxhjpt`ie. Saj tnrljt neeunbrntjs if lriwta nrj usunbby kuha kirj kicjsttane taisj sjt fir pr`knry jcuhnt`ie.

Nssjss`el linbs fir taj nha`jvjkjet if JHHJnec fir ehrjns`el bjnre`el ippirtue`t`js firyiuta nec ncubts `s kirj c`ff`hubt. Saj jvnbunt`ieif strntjl`js ti `kprivj nbb nspjhts ifjcuhnt`ienb qunb`ty `s nbsi fnr frikstrn`latfirwnrc. Aiwjvjr, `e grinc tjrks tajsurvjy if ent`ienb pbnee`el cihukjets hief`rkstaj pnttjre if linb hivjrnlj sjt iut `e taj

7 = =JFN Lbignb

Kie`tir`el Wjpirt

@e kist hnsjs,jcuhnt`ie linbsnrj sjt iut `evjry ljejrnbtjrks, rntajrtane ns spjh`f`hiuthikjs tanthne gj nssjssjcir kjnsurjc.

:. Gje`e, Gautne, Gitswnen,Gurd`en Fnsi, Hnkgic`n,Jr`trjn, Jta`ip`n, Saj Lnkg`n,Lu`ejn, Lu`ejn-G`ssnu, An`t`,Bni ]jipbj‐s Cjkihrnt`hWjpugb`h, Bjsitai, Kncnlnshnr,Knbnw`, Knb`, Knur`tne`n,Kiznkg`quj, Ejpnb, E`ljr,E`ljr`n, ]nd`stne, ]nbjst`e`neNutieikius Sjrr`tir`js,Wwnecn, X`jrrn Bjiej, Xucne,Ze`tjc Wjpugb`h if Snezne`n,Zlnecn, Pjkje nec _nkg`n.

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@ehrjnsj hivjrnlj

@kprivj taj qunb`ty if jcuhnt`ie

Xhaiib cjhjetrnb`znt`ie

@kprivj sih`nb pritjht`ie fir shaiibha`bcrje

@ehrjnsj ejt pr`knry jeribkjet ti18.3%, frik <:% `e >000

Wjcuhj `bb`tjrnhy rntj ti >1% `e7==3, frik >0% `e >001

@kprivj taj qunb`ty if jcuhnt`ie gy`kpriv`el rjbjvnehj if tjnha`el

@kprivj pnrt`h`pnt`ie if fnk`b`jsnec hikkue`t`js@kprivj f`eneh`nb jff`h`jehy nectrnespnrjehy knenljkjet

Cjs`le nec `kpbjkjet `etjrvjet`iesfir sih`nb pritjht`ie gnsjc iespjh`f`h vubejrng`b`ty hanrnhtjr`st`hs

Gns`h jcuhnt`ie

Vihnt`ienb trn`e`el nec tjhae`hnbjcuhnt`ie

A`lajr jcuhnt`ie

Wn`sj jeribkjet ti 60% gy 7==:Wjcuhj ljecjr lnp4 prikitj

jeribkjet if l`rbs

Wn`sj taj pjrhjetnlj if taisjjeribbjc `e vihnt`ienb trn`e`el nectjhae`hnb jcuhnt`ieSry ti kjjt taj hurrjet nec futurjejjcs if taj bngiur knrdjtqunet`tnt`vjbyJehiurnlj l`rbs nec giys ns wjbb nsha`bcrje frik piir fnk`b`js necrjkitj nrjns ti jerib `e vihnt`ienbnec tjhae`hnb f`jbcs

Cjvjbip ue`vjrs`ty jcuhnt`ie ti djjppnhj w`ta ncvnehjs `e sh`jehj nectjhaeibily@ehrjnsj pjrhjetnlj if l`rbs ti

7<% if titnb stucjets@ehrjnsj spjh`nb`zjc sh`jehj necprnht`hnb f`jbc lrncuntjs ti >6%

Pjkje? ]ib`hy nht`ies `e jcuhnt`ie (]WX])

Xugsjhtirs Igojht`vjs/Snrljts

E`hnrnlun? ]ib`hy nht`ies `e jcuhnt`ie (]WX])

Nrjns if @etjrvjet`ie Igojht`vjs/Snrljts

Sngbj 8.:. Hietrnst`el npprinhajs ti jcuhnt`ie `e taj ]WX]s if E`hnrnlun nec Pjkje

Xiurhj? @CN/@KF, Wjv`jw if taj ]ivjrty Wjcuht`ie Xtrntjly ]npjr (]WX]) Npprinha? Jnrby Jxpjr`jehjs w`ta @etjr`k ]WX]s nec Fubb ]WX]s, Knrha 7==7.

3

nenbys`s if ]WX]s (Sngbj 8.3). Jvje taiulatnrljts kny gj sjt, taj jxtjet ti wa`ha tajy

cjtjrk`ej strntjly hietjet `s bjss hbjnr.

Gucljtnry nbbihnt`ies fir JFN

Saj Cndnr Frnkjwird fir Nht`ie stntjs tantent`ienb pbnes?

w`bb nccrjss prigbjks nssih`ntjc w`ta taj harie`h

uecjr-f`eneh`el if gns`h jcuhnt`ie gy jstngb`sa`el

gucljt pr`ir`t`js tant rjfbjht n hikk`tkjet ti

nha`jv`el JFN linbs nec tnrljts nt taj jnrb`jst

piss`gbj cntj, nec ei bntjr tane 7=>: (pnrn 0).

@t `s eit piss`gbj `e taj prjsjet Wjpirt ti nssjssf`eneh`nb nbbihnt`ies ti nbb s`x Cndnr linbs.

taj neejx tngbjs saiw, etjrent`ienb cntn iejcuhnt`ie f`enehj s wjnd. Furtajrkirj, tajngsjehj if cntn ti jengbj nssjsskjet if tajjcuhnt`ie hikpiejets if taj ajnbta gucljtsnec if taisj nbbihntjc ti k`e`str`js suha nspipubnt`ie nec wikje‐s nffn`rs, s nbsi b`k`t`el.

Aiwjvjr, `t `s piss`gbj ti ln`e sikj `es`lat `etitaj jxtjet ti wa`ha hiuetr`js `etjec ti `ehrjnsjtaj sanrj if taj`r jcuhnt`ie gucljts rjbnt`vj tititnb pugb`h spjec`el ir LC]. Fir ta`rtjje if tajfirty hiuetr`js, Sngbj 8.6 sulljsts tant pbnee`el

air`zies nrj bjeltaje`el ‘ pjranps rjfbjht`eltaj t`kjshnbj rjqu`rjc ti nha`jvj kney if taj

jcuhnt`ienb linbs. Ei vjry hbjnr pnttjre hnegj c`shjrejc frik ta`s sknbb snkpbj. Aiwjvjr,hiuetr`js wird`el w`ta`e rjbnt`vjby sairt t`kjair`zies, w`ta sjvjrj f`eneh`el hiestrn`ets nrjeit wjbb pbnhjc ti nha`jvj biel-tjrk JFN linbs.

Ns rjlnrcs taj pripirt`ie if taj gucljt nbbihntjcti jcuhnt`ie, tajrj `s knrdjc vnr`nt`ie nkieltaj ta`rty-iej hiuetr`js (frik taj firty)prjsjet`el taj cntn. Sa`s l`vjs sikj grincsjesj if taj pr`ir`ty tant `s nhhircjc ti jcuhnt`iegut snys b`ttbj ngiut djy pib`hy rjfirks.

N gjttjr ec`hntir if n livjrekjet‐s hikk`tkjet

ti JFN `s taj pripirt`ie if taj jcuhnt`ie gucljtnbbihntjc ti pr`knry jcuhnt`ie. Ns Sngbj 8.1saiws, tajrj nrj nln`e vjry hies`cjrngbjvnr`nt`ies. @t `s piss`gbj ti anvj n rjbnt`vjby sknbbpjrhjetnlj if taj gucljt fir jcuhnt`ie gutnhhirc a`la pr`ir`ty ti pr`knry jcuhnt`ie w`ta`e`t. Fir jxnkpbj `e Bni ]CW, Ejpnb, Hieli CWnec ]nd`stne, jcuhnt`ie rjhj`vjs n sknbbpjrhjetnlj if taj livjrekjet gucljt gutpr`knry jcuhnt`ie s hbjnrby n pr`ir`ty.

Hanptjr 8

] bnee `el fir jcuhnt `ie fir n b b

@t `s eit piss`gbj`e taj prjsjet

Wjpirt ti nssjsstaj f`eneh`nb

nbbihnt`ies gj`ell`vje ti nbb s`x

Cndnr linbs.

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H`v`b sih`jty nec pbnee`el fir JFN

Iej if taj strieljst kjssnljs ti jknentjfrik Cndnr `s taj `kpirtnehj if h`v`b sih`jty titaj nha`jvjkjet if JFN?

Bjnrejrs, tjnhajrs, pnrjets, hikkue`t`js, eie-

livjrekjetnb irlne`znt`ies nec itajr gic`js

rjprjsjet`el h`v`b sih`jty kust gj lrnetjc ejw nec

jxpnecjc pib`t`hnb nec sih`nb shipj, nt nbb bjvjbs if

sih`jty, `e ircjr ti jelnlj livjrekjets `e c`nbiluj,

cjh`s`ie-knd`el nec `eeivnt`ie nriuec taj linbs

fir gns`h jcuhnt`ie.

Saj Cndnr Frnkjwird fir Nht`ie hietjecs tantlivjrekjets ejjc ti jelnlj w`ta n kuhagrincjr hiestjbbnt`ie if pjipbj `e sanp`el pib`hynec pbnee`el. Hrjnt`el nec sustn`e`el ejwbjnre`el ippirtue`t`js s cjpjecjet upie`ec`v`cunb h`t`zjes, h`v`b sih`jty nec eie-livjrekjetnb irlne`znt`ies anv`el n strielribj `e taj`r cjs`le (ZEJXHI-@GJ, 7==>). \a`bjlivjrekjets anvj taj pr`knry rjspies`g`b`tyfir jesur`el tant pjipbj‐s r`lat ti jcuhnt`ie saieiurjc, h`v`b sih`jty irlne`znt`ies ejjc ti gjnhhjptjc ns pib`hy pnrtejrs.

Si want jxtjet `s ta`s anppje`el9 Ans Cndnrgjje estrukjetnb e firl`el ejw pnrtejrsa`ps9

\a`bj tajrj `s n grinc gicy if jv`cjehj ie tajsjrv`hj priv`cjr ribj if ELIs, taj jv`cjehj `skuha kirj b`k`tjc ns rjlnrcs taj jelnljkjetif h`v`b sih`jty `e pib`hy c`nbiluj nec pbnee`el.Aiwjvjr, `kpirtnet wird `s uecjrwny gy`etjrent`ienb nec rjl`ienb hinb`t`ies necejtwirds suha ns HHELI, NX]GJN nec tajLbignb Knrha fir taj Jb`k`ent`ie if Ha`bc Bngiur`e hanrt`el prilrjss nec `cjet`fy`el `eeivnt`vjnec pricuht`vj wnys if wird`el, ns wjbb ns tajgnrr`jrs ti ljeu`ej pnrt`h`pnt`ie. Jv`cjehj firhaneljs e rjbnt`iesa`ps gjtwjje livjrekjet

nec h`v`b sih`jty nhtirs `s c`ff`hubt ti nssjss frikiff`h`nb cihukjets. Xi, taj rjsubts frik tajsurvjy if pbnes hiecuhtjc gy taj LbignbKie`tir`el Wjpirt nrj suppbjkjetjc gyrjfjrjehj ti gita taj wird if fuec`el nljeh`jsnec taj rjsjnrha b`tjrnturj.6

]nrt`h`pntiry pbnee`el `s n pib`t`hnb, `est`tut`ienbnec sih`nb prihjss. Swi `ssujs saiubc gj djpt `ek`ec. F`rst, `t `s `kpirtnet ti deiw wajrj tajjetry pi`ets nrj fir ne `ec`v`cunb h`t`zje tigjhikj `evibvjc `e taj prihjss if sjtt`el if

jcuhnt`ie pr`ir`t`js. Hiest`tut`ienb nec bjlnbr`lats ti jcuhnt`ie rjprjsjet ne kpirtnet`ec`hntir if want kny gj piss`gbj fir h`v`b sih`jtyjelnljkjet. Xjhiec, tajrj nrj wnys e wa`ha‑spnhjs‐ ti pnrt`h`pntj nrj nvn`bngbj ir anvj gjjehrjntjc. Sajsj kny gj taj ‑trnc`t`ienb‐ spnhjs

nffircjc gy livjrekjets nec taj bjss firknb,kirj nutieikius ‑spnhjs‐ hrjntjc iuts`cj iflivjrekjet (Grihd, Hirewnbb nec Lnvjetn, 7==>).

@e sikj hiuetr`js, grincjr livjrenehj neccjvjbipkjet rjfirks anvj jstngb`sajc ejwpib`hy prihjssjs `e wa`ha h`v`b sih`jty hnepnrt`h`pntj. Kuha ans gjje wr`ttje ngiut taj`efbujehj tant cjhjetrnb`znt`ie ans anc `epnrt`h`pntiry prihjssjs. Iej nenbys`s(Xhaiewnbcjr, >00<) a`lab`lats n prnlknt`hnpprinha wajrjgy cjhjetrnb`znt`ie s n pib`hytiib, ne npprinha tant rjb`js ie irlne`znt`ies

nec `etjrkjc`nr`js tant ipjrntj gjtwjje tajstntj nec bihnb hikkue`t`js. @e itajr wircscjhjetrnb`znt`ie `s n tjhae`hnb nec nck`e`strnt`vjprihjss. \ajrjns, n pib`t`hnb npprinha ticjhjetrnb`znt`ie ans n kuha grincjr kjne`el.@t ans taj pitjet`nb ti ipje up ejw haneejbs firpnrt`h`pnt`ie `e taj pib`t`hnb systjk nec iffjrsejw nvjeujs fir c`rjht pnrt`h`pnt`ie. @t `s ti gitanpprinhajs tant Saj Cndnr Frnkjwird firNht`ie rjfjrs, gut taj sp`r`t nec `etjet`ie if JFN`s c`rjhtjc tiwnrcs taj bnttjr.

7 = =JFN Lbignb

Kie`tir`el Wjpirt

Kirj tane f`vj yjnrs

Bjss tane f`vj yjnrs

Pjkje (7==:)*Knb` (7==1)*Knbnw` (7=>7)Gurd`en Fnsi (7=>=)Hnkgic`n (7==:)*Bni ]CW (7=7=)*Gnelbncjsa (7=>:)*

_nkg`n (7==7)*Kncnlnshnr (7==7/=8)

Lu`ejn-G`ssnu (7==3)

E`ljr (ei cntj)*Knur`tne`n (7=>:)Lu`ejn (7==:)*

]nd`stne (7==8/3)Ejpnb (7==3)

S`kj frik >000 ti tnrljt cntj

@ehrjnsj taj sanrj if jcuhnt`ie`e taj livjrekjet gucljt

gy kirj tane 3 pi`ets

@ehrjnsj taj sanrj if jcuhnt`ie`e taj livjrekjet gucljt

gy bjss tane 3 pi`ets

Sngbj 8.6.

S`kj air`zies nec stntjc `etjet`ies ti `ehrjnsj gucljtnry nbbihnt`ies

* Hiuetr`js tant anvj sjt hbjnr tnrljts w`ta`e taj`r pib`h`js nec pbnes fir taj nha`jvjkjet if Z]J.

Xiurhj? Sngbj 8.7 `e ta`s hanptjr nec JFN Kie`tir`el Wjpirt 7==7 survjy.

6. Jv`cjehj ie taj pnrt`h`pntiryprihjssjs `e taj cjvjbipkjet if]WX]s sulljsts tanthies`cjrngbj hnut`ie saiubc gjjxjrh`sjc `e crnw`el sugstnet`vjhiehbus`ies ie taj gns`s if tajprihjss cjshr`gjc `elivjrekjet cihukjets(KhLjj nec Eirtie, 7===).Ciejbby-Winrd jt nb., (7==>).

@ehrjnsj `e pjrhjetnlj pi`ets

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Jcuhnt`ie fir Nbb. @t `s `evibvjc `e pib`hy c`nbilujnt taj ent`ienb bjvjb nec hnrr`js iut rjsjnrha necncvihnhy nht`v`t`js (ZEJXHI-@GJ, 7==>). Gurd`enFnsi iffjrs neitajr jxnkpbj if wajrj n kivj `stnd`el pbnhj `e taj c`rjht`ie if rjlubnr necieli`el jelnljkjet (Gix 8.<).

@e Gautne, hikkue`ty pnrt`h`pnt`iejehikpnssjs eit ieby taj gu`bc`el neckn`etjenehj if shaiib fnh`b`t`js (jspjh`nbby erurnb nrjns), gut jxtjecs ti taj cjvjbipkjet ifeie-firknb jcuhnt`ie prilrnkkjs gu`bt nriuechikkue`ty-bjnre`el hjetrjs. Xhaiib ajnc-tjnhajrs nec jbcjrs frik taj hikkue`ty nrj

rjspies`gbj fir taj pbnee`el nec knenljkjet iftaj b`tjrnhy prilrnkkjs. Sajrj nrj piss`g`b`t`jsfir livjrekjet ti `ehirpirntj ta`s typj if‑nutieikius spnhj‐ nht`v`ty `e n firknb necsustn`engbj prihjss if cjhjetrnb`znt`ie.

Saj jv`cjehj si fnr nvn`bngbj sulljsts tant tajCndnr hanbbjelj ans gjje kjt w`ta n k`xjcrjspiesj nec tant taj ‑tjhae`hnb‐ npprinha `skirj prjvnbjet tane taj ‑pib`t`hnb‐. Saj jxtjet tiwa`ha tajsj c`ffjrjet firks if c`nbiluj nrjhieejhtjc `e taj prihjssjs if pib`hycjvjbipkjet nec pbnee`el `s c`ff`hubt ti trnhd.

Fir h`v`b sih`jty jelnljkjet ti jxpnec, n strielsjesj if want hiest`tutjs n liic pbnee`el

 prihjss `s ejjcjc (KhLjj nec Eirtie, 7==>). @encc`t`ie, kirj ‑spnhjs‐ nrj ejjcjc ti nbbiwrjv`jw ns n knttjr if hiursj, rntajr tane ns pnrtif taj ihhns`ienb hiesubtnt`ie.

Furtajrkirj, e kney hiuetr`js, etjrent`ienbpnrtejr nljeh`js nrj ehrjns`elby sjjd`el tipriv`cj cjvjbipkjet nss`stnehj tariula hjetrnbnec sjhtir gucljt suppirt wajrj cikjst`hpib`h`js nrj oucljc ti rjfbjht n ‑hrjc`gbj‐ ent`ienbhiesjesus rjsubt`el taj jelnljkjet if h`v`b

sih`jty.

Saj gnbnehj sajjt twi yjnrs ie frik Cndnr

Xi, want `s taj gnbnehj sajjt twi yjnrs nftjrCndnr9 Saj neswjr `s tant taj fubb nhhiuet anseit yjt gjje hikp`bjc. Aiwjvjr, `f taj jxpjhtjciuthikj wns n sjt if f`ejby aiejc Ent`ienb JFN]bnes, priv`c`el taj gns`s fir ne jnrby c`nbilujw`ta etjrent`ienb nljeh`js fir jeanehjc bjvjbsif fuec`el, taje ta`s jxpjhtnt`ie ans eit gjjekjt. @f, ie taj itajr anec Cndnr `s nssjssjc `e

Hanptjr 8

] bnee `el fir jcuhnt `ie fir n b b

Djeyn, Bjsitai, E`ljr,

Wwnecn, X`jrrn Bjiej, Sili,Zlnecn

Gje`e, Gurd`en Fnsi,

Hnkgic`n, Jta`ip`n, Lnkg`n,Lu`ejn, An`t`, Kncnlnshnr,Knbnw`, Knb`, Knur`tne`n,Kiznkg`quj, Xucne,Ze`tjc Wjpugb`h if Snezne`n,Pjkje, _nkg`n

Gnelbncjsa, Cjkihrnt`h

Wjpugb`h if taj Hieli,Jr`trjn, Lu`ejn-G`ssnu, Bni]jipbjs Cjkihrnt`h Wjpugb`h,Ejpnb, E`ljr`n, ]nd`stne

Jcuhnt`ie rjhj`vjskirj tane 7=% if

taj livjrekjet gucljt

Jcuhnt`ie rjhj`vjs gjtwjje>=% nec 7=% if

taj livjrekjet gucljt

Jcuhnt`ie rjhj`vjsbjss tane >=% if

taj livjrekjet gucljt

Sngbj 8.<. Xanrj if livjrekjet gucljts nbbihntjc ti jcuhnt`ie

Xiurhj? Sngbj 8.7 `e ta`s hanptjr.

Gje`e, Gurd`en Fnsi,Cjk. Wjp. if Hieli, Bni

]CW, Ejpnb, E`ljr, ]nd`stne,Z. W. Snezne`n

Gnelbncjsa, Hnkgic`n,Jr`trjn, Jta`ip`n, Lnkg`n,

Kncnlnshnr, Knbnw`,Knur`tne`n, Kiznkg`quj,X`jrrn Bjiej, Xucne, Sili,Zlnecn, Pjkje

Lu`ejn, Lu`ejn-G`ssnu, An`t`,Djeyn, Bjsitai, Knb`, E`ljr`n,

Wwnecn, _nkg`n

5 ::% 3:%‘::%   2 3:%

Sngbj 8.1. Nbbihnt`ies ti pr`knry jcuhnt`ie

Xiurhj? Sngbj 8.7 `e ta`s hanptjr.

Sajrj `s n rnelj if jxnkpbjs if ippirtue`t`jspriv`cjc gy livjrekjet ti jengbj firknbhiesubtnt`ie ti tndj pbnhj. @e Knb`, tajcjhjetrnb`znt`ie prihjss e taj jcuhnt`ie sjhtirans `ehbucjc w`cj hiesubtnt`ie nec c`nbiluj nthikkue`ty bjvjb. Sa`s ans priv`cjc ippirtue`t`js

ti hbnr`fy ribjs nec rjspies`g`b`t`js. @e SajLnkg`n, rjl`ienb hiesubtnt`ies ie taj iuthikjsif taj JFN 7=== nssjsskjet nec taj \irbcJcuhnt`ie Firuk anvj tndje pbnhj. Djycihukjets anvj gjje trnesbntjc eti bihnbbnelunljs. Hiesubtnt`ies anvj gjje ajbc nhrisstaj hiuetry `ehbuc`el kjjt`els w`ta yiuelpjipbj. Saj Hnkgic`ne Livjrekjet ans hrjntjcn grinc-gnsjc Ent`ienb JFN Hikk`ttjj tant`evibvjs ELIs ie n hiesubtnt`vj gns`s.

Bjss hikkie nrj jxnkpbjs ‘ nt bjnst frik tajjv`cjehj if livjrekjet cihukjets ‘ wajrj

kirj nutieikius c`nbiluj nec jelnljkjet ifh`v`b sih`jty `s ne `etjlrnb jbjkjet if jcuhnt`ienbpbnee`el `e n rjlubnr nec sustn`engbj wny. @eLanen, n ent`ienb hinb`t`ie if ELIs nec h`v`bsih`jty lriups hnkpn`les fir gns`h jcuhnt`ie ifliic qunb`ty fir Lanen`ne ha`bcrje, rrjspjht`vjif ljecjr, jtae`h`ty nec ljilrnpa`hnb bihnt`ie.Saj hnkpn`le nhts ns n prjssurj lriup ie tajlivjrekjet, url`el taj K`e`stry if Jcuhnt`ienec taj Lanen Jcuhnt`ie Xjrv`hj ti djjp taj`rprik`sj fir jcuhnt`ie rjfirk, frjj nechikpubsiry ue`vjrsnb gns`h jcuhnt`ie nec

@e Knb`, tajcjhjetrnb`znt`ie

prihjss `e tajjcuhnt`ie sjhtir

`ehbucjs w`cj

hiesubtnt`ie necc`nbiluj nt

hikkue`ty bjvjb.

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Gurd`en Fnsi ans n biel a`stiry if `ehbuc`el `ts bihnb-bjvjb `est`tut`ies `elivjrenehj. @e taj jnrby >01=s, n pib`hy if pnrt`h`pntiry cjvjbipkjet wnsbnuehajc ti prikitj taj systjknt`h `evibvjkjet if nbb hikkue`t`js `e pbnee`elprihjssjs nhriss sjhtirs. Aiwjvjr, taj rjbnt`iesa`p gjtwjje h`v`b sih`jty nectaj k`b`tnry wns eit hiecuh`vj ti n ljeu`ej prihjss if pnrt`h`pnt`ie (Gnelurn,>000). Saje, taj ejw cjkihrnhy if taj >00=s ipjejc taj ciir fir kirj pburnbpib`t`hs. @e >00:, n C`nbiluj Frnkjwird `e Gns`h Jcuhnt`ie (Hncrj cjhiehjrtnt`ie je jcuhnt`ie cj gnsj nu Gurd`en Fnsi, HHJG/GF) gjlne n prihjssfir h`v`b sih`jty jelnljkjet `e jcuhnt`ienb pbnee`el. Si stnrt w`ta, taj ELIs tantipjrntjc `e taj jcuhnt`ie sjhtir wjrj `cjet`f`jc ti fnh`b`tntj gjttjr hiirc`ent`ieif taj`r nht`v`t`js. Sa`s prihjss jvibvjc `eti n ‑spnhj‐ wajrj ELIs nec itajrgic`js anc taj ippirtue`ty ti gjhikj kirj `evibvjc `e pbnee`el fir JFN.Aiwjvjr, wa`bj struhturjs anvj gjje cjvjbipjc, taj qunb`ty if h`v`b sih`jty`evibvjkjet `e taj pbnee`el prihjss ans eit gjje titnbby pricuht`vj.

Ej`tajr h`t`zjes eir livjrekjet anvj fiuec `t jnsy ti rjfbjht fubby taj v`jws ifh`t`zjes `e knoir firuks nec kjjt`els (LWJFHI, 7==>). Gut `e Npr`b 7===, tajK`e`stry if Jcuhnt`ie (KJGN) jstngb`sajc hikk`ttjjs tant `ehbucjc HXIs necELIs ns pnrt if n ent`iew`cj hiesubtnt`ie prihjss. Hikk`ttjjs nt taj ent`ienb,rjl`ienb nec priv`eh`nb bjvjb, hikpr`s`el n grinc spjhtruk if h`v`b sih`jty necpugb`h `est`tut`ies, wirdjc ti cjvjbip taj Sje-Pjnr ]bne fir taj Cjvjbipkjet if

Gns`h Jcuhnt`ie (]bne càhjeenb cj càvjbippjkjet cj b‐àcuhnt`ie cj gnsj,]CCJG). Sa`s ]bne eiw s`ts w`ta`e taj w`cjr igojht`vjs if taj Ze`tjc Ent`iesCjvjbipkjet Nss`stnehj Frnkjwird (ZECNF) nec taj ]WX] (LWJFHI, 7==>).\`ta `etjr-nljehy hiipjrnt`ie tajsj cjvjbipkjet frnkjwirds nrj gj`el`etjlrntjc nec JFN linbs `ehbucjc w`ta`e tajk.

Jcuhnt`ie rjfirks tant jehiurnlj pburnb`ty nrj st`bb tnd`el riit, sbiwby kic`fy`eltaj firks if jelnljkjet gjtwjje h`v`b sih`jty nec taj stntj nt biwjr bjvjbs ifnutair`ty. Sa`s prihjss `s firjsjje ns n gns`s fir sustn`engbj nec hikkue`ty-cr`vje jcuhnt`ie pbnee`el (Cieejbby-Winrd jt nb., 7==>).

Xiurhjs? Gnelurn (>000), LWJFHI (7==>), nec EXXC, Gurd`en Fnsi? ]bnee`el Frnkjwird,attp?//www.essc.ejt/hiuetry/gurd`en/gfi7.atk

Gix 8.<. @kpriv`el h`v`b sih`jty jelnljkjet`e pbnee`el fir JFN? Gurd`en Fnsi

tjrks if `eojht`el sikj urljehy nec sikj JFNfihus eti taj jcuhnt`ie nec cjvjbipkjetpbnee`el prihjss, taje tajrj `s sikj jv`cjehjti sulljst tant ta`s `s anppje`el. Saj nvn`bngbjcntngnsj cijs eit suppirt n hbjnrjr ir strieljrhiehbus`ie.

@e sikj hnsjs, JFN pbnee`el nppjnrs ti rue tajr`sd if cupb`hnt`el ir ruee`el pnrnbbjb w`ta jx`st`elpbnee`el prihjssjs. @t `s `kpirtnet ti jesurj tantsystjks w`ta shnrhj tjhae`hnb hnpnh`ty ci eitfibbiw ta`s pnta. @t `s nbsi ejhjssnry fir JFN ti gjnrlujc strielby nec jejrljt`hnbby nhriss ent`ienbpbnee`el prihjssjs. Ns Hanptjr > ans

cjkiestrntjc, taj hnsj fir JFN `s n striel iej,gut JFN kust eit hrjntj n fjehj nriuec `tsjbf.@t `s n ent`ienb pr`ir`ty tant huts nhriss kneyc`kjes`ies if sih`nb nec jhieik`h cjvjbipkjet.

]bnee`el fir A@V/N@CX

Saj jxtjet ti wa`ha shaiibs nec itajr jcuhnt`ie

`est`tut`ies nrj ngbj ti hiet`euj fueht`ie`el ns pnrt

if taj jssjet`nb `efrnstruhturj if sih`jt`js nec

hikkue`t`js w`bb `efbujehj aiw wjbb sih`jt`js

jvjetunbby rjhivjr frik taj jp`cjk`h(ZEN@CX, 7==7c ).

Saj shnbj if taj A@V/N@CX pnecjk`h `s sjt iut `estnrd tjrks `e taj Wjpirt ie taj Lbignb A@V/N@CX 

Jp`cjk`h ? 3= k`bb`ie ncubts nec ha`bcrje b`vj w`taA@V/N@CX, 71.: k`bb`ie `e sug-Xnanrne Nfr`hn.Xikj >3 k`bb`ie ha`bcrje up ti nec `ehbuc`el tajnlj if >3 anvj bist iej ir gita if taj`r pnrjets4:=1 taiusnec ha`bcrje c`jc frik N@CX `e 7==>. @tfibbiws taje tant fir hiuetr`js wajrj taj `kpnhtif A@V/N@CX `s a`la, tajrj nrj knoir hanbbjeljs`e pbnee`el fir, nec sustn`e`el prilrjss tiwnrcs,

taj nttn`ekjet if JFN linbs.@e >3 if taj 70 hiuetr`js saiwe `e Sngbj 8.7 firwa`ha tajrj `s A@V/N@CX cntn, ivjr :% if >:–30-yjnr-ibcs b`vj w`ta A@V/N@CX. Saj `kpnht `sa`lajst e Xiutajre Nfr`hn. @e Gitswnen, tajf`lurj `s 81.1%, `e _nkg`n, 7>.:% nec `e Bjsitai,8=%. @e taj 70 hiuetr`js tiljtajr, ejnrby77 k`bb`ie ha`bcrje nec ncubts b`vj w`ta A@V/N@CX?8.0 k`bb`ie `e @ec`n, 8.: k`bb`ie `e E`ljr`n nec7.> k`bb`ie `e Jta`ip`n. Sa`s s kirj tane :=% iftaj lbignb titnb.

Saj kist v`s`gbj cjkilrnpa`h `kpnht if tajA@V/N@CX jp`cjk`h `s taj lriwta `e taj eukgjrif irpanes (Djbby, 7===). @e taj Cjkihrnt`hWjpugb`h if taj Hieli `t `s jst`kntjc tant ejnrby> k`bb`ie ha`bcrje (nljc =‘>3) nrj N@CX irpanes.@e Zlnecn, taj f`lurj `s 1>=,=== nec `e _nkg`n,`t `s wjbb ivjr anbf n k`bb`ie. Gnsjc ie n stucy if83 hiuetr`js (76 `e Nfr`hn), iej jst`kntj sulljststant gy 7=>= tajrj w`bb gj 33 k`bb`ie irpanes. Iftajsj, <=% if taisj wai anvj bist taj`r kitajrir gita pnrjets w`bb gj irpanes if taj `kpnht ifA@V/N@CX (Auetjr nec \`bb`nksie, 7===). N lbignbjst`kntj prjc`hts tant taj eukgjr if irpanes

w`bb hiet`euj ti r`sj fir nt bjnst taj ejxt cjhncj.Sicny‐s prjvnbjehj rntjs w`bb bnrljby cjtjrk`ejtaj ljilrnpay if irpanes fir taj ejxt tje yjnrs

7 = =JFN Lbignb

Kie`tir`el Wjpirt

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(ZE@HJF/ZEN@CX/ZXN@C, 7==7). \a`bj tajeukgjrs sny sikjta`el ngiut taj shnbj if tajpnecjk`h, tajy hneeit hievjy taj rjnb stiry ifgj`el ne irpane nec taj pivjrty if taj b`fj wa`hayiuel ha`bcrje nrj firhjc ti b`vj (Gix 8.1).

Xi, `e systjks tant `e kney hnsjs nbrjncyrjqu`rj rnc`hnb sjhtir rjfirks nec s`le`f`hnetby`ehrjnsjc bjvjbs if rjsiurhjs fir jcuhnt`ie, tajhanbbjelj if pbnee`el ti nha`jvj JFN `shikpb`hntjc nec hikpiuecjc gy A@V/N@CX.

Saj A@V/N@CX pnecjk`h `kpnhts ie bjnre`elippirtue`t`js nec jcuhnt`ie systjks `e n kyr`nc

if wnys. Jeribkjets fnbb. Irpanes gjhikjha`bcrje iut-if-shaiib. Saj ljecjr lnp w`cjes.Xhaiibs nrj uengbj ti fueht`ie jffjht`vjby si tajqunb`ty if bjnre`el cjtjr`irntjs. Wjsiurhjs nrjc`vjrtjc frik jcuhnt`ie ti kjjt taj cjknecsgj`el pbnhjc ie taj ajnbta nec wjbfnrj sjrv`hjs.K`e`str`js nec `est`tut`ies bisj sd`bbjc necjxpjr`jehjc stnff tant nrj c`ff`hubt necsikjt`kjs kpiss`gbj ti rjpbnhj.

Saj `kpnht ie tjnhajrs cjsjrvjs pnrt`hubnrnttjet`ie. Ne jst`kntjc 16=,=== ha`bcrje bisttaj`r tjnhajrs ti N@CX `e sug-Xnanrne Nfr`hn `e

>000. Saj \irbc Gned rjfjrs ti rjhjet rjsjnrhatant sulljsts tant tjnhajrs nrj nffjhtjc `e tajsnkj pripirt`ie ns ncubts `e ljejrnb, s`hdejssjvibvjs ivjr tje yjnrs nec, ie nvjrnlj, cur`eltant pjr`ic, tjnhajrs nrj ngsjet fir 76= cnys(\irbc Gned, 7==7n). Aiwjvjr sikj jv`cjehjjkjrl`el frik Xiutajre Nfr`hn sulljsts tantkirtnb`ty rntjs nkiel tjnhajrs kny gj biwjrtane tant if taj ljejrnb ncubt pipubnt`ie nectant w`ta`e taj prifjss`ie, rntjs vnry nhhirc`elti ljecjr, qunb`f`hnt`ies, knr`tnb stntus necbihnt`ie (Gjeejbb jt nb., 7==7).

\ant taje `s ejjcjc ti pbne nec `kpbjkjetstrntjl`js tant hne sustn`e nec strjeltajejcuhnt`ie `e taj fnhj if taj pnecjk`h necprjvjet taj furtajr sprjnc if A@V/N@CX9 \ant nrjtaj c`kjes`ies if taj tnsd nec aiw saiubc tajygj nccrjssjc9

Aycj sulljsts tant ne uecjrstnec`el if tajhikpbjx rjbnt`iesa`ps gjtwjje A@V/N@CX necjcuhnt`ie ans cjvjbipjc qu`tj rnp`cby `e taj bnstfjw yjnrs gut tant taj eukgjr if cjtn`bjc bihnbnec hiuetry stuc`js ie A@V/N@CX nec jcuhnt`iest`bb rjkn`es sknbb (Aycj jt nb, 7==7). Fir ejnrby

twi cjhncjs, taj rjspiesj if taj jcuhnt`iesjhtir ti A@V/N@CX ans gjje kutjc necfrnlkjetjc. Eiw, tajrj `s n hbjnrjruecjrstnec`el tant fir n lriw`el eukgjr ifhiuetr`js, A@V/N@CX `s eit oust ne ncc`t`ienbfnhtir tant ejjcs ti gj nhhikkicntjc `ejcuhnt`ienb pbnee`el nec prnht`hj (j.l. Gjeejbbjt nb., 7==74 Hiikgj, 7===4 @C7> wjgs`tj4 Djbby,7===4 ZE@HJF, 7==7h 4 \a`tjs`cj, 7===4 \irbcGned, 7==7g). @t `s eiw n fnht if b`fj tant rjqu`rjstant jvjry pib`hy, prihjcurj nec nht`v`ty saiubcgj rj-wirdjc nec rjtaiulat w`ta`e ne N@CX-hjetrjc pib`hy frnkjwird. Sa`s `e ture rjqu`rjs n

knoir sa`ft `e taj k`ecsjt nec taj prihjss ifjcuhnt`ienb pbnee`el. Djbby `cjet`f`js e`ej pib`hycjvjbipkjet nec pbnee`el kpjrnt`vjs?

kn`estrjnk A@V/N@CX nhriss taj jcuhnt`iesjhtir4

djjp taj jcuhnt`ie systjk fueht`ie`el4

ncipt prjvjet`ie, hnrj nec suppirt ns gns`hpr`eh`pbjs ti lu`cj systjk nec `est`tut`ie`etjrvjet`ies nec prilrnkkjs4

djjp taj hurr`hubuk uecjr hiestnet rjv`jw tijesurj tant `t `s rjbjvnet `e n wirbc w`taA@V/N@CX4

jesurj tant taj ejjcs if taj piirjst nec taisj`e c`ff`hubt h`rhukstnehjs nrj kjt4

nccrjss taj ljecjr ejqunb`t`js tant fujbA@V/N@CX4

gu`bc hnpnh`ty fir taj knenljkjet nec hietribif taj jp`cjk`h4

prikitj hikkue`ty pnrt`h`pnt`ie nec suppirt4nec

wird kubt`-sjhtirnbby nec w`ta n w`cj rnelj ifpnrtejrs.

Sa`s b`st jkgrnhjs qu`tj fuecnkjetnb prihjssjs,

kney if wa`ha b`j nt taj ajnrt if jcuhnt`ierjfirk gut tndj ie nccjc s`le`f`hnehj w`ta`e nfrnkjwird if jcuhnt`ie nec A@V/N@CX. Xtrntjl`hpbnee`el wa`ha `etjlrntjs nbb rjbjvnetlivjrekjet struhturjs s ejjcjc ti pritjht necsustn`e systjks nec ti cjvjbip kjnsurjs firnha`jv`el JFN w`ta`e taj frnkjwird if N@CX(Djbby, 7==74 Gjeejbb jt nb., 7==7).

Swi yjnrs nftjr Cndnr tajrj nrj liic jxnkpbjsif jffirts tant nrj gj`el kncj ti pbne firjcuhnt`ie e taj hietjxt if A@V/N@CX, nbtaiula

Hanptjr 8

] bnee `el fir jcuhnt `ie fir n b b

K`e`str`js nec`est`tut`ies nrj

bis`el sd`bbjcnec jxpjr`jehjcstnff wai nrj

c`ff`hubt ‘sikjt`kjs jvje

`kpiss`gbj ‘ tirjpbnhj, cuj ti

A@V/N@CX.

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_ikgn, Knbnw`>

Sajrj nrj tarjj hyhbjs if cjpr`vnt`ie nssih`ntjc w`ta irpaneaiic. Saj piir l`vjg`rta ti ha`bcrje wai nrj b`djby ti gjhikj piir, irpanes prihrjntj ha`bcrje

b`djby ti gjhikj irpanes, nec A@V-pis`t`vj pnrjets pricuhj ha`bcrje b`djby tigjhikj A@V-pis`t`vj. Saj pivjrty nec jxhbus`ie nssih`ntjc w`ta l`rb irpanes`s n s`le`f`hnet fjnturj if ta`s cjpr`vnt`ie. Irpanes anvj b`ttbj fiic, fjw hbitajs,ei gjcc`el nec ei sinp. Saj aueljr nec sih`nb jxhbus`ie tant rjsubt uecjrk`ejshaiib nttjecnehj nec bjnc ti furtajr sih`nb jxhbus`ie. Kney irpanes nrjsih`nbby jxhbucjc nec fjjb c`s`bbus`iejc nec cjspjrntj.

Xikj jbjkjets if hikkue`ty priv`s`ie tant wird wjbb `ehbucj c`str`gut`ie iffiic nec hbita`el, nec suppirt. Bjss suhhjssfub nrj fuec-rn`s`el ir priv`s`ie ifjcuhnt`ie (ha`jfby vihnt`ienb), shaiib fjjs nec fiic. Ns n waibj, hikkue`ty hnrj`s ivjrwajbkjc gy taj eukgjrs, nec `s grjnd`el ciwe. Vihnt`ienb jcuhnt`ie `s`e lrjnt cjknec gy gita irpanes nec taisj wai hnrj fir tajk.

N@CX irpanes7

Saj `ehrjnsj `e eukgjrs if N@CX irpanes `s strjtha`el taj hnpnh`ty if fnk`b`jsnec sih`jt`js nt bnrlj. @e kney hnsjs, taj jxtjecjc fnk`by `s f`ec`el `t jxtrjkjbyc`ff`hubt ti hipj jhieik`hnbby nec psyhaibil`hnbby w`ta taj eukgjrs tant `srjqu`rjc ti ngsirg. Fjw irpanes nrj ngbj ti pny taj`r shaiib nec trn`e`el fjjs.Kney anvj ti hnrj fir itajrs `e taj aikj wajrj tajy b`vj. Kney anvj ti wirdti suppirt tajksjbvjs ir yiueljr s`gb`els cjpjecjet ie tajk. Kney hnrryrjspies`g`b`t`js wjbb gjyiec taj`r hnpng`b`t`js ns ha`bcrje. Xikj nrj sitrnuknt`zjc gy want tajy anvj jxpjr`jehjc waje taj`r fnk`by kjkgjr c`jc ifN@CX tant tajy hneeit bjnre. N s`le`f`hnet eukgjr nrj nt r`sd if hietrnht`elA@V/N@CX tariula v`rtunbby `ejshnpngbj ehikj-ljejrnt`el prist`tut`ie.

Kist if tajsj irpanes nrj jxhbucjc frik taj oiy nec ln`jty if n eirknbha`bcaiic. Jhieik`hnbby nec psyhaibil`hnbby, tajy anvj ejjcs tant c`ffjr friktaisj if itajr ha`bcrje `e shaiib, ejjcs ti wa`ha taj shaiib kust ejhjssnr`byrjspiec.

Xiurhj? >. KhGr`cj (7==7), rjpirtjc `e @C7>, attp?//www.`c7>.irl/, (Nulust 7==7)4 7. Djbby (7===).

Gix 8.1. Saj hanrnhtjr`st`hs if irpaneaiic? _ikgn, Knbnw`

taj 3=-hiuetry survjy cijs eit sulljst tantpbnee`el fir JFN w`ta`e n ent`ienb N@CXfrnkjwird `s n rjnb`ty `e kist hiuetr`js w`taa`la prjvnbjehj rntjs. Gut Gitswnen, San`bnecnec Zlnecn priv`cj jxnkpbjs if hiuetr`js tantnrj tnd`el taj tnsd sjr`iusby.

Gitswnen ans iej if taj a`lajst A@V/N@CXprjvnbjehj rntjs `e taj wirbc. @e taj pnst tarjjyjnrs tajrj ans gjje n c`shjre`gbj hanelj `e tajnpprinha if taj Gitswnen livjrekjet ti tajA@V/N@CX pnecjk`h st`kubntjc `e pnrt gy tajbnueha if taj Gitswnen Aukne CjvjbipkjetWjpirt fir 7===, wa`ha cjkiestrntjs vjry hbjnrby

taj cjhb`ej e aukne cjvjbipkjet pjrfirknehjnec `e taj rntjs if `ehrjnsj `e taj bjvjb if LC]ns n rjsubt if A@V/N@CX (ZEC], 7===). Saj rjpirt`s taj pricuht if n striel upstrjnk rjsjnrhapnrtejrsa`p gjtwjje taj Livjrekjet nec ZEC].

A@V/N@CX ans gjje cjhbnrjc n ent`ienb hr`s`s,rjsubt`el `e taj hrjnt`ie if n Ent`ienb N`csHiirc`ent`el Nljehy (ENHN). Sa`s `s tajsjhrjtnr`nt fir taj Ent`ienb N@CX Hiueh`b tant `shan`rjc gy taj ]rjs`cjet if Gitswnen. ENHN `shanrljc w`ta rjspies`g`b`ty fir kig`b`z`el nechiirc`ent`el n kubt`-sjhtirnb npprinha ti

A@V/N@CX. Iej rjsubt if ta`s npprinha `s tant nfubb jcuhnt`ie sjhtir rjv`jw ans gjje `est`tutjc,gnhdjc gy rjsjnrha nec nss`stjc gy jxtjrenbnljeh`js. Iej stucy ans nssjssjc taj `kpnht ifA@V/N@CX ie pr`knry nec sjhiecnry shaiib`el(Gjeejbb jt nb., 7==>) nec `ts sukknry f`ec`elsnrj sjt iut `e Gix 8.0. Sajsj f`ec`els anvj pib`hy`kpb`hnt`ies fir sjx nec ajnbta jcuhnt`ie `e tajhurr`hubuk, shaiib nec hikkue`ty wjbfnrjsjrv`hjs, nec tjnhajr suppirt nec knenljkjet.

@e San`bnec taj s`tunt`ie `s c`ffjrjet. Sajrj ansgjje rjsjnrha ie A@V/N@CX strjtha`el ivjr

ejnrby twjety yjnrs. Nftjr jxpjr`jeh`eljshnbnt`el `efjht`ie rntjs `e taj >01=s, San`bnec`e`t`ntjc n hikprjajes`vj prjvjet`ieprilrnkkj. Sa`s `ehbucjc taj >==% hiecikprilrnkkj tnrljtjc nt gritajbs4 grinc-gnsjcnwnrjejss nht`v`t`js, wa`ha evibvjc kneysjhtirs if sih`jty4 nec striel aukne r`latspritjht`ie kjnsurjs. Gy taj jec if taj >00=s,taj eukgjr if ejw `efjht`ies anc fnbbje gy 1=%frik taj bjvjbs prjvnbjet pr`ir ti taj ent`ienbprjvjet`ie prilrnkkj (Lbignb Nht`ie Lriup]rjvjet`ie wjgs`tj).

Ncubt prjvnbjehj rntjs nrj eiw gjbiw 7%nbtaiula 6<=,=== ncubts nec ha`bcrje hiet`eujti b`vj w`ta A@V/N@CX nec tajrj nrj 70=,===irpanes. Xi wa`bj prjvnbjehj rntjs anvj fnbbjetajrj rjkn`es hiehjre fir bihnb`zjc jp`cjk`hsnec ha`bcrje nec yiuel ncubts (\irbc Gned,7==7g). @etjrvjet`ies nrj ejjcjc ti strjeltajenec, wajrj ejhjssnry, rj-ir`jet jcuhnt`ie nectrn`e`el prilrnkkjs. Sa`s rjqu`rjs strielpnrtejrsa`ps nhriss livjrekjet k`e`str`js,ELIs, hikkue`ty irlne`znt`ies, nec tajgus`ejss sjhtir, ti jesurj liic prilrnkkjhivjrnlj nec n suff`h`jehy if rjsiurhjs ti rjcuhjr`sds nkiel taj yiuel.

Xhaiibs priv`cj n striel gnsj fir tjnha`el sjxjcuhnt`ie gut s`le`f`hnet jcuhnt`ie hanbbjeljsrjkn`e, wa`ha nrj gj`el nssjssjc nec pbneejcfir gy n eukgjr if k`e`str`js. Saj Cjpnrtkjetif Ajnbta s prikit`el w`cjr pugb`h nhhjptnehjif sjx jcuhnt`ie ns n ejhjssnry pnrt if b`fj.Siljtajr w`ta taj Cjpnrtkjet if Kjetnb Ajnbta,

7 = =JFN Lbignb

Kie`tir`el Wjpirt

Gitswnen ansiej if taj a`lajsA@V/N@CXprjvnbjehj rntjs`e taj wirbc.

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Wjsjnrha f`ec`elsN sanrp crip `e tjjenlj prjlenehy nec sjxunbby trnesk`ttjc c`sjnsjs s`ehjtaj k`c->00=s, gut taj A@V prjvnbjehj rntj nkiel prjlenet l`rbs nljc >:‘>0rjkn`es a`la ‘ 71.6% `e >001 nec 7:.8% `e 7===.

Xjxunb rjbnt`iesa`ps nrj rjpirtjc ti gj hikkie `e sjhiecnry shaiibs. Saj‑`etjlrnt`ie nec `efus`ie‐ if A@V/N@CX tip`hs `eti taj pr`knry nec sjhiecnryshaiib hurr`hubuk ans eit pricuhjc taj cjs`rjc haneljs `e sjxunb gjanv`iur.

Ciugbj irpanes nhhiuet fir >=% if ha`bcrje `e Gitswnen, n f`lurj priojhtjc tirjnha 8:% ti 3=% gy 7=>=. Irpanes frik taj piirjst aiusjaibcs ljejrnbbyanvj taj kist prigbjks w`ta taj`r jcuhnt`ie, nbtaiula taj ivjrnbb nttjecnehjif irpanes nt shaiib `s surpr`s`elby liic.

Kirtnb`ty rntjs nkiel tjnha`el nec itajr K`e`stry if Jcuhnt`ie stnff nrjhurrjetby nt bjnst iej-anbf taj ivjrnbb ncubt kirtnb`ty rntj. Sjnhajr kirtnb`tyhurrjetby nhhiuets fir iej-ta`rc if nbb nttr`t`ie, nec `s a`lajst nkiel knbj

pr`knry tjnhajrs.Sjnhajr ngsjetjj`sk `s eit ljejrnbby pjrhj`vjc ti gj n sjr`ius prigbjk ntkist shaiibs, gut nt bjnst iej tjnhajr wns rjpirtjc ti gj ‑pjrs`stjetby‐ `bb ntjnha if taj survjy shaiibs.

Cjtn`bjc cjkilrnpa`h priojht`ies saiw tant taj shaiib-nlj pipubnt`ie w`bbgj 8=% sknbbjr `e 7=>= tane `t wiubc anvj gjje w`taiut N@CX.

Xiurhj? Jxhjrpt frik @C7> (7==7), sukknry4 Gjeejbb jt nb. (7==7).

Gix 8.0. Wjsjnrha ie A@V/N@CX nec jcuhnt`ie `e Gitswnen

7=

lu`cjb`ejs nrj gj`el prjpnrjc fir n sjx-jcuhnt`iehurr`hubuk nhriss taj firknb jcuhnt`ie systjk.Sajsj ehbucj aukne cjvjbipkjet, sjxunbajnbta, sjxunb gjanv`iur, pjrsienb sd`bbs, necsih`nb, hubturnb nec ljecjr `ssujs. Sa`sfrnkjwird jengbjs taj K`e`stry if Jcuhnt`ie ticjvjbip taj cjtn`bjc shaiib hurr`hubuk.Ncc`t`ienbby, livjrekjet nljeh`js nec ELIstant priv`cj hiuesjbb`el sjrv`hjs nrj jehiurnljcti ejtwird nec hiirc`entj taj`r wird, sanrj taj`rdeiwbjclj nec jxpjr`jehjs nec strjeltaje tajrjfjrrnb systjk. Gix 8.>= priv`cjs ne `etjrjst`eljxnkpbj if n rjspiesj gy Gucca`st kieds.

A@V/N@CX wns f`rst rjhile`zjc e Zlnecn `e >017.Gy >008, taj hiuetry anc taj a`lajst prjvnbjehjrntjs `e taj wirbc. Eiw, `t `s iej if vjry fjwhiuetr`js ti anvj suhhjjcjc `e rjvjrs`el tajjp`cjk`h. ]rjs`cjet Kusjvje` neeiuehjcrjhjetby tant prjvnbjehj rntjs wjrj ciwe ti6.>% frik 8=% `e >00=, w`ta taj kist eit`hjngbjcjhb`ej gj`el `e taj >:‘70 nlj lriup.

Saj Zlnecn N@CX Hikk`ss`ie wns jstngb`sajc`e >007 uecjr taj Iff`hj if taj ]rjs`cjet tihiirc`entj ent`ienb strntjl`js. @ts wird ans gjjehanrnhtjr`zjc gy n kubt`-sjhtirnb npprinha`evibv`el n w`cj rnelj if stndjaibcjrs gnhdjcgy ipje pib`t`hnb hikk`tkjet nt taj a`lajst bjvjb

if taj Livjrekjet (ZEF]N, 7==>). A@V/N@CXprilrnkkjs nrj `etjlrntjc w`ta`e taj hiuetry‐srjv`sjc ]ivjrty Jrnc`hnt`ie Nht`ie ]bne necA@V/N@CX ans n spjh`nb vitj `e taj ent`ienbgucljt (ZEC], 7==>).

Zecjr taj ent`ienb pivjrty rjcuht`ie strntjly,h`v`b sih`jty `s jelnljc `e taj cjvjbipkjet iftaj Jcuhnt`ie Xjhtir @evjstkjet ]bne (JX@]) tanttiljtajr w`ta suppirt fir taj ejtwirds if ]jipbjB`v`el w`ta A@V/N@CX ans prikitjc n strielhinb`t`ie if evibvjkjet w`ta A@V prjvjet`ieprilrnkkjs. Ejw nbb`nehjs nec hinb`t`ies,iftje w`ta ELIs nt taj`r hjetrj, anvj ipjejc

up ippirtue`t`js fir pjipbj b`v`el w`ta A@V/N@CXti efbujehj pib`hy cjgntj nec rjcuhjc`shr`k`ent`ie nec st`lkn. Sajrj `s eiw n pugb`hvi`hj ngbj ti efbujehj pib`hy frnkjwirds necbjlnb systjks `e ircjr ti jb`k`entj prnht`hjs tantc`shr`k`entj nln`est taisj b`v`el w`ta A@V/N@CX.

\`ta`e taj hietjxt if Zlnecn‐s Ent`ienb Xtrntjl`hFrnkjwird nec Nht`ie ]bne fir A@V/N@CX nec `tsiwe sjhtir pbnee`el, taj K`e`stry if Jcuhnt`ienec Xpirts ans sjt iut e`ej knoir igojht`vjs firhikgnt`el A@V/N@CX ivjr n f`vj yjnr pjr`ic?

cjvjbip nec kpbjkjet jffjht`vj pib`h`js

fir taj sjhtir4

`etjes`fy ncvihnhy jffirts fir ha`bcrje‐sr`lats nec ejjcs `e taj hietjxt if N@CX4

`ehirpirntj A@V/N@CX eti taj hurr`hubuk,nhriss nbb jcuhnt`ie est`tut`ies nec eie-firknb vjeujs4

prikitj sd`bbs-gnsjc tjnhajr trn`e`el`e hibbjljs4

prikitj N@CX jcuhnt`ie, hiuesjbb`elnec ajnbta sjrv`hjs suppirt nt jcuhnt`ienb`est`tut`ies nt nbb bjvjbs4

fistjr taj wjbfnrj if N@CX irpanes4gu`bc pnrtejrsa`ps w`ta hikkue`ty neceie-livjrekjetnb irlne`znt`ies, necuecjrtndj oi`et nht`v`t`js nec

jehiurnlj rjsjnrha ie vnr`ius nspjhtsif A@V/N@CX nec `ts `kpnht ie jcuhnt`ienec rjbntjc sjhtirs4 nec

prikitj oi`et pbnee`el, hiirc`ent`ie,kie`tir`el nec jvnbunt`ie if A@V/N@CXnht`v`t`js `e taj jcuhnt`ie sjhtir(Knb`eln, 7===).

Hanptjr 8

] bnee `el fir jcuhnt `ie fir n b b

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Saj Xnelan Kjttn ]riojht jelnljs Gucca`st kieds `e A@V/N@CX prjvjet`ie nechnrj. @t wns `e`t`ntjc gy taj kieds tajksjbvjs wai w`sajc ti tndj n kirj nht`vjribj `e A@V/N@CX prjvjet`ie nec hnrj. Snd`el taj Guccan‐s tjnha`els ns taj`r

`esp`rnt`ie, taj kieds hiehbucjc tant n hirj nspjht if A@V/N@CX wns `leirnehjngiut taj hiec`t`ie nkiel gita taj suffjrjrs nec taj ljejrnb pugb`h.

Aikj v`s`ts

@e b`ej w`ta taj`r trnc`t`ienb ribj ns tjnhajrs, taj kieds cjh`cjc tajy hiubctjnha gita lriups ngiut taj rjnb`t`js if A@V/N@CX. Saj priojht tjnhajs kieds,eues nec eiv`hjs ngiut A@V/N@CX. @t jqu`ps tajk w`ta kicjre pnrt`h`pntirysih`nb knenljkjet sd`bbs nec tiibs si tant tajy hne wird jffjht`vjby `e taj`rhikkue`t`js ti prjvjet furtajr A@V trnesk`ss`ie nec ti ajbp fnk`b`js b`v`el w`taA@V/N@CX. N hruh`nb pnrt if trn`e`el `s hbisj hietnht gjtwjje kieds necsuffjrjrs, wa`ha `ehbucjs kieds anv`el ti nhhjpt nec jnt nbks fiic prjpnrjc gypjipbj w`ta A@V/N@CX. Xjes`t`zjc `e suha gns`h wnys tajy nrj siie ngbj ti wirdfrjjby w`ta nffjhtjc pjipbj.

Piuel eiv`hjs

@e striel hietrnst w`ta taj`r firknb ribjs, priojht-trn`ejc kieds anvj gjhikjnht`vj `e hikkue`ty wird. Zs`el Gucca`st jta`hs ns taj`r lu`cjb`ej, tajy eiwtjnha v`bbnljrs aiw ti nvi`c a`la-r`sd gjanv`iur, ajbp ti sjt up suppirt lriups,trn`e pjipbj w`ta A@V/N@CX `e anec`hrnfts, cientj taj`r nbks nec tndj hnrj ifN@CX irpanes. Gjhnusj bihnb pjipbj nrj nhhustikjc ti tjbb`el kieds taj`rtriugbjs, taj bnttjr anvj gjhikj n hiecu`t fir `cjet`fy`el kney sjhrjt A@V+pjipbj wai, iehj `cjet`f`jc, hne gj rjfjrrjc ti suppirt lriups nec pugb`hnss`stnehj prilrnkkjs. ‑A@V-fr`jecby‐ tjkpbjs jehiurnlj tajsj pjipbj tipnrt`h`pntj `e hikkue`ty nht`v`t`js. Sajy nbsi priv`cj trn`e`el `e kjc`tnt`ie nswjbb ns lriw nec c`spjesj ajrgnb kjc`h`ejs `e hibbngirnt`ie w`ta bihnbaisp`tnbs. Sa`s kirj nht`vj ribj nkiel kieds `s strjeltaje`el trust gjtwjjetajk nec taj pjipbj. @t `s nbsi cjvjbip`el hikkue`ty pitjet`nb nec jehiurnl`ellrjntjr lrnss riits pnrt`h`pnt`ie `e sibv`el prigbjks nt taj bihnb bjvjb. Gjhnusjtaj priojht ans l`vje kieds n wny ti gjhikj nht`vjby `evibvjc `e taj`rhikkue`t`js, sikjta`el tajy anvj nbwnys wnetjc, `t `s sprjnc`el rnp`cby `eti

itajr rjl`ies if San`bnec, ns wjbb ns ej`lagiur`el hiuetr`js suha ns Bni]jipbj‐s Cjkihrnt`h Wjpugb`h, Kyneknr, Hnkgic`n, Xiutajre Ha`en, V`jt Enk,Kielib`n nec Gautne.

Xiurhj? Sndje frik Guccan Canrkn Jcuhnt`ie Nssih`nt`ie wjgs`tj.attp?//www.guccanejt.ejt/snelan-kjttn/priojht.atkb

Gix 8.>=. Saj Xnelan Kjttn priojht `e San`bnec

Sajsj grinc igojht`vjs anvj gjje trnesbntjc`eti n sjt if qunet`f`ngbj linbs. Fir jxnkpbj,gy 7==:‘=6, nt bjnst 0=% if tjnhajr-trn`e`elhibbjht`vjs w`bb anvj `etricuhjc sd`bbs-gnsjckicubjs ie A@V/N@CX `eti taj`r prilrnkkjs.Gy taj snkj yjnr, nt bjnst :=% if jcuhnt`ienb`est`tut`ies w`bb anvj `etricuhjc wjbfnrj necsuppirt shajkjs fir A@V/N@CX irpanes, 1=%if taj `est`tut`ies w`bb anvj stnrtjc A@V/N@CXhiuesjbb`el nec ajnbta sjrv`hjs, nec nt bjnstf`vj knoir rjsjnrha stuc`js ie jcuhnt`ie necA@V/N@CX w`bb gj uecjrwny.

Saj nht`ie pbne ut`b`zjs n w`cj vnr`jty if

hikkue`hnt`ie strntjl`js. Sajsj ehbucjwirdsaips, trn`e`el d`ts nec kicubjs,hikpjt`t`ies fir gjst nrt`hbj ir pjrfirknehj,taj usj if rnc`i, v`cji nec tjbjv`s`ie, biggy`elnec iutrjnha nht`v`t`js, S-sa`rts nec tripa`js,hurr`hubuk rjcjs`le, prjss hnkpn`les, ent`ienbcjgntjs, pnrjetnb evibvjkjet nec oi`et priojhtsw`ta hikkue`ty irlne`znt`ies.

Sajsj tarjj hiuetr`js cjkiestrntj taj vnbuj nec`kpirtnehj if jcuhnt`ie pib`h`js nec pbnes firA@V/N@CX tant nrj hbjnrby pnrt if n w`cjr necwjbb-`etjlrntjc ent`ienb jffirt tant `s cjs`lejc

ti hrjntj nec gu`bc hbisj rjbnt`iesa`ps nhrisslriups, hikkue`t`js, nssih`nt`ies nec fn`tas.Sa`s ent`ienb jffirt ans ti cjnb w`ta taj `kpnhtif taj c`sjnsj ie djy ent`ienb `est`tut`ies`ehbuc`el strntjl`js fir pjrsieejb nec auknerjsiurhj suppirt, rj-trn`e`el nec rjpbnhjkjet.@t ejjcs liic rjsjnrha nec taj kjnes ti usjnec hikkue`hntj taj f`ec`els. @t `s nbsi hr`t`hnbtant strntjl`js nrj ljecjr sjes`t`vj. Nbb if tajsjejjcs nec pbnes anvj taj`r hists, ne `ssujwa`ha `s jxpbirjc `e Hanptjr 3.

Sajrj `s n lriw`el `etjrent`ienb rjsiurhj, ie

wa`ha taisj hanrljc w`ta pib`hy cjvjbipkjetnec pbnee`el rjspies`g`b`t`js hne crnw? taj ejwbyjstngb`sajc ZEN@CX @etjr-Nljehy Snsd Sjnk ieJcuhnt`ie. Sa`s eiw evibvjs j`lat nljeh`js`ehbuc`el ZEC], ZECH], ZEJXHI, ZEF]N,ZE@HJF nec \AI. Saj Sjnk `s cjvjbip`el nstrntjl`h frnkjwird wa`ha tndjs ns ts stnrt`elpi`et taj ZELNXX Cjhbnrnt`ie if Hikk`tkjetie A@V/N@CX wa`ha sjts taj tnrljt if rjcuh`elA@V `efjht`ie nkiel >:‘73-yjnr-ibcs gy 7:% `etaj kist nffjhtjc hiuetr`js gy 7==: nec lbignbbygy 7=>=. @t hnbbs ie livjrekjets ti cjvjbip gy

7==8 nec `kpbjkjet gy 7==:, ent`ienb strntjl`jsti priv`cj n suppirt`vj jev`riekjet fir irpanesnec ha`bcrje `efjhtjc nec nffjhtjc gy A@V/N@CX(ZEN@CX, 7==7n).

N ejw \irbc Gned strntjly cihukjet (\irbc

Gned, 7==7g) hiehbucjs tant priv`c`el n gns`hjcuhnt`ie ti ha`bcrje nec jspjh`nbby jqunbippirtue`ty fir l`rbs, `s nkiel taj kistprik`s`el c`rjht`ies e rjspiec`el ti A@V/[email protected] strntjl`h pbnee`el, shaiib-gnsjcprjvjet`ie prilrnkkjs, pjjr jcuhnt`ie nec nfihus ie yiuta, suppirt fir irpanes nec iut ifshaiib yiuta, kubt`-kjc`n hnkpn`les nec strielpnrtejrsa`ps, ent`ienb nec etjrent`ienb, nrj nbbsjje ns jssjet`nb.

7 = =JFN Lbignb

Kie`tir`el Wjpirt

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@e >00<, cur`el taj Sjeta @etjrent`ienb Hiefjrjehj ie XSC/N@CX (Ng`cone, Hótjc‐@vi`rj), ne Nbb`nehj if Knyirs @e`t`nt`vj fir Hikkue`ty Nht`ie ie N@CX nt tajBihnb Bjvjb (NK@HNNBB) wns jstngb`sajc ti prikitj ne jxpnecjc, kubt`sjhtirnbrjspiesj ti taj A@V/N@CX jp`cjk`h. @t wns cjs`lejc ti priv`cj hiehrjtjjxnkpbjs if aiw bihnb livjrekjets, wird`el `e pnrtejrsa`p w`ta h`v`b sih`jtynec bihnb hikkue`t`js, hiubc trnesbntj pr`eh`pbjs nec linbs `eti nht`ies. SajNbb`nehj strntjly `s `ehbus`vj (`evibv`el n grinc rnelj if stndjaibcjrs),rjspies`vj (rjnht`el ti bihnbby nrt`hubntjc ejjcs nec gridjr`el c`nbiluj nkielbihnb pjipbj, kue`h`pnb`t`js, pib`hy-kndjrs nec cjh`s`ie-kndjrs), ljecjrsjes`t`vj (rjspiec`el ti taj c`ffjrjet jxpjr`jehjs if kje nec wikje `e tjrks ifvubejrng`b`ty, rjspiesj nec `kpnht), nec cyenk`h (bihnb nht`ie `efirks ent`ienbpib`hy wa`ha `e ture suppirts n kirj jengb`el jev`riekjet fir sustn`ejcrjspiesjs4 strjeltajejc knenljkjet nec f`eneh`nb systjks nt taj bihnb bjvjbpriv`cj taj fiuecnt`ies fir shnb`el up rjspiesjs ti taj jp`cjk`h). @t cjvjbipskjhane`sks ti fnh`b`tntj rnp`c c`sgursjkjet if fuecs ti hikkue`t`js `e ejjcnec ti ajbp hiuetr`js c`vjrs`fy taj`r siurhjs if fuec`el ti nccrjss taj jp`cjk`h.Ncc`t`ienbby, nht`ie-ir`jetjc kie`tir`el nec rjpirt`el tiibs nrj nbsi gj`elcjvjbipjc ti prikitj uecjrstnec`el if want `s wird`el, nec want `s eit, nec tikndj taj ejhjssnry ncoustkjets.

Sa`s Nbb`nehj `s pnrt if n grincjr @etjrent`ienb ]nrtejrsa`p nln`est N@CX `eNfr`hn, wajrj nhtirs wai anvj haisje ti wird tiljtajr ti nha`jvj n sanrjcv`s`ie fir shnb`el up jffirts `e Nfr`hn ti hurtn`b taj sprjnc if A@V, rjcuhj `ts`kpnht nec anbt taj furtajr rjvjrsnb if aukne, sih`nb nec jhieik`hcjvjbipkjet.

Xiurhj? Frik Nbb`nehj if Knyirs nec Kue`h`pnb Bjncjrs ie A@V/N@CX `e Nfr`hn‐s \jgs`tj (7==7)4 ZEN@CX(7==7g)4 ZEN@CX ]ib`hy Eitjs.

Gix 8.>>. Nbb`nehj if knyirs nec kue`h`pnb bjncjrsie A@V/ N@CX `e Nfr`hn

77

ZEJXHI‐s @etjrent`ienb @est`tutj fir Jcuhnt`ienb]bnee`el (@@J]) ans hrjntjc taj Lbignb A@V/N@CX

@kpnht ie Jcuhnt`ie Hbjnr`el Aiusj tant priv`cjsnhhjss ti hikpnrnt`vj efirknt`ie ie firknb neceie-firknb systjks nec jxpjr`jehj if kjnsurjsti hipj w`ta, ns wjbb ns hurg, taj pnecjk`h.ZE@HJF tii ans gjje nht`vj `e ta`s f`jbc, `enccrjss`el taj ejjcs if yiuel pjipbj (ZE@HJF,7==7h ) nec irpanes (ZE@HJF/ZEN@CX/ZXN@C,7==7).

N lriw`el eukgjr if `etjrent`ienb pnrtejrsa`pshne nss`st w`ta pbnee`el nec prilrnkk`el. @epnrtejrsa`p w`ta CF@C, @@J] nec ]nrtejrsa`p firHa`bc Cjvjbipkjet, taj \irbc Gned `s wird`el

w`ta jcuhnt`ienb pbneejrs `e Nfr`hn ie taj ejwJc-X@CN/N@CX pbnee`el tiib, cjs`lejc ti qunet`fytaj `kpnht if A@V/N@CX ie jcuhnt`ie suppby neccjknec. Knpp`el ta`s rjbnt`iesa`p kndjs `tpiss`gbj ti jst`kntj taj eukgjr if tjnhajrsejjcjc ti kjjt taj JFN linbs `e taj hietjxt ifA@V/N@CX. ZEJXHI, ZE@HJF, \AI, taj \irbcGned nec Jcuhnt`ie @etjrent`ienb nrj nbsiwird`el w`ta itajr nljeh`js `e suppirt ifshaiib-gnsjc prjvjet`ie prilrnkkjs us`el tajFWJXA frnkjwird (Fihus`el Wjsiurhjs ieJffjht`vj Xhaiib Ajnbta).

Fuecjc gy ZXN@C, nec fiuecjc gy taj Ze`vjrs`tyif Entnb `e 7===, Saj Xiutajre Nfr`hn Kig`bj SnsdSjnk ie A@V/N@CX e Jcuhnt`ie (KSS) nss`stsk`e`str`js if jcuhnt`ie ti cjvjbip strntjl`hpbnee`el rjspiesjs ti k`t`lntj taj `kpnht ifA@V/N@CX ie jcuhnt`ie. N rntajr c`ffjrjetjxnkpbj if ne `etjrent`ienb pnrtejrsa`p `s tajNbb`nehj if Knyirs nec Kue`h`pnb Bjncjrs ieA@V/N@CX `e Nfr`hn (Gix 8.>>).

Nbb if ta`s sulljsts n lriw`el uecjrstnec`el tantpbnee`el ti nha`jvj taj JFN linbs kust tndjnhhiuet if A@V/N@CX nec tant taj A@V/N@CXpnecjk`h w`bb eit gj nccrjssjc `e taj ngsjehj

if prilrjss tiwnrcs taj JFN linbs. Ejvjrtajbjss,fir kist hiuetr`js, wa`bj taj kpirtnehj ifA@V/N@CX `s nhdeiwbjcljc, `t `s st`bb trjntjc nsiej prigbjk rjqu`r`el stnec-nbiej jcuhnt`ienbnht`v`t`js rntajr tane rjhile`z`el `ts pbnhj nt tajajnrt if jcuhnt`ienb pbnee`el.

]bnee`el ti hikgnt hiefb`ht,c`snstjr nec `estng`b`ty

Jcuhnt`ie `s prigngby taj gjst tiib fir cjfus`elkney if taj prigbjks jxnhjrgnt`el nec

pjrpjtunt`el hr`s`s s`tunt`ies (Vnrlns-Gnrie, 7==>).

Saj Cndnr Frnkjwird fir Nht`ie `s hbjnr?

Hiefb`hts, `estng`b`ty nec enturnb c`snstjrs tndj taj`r

tibb ie jcuhnt`ie nec nrj n knoir gnrr`jr tiwnrcs

nttn`e`el Jcuhnt`ie fir Nbb. Saj hnpnh`ty if

livjrekjets nec h`v`b sih`jty saiubc gj jeanehjc

ti rnp`cby nssjss jcuhnt`ienb ejjcs `e hietjxts if

hr`s`s nec pist hiefb`ht s`tunt`ies fir ha`bcrje nec

ncubts, ti rjstirj bjnre`el ippirtue`t`js `e sjhurj

nec fr`jecby jev`riekjets, nec ti rjhiestruht

cjstriyjc ir cnknljc jcuhnt`ie systjks.

Ns w`ta A@V/N@CX, kney hiuetr`js nrj lrnppb`elw`ta hr`s`s nec jkjrljehy (sjj nbsi Hanptjr 3,sjht`ie jet`tbjc ‑Jcuhnt`ie e Jkjrljeh`js‐). Iejjst`kntj sulljsts tant sjvjety-tarjj hiuetr`jsanvj ne `etjrenb hr`s`s ir nrj jelnljc `e pist-hr`s`s rjhiestruhtie. Nt taj gjl`ee`el if taj ejwk`bbjee`uk, tajrj wjrj nrkjc hiefb`hts `e f`ftyhiuetr`js, nt bjnst ta`rty hiuetr`js anvj bnrljrjfuljj pipubnt`ies frik ej`lagiur`el stntjs, necneitajr f`ftjje hiuetr`js wjrj nffb`htjc gy enturnbc`snstjrs (Snbgit, 7==7n4 Vnrlns-Gnrie, 7==>).

Hanptjr 8

] bnee `el fir jcuhnt `ie fir n b b

Saj A@V/N@CXpnecjk`h w`bb

eit gj nccrjssjc`e taj ngsjehj if

prilrjss tiwnrcstaj JFN linbs.

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Saj iesjt if ne jkjrljehy gr`els jeirkius hanbbjeljs ti ne jcuhnt`ie systjk.]ays`hnb `efrnstruhturj `s frjqujetby cjstriyjc ir cnknljc, w`ta shaiibgu`bc`els iftje uenvn`bngbj. Sjxtgiids, rjnc`el kntjr`nbs, sybbng` nec tjnhajrs‐lu`cjs kny gj cjstriyjc ir shnrhj. Ha`bcrje, pnrjets nec tjnhajrs kny anvjw`tejssjc tjrr`gbj shjejs if gnrgnr`ty ir kny jvje tajksjbvjs anvj `efb`htjcv`ibjehj ie itajrs. Jvje `f pjipbj anvj eit pjrsienbby jxpjr`jehjc taj airrirsif wnr nec hiefb`ht, taj fnht if firhjc c`spbnhjkjet ti neitajr hiuetry ir rjl`ie`s prifiuecby cjstng`b`z`el. Kirjivjr, taj jcuhnt`ie if ha`bcrje wai nrj eitc`spbnhjc kny gj sjvjrjby c`sruptjc, ns nttjet`ie nec rjsiurhjs nrj c`vjrtjc tik`b`tnry ir sjhur`ty purpisjs. Saisj wai tndj up tjnha`el `e rjfuljj ir`etjrenbby c`spbnhjc hnkps kny gj uequnb`f`jc nec uengbj ti hipj w`ta tjnha`el`e ne uefnk`b`nr, pjrturg`el sjtt`el. N cjspjrntj ejjc nt taj gjl`ee`el if nejkjrljehy `s ti priv`cj snfj, struhturjc nht`v`t`js fir ha`bcrje, ti ajbp rj-jstngb`sa n riut`ej if eirknb`ty `e taj`r b`vjs.

\aje ne jkjrljehy ihhurs, ent`ienb k`e`stry if jcuhnt`ie knenljrs necpbneejrs iftje f`ec tajksjbvjs ueprjpnrjc ti cjnb w`ta taj s`tunt`ie. Sajsjiff`h`nbs frjqujetby fjjb cjkirnb`zjc nec knrl`enb`zjc cur`el jkjrljeh`js, ns

g`bntjrnb, kubt`bntjrnb nec eie-livjrekjetnb nhtirs hikkieby tndj kuha if taj`e`t`nt`vj ti kjjt taj ejjcs if pipubnt`ies nffjhtjc gy hr`sjs. Saj `etjrent`ienbnljeh`js anvj fnr lrjntjr kntjr`nb nec aukne rjsiurhjs. K`e`stry iff`h`nbs hnef`ec tajksjbvjs bnhd`el `e hief`cjehj, hnpnh`ty, sd`bbs, rjsiurhjs, hrjc`g`b`ty necjvje nutair`ty. Sajrj `s nbsi n tjecjehy, `e hikpbjx jkjrljeh`js, firlivjrekjets ti nss`le priv`s`ie if sjrv`hjs ti gjejf`h`nr`js, iftje `ehbuc`eljcuhnt`ie, ti sjhur`ty-ir`jetjc k`e`str`js, bjnv`el taj tjhae`hnb stnff if taj b`ejk`e`str`js `e n wjnd pis`t`ie. @efirknt`ie nec stnt`st`hs ngiut rjfuljjs nec`etjrenbby c`spbnhjc pjrsies nrj iftje frnlkjetnry nec `enhhurntj. Zsunbby tajrj`s ei hiirc`entjc systjk fir hibbjht`ie if cntn ie rjfuljj ir c`spbnhjc stucjetsrjhj`v`el nss`stnehj frik c`ffjrjet siurhjs. Ns n pipubnt`ie kivjs tiwnrcsrjture, prjssurj kny qu`tj succjeby hikj upie taj Jcuhnt`ie K`e`stry ti pbnenec `kpbjkjet knss`vj jcuhnt`ienb priojhts, nftjr kietas ir yjnrs ifhikpnrnt`vj ejlbjht gy taj `etjrent`ienb hikkue`ty. Sa`s hne hnusjrjhiestruht`ie jffirts ti gj aiggbjc frik taj stnrt.

Xiurhj? Frik Snbgit (7==7).

Gix 8.>7. Jcuhnt`ie `e jkjrljehy? hanbbjeljs ti k`e`str`js if jcuhnt`ie

Saj hanbbjelj `s hikpbjx? `e taj k`cst ifhiefb`ht, esjhur`ty nec estng`b`ty, aiw hnejcuhnt`ie gj djpt nb`vj nec hietr`gutj ti tajrjnb`znt`ie if sustn`engbj pjnhj9 @e hiuetr`jsw`ta sjvjrj aukne`tnr`ne jkjrljeh`js tajrj nrjknoir `etjrenb c`spbnhjkjets if pjipbj. Aiw hnetaj jcuhnt`ienb ejjcs if pjipbj b`v`el `e hnkpsnec sjttbjkjets gj kjt9 Kney rjfuljjs kivj tiej`lagiur`el hiuetr`js ‘ sikj :==,=== `e 7==>nbiej. Aiw hne aist ent`ies, kney if waik nrjhiefrietjc w`ta knoir jcuhnt`ienb hanbbjeljsif taj`r iwe, nht ns aisp`tngbj nec jffjht`vjjcuhnt`ienb aists9 Nec want nrj taj kist

jffjht`vj wnys if rjgu`bc`el jcuhnt`ie systjksnftjr hiefb`ht nec c`snstjr9 Ejnrby anbf n k`bb`iepjipbj rjturejc ti taj`r aikj hiuetr`js `e 7==>.

]bnee`el nec cjvjbip`el wirdngbj strntjl`js firJFN `e tajsj hietjxts `s vjry cjknec`el(Gix 8.>7). Gut `t `s jssjet`nb ti ajbp?

kjjt taj psyhaisih`nb ejjcs if hr`s`s-nffjhtjcpipubnt`ies4

priv`cj n haneejb fir c`ssjk`ent`el surv`vnbkjssnljs nec cjvjbip`el sd`bbs fir hiefb`htrjsibut`ie nec pjnhj gu`bc`el4

prjpnrj fir rjhiestruht`ie nec sih`nb nec

jhieik`h cjvjbipkjet4

priv`cj pritjht`ie frik anrk pnrt`hubnrby firha`bcrje4 nec

prikitj pjrsienb cjvjbipkjet nec rjnc`ejssfir rjspies`gbj h`t`zjesa`p (X`ehbn`r,firtahik`el).

Nflane`stne, Disivi, Nrljet`en, taj ]nbjst`e`neNutieikius Sjrr`tir`js nec Jnst S`kir nrj f`vjhiuetr`js nec tjrr`tir`js b`v`el w`ta hiefb`htir hr`s`s, ir jelnljc w`ta rjhiestruht`ie nftjryjnrs if trnukn nec cjstng`b`znt`ie. \a`bj taj`r

jxpjr`jehj kndjs hbjnr tant hiefb`ht nec tsrjsibut`ie `s hietjxt spjh`f`h, tajrj nrj bjssiesti gj bjnrejc nec sanrjc rjlnrc`el npprinhajsti pbnee`el fir JFN.

Nflane`stne `s hiefrietjc w`ta jeirkiushanbbjeljs. @t ans sikj if taj wirst jcuhnt`ie`ec`hntirs e taj wirbc. N rjhjet ejjcsnssjsskjet hiehbucjc?

Saj Nflane jcuhnt`ie systjk ans gjje uecjrk`ejc

gy twjety-tarjj yjnrs if wnr, gy w`cjsprjnc

pays`hnb cjstruht`ie, gy rjstruhtur`el uecjr n

hikkue`st rjl`kj, nec gy `ts usj ns n pib`t`hnb nec

rjb`l`ius pnwe gy suhhjjc`el livjrekjets. Saj

hiehjpt if sjhubnr jcuhnt`ie ans gjje uecjr

hiestnet nttnhd fir cjhncjs ‘ f`rst ns n siurhj if

firj`le `cjns tant bjc ti taj hikkue`st tndjivjr

nec taje gy taj Snb`gne wai gneejc jcuhnt`ie fir

l`rbs jet`rjby, nec prikitjc nec jxpnecjc taj

systjk if rjb`l`ius shaiibs nt taj jxpjesj if

sjhubnr shaiibs. Ns taj shaiib yjnr stnrtjc `e Knrha

7==7, taj hnpnh`ty ti suppby jcuhnt`ie ans gjje

cjh`kntjc `e gita qunet`ty nec qunb`ty (NCG, 7==7).

Saj Nssjsskjet lijs ie ti stntj tant

n rjv`tnb`zjc jcuhnt`ie systjk hne hietr`gutj

s`le`f`hnetby ti rjsibv`el kney if Nflane`stne‐s

cnuet`el prigbjks. Jcuhnt`ie `s n djy `elrjc`jet ti

rjgu`bc`el Nflane`stne, `le`t`el prilrjss `e nbb itajr

cjvjbipkjet sjhtirs. Jcuhnt`ie w`bb gu`bc taj

aukne nec sih`nb hnp`tnb ejjcjc fir jhieik`h

cjvjbipkjet ns wjbb ns sjrvj ns n djy vja`hbj fir

prikit`el pjnhj, stng`b`ty nec sih`nb hiajs`ie. @e

sairt `t w`bb cjvjbip n sjesj if ent`ieaiic.

7 = =JFN Lbignb

Kie`tir`el Wjpirt

@e taj k`cstif hiefb`ht,`esjhur`ty nec`estng`b`ty, aiwhne jcuhnt`iegj djpt nb`vjnec hietr`gutjti taj rjnb`znt`ieif sustn`engbjpjnhj9

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Xikj grinc djy pr`eh`pbjs fir e`t`nb `evjstkjetanvj gjje nlrjjc?

rnp`c kig`b`znt`ie ti rj`estntj gns`h jcuhnt`ie,w`ta n linb if jeribb`el >.: k`bb`ie ha`bcrje `e7==7 nec nt bjnst 7 k`bb`ie ha`bcrje gy 7==84

jqu`tngbj c`str`gut`ie if nss`stnehj si tantrjsiurhjs rjnha taj priv`ehjs ns wjbb nsDngub, nec rurnb ns wjbb ns urgne nrjns4

kjjt`el rjhurr`el hists if taj systjk,pnrt`hubnrby tjnhajr snbnr`js4

prikit`el l`rbs‐ jcuhnt`ie ti rjkjcy pnst`eoust`hjs4

kn`etn`e`el n gnbnehj gjtwjje sugsjhtirs,gnsjc ie cjknec, suppby, nec taj hietr`gut`ieti ent`ienb cjvjbipkjet4

b`ed`el jcuhnt`ie nec vihnt`ienb trn`e`el tiprnht`hnb sd`bbs tant w`bb bjnc ti oigs4 nec

hnpnh`ty gu`bc`el if Nflane est`tut`ies.

@etjrent`ienb nss`stnehj s gj`el priv`cjctariulaiut 7==7 ti suppirt taj cjvjbipkjet ifn hikprjajes`vj sjhtir strntjly tant w`bb gj tajgns`s fir ne `evjstkjet pbne. ZEJXHI ans gjje`estrukjetnb `e ajbp`el ti crnw up n tje-pi`etpbne if nht`ie w`ta taj K`e`stry if Jcuhnt`ie.

Gut trnesbnt`el tajsj pr`eh`pbjs `eti nht`ie w`bbrjqu`rj n hiehjrtjc `etjrent`ienb jffirt.<

Disivi `bbustrntjs kney if taj pib`t`hnb, pib`hynec prnht`hnb prigbjks tant nr`sj `e pist-hiefb`htrjhiestruht`ie if jcuhnt`ie priv`s`ie (Snbgit,7==7g). Hiehjres ngiut jtae`h `cjet`ty neclivjrekjet bjl`t`knhy cik`entj taj cjgntj iejcuhnt`ie. Saj Xjrg k`eir`ty c`sputjs tajbjl`t`knhy if taj ejw Disivi Livjrekjet `e tajjcuhnt`ie sjhtir. Sajsj tjes`ies rjstr`ht rnt`ienbpbnee`el nec jcuhnt`ie rjfirk. \a`bj tajrj `s nljejrnb hikk`tkjet ti n kubt`-jtae`h systjk

tant rjhile`zjs hubturnb pburnb`sk nec k`eir`tyr`lats, taj cjtn`bjc wird`el iut if tant pr`eh`pbjrjkn`es a`laby prigbjknt`h. Bnelunljs pisj npnrt`hubnr prigbjk? taj pr`eh`pbj if kitajrtieluj bnelunlj `s nhhjptjc gut tajrj nrjigojht`ies ti n pripisnb tant nbb stucjets saiubcbjnre Nbgne`ne.

Nrljet`en `s `e taj k`ccbj if n cjjp-sjntjcjhieik`h hr`s`s tant stnrtjc `e >001. Sa`sans hnusjc `ehrjnsjc bjvjbs if pivjrty,uejkpbiykjet nec ipje v`ibjehj, ehbuc`el

`e shaiibs. Crul hiesukpt`ie nkiel yiuelpjipbj ans `ehrjnsjc. Kirj tane n auecrjcpr`vntj shaiibs anvj gjje hbisjc, ns k`ccbjhbnss pnrjets nrj uengbj ti pny fjjs. Ha`bcrjefrik tajsj fnk`b`js anvj jk`lrntjc ti pugb`hshaiibs wajrj pugb`h shaiib stucjets anvj gjjecripp`el iut if shaiib nbtiljtajr gjhnusj if taj`ehrjns`el `eh`cjehj if pivjrty. Kney ha`bcrjebiid fir wird ti suppbjkjet fnk`by `ehikj, wa`bjkney fnk`b`js eiw f`ec `t `kpiss`gbj ti guytjxtgiids ir kjjt taj hist if shaiib trnespirt.

Fnbb`el jeribkjet ans biwjrjc taj cjknec firtjnhajrs, si tjnhajrs bnuehajc n hnkpn`le ti

try ti pjrsuncj stucjets gnhd ti shaiib. ZE@HJF oi`ejc taj hnkpn le, ns c c Nrljet en‐sprifjss`ienb fiitgnbbjrs. Gut fir taj jcuhnt`ienutair`t`js, taj ejhjss`ty ans gjje ti fihus ietaj sairt tjrk nec nccrjss kkjc`ntj ssujs,ns taj gucljtnry nbbihnt`ie ti jcuhnt`ie ansgjhikj squjjzjc. Fir jxnkpbj, taj priv`eh`nblivjrekjet `e Gujeis N`rjs priv`ehj anshnehjbbjc nbb shaiib shaibnrsa`ps.

Ejpnb `s neitajr hiuetry gjsjt gy hiefb`ht neckirj rjhjetby gy n knoir jhieik`h ciweture(Gix 8.>8).

Saj priv`s`ienb F`vj-yjnr Jcuhnt`ie ]bne fir taj]nbjst`e`ne Nutieikius Sjrr`tir`js fir tajyjnrs 7==>‘7==: `cjet`f`js tarjj knoir pr`ir`t`js?kn`etjenehj if jeribkjet bjvjbs fir gns`hjcuhnt`ie `e taj fnhj if n piss`gbj 8=% `ehrjnsj`e taj pipubnt`ie if pr`knry shaiib nlj ha`bcrje,jxpnecjc jeribkjet nt taj sjhiecnry bjvjb frik:6% ti 61%, nec ne `kprivjkjet `e taj qunb`tyif jcuhnt`ie. @t jbngirntjs n frnkjwird ifpr`ir`t`js nln`est n gnhdcrip if nbkist ue`vjrsnbgns`h jcuhnt`ie, f`shnb sustn`eng`b`ty nt hurrjetbjvjbs if priv`s`ie nec rjhile`t`ie if taj ejjc ti

`evibvj h`v`b sih`jty `e jeaneh`el taj qunb`ty ifjcuhnt`ie. Ne `kpirtnet igojht`vj `s gjttjrhiirc`entjc cieir suppirt l`vje n ajnvycjpjecjehj ie evjstkjet fuec`el gy jxtjrenbnljeh`js.

\`ta taj ncvjet if taj sjhiec @et`fncn, nec h`v`bstr`fj `e taj \jst Gned nec Lnzn, tajrj ans gjjen s`le`f`hnet biss if rjvjeuj nec n hiesjqujetcjhb`ej `e pugb`h sjrv`hjs. Gucljt sairtfnbbs nrjgj`el kjt `e pnrt gy jkjrljehy cieir suppirtgut eie-snbnry hists nrj gj`el squjjzjc. Ns n

Hanptjr 8

] bnee `el fir jcuhnt `ie fir n b b

<. Saj enturj if ta`s`etjrent`ienb suppirt `sjbngirntjc furtajr `e Hanptjr 3.

Nrljet`en `s`e taj k`ccbj if

n cjjp-sjntjcjhieik`h hr`s`s

tant stnrtjc`e >001.

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@e taj Livjrekjet if Ejpnb‐s >=ta Cjvjbipkjet ]bne (7==7-7==<) jcuhnt`iejxpjec`turj `s pbneejc ti `ehrjnsj gy 68% (7==7/7==8 ti 7==6/7==<). @e tajKjc`uk Sjrk Jxpjec`turj Frnkjwird (KSJF 7==7//=8-7==3/=:) jcuhnt`iejxpjec`turj `s sjt ti `ehrjnsj gy 8=%. Sa`s prileis`s cjpjecs ie rjbnt`vjby a`larntjs if jhieik`h lriwta, sustn`ejc firj`le nss`stnehj (`e bines nec lrnets),`kprivjkjets `e livjrenehj ns sjt iut `e taj Bihnb Livjrenehj Nht if >000 necie ne `kprivjc sjhur`ty s`tunt`ie `e taj fnhj if n Kni`st `esurljehy `e tajhiuetry.

Aiwjvjr, Ejpnb‐s s`tunt`ie haneljc crnknt`hnbby nftjr taj v`ibjet cjnta if tajD`el `e k`c-7==7 nec taj sprjnc if v`ibjehj w`ta`e taj hiuetry. Livjrekjetrjvjeujs cjhb`ejc nec sugsjqujet jxpjec`turj ie sjhur`ty surljc crnknt`hnbbyti ivjr >:% if taj neeunb gucljt. ‑Sajrj `s v`rtunbby ei rjvjeuj surpbus fircjvjbipkjet nht`v`t`js‐ (Saj Dntaknecu ]ist , 78 Nulust 7==7).

Xpjnd`el ngiut taj Sjeta ]bne, ne ncv`sjr nt taj K`e`stry if F`enehj sn`c tant‑taj ]bne ans bist rjbjvnehj ns taj hiuetry‐s hiec`t`ies nec pib`t`hnb shjenr`ians haneljc . . . frik taj shjenr`i waje `ts crnft`el wns stnrtjc. Saj hurrjettarust `s taj rjstirnt`ie if pjnhj nec sjhur`ty `e taj hiuetry nec `f ejjc gj, npbne aib`cny saiubc gj neeiuehjc ti nha`jvj ta`s linb‐

Xiurhj? Saj Dntaknecu ]ist (7==7).

Gix 8.>8. Ejpnb‐s uehjrtn`ety

rjsubt, jcuhnt`ie ans gjje a`t anrc. Cnknlj tishaiibs, hurfjws nec frjqujet hbisurjs rjcuhjbjnre`el ippirtue`t`js, tjnha`el aiurs anvj gjjesairtjejc, nec tjnhajrs anvj c`ff`hubty `erjpirt`el ti shaiib. N \irbc Gned nssjsskjetsulljsts tant taj eng`b`ty ti kjjt rjhurrjetjxpjesjs, griulat ngiut gy taj hurrjet hr`s`s,hiubc hnusj taj jcuhnt`ienb systjk ti hibbnpsjnec hiesjqujetby r`sd rjsiurhjs tant taj]nbjst`e ne nutair`ty nec cieirs anvj evjstjcivjr taj bnst j`lat yjnrs (\irbc Gned, 7==7c ).Gut taj hist `s lrjntjst `e taj b`vjs if ha`bcrjenec yiuel pjipbj. Nbb if ta`s `s tnd`el pbnhj `e

ne jev`riekjet wajrj `t `s jst`kntjc tant anbftaj pipubnt`ie `s b`v`el gjbiw taj pivjrty b`ej(ZEW\N wjgs`tj).

Saj prjsjet `kpjrnt`vj `s ti djjp taj firknbjcuhnt`ie systjk ipjrnt`ienb4 n pi`et hbjnrbykncj `e taj ]nbjst`ej Aukne Cjvjbipkjet

Wjpirt 7==7 (ZEC], 7==7). Iej `etjrent`ienbrjspiesj `s taj cjvjbipkjet if taj Srust FuecHrjc`t fir ne Jkjrljehy Xjrv`hjs Xuppirt]riojht (\irbc Gned, 7==7c ). Sa`s `ehbucjsnss`stnehj fir taj priv`s`ie if tjxtgiids, shaiibfure`turj, nck`e`strnt`vj hists suha ns wntjr

jbjhtr`h`ty nec trnespirt, rjfurg`sakjet ifcnknljc efrnstruhturj, sh`jet`f`h nec hikputjrbngirntir`js nec tjnhajr trn`e`el.

Jnst S`kir `s gu`bc`el `ts jcuhnt`ie systjk nftjrnha`jv`el ecjpjecjehj frik @eciejs`n nec tajrnvnljs efb`htjc ie taj hiuetry kkjc`ntjbynftjr taj rjfjrjecuk `e Nulust >000. ]ri-@eciejs`ne k`b`t`n gurejc ciwe 0:% if tajshaiibs nec @eciejs`ne tjnhajrs bjft w`ta tajrjsubt tant taj jcuhnt`ie sjhtir hibbnpsjchikpbjtjby.

Swi yjnrs bntjr `e 7==>, 16% if shaiib

hbnssriiks anc gjje rjang`b`tntjc nec kncjusjngbj. E`ej auecrjc nec twjety twi shaiibswjrj ipjrnt`ienb. Sajrj wns n sugstnet`nb`ehrjnsj e jeribkjet frik piir aiusjaibcs,nkiel l`rbs nec fir rurnb ha`bcrje nljc 6‘>3.Saj lnp `e shaiib pnrt`h`pnt`ie rntjs enrriwjcgjtwjje taj r`hajst nec taj piirjst, giys necl`rbs, nec urgne nec rurnb nrjns.

N eukgjr if fnhtirs hietr`gutjc ti st`kubnt`elcjknec? ent`ienb pr`cj, taj rjgu`bc`el if tajent`ie gy taj Jnst S`kir Srnes`t`ienb

7 = =JFN Lbignb

Kie`tir`el Wjpirt

Jnst S`kir `sgu`bc`el `tsjcuhnt`ie systjknftjr nha`jv`el`ecjpjecjehjfrik @eciejs`nnec taj rnvnljs`efb`htjc ie tajhiuetry

`kkjc`ntjby nftjrtaj rjfjrjecuk`e Nulust >000.

Nck`e`strnt`ie (JSSN) w`ta taj nss`stnehj if tajZe`tjc Ent`ies nec kubt`bntjrnb nec g`bntjrnbnljeh`js, nbb`jc ti n rjcuht`ie `e taj hists ifshaiib`el tariula taj ngib`t`ie if shaiib fjjsnec taj ejjc ti wjnr shaiib ue`firks.Jeribkjets e pr`knry jcuhnt`ie risj frikngiut >6<,=== `e >001/00 ti ngiut >18,=== `e7==>, nbtaiula jeribkjets `e oue`ir sjhiecnry

jcuhnt`ie cjhb`ejc ivjr taj snkj pjr`ic, bnrljbycuj ti taj bnhd if qunb`f`jc tjnhajrs nec tajpnrt`nb rjang`b`tnt`ie if fnh`b`t`js.

Sajsj nrj kpirtnet f`rst stjps. @etjrent`ienbsuppirt ans gjje, nec w`bb gj, ne jssjet`nbhikpiejet if taj ent`ienb jffirt ti rjgu`bc necstrjeltaje jcuhnt`ie. N vnr`jty if irlne`znt`iesnrj nt wird, nkiel tajk ZE@HJF nec taj \irbcFiic ]rilrnkkj, wa`ha rjspiecjc vjry qu`hdbyti `kkjc`ntj ejjcs, nec taj \irbc Gned, wa`ha`s priv`c`el priojht lrnets fir gita sairt- necbieljr-tjrk rjhiestruht`ie (Gix 8.>3).

Sajsj gr`jf jxnkpbjs a`lab`lat n fjw if tajhikpbjx hanbbjeljs if djjp`el jcuhnt`ie nb`vj,gj`el rjspies`vj ti jkjrljehy ejjcs necrjtn`e`el n bieljr-tjrk v`s`ie nec strntjly firtaj rjgu`bc`el nec strjeltaje`el if systjks,wa`ha `s `e `tsjbf n hr`t`hnb hietr`gut`ie tisustn`e`el pjnhj. \ird `s eiw jkjrl`el,st`kubntjc `e pnrt gy Cndnr, tant crnws bjssiesnec iffjrs lu`cnehj ti taisj c`rjhtby jelnljc`e pbnee`el nec `kpbjkjet`el jcuhnt`ie `es`tunt`ies if hiefb`ht, c`snstjr nec `estng`b`ty.

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ZE@HJF? @kkjc`ntj `etjrvjet`ies rjv`vjc taj pr`knry jcuhnt`ie systjk necgriulat riut`ej gnhd ti santtjrjc b`vjs. @t wns `kpirtnet tant sikj ircjr gj rj-jstngb`sajc `e Jnst S`kir‐s cjvnstntjc hikkue`t`js. Gy jstngb`sa`el vibuetjjrhikk`ttjjs `e taj c`str`hts, ZE@HJF ajbpjc irlne`zj tjnhajrs nec rjipjeshaiibs, jvje w`taiut fure`turj, tjxtgiids ir n hurr`hubuk. ]riv`c`el gns`htjnha`el nec bjnre`el kntjr`nbs, nec suppby`el n f`eneh`nb `ehjet`vj ti nbbpr`knry shaiib tjnhajrs wjrj hruh`nb `e ljtt`el kirj tane ><=,=== ha`bcrje `etipr`knry shaiib gy taj jec if taj tjnha`el yjnr. @e taj ejxt twi yjnrs, tajtjnhajr-trn`e`el prilrnkkj w`bb gj lrjntby jxpnecjc tariula tjnhajr rjsiurhjhjetrjs nec n knenljkjet trn`e`el prilrnkkj fir pr`knry shaiib pr`eh`pnbs,kist if waik wjrj lrncj tjnhajrs uet`b bnst yjnr. N rnelj if nppripr`ntjtjnha`el kntjr`nbs w`bb gj cjvjbipjc, nec n shaiib ajnbta nec eutr`t`ieprilrnkkj w`bb n`k ti `kprivj taj ajnbta if nbb ha`bcrje nt shaiib, pnrt`hubnrbytaisj w`ta spjh`nb ejjcs. Si gjttjr uecjrstnec taj rjqu`rjkjets if tjnhajrsnec pup`bs, suppirt w`bb gj l`vje ti taj jkjrl`el Jnst S`kir jcuhnt`iecjpnrtkjet ti `kprivj

Saj \irbc Gned ans priv`cjc lrnets fir twi priojhts4 taj f`rst fir ne JkjrljehyXhaiib Wjnc`ejss ]riojht (JXW]) wa`ha suppirtjc taj rjgu`bc`el if hbnssriiks

ti n gns`h ipjrnt`ienb bjvjb ns wjbb ns taj priv`s`ie if fure`turj, tjxtgiids,`efirknt`ie nec knenljkjet suppirt. Bnuehajc `e Ouby 7===, JXW] wnshikpbjtjc `e twjety-fiur kietas. Saj sjhiec priojht, taj Fuecnkjetnb Xhaiib^unb`ty ]riojht (FX^]), suppirts fibbiw-ie jcuhnt`ienb `efrnstruhturjcjvjbipkjet. Saj igojht`vjs if FX^] nrj ti kn`etn`e taj jx`st`el bjvjb ifpr`knry jcuhnt`ie jeribkjet nec piss`gby `ehrjnsj `t ns st`bb kirj rjfuljjsrjture nec shaiib-nlj pipubnt`ie lriws4 nec rjhivjr qunb`ty `e pr`knry nec

 oue`ir sjhiecnry jcuhnt`ie gy rjang`b`tnt`el pays`hnb fnh`b`t js, priv`c`eltjxtgiids nec itajr `estruht`ienb kntjr`nbs, nec suppirt`el jcuhnt`ie rjsjnrhanec knenljkjet hnpnh`ty cjvjbipkjet.

Xiurhj? ZE@HJF (7==>n)4K`e`stry if Jcuhnt`ie Hubturj Piuta nec Xpirts (7==7).

Gix 8.>3. @etjrent`ienb suppirt fir jcuhnt`ie `e Jnst S`kir

76

@e ljejrnb,kubt`bntjrnb necg`bntjrnb cieirs

anvj eit l`vjepib`hy pr`ir`ty tijkjrljehy nec

pist-hr`s`sjcuhnt`ie.

Iej suha pricuht `s sjt iut `e Gix 8.>: tantcrnws ie taj jxpjr`jehj if Ze`tjc Ent`ies necELI prnht`t`iejrs `e taj f`jbc if jkjrljehyjcuhnt`ie. Saj gns`h rugr`h `s ei c`ffjrjet frikney jcuhnt`ie pbne w`ta hiehjres fir nhhjss,qunb`ty, liic knenljkjet nec hi-irc`ent`ie,nec sjhur`el suff`h`jet rjsiurhjs. Gut taj`etjrprjtnt`ie if tajsj pr`eh`pbjs s efirkjc gyurljehy, gy taj pnrt`hubnr h`rhukstnehjs,jxpjr`jehjs nec ejjcs if ha`bcrje nec yiuelpjipbj, nec gy taj nrt if taj piss`gbj `e cnknljcsystjks.

Jxtjrenb nss`stnehj s nbsi if hr`t`hnb kpirtnehj`e pbnee`el nec ajbp`el ti cjb`vjr jcuhnt`iesjrv`hjs `e hr`s`s s`tunt`ies. Gut `t st`bb cijseit f`t wjbb `eti taj bil`h if kist rjb`jf neccjvjbipkjet nljeh`js, ir `ecjjc, kistlivjrekjets. Sajrj nrj pnrt`hubnr tjes`iesrjlnrc`el etjrent`ienb nljehy suppirt firsairt-tjrk jkjrljehy wird ns ippisjc tibieljr-tjrk rjhiestruht`ie nec cjvjbipkjet.Saj sjpnrnt`ie if tajsj twi hikpiejets hnegj histby, ns taj jxnkpbj if Xucne sulljsts

(Gix 8.>6). Sa`s `s hbjnrby n tjes`ie tant ejjcskirj hiehjetrntjc etjrent`ienb nttjet`ie.

Nbtaiula, `e ljejrnb, kubt`bntjrnb nec g`bntjrnbcieirs anvj eit l`vje pib`hy pr`ir`ty tijkjrljehy nec pist-hr`s`s jcuhnt`ie, usjfubwird gy sikj if taj `etjrent`ienb irlne`znt`ies`s cjs`lejc ti suppirt pbnee`el fir JFN(Vnrlns-Gnrie, 7==>). Fir jxnkpbj, ZEJXHI‐sXjht`ie fir Jkjrljehy Jcuhnt`ie nec Xpjh`nbIpjrnt`ies `s ajnc`el ne `etjr-nljehy fbnlsa`pprilrnkkj jet`tbjc Jcuhnt`ie `e Jkjrljeh`js.Sa`s ans hrjntjc taj @etjr-Nljehy Ejtwird ieJcuhnt`ie `e Jkjrljeh`js (@EJJ), cjs`lejc ti

priv`cj efirknt`ie ie typjs if `etjrvjet`ie,liic prnht`hj nec bjnre`el rjsiurhjs. N hajhdb`stans gjje cjvjbipjc wa`ha ehirpirntjsjcuhnt`ie strntjl`js fir prjvjet`el jkjrljeh`jsns wjbb ns rjspiec`el ti hiefb`ht nec hr`s`s(@etjr-Nljehy Ejtwird fir Jcuhnt`ie eJkjrljeh`js (@EJJ4 wjgs`tj? attp?//`ejjs`tj.irl/).N wjgs`tj pnrtejrsa`p gjtwjje ZEJXHI nec tajZe`vjrs`ty if ]`ttsgurl ‘ Lbignb @efirknt`ieEjtwirds `e Jcuhnt`ie (L@E@J) ‘ `s n knoirfjnturj if ta`s wird.

ZEJXHI @@J] `s bnueha`el n prilrnkkj if

lu`cjgiids nec pib`hy stuc`js tant crnws ajnv`byie hiuetry hnsj stuc`js. Ns frik 7==8, @@J] w`bbiffjr trn`e`el prilrnkkjs e jkjrljehy necrjhiestruht`ie jcuhnt`ie. ZE@HJF ans nenljehy-w`cj prilrnkkj fir jcuhnt`ie e hr`s`ss`tunt`ies w`ta n striel jkpans`s ie taj`etjlrnt`ie if jcuhnt`ie, ajnbta nec sih`nbsuppirt fir fnk`b`js. ZEAHW‐s jcuhnt`ieprilrnkkjs fir rjfuljjs nec `etjrenbbyc`spbnhjc pjrsies nrj nht`vj `e kney hiuetr`jsnec kney vnbungbj bjssies nrj gj`el bjnrejc(ZEAHW, 7==>).

Nkiel g`bntjrnb nljeh`js Xwjc`sa @etjrent`ienbHiipjrnt`ie Cjvjbipkjet Nljehy (X@CN)`ehbucjs hr`s`s nec jkjrljehy jcuhnt`ie `e `tsivjrnbb jcuhnt`ie strntjly nec taj Eirwjl`neNljehy fir Cjvjbipkjet Hiipjrnt`ie (EIWNC)ans n biel a`stiry if priv`c`el suppirt `ejkjrljehy jcuhnt`ie. Itajr nljeh`js nrjgjl`ee`el ti saiw etjrjst. Gita CF@C necZXN@C anvj spiesirjc pugb`hnt`ies ie jcuhnt`ie`e s`tunt`ies if hiefb`ht (Xk`ta nec Vnux, 7==74ZXN@Cn, 7==7).

Hanptjr 8

] bnee `el fir jcuhnt `ie fir n b b

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Xucne‐s h`v`b wnr ans rnljc fir e`ejtjje yjnrs. @t ans c`spbnhjckirj tane fiur nec n anbf k`bb`ie h`t`zjes, fiur k`bb`ie if wa`haanvj rjkn`ejc w`ta`e Xucne‐s gircjrs. L`vje taj bjelta if taj wnr,kney Xucnejsj anvj nssukjc n rjl`ienb pjrspjht`vj, v`jw`elprigbjks nec ippirtue`t`js jx`st`el eit ieby `e c`ffjrjet pnrts ifXucne gut `e itajr hiuetr`js ns wjbb, `ehbuc`el taj Dnduknrjfuljj hnkps `e Eirta-jnstjre Djeyn.

Ns Xucnejsj pjrspjht`vjs if taj`r `cjet`ty nec hikkue`ty jxpnec,gurjnuhrnt`h v`jwpi`ets anvj rjkn`ejc `efbjx`gbj. \ant knttjrs `seit wajrj Xucnejsj li, gut taj tjrr`tiry nec pipubnt`ie hntjliryjnha nljehy `s rjspies`gbj fir. Nhhirc`elby, nljeh`js suha nsZEAHW nccrjss Xucnejsj rjfuljj `ssujs, nec rnrjby, `f jvjr,vjeturj `eti Xucne `tsjbf. B`djw`sj, nljeh`js n`c`el Xucnejsjw`ta`e Xucne kny ejvjr v`s`t Xucnejsj rjfuljj hnkps. Ns n rjsubt,pjrspjht`vjs if Xucne nec Xucnejsj vnry w`cjby. Nljeh`js wird`elw`ta`e Xucne tjec ti a`lab`lat nrjns if stng`b`ty wajrj tajy hnehnrry iut `e`t`nt`vjs suha ns jcuhnt`ie. Sajy v`jw taj rjfuljjhnkps ns gj`el ivjr-`evjstjc, `ehbuc`el taj jcuhnt`ie sjhtir, nec

n knlejt tant crnws Xucnejsj frik stngbj nrjns w`ta`e Xucne.Si tajk, taj rjfuljj hnkps rjprjsjet bihnt`ies tant uecjrk`ejrjhiestruht`ie nec cjvjbipkjet jffirts.

Nljeh`js wird`el w`ta Xucnejsj rjfuljjs, nbtjrentjby, jvnbuntjtaj s`tunt`ie w`ta`e Xucne `e tjrks if nrjns if wnr nec ‑pihdjts‐ ifpjnhj. Xiutajre Xucne, taj ha`jf wnr ziej nec nrjn wajrj kistrjfuljjs nec @C]s anvj hikj frik, sjjks `eaisp`tngbj neccneljrius. Ns n rjsubt, taj nljeh`js anvj hiehjetrntjc taj`rjffirts ie prjpnr`el Xucnejsj rjfuljjs fir n futurj rjlnrcbjss ifwajrj tant kny gj. @e Djeyn, taj rjfuljj stucjets stucy n Djeynehurr`hubuk wa`bj aip`el fir shaibnrsa`p nec rjsjttbjkjetippirtue`t`js jbsjwajrj.

Hies`cjrngbj tjes`ies anvj nr`sje gjtwjje nljeh`js wird`el iejcuhnt`ie cjvjbipkjet `e stngbj nrjns if Xucne nec nljeh`js

wird`el w`ta rjfuljjs. Kney if taj tjes`ies nrj rjbntjc ti taj piirhiirc`ent`ie nec `efirknt`ie sanr`el nkiel jcuhnt`ie prilrnks

fir Xucnejsj `es`cj Xiutajre Xucne nec `e ejnrgy rjfuljj nsybukhiuetr`js. Nljeh`js kny deiw vjry b`ttbj ngiut want `s li`el ie `eneitajr pnrt if Xucne ir `e rjfuljj hnkps. Sajy kny usj c`ffjrjethurr`hubn nec pny tjnhajrs s`le`f`hnetby c`ffjrjet bjvjbs if‑`ehjet`vjs‐ (ei tjnhajr snbnr`js nrj priv`cjc neywajrj).

]iir hiirc`ent`ie ans nbsi nr`sje frik taj fnht tant rjb`jf neccjvjbipkjet nljeh`js npprinha jcuhnt`ie prigbjks e c`ffjrjetwnys. \ajrjns rjb`jf nljeh`js anvj `evjstjc `e c`vjrsj nechikpnrnt`vjby a`la-qunb`ty jcuhnt`ie prilrnkkjs `e rjfuljjhnkps, cjvjbipkjet nljeh`js anvj gjje `evibvjc `e rjhiestruht`elne jcuhnt`ie systjk w`ta`e Xucne tant wns v`rtunbby jb`k`entjc gyhiefb`ht. Saj rjb`jf nljeh`js anvj jssjet`nbby hrjntjc sjpnrntjjcuhnt`ie systjks wa`bj cjvjbipkjet nljeh`js `e sikj nrjns ifXucne wird w`ta jcuhnt`ie iff`h`nbs frik taj cj fnhti livjrekjet`e Xiutajre Xucne. @e tjrks if qunb`ty, taj jcuhnt`ie nvn`bngbj `erjfuljj hnkps `e Djeyn nec Zlnecn `s cjkiestrngby gjttjr taneejnrby neyta`el nvn`bngbj `es`cj Xucne? kist `evjstkjets `es`cjXucne nrj sprjnc ta`eby nhriss n grinc jxpnesj, wa`bj `evjstkjets

fir rjfuljj hikkue`t`js nrj c`rjhtjc nt n kuha sknbbjr necrjbnt`vjby f`e`tj pipubnt`ie.

Saj piir hiirc`ent`ie gjtwjje rjb`jf nec cjvjbipkjet nhtirs`s `bbuk`entjc gy taj fnht tant ZXN@C `s suppirt`el jcuhnt`ieprilrnkk`el w`ta`e Xiutajre Xucne tant `s jxpb`h`tby tjrkjccjvjbipkjet wird wa`bj taj Gurjnu fir ]ipubnt`ie, Wjfuljjs necK`lrnt`ie (G]WK) `e taj Z.X. Livjrekjet‐s Xtntj Cjpnrtkjet `ssuppirt`el taj jcuhnt`ie wird if ZEAHW `e rjfuljj hnkps firXiutajre Xucnejsj `e Djeyn. Swi nljeh`js tant nrj pnrt if tajsnkj livjrekjet nrj taus wird`el ie Xucnejsj jcuhnt`ie gutnhhirc`el ti c`ffjrjet linbs? ZXN@C `s wird`el ti rjgu`bc XiutajreXucne‐s jcuhnt`ie systjk wa`bj G]WK `s suppirt`el jcuhnt`ietant prjpnrjs rjfuljjs j`tajr fir rjpntr`nt`ie ir pribieljc jx`bj.

Xiurhj? Frik Xikkjrs (7==7n).

Gix 8.>6. Sjes`ies `e suppirt`el jcuhnt`ie `e Xucne

71

pbne w`bb rjfbjht taj iuthikjs if ieli`elc`nbiluj nec pnrt`h`pnt`ie cjs`lejc ti priv`cjqunb`tnt`vj ns wjbb ns qunet`tnt`vj `efirknt`ienec uecjrstnec`els. Sa`s wns n knoir kjssnljfrik Cndnr.

Xjhiec, tajrj `s n eit`ie if gj`elhikprjajes`vj? nbb if jcuhnt`ie ns wjbb ns

Jcuhnt`ie fir Nbb. C`ffjrjet hiuetr`js w`bb anvjc`ffjrjet pr`ir`t`js nec r`latby si, gut JFNrjhile`zjs n fubb rnelj if bjnre`el ippirtue`t`js.@t v`jws jcuhnt`ie ej`tajr ns h`rhukshr`gjc gynlj eir gy taj hyhbj if taj firknb shaiib systjk,eir `ecjjc, gy taj prispjr`ty if bjnrejrs.Hrjc`g`b`ty cjpjecs upie jxtjec`el bjnre`el. JFNjkgrnhjs nbb taj linbs, taj`r etjrhieejht`iesnec taj`r hukubnt`vj gjejf`ts.

Sa`rc, pbnee`el tant cijs eit rjhile`zj tant iejif taj s`elbj lrjntjst stukgb`el gbihds ti taj

Hanptjr 8

] bnee `el fir jcuhnt `ie fir n b b

nha`jvjkjet if Jcuhnt`ie fir Nbb `s ljecjrc`shr`k`ent`ie (ZE@HJF, 7==7g) `s eit hrjc`gbj.Gut taj jv`cjehj frik taj f`rst pnrt if ta`shanptjr, nbgj`t b`k`tjc, cijs eit yjt sulljst tantljecjr pbnee`el nec gucljt`el anvj gjjehjetrnb ti pbnee`el fir JFN taus fnr.

Fiurta, fir kney k`bb`ies if pjipbj, pbnee`el fir

trnc`t`ienb firknb systjks if jcuhnt`ie `s`esuff`h`jetby rjspies`vj ti taj`r bjnre`el ejjcs.Fir jxnkpbj, ns ta`s Hanptjr ans cjkiestrntjcfir n s`zjngbj lriup if hiuetr`js, nhikprjajes`vj uecjrstnec`el if A@V/N@CX `shjetrnb ti pbnee`el nec cjb`vjr`el ie jvjrynspjht if jcuhnt`ie. ]bnee`el tant cijs eitrjhile`zj taj c`vjrs`ty if bjnre`el h`rhukstnehjsnec ejjcs `s eit hrjc`gbj.

F`fta, tii kney jcuhnt`ie pbnes anvj gjje grincstntjkjets if `etjet w`ta kney igojht`vjs gut

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bnhd`el pr`ir`t`znt`ie. @e tajsj h`rhukstnehjs,pbnes anvj fn`bjc taj tjst if gucljtnry hrjc`g`b`ty‘ w`ta ir w`taiut jxtjrenb fuec`el. Xikj if tajjv`cjehj e ta`s hanptjr sulljsts tant tajrjhiet`eujs ti gj n fn`burj ti b`ed JFN linbs tiwjbb-histjc strntjl`js.

F`enbby, taj enturj if taj jelnljkjet if fuec`elnljeh`js w`ta livjrekjets s hanel`el.C`nbiluj `s bjss ngiut priojhts nec kirj ngiutivjrnbb strntjly. Sajrj `s lriw`el nttjet`ie ti ne`etjrent`ienb c`nbiluj nhriss nljeh`js nec w`talivjrekjets, sjjd`el n hbjnr sjt if iuthikjs,`ec`hntirs nec prihjssjs. \ajrj ta`s `s prjsjet,

fuec`el nljeh`js nrj ehrjns`elby w`bb`el tihikk`t rjsiurhjs fir bieljr pjr`ics if t`kj tane`e taj jnrb`jr jrn if priojhts.

Nln`est ta`s gnhdlriuec, t s `estruht`vj tijxnk`ej taj `etjrprjtnt`ie if pbnee`el fir JFNnec hrjc`gbj pbnes `e n sknbb snkpbj if`etjrent`ienb irlne`znt`ies nec nljeh`js.

ZEJXHI ans stntjc tant Ent`ienb JFN Nht`ie]bnes nrj taj vjry fiuecnt`ies if taj cr`vjtiwnrcs Jcuhnt`ie fir Nbb, nec `t ans jbngirntjctaj hanrnhtjr`st`hs if n hrjc`gbj JFN pbne,

gu`bc`el ie taj stntjkjet frik taj CndnrFrnkjwird fir Nht`ie nt taj gjl`ee`el if ta`ssjht`ie (ZEJXHI, 7==>d 4 7==>k4 7==7a).

ZEJXHI ans ssujc lu`cjb`ejs fir prjpnr`elJFN pbnes (ZEJXHI, 7==>e) tant nrj cjshr`gjcns ne ‑ir`jetnt`ie‐, nec eit n tjhae`hnb pbnee`eltiib. Sajy jkpans`zj pnrt`h`pntiry pbnee`el,gu`bc`el pib`t`hnb nec sih`nb suppirt fir JFN,pr`ir`t`z`el JFN `e ent`ienb gucljts nec `ts`etjlrnt`ie `eti w`cjr sjhtir nec ent`ienbcjvjbipkjet strntjl`js, rjnha`el taj jxhbucjc,nec prikit`el gjttjr hi-irc`entjc etjrent`ienbpnrtejrsa`ps. Saj Irlne`znt`ie ans nbsicjvjbipjc ljejr`h hr`tjr`n fir nssjss`el tajhrjc`g`b`ty if Ent`ienb JFN ]bnes `e gita pib`t`hnbnec tjhae`hnb tjrks, nenbysjc gy pbnee`elprihjss nec gy taj hietjet if pbnes. Saj iff`hj `eGneldid prjpnrjc n cjtn`bjc JFN ]bnee`el Lu`cj

fir Xiuta nec Jnst Ns`n, wa`ha `ehirpirntjs npriojht`ie kicjb (ZEJXHI-]WIN], 7==>). Sajlu`cj nrlujs tant ‑taj JFN ]bne saiubc eit gj nencc`t`ienb pbne ti nbrjncy jx`st`el pbnes. @estjnc,taj JFN ]bne saiubc gj n frnkjwird, `e taj firkif n bnrlj prilrnkkj, `etjlrnt`el `e n hiajrjet

7 = =JFN Lbignb

Kie`tir`el Wjpirt

@etjrent`ienbELIs nbsi pbnhjhies`cjrngbjwj`lat ie

ent`ienb JFNpbnes.

wny nbb JFN nspjhts if nbb itajr prjsjetby vnb`cpbnes nec pib`hy cihukjets.‐ @e ta`s`etjrprjtnt`ie (F`lurj 8.>), taj JFN ]bne `s ne`etjlrnt`el kjhane`sk, n hiajrjet sjhtir-w`cjfrnkjwird ti lu`cj taj JFN nht`v`t`js if nbblivjrekjet gic`js. ‑Saj eirknt`vj fueht`ie ifta`s etjlrntjc JFN pbne igb`ljs nbb livjrekjetgic`js, ns wjbb taj`r jxtjrenb fuec`el pnrtejrs tincajrj ti t nec ngstn`e frik bnueha`el sjpnrntj`e`t`nt`vjs‐ (ZEJXHI-]WIN], 7==>). ItajrZEJXHI Wjl`ienb Gurjnux anvj cjvjbipjc taj`riwe lu`cjb`ejs.

@t `s c`ff`hubt ti firk n oucljkjet hiehjre`el taj

jxtjet ti wa`ha ta`s lu`cnehj nec itajr firksif tjhae`hnb `eput frik ZEJXHI nrj anv`el ne`kpnht nt taj hiuetry bjvjb. Saj npprinha `shanrnhtjr`zjc gy n rjbnt`vjby str`ht etjrprjtnt`ieif taj hjetrnb`ty if n c`st`eht`vj JFN pbne necpbnh`el hies`cjrngbj wj`lat ie prjpnrnt`ie gytaj 7==7 tnrljt cntj. Nt `ts gjst, ta`s wird `sncc`el vnbuj ti ent`ienb pbnee`el prihjssjsnec ajbp`el ti gr`el hiajrjehj tariula JFNpbnes `e n a`laby hikpbjx nrjn. Gut tajrj `s nbsin cneljr, fir wa`ha tajrj `s sikj jv`cjehj, tantn sjpnrntj sairt-tjrk JFN pbnee`el prihjss

ti kjjt ne `etjrent`ienb rjqu`rjkjet hrjntjsncc`t`ienb ir pnrnbbjb pbnee`el nht`v`t`js ti tajkn`estrjnk if jcuhnt`ie sjhtir pbnee`el. @f ta`s`s anppje`el ta`s `s eit n hrjnt`vj usj if shnrhjrjsiurhjs. Sa`s rn`sjs taj qujst`ie tant srjfbjhtjc `e taj t`tbj if ta`s Hanptjr ‘ JFN pbnesir pbnee`el fir JFN9 Saj twi nrj eit ejhjssnr`bytaj snkj. Sajrj `s ei s`elbj kicjb.

Saj etjrent`ienb ELIs nbsi pbnhj hies`cjrngbjwj`lat ie ent`ienb pbnes fir JFN. Kney wjrj titaj firj `e Cndnr, `e nrlu`el fir ent`ienb pbnes gy7==7. Saj Lbignb Hnkpn`le fir Jcuhnt`ie (LHJ)rjprjsjets ta`s v`jw?

. . . ney lbignb jffirt kust gj f`rkby riitjc `e

ent`ienb pbnes fir nha`jv`el jcuhnt`ie fir nbb.

Sajsj saiubc gj cjvjbipjc w`ta hriss-sjhtirnb

pnrt`h`pnt`ie if djy k`e`str`js nec h`v`b sih`jty

lriups, nec saiubc gj jkgjccjc wajrjvjr piss`gbj

`e ent`ienb strntjl`js fir pivjrty rjcuht`ie ns wjbb

ns `e kjc`uk tjrk jxpjec`turj frnkjwirds (LHJ,

7==7n).

Hibbjht`vjby, taj ELI hikkue`ty strjssjs taj`kpirtnehj if rjnha`el etjrent`ienb hiesjesus

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Saj Jcuhnt`ie

Snsd Firhj firL1 `e 7==7

jkpans`zjc tanttaj rjspies`g`b`ty

fir cjvjbip`elsiuec jcuhnt`ie

pbnes necpriv`c`el suff`h`jetrjsiurhjs b`js w`ta

livjrekjets ifcjvjbip`el

hiuetr`js.

ie hr`tjr`n tant cjf`ej hrjc`g`b`ty nec priv`cj tajgns`s fir lbignb nec hiuetry bjvjb hikpnhts(Gix 8.><). Sajy rjlnrc JFN pbnes, ir pbnestant jehikpnss JFN linbs, ns taj pr`knry gns`sfir cjtjrk`e`el taj f`eneh`nb lnp wa`ha saiubcgj f`bbjc gy jxtjrenb rjsiurhjs (sjj Hanptjr 3).Ns Hanptjr : iutb`ejs, `etjrent`ienb ELIhnkpn`les anvj anc s`le`f`hnet pib`t`hnb `kpnht`etjrent`ienbby. @t `s nht`v`ty tant s `ehrjns`elbygnhdjc gy striel nenbys`s nec gy suppirt fir

ent`ienb ELIs nec HXIs `e taj`r jffirts tijelnlj e pbnee`el fir JFN.

X`ehj taj \irbc Jcuhnt`ie Firuk `e 7===, taj\irbc Gned ans l`vje pr`ir`ty ti iej if taj Cndnrlinbs `e pnrt`hubnr? ue`vjrsnb pr`knry jcuhnt`ie(Z]J), nec cjf`ejc n tjhae`hnb frnkjwird firnha`jv`el ue`vjrsnb pr`knry hikpbjt`ie, nsc`st`eht frik jeribkjet. Saj Gned ans eitncvnehjc n hikprjajes`vj JFN v`jw, nbtaiula`t uecjrtndjs tjhae`hnb nec priojht wird ie itajrJFN-rjbntjc linbs. @ts wird s efirkjc pr`knr`bygy taj K`bbjee`uk Cjvjbipkjet Linbs (KCLs).@t ans hjrtn`eby `eojhtjc sikj urljehy `eti`etjrent`ienb c`nbiluj (sjj Hanptjr :) ie Z]J,nec `evjstjc `e hikpnrnt`vj nenbys`s ie tajf`eneh`el nec knenljkjet strntjl`js tant nrj`kpirtnet fir nha`jv`el qunb`ty pr`knry jcuhnt`iefir nbb. Sa`s nenbyt`hnb wird (\irbc Gned, 7==7n)ans gjje `efbujet`nb `e taj cjvjbipkjet if tajFnst-Srnhd @e`t`nt`vj (sjj Hanptjr :).

\a`bj taj Gned stntjs taj `kpirtnehj if hietjxt-spjh`f`h, ent`ienb sibut`ies, `t prikitjs taj hnsjfir pnrt`hubnr nttjet`ie ti gj l`vje ti taj sanrj if

taj gucljt c`rjhtjc ti pr`knry jcuhnt`ie4nvjrnlj tjnhajr snbnr`js, pup`b-tjnhajr rnt`is,eie-snbnry jxpjec`turj4 rjpjt`t`ie rntjs nec ue`thiestruht`ie hists. @t gu`bcs `ts hnsj ie jv`cjehjfrik hiuetr`js wajrj prilrjss `s gj`el kncjtiwnrcs a`lajr bjvjbs if pr`knry hikpbjt`ie.

Saj Gned hiehbucjs tant taj rinc ti Z]J w`bbgj c`ffjrjet fir c`ffjrjet hiuetr`js cjpjec`elie taj`r hurrjet nec priojhtjc bjvjbs if histsnec taj knenljkjet if taj`r sjrv`hj cjb`vjry.

Fir piirby pjrfirk`el hiuetr`js etjrenb sjhtirrjfirk `s kirj `kpirtnet tane `ehrjkjetnbfuec`el. N hrjc`gbj pbne `e tajsj tjrks `s iej tantjstngb`sajs strntjl`js gnsjc ie n hikk`tkjetti taj jqu`tngbj f`eneh`el if pr`knry jcuhnt`ienec `s hbjnr `e `ts `etjet ti cjb`vjr ie knoirsjrv`hj rjfirk. Hr`t`hs aibc ta`s ti gj ne ivjrbyenrriw, tjhae`hnb v`jw if pbnee`el fir jcuhnt`ie.Sajy nrluj tant cjsp`tj pritjstnt`ies ti tajhietrnry, taj Gned `s n sjjd`el n tii r`l`c neceirknt`vj npprinha ti pbnee`el. Saj fnhtrjkn`es tant taj typj if hikpnrnt`vj nenbys`stant taj Gned ans hiecuhtjc `s s`le`f`hnet.@ts `etjrent`ienb hr`t`hs ejjc ti gj s`k`bnrbyjelnljc.

Saj Jcuhnt`ie Snsd Firhj fir L1 `e 7==7jkpans`zjc tant taj rjspies`g`b`ty fir cjvjbip`elsiuec jcuhnt`ie pbnes nec priv`c`el suff`h`jetrjsiurhjs b`js w`ta cjvjbip`el-hiuetrylivjrekjets. ]ib`t`hnb hikk`tkjet nectrnespnrjet gucljts nrj jssjet`nb. Ent`ienbjcuhnt`ie pbnes saiubc gj hikprjajes`vj, neccjnb w`ta nhhjss, jqu`ty, nec qunb`ty `ssujs nec`etjlrnt`el pr`knry jcuhnt`ie eti ne ivjrnbb

Hanptjr 8

] bnee `el fir jcuhnt `ie fir n b b

F`lurj 8.>. Wjbnt`iesa`p gjtwjje JFN pbnes nec itajr pbnes nec strntjl`h `estrukjets, `ehbuc`el JFN-rjbntjc nht`v`t`js

Ent`ienb Cjvjbipkjet ]bne--5 Jcuhnt`ie sjht`ie  (aukne rjssiurhjs, sih`nb sjhtirs)

Hikprjajes`vj CjvjbipkjetFrnkjwird (HCF)(\irbc Gned)

Ze`tjc Ent`ies CjvjbipkjetNss`stnehj Frnkjwird (ZECNF)

Hiuetry Nss`stnehj Xtrntjly (ZEC])

]ivjrty Wjcuht`ie Xtrntjly ]npjr(]WX])(\irbc Gned, jth.)

Jcuhnt`ie sugsjhtir pbnes (knstjr pbnes)?--5 pr`knry jcuhnt`ie--5 sjhiecnry jcuhnt`ie--5 jth.

K`e`stry if Bngir(fueht`ienb B`tjrnhy prilrnkkjs)

Ent`ienb B`tjrnhy Hiueh`b

Ent`ienb Jtae`hK`eir`ty Xuppirt ]rilrnkkj

Itajr livjrekjet ue`ts w`taJFN-rjbntjc nht`v`t`js

NE JFN ]BNE 

prilrnkkj tant

  etjlrntjs taj JFN-rjbjvnet

pnrts if nbb jx`st`el

livjrekjet pib`hy cihukjets

;

Xiurhj? ZEJXHI/]WIN] (7==>).

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   ©   Z   E   J   X   H   I   /   V .   S   `   g   j   t

7

=

=

KietirelWjpir

t

7

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Fir kist hiuetr`js, wajtajr ir eit JFN `s nha`jvjc w`bb cjpjec kn`eby upie taj jxtjetif ent`ienb hikk`tkjet ti taj linbs. Aiwjvjr, taj fnht tant taj `etjrent`ienb hikkue`tyans cjh`cjc tant tajsj linbs nrj ti gj nha`jvjc gy n pnrt`hubnr cntj `kpb`js tant tajjxtjet if ejhjssnry pib`hy hanelj w`bb gj kuha lrjntjr fir sikj hiuetr`js tane fir

itajrs. Saisj wajrj kist hanelj `e pnhj w`bb gj ejjcjc nrj taj hiuetr`js wa`ha nrj ntprjsjet nt fnrtajst frik nha`jv`el taj linbs. Sajy kny iftje anvj biwjr `ehikjs necwjndjr nck`e`strnt`ies tane kney if taj itajrs. Sajy kny nbsi gj sih`jt`js wajrj tajpib`t`hnb `etjrjsts nb`lejc nln`est rnp`c rjfirk kny gj nt taj`r kist `etjesj. Sa`s kjnestant taj pib`t`hs, ns wjbb ns taj jhieik`hs, if rjfirk w`bb anvj striel nec sjpnrntj`efbujehj upie iuthikjs.

Ejvjrtajbjss, gita taj hists if nha`jv`el taj linbs nec taj nvn`bng`b`ty if rjsiurhjs tisjhurj tajk nrj b`djby ti anvj n cjh`s`vj `efbujehj upie wajtajr ir eit JFN linbs nrjrjnhajc. Sajsj twi `ssujs priv`cj taj tajkj fir ta`s hanptjr. Xikj if taj linbs hneeitgj nccrjssjc ajrj, gjhnusj taj nkiuet if jv`cjehj ngiut taj b`djby hists if taj`r

nha`jvjkjet `s nt prjsjet j`tajr vjry wjnd ir vjry sjbjht`vj. Nhhirc`elby, taj jv`cjehjie taj hists if ue`vjrsnb`z`el pr`knry jcuhnt`ie, nha`jv`el ljecjr jqunb`ty `e shaiibpnrt`h`pnt`ie, nec kpriv`el shaiib qunb`ty `s nssjssjc4 kpb`hnt`ies fir jxtjrenbf`eneh`el rjqu`rjkjets nrj crnwe.

Xikj hiuetr`js w`bb f`ec `t pnrt`hubnrby c`ff`hubt ti sjhurj taj nkiuet if rjsiurhjrjnbbihnt`ie ejhjssnry ti cjb`vjr taj linbs. Sa`s nppb`js ti hiuetr`js strielby nffjhtjcgy taj A@V/N@CX pnecjk`h nec ti taisj rjhivjr`el frik, ir st`bb `e taj k`cst if,jkjrljeh`js ir hiefb`ht. Sa`s hanptjr w`bb jxnk`ej ti want jxtjet tajsj h`rhukstnehjsnffjht taj vibukj nec enturj if rjsiurhjs rjqu`rjc.

7 = =JFN Lbignb

Kie`tir`el Wjpirt

Hanptjr 3

Wjsiurhj rjqu`rjkjets

fir nha`jv`el JFN

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taj hr`tjr`ie fir suhhjss. Saj hikpbjt`ie rntj`s cjf`ejc ns taj titnb eukgjr if pup`bs waisuhhjssfubby hikpbjtj taj f`enb lrncj if pr`knryshaiib, jxprjssjc ns n pjrhjetnlj if taj titnbpipubnt`ie if ha`bcrje if shaiib-bjnv`el nlj.7

Saj nutairs if taj stucy anvj pi`etjc iut tant ‑ticntj, JFN jffirts anvj fihusjc ajnv`by ie ljtt`elha`bcrje jeribbjc e shaiib, rntajr tane iehikpbjt`ie rntjs ir stucjet bjnre`el iuthikjs‐.Cntn ie taj eukgjr if ha`bcrje hikpbjt`elpr`knry jcuhnt`ie nrj iftje eit deiwe. Saj \irbcGned stucy jst`kntjs taj eukgjr if pup`bshikpbjt`el taj f`enb lrncj if pr`knry shaiib gy

cjcuht`el taj eukgjr if rjpjntjrs `e ta`s lrncj.X`ehj ta`s cijs eit tndj eti nhhiuet f`enb-yjnrcripiuts, taj nutairs nhhjpt tant taj`r jst`kntjsnrj ne ivjrstntjkjet if taj truj pr`knryhikpbjt`ie rntj. Hikpbjt`ie rntjs nrj `kpirtnet`ec`hntirs if suhhjssfub `kpbjkjetnt`ie if JFN.Fir tant rjnsie, tajy nrj nbbucjc ti `e tajwirc`el if taj Z]J linb. Aiwjvjr, fir rjnsiesc`shussjc `e Hanptjr 7 (Gix 7.7) if ta`s Wjpirt,tajy hneeit gj usjc ns taj sibj hr`tjr`ie fir `tssuhhjssfub `kpbjkjetnt`ie.

Bjelta if taj pr`knry-shaiib hyhbj. Saj

jeribkjet priojht`ies prjsjetjc gy jnha stucynrj, w`taiut jxhjpt`ie, gnsjc ie taj hurrjetcurnt`ie if taj pr`knry-shaiib hyhbj `e jnhahiuetry. Aiwjvjr, taj \irbc Gned stucy usjs nstnecnrc s`x-yjnr pjr`ic ti hnbhubntj rjsiurhjrjqu`rjkjets. Sa`s `s ciej ‑`e ircjr ti nvi`cg`ns`el jst`kntjs if taj jxtjrenb f`eneh`elrjqu`rjkjets tiwnrcs hiuetr`js w`ta bieljrpr`knry hyhbjs nec nwny frik hiuetr`js w`tasairt iejs‐ (\irbc Gned, 7==7, p. >1). Saj`r histjst`kntjs nrj tajrjfirj g`nsjc ciwewnrcsgjhnusj pr`knry jcuhnt`ie hyhbjs jxhjjc s`xyjnrs `e ivjr iej qunrtjr if cjvjbip`el hiuetr`js.

Cntn qunb`ty. Ns rjlnrcs cntn qunb`ty, taj \irbcGned stucy kncj taj kist hiehjrtjc jffirt tihibbjht nhhurntj nec up-ti-cntj jeribkjet,jxpjec`turj nec fuec`el cntn. @e pnrt`hubnr,`t ut`b`zjc taj lbignb ejtwird if \irbc Gnedpjrsieejb ti priv`cj cntn fir hiuetr`js tant nrjpiirby hivjrjc gy taj ZEJXHI neeunb stnt`st`hnbsurvjys. Saj itajr stuc`js rjb`jc ie ZEJXHIcntn, wa`ha nrj hikp`bjc frik qujst`ieen`rjshikpbjtjc gy K`e`str`js if Jcuhnt`ie `e jnhaKjkgjr Xtntj.

@efirknt`ie ngiut rjhurrjet nec hnp`tnbjxpjec`turj ie pr`knry jcuhnt`ie gy livjre-kjets, cieirs, aiusjaibcs, eie-livjrekjetirlne`znt`ies nec itajr stndjaibcjrs `s piir `ekist cjvjbip`el hiuetr`js. \ant shaiibs nhtunbbyrjhj`vj frik livjrekjet `s `evnr`ngby knrdjcbybjss tane want `s `ec`hntjc `e iff`h`nb jst`kntjsif jxpjec`turj nec itajr typjs if `ehikj necjxpjec`turj cihukjetnt`ie. Ze`t-hist jst`kntjsnrj usunbby gnsjc upie taj livjrekjet‐s c`rjhtfuec`el if taj pr`knry jcuhnt`ie sugsjhtir,nec ci eit tajrjfirj `ehbucj taj iftje s`zjngbjjxpjec`turjs ie nck`e`strnt`ie nec itajr djy

suppirt sjrv`hjs (`ehbuc`el prj- nec `e-sjrv`hjtjnhajr trn`e`el, espjht`ie nec hurr`hubukcjvjbipkjet).

Nhhirc`elby, taj usj if iff`h`nb stnt`st`hs knyiftje bjnc ti taj uecjrjst`knt`ie if pugb`hjxpjec`turjs pjr pup`b. Saj cntn, tii, nrj pnthay.Fir jxnkpbj, `e taj hnsj if taj ZE@HJF stucy,`efirknt`ie ie j`tajr ue`t hists ir EJWs wnsk`ss`el fir kirj tane iej qunrtjr if taj>71 hiuetr`js `ehbucjc. @e rjspiesj, taj histjst`kntjs `e taj stucy wjrj gnsjc upie taisj`e hiuetr`js w`ta s`k`bnr `ehikj ir rjl`ienb

hanrnhtjr`st`hs, wa`bj EJW jst`kntjs wjrj gnsjcupie deiwe lriss jeribkjet rnt`is (LJWs) necitajr cntn. A`la knrl`es if jrrir `e tajjst`kntjs fir ec`v`cunb hiuetr`js nrj n b`djbyhiesjqujehj if tajsj h`rhukstnehjs.

]riojht`ie kjtaics. Sajrj nrj `kpirtnetc`ffjrjehjs e taj priojht`ie kjtaics usjc etajsj stuc`js. Saj ZEJXHI nec ZE@HJF stuc`jsgita priv`cj s`kpbj priojht`ies if taj hists ifZ]J gnsjc upie kubt`pby`el prjsjet pugb`hjxpjec`turjs pjr pup`b gy taj priojhtjc shaiib-nlj pipubnt`ie `e 7=>: fir jnha hiuetry.Aiwjvjr, nbb tarjj if taj stuc`js nbsi priv`cjpriojht`ies `ehirpirnt`el taj `kpnht if pib`hyrjfirks tant nrj jxpjhtjc ti `kprivj taj qunb`tynec jff`h`jehy if shaiib systjks. Si nssukj tantprjsjet pugb`h jxpjec`turjs pjr stucjet w`bbrjkn`e uehaneljc `e taj futurj `s ueejhjssnr`byrjstr`ht`vj, nec taj nssukpt`ies kncj ngiutpib`hy rjfirks hne hies`cjrngby nffjht tajusjfubejss if hist stuc`js, gjhnusj taj jx`st`elpnttjre if jxpjec`turjs s usunbby eit ipt`knb.@e n bnrlj eukgjr if hiuetr`js tant nha`jvj Z]J,tajrj nrj st`bb pntjet ejjcs ti `kprivj taj qunb`ty

7 = =JFN Lbignb

Kie`tir`el Wjpirt

7. Xtr`htby spjnd`el, ta`s `sn kjnsurj if taj ‑lrisshikpbjt`ie rntj‐. X`ehj `t anseit gjje ncoustjc fir nlj, `esystjks w`ta a`la bjvjbs ifrjpjt`t`ie taj stnt`st`h knyjxhjjc >==%. @f, frik n pib`hypjrspjht`vj, wj nrj kn`eby`etjrjstjc `e taj eukgjr ifha`bcrje wai hikpbjtj tajpr`knry hyhbj, rntajr tane tajnlj nt wa`ha tajy ci si, tajlriss rntj w`bb gj prjfjrrjc titaj ejt, nlj-ncoustjc, rntj.

@e kist cjvjbip`ehiuetr`js,`efirknt`ie ngiujxpjec`turj iepr`knry jcuhnt`i`s wjnd.

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if shaiib`el, wa`ha w`bb usunbby rjqu`rj ehrjnsjcrjsiurhjs pjr stucjet. Ie taj itajr anec, wajrj`ejff`h`jeh`js nrj w`cjsprjnc, qunb`tnt`vj rjfirkskny fnh`b`tntj rjcuht`ies tant nrj gncby ejjcjcfir pjcnlil`h rjnsies e rjpjt`t`ie nec crip-iutrntjs, nec wa`ha kny nbbiw hists pjr pup`b, irpjr hikpbjtjr, ti fnbb. Nhhirc`elby, taj c`nleis`sif taj pnrt`hubnr rjsiurhj prigbjks fnhjc gyent`ienb systjks, nec if taj rjfirks wa`ha hiubcgj etricuhjc ti tnhdbj tajk, nrj kpirtnet gitafir taj ncjqunhy if taj hist jst`kntjs nec ti tajjehiurnljkjet if n prihjss if ent`ienb rjfirk.

Sngbj 3.7 sukknr`zjs taj pib`hy kjnsurjss`kubntjc `e jnha if taj stuc`js. Saj ZEJXHIstucy nssukjc tant, `e jnha hiuetry, taj eukgjrif pup`bs pjr tjnhajr wiubc fnbb gy >=% gy 7=>: ‘rn`s`el ue`t hists ‘ gut tant tjnhajrs‐ snbnr`jswiubc fnbb `e rjnb tjrks ti <=% if taj`r >00<bjvjbs, taus rjcuh`el tajk. Saj ZE@HJF stucynbsi nssukjc n rjcuht`ie `e taj pup`b-tjnhajrrnt`i ‘ `e ta`s hnsj ti 3= `e hiuetr`js wajrja`lajr rnt`is wjrj fiuec. @e ncc`t`ie, taj nutairsnbbiwjc fir nt bjnst >:% if rjhurrjet jxpjec`turjgj`el nbbihntjc ti kntjr`nbs nec itajr eie-wnlj

`eputs ti shaiib`el. Nbtaiula kist if tajsjnssukpt`ies kndj sjesj, taj `cjn tant tjnhajrs‐snbnr`js ejjc ti fnbb `e nbb hiuetr`js cijs eit? `esikj, pny w`bb anvj ti r`sj s`le`f`hnetby gjyiecprjsjet bjvjbs `e ircjr ti jehiurnlj tjnhajrkirnbj nec `ehrjnsj pricuht`v`ty.

Saj \irbc Gned stucy nciptjc n kirj jkp`r`hnbnpprinha. @ts pib`hy s`kubnt`ies nrj gnsjc upietaj spjh`f`h prjk`sj tant ‑jcuhnt`ie systjks `ebiw-`ehikj hiuetr js tant anvj j`tajr nha`jvjc>==% pr`knry hikpbjt`ie ir nrj rjbnt`vjby hbisjanvj sikj gns`h hikkie fjnturjs‐ (p. 7). Saj

stucy evjst`lntjs taj f`eneh`el hanrnhtjr`st`hsif :> hiuetr`js tant anvj priv`cjc taj ejhjssnrycntn, c`st`elu`sa`el tje ‑a`la pjrfirk`elhiuetr`js‐ (cjf`ejc ns anv`el LJWs if ivjr 0=%nec pr`knry hikpbjt`ie rntjs if ivjr <=%) friktaj rjst.8 Saj nutairs fiuec tant tajsj a`lapjrfirknehj hiuetr`js?

cjvitj n a`lajr sanrj if ent`ienb rjsiurhjsti pugb`h pr`knry jcuhnt`ie (>.<% if LC]hikpnrjc w`ta taj snkpbj nvjrnlj if >.3%if LC])4

86

Hanptjr 3

Wjsiurhj rjqu ` rjkjets fir nha `j v `el JFN

Sngbj 3.7. Djy pnrnkjtjrs nec nssukpt`ies usjc `e taj tarjj Z]J hist stuc`js

]nrnkjtjrs nec nssukpt`ies ZEJXHI hist stucy ZE@HJF hist stucy \IWBC GNED hist stucy

Ljejrnb

Hr`tjr`ie fir Z]J >==% EJW >==% EJW >==% hikpbjt`ie rntjEukgjr if hiuetr`js stuc`jc >:> >71 3<Snrljt cntj 7=>: 7=>: 7=>:Bjelta if pr`knry spne Nhtunb Nhtunb 6 yjnrsHurrjet ue`t hists (ZX$, 7===) >11.7 37.3 87.=Ze`t hists w`ta pib`hy kjnsurjs (ZX$, 7===) >01.= >3=.1 <0.=

]riojht`ies

Zs`el prjsjet ue`t hists yjs yjs eiZs`el ncoustjc ue`t hists (w`ta rjfirks) yjs yjs yjsNssukpt`ies fir pr`vntj jeribkjets ‘ ‘ >=%Nssukpt`ies fir jhieik`h lriwta ‘ ‘ eit spjh`f`jc>

A@V/N@CX `ehbucjc pnrtby pnrtby yjsHnp`tnb jxpjec`turjs `ehbucjc yjs yjs yjs

Snrljt pnrnkjtjrs

^unb`ty rjfirks

]up`b-tjnhajr rnt`i >=% `kprivjkjet 3= 3=]jrhjetnlj if eie-snbnry hists `e

rjhurrjet jxpjec`turjs

‘ >:% 88%

Jff`h`jehy rjfirks

Sjnhajr snbnr`js <=% if >00< bjvjbs ‘ 8.: t`kjs LC] pjr hnp`tnWjpjt`t`ie ‘ ‘ >=%

F`eneh`el rjfirks

]ugb`h rjvjeujs ns pjrhjetnlj if LC] ‘ ‘ >3‘>1%Jcuhnt`ie jxpjec`turjs ns pjrhjetnlj if rjvjeujs ‘ ‘ 7=%]r`knry jxpjec`turjs ns pjrhjetnlj if titnbjcuhnt`ie jxpjec`turjs ‘ ‘ :=%

>. Saj nssukpt`ies wjrj kncj, gut eit spjh`f`jc, `e taj tjxt.

Xiurhj? Grissnrc nec Lnhiuleibbj (7===)4 Cjbnkie`hn jt nb. (7==>)4 \irbc Gned (7==7 n).

8. Saj lriup hikpr`sjcGnelbncjsa, Gib`v`n, tajLnkg`n, @ec`n, @eciejs`n,Bjsitai, Zlnecn, V`jt Enk,_nkg`n nec _`kgngwj,nbtaiula taj Lnkg`n nec_nkg`n anc LJWs if bjsstane 0=%.

Saj `cjn tanttjnhajrs‐ snbnr`jsejjc ti fnbb `e nbb

hiuetr`js cijs eitkndj sjesj? `e

sikj, tajy kustr`sj s`le`f`hnetby

gjyiec prjsjetbjvjbs `e ircjr ti

jehiurnlj tjnhajrkirnbj nec

`ehrjnsjpricuht`v`ty.

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jxa`g`t npprix`kntjby nvjrnlj ue`t hists(spjec`el taj jqu`vnbjet if >7% if pjr hnp`tnLC] pjr pugb`h pr`knry stucjet, hikpnrjcw`ta >8% `e taj fubb snkpbj)4

anvj tjnhajr pny bjvjbs wa`ha nrj s`k`bnr tiitajr lriups (spjec`el 8.6 t`kjs pjr hnp`tnLC] pjr tjnhajr)4

spjec sb`latby kirj if taj`r rjhurrjet gucljtie eie-snbnry `tjks tane itajr hiuetrylriups4

anvj pup`b-tjnhajr rnt`is if ngiut 3=?>4 nec

anvj kuha biwjr rjpjt`t`ie rntjs tane ney

if taj itajr lriups (1.7% hikpnrjc w`ta nsnkpbj nvjrnlj if ><%).

Zs`el tajsj rjsubts frik taj a`la pjrfirknehjhiuetr`js ns n lu`cj, taj \irbc Gned nciptjc tajsjt if tnrljt pnrnkjtjrs saiwe `e Sngbj 3.7 ns‑pjrfirknehj eirks‐ fir ts ent`ienb s`kubnt`ies.

Saj itajr kn`e hist pnrnkjtjrs tant anvj gjjetrjntjc c`ffjrjetby `e taj tarjj stuc`js `ehbucjhnp`tnb jxpjec`turjs, pr`vntj shaiib`el, nec tajncoustkjets, f ney, kncj fir taj prjvnbjehj ifA@V/N@CX. Ns rjlnrcs hnp`tnb jxpjec`turjs, tajZEJXHI stucy ans nssukjc tant taj rnt`i if

hnp`tnb ti hurrjet spjec`el w`bb rjkn`e taj snkjns `e taj gnsj yjnr. Saj ZE@HJF stucy nrlujstant `e kist if taj <8 cjvjbip`el hiuetr`js w`taLJWs ivjr >==%, ‑jeiula shaiib pbnhjs jx`st firnha`jv`el ue`vjrsnb hivjrnlj if pr`knryjcuhnt`ie‐ (p. >8). Saj nutairs nssukjctajrjfirj tant ncc`t`ienb hnp`tnb jxpjec`turjrjqu`rjkjets fir tajsj hiuetr`js nrj zjri. Sa`snssukpt`ie rjqu`rjs tant taj kivj ti ejt rnt`isif >==% hne gj jet`rjby nhhikkicntjc gycjhb`ejs `e LJW, wa`ha `leirjs taj fnht tantkney pup`bs wai nrj hurrjetby iut if shaiib b`vj`e nrjns wajrj tajrj nrj ei shaiib fnh`b`t`js ntnbb. Saj ZE@HJF stucy nbsi ivjrbiids taj `kpnhtif pipubnt`ie lriwta? `e kney hiuetr`js, taj`ehrjkjet ti taj shaiib-nlj pipubnt`ie ivjrn f`ftjje-yjnr pjr`ic w`bb jxhjjc :=%, wa`ha`s sugstnet`nbby lrjntjr tane taj prjsjet lnpgjtwjje lriss nec ejt rnt`is. @e suha hnsjs,jvje `f LJWs nec EJWs wjrj jqunb`zjc nt >==%(nec leir`el taj prigbjk if shaiib bihnt`ie),taj prjsjet eukgjr if shaiib pbnhjs wiubc st`bbprivj ti gj `encjquntj gy 7=>:. Fir tajrjkn`e`el :: hiuetr`js, `t ans gjje nssukjc

tant >:% if titnb jcuhnt`ie jxpjec`turj `s gj`elspjet ie hnp`tnb `evjstkjet. Furtajrkirj, e tajngsjehj if ncjquntj cntn, `t nbsi nssukjc tant‑taj pripirt`ie if Ttitnb jcuhnt`ie[ iutbnysnbbihntjc ti pr`knry shaiib`el `s ngiut taj snkjns fir rjhurrjet jxpjec`turj‐ (p. >3).

Saj \irbc Gned stucy stntjs tant hiuetry-spjh`f`hcntn wjrj usjc, waje tajsj wjrj nvn`bngbj.\ajrj tajy nrj eit, taj nutairs nssukj tantnvjrnlj hist if n ‑fubby jqu`ppjc hbnssriik‐ `s

ZX$1,=== `e sug-Xnanrne Nfr`hn, nec $8,:==‘$3,=== `e Xiuta Ns`n. Saj hiuetr`js wajrj eihnp`tnb jxpjec`turj cntn wjrj nvn`bngbj anvj eit

gjje spjh`f`jc. Eiej if tajsj stuc`js hies`cjrtaj piss`gbj kpnht if tjnhajrs wird`el ciugbjsa`fts ir if kubt`-lrncj tjnha`el ie hnp`tnbspjec`el. Pjt tajsj pib`hy ipt`ies hne anvj nknoir `kpnht eit ieby upie taj eukgjr iftjnhajrs ejjcjc (nec taus upie taj pup`b-tjnhajrrnt`i), gut nbsi upie taj eukgjr if hbnssriiksrjqu`rjc cur`el taj kivj tiwnrcs Z]J.3

X`ehj tajsj stuc`js n`k ti priv`cj jst`kntjsif taj pugb`h hist if nttn`e`el Z]J, taj jxtjet tiwa`ha pjipbj haiisj ti jcuhntj taj`r ha`bcrje `epr`vntj shaiibs ejjcs ti gj hies`cjrjc, gjhnusj

`ts `eh`cjehj kny rjcuhj taj nkiuet if pugb`hspjec`el rjqu`rjc. Saj \irbc Gned stucy ‘ tajieby iej ti ci si ‘ nssukjs tant >=% if n l`vjenlj lriup w`bb gj jeribbjc `e pr`vntj shaiibs,gnsjc ie taj igsjrvjc nvjrnlj `e taj snkpbjif hiuetr`js fir wa`ha cntn wjrj nvn`bngbj. X`ehjta`s `s taj snkpbj kjne, fir kney hiuetr`js `tw`bb privj ti gj n striel uecjrjst`kntj if pr`vntjpriv`s`ie. Furtajrkirj, `t hiubc gj nrlujc tanttaj trjec tiwnrcs pr`vntj shaiib`el kny wjbbnhhjbjrntj ns cjvjbipkjet prihjjcs.

F`enbby, taj \irbc Gned stucy wns taj ieby iej

if taj tarjj ti ncoust `ts jst`kntjs ti nbbiw firtaj pnrt`hubnr hists if taj A@V/N@CX pnecjk`h `etaj hiuetr`js hivjrjc. Saj tarjj kn`e nrjns ifpitjet`nb `kpnht nrj? biwjr jeribkjet lriwtarntjs, ehrjnsjc tjnhajr kirg`c`ty nec kirtnb`ty,nec `ehrjnsjc eukgjrs if irpanes nec if itajrha`bcrje c`rjhtby nffjhtjc gy taj jp`cjk`h. Ze`tjcEnt`ies pipubnt`ie priojht`ies ‘ ut`b`zjc gy nbbtarjj stuc`js ‘ anvj gjje ncoustjc ti tndj `etinhhiuet taj cjkilrnpa`h jffjhts if tajjp`cjk`h. Nhhirc`elby, jvje taiula lrjntuehjrtn`et`js rjkn`e ngiut taj `kpnht if taj

7 = =JFN Lbignb

Kie`tir`el Wjpirt

3. Ne jnrb`jr sjt if s`kubnt`iescjkiestrntjc tant taj`etricuht`ie if ciugbj-sa`ft`elsuff`h`jet ti rjcuhj tajtjnhajr-pup`b rnt`i gy >:%wns nssih`ntjc w`ta n cjhb`ejif hbnssriik rjqu`rjkjets gyup ti 7=%, nt Z]J jeribkjetbjvjbs. Xjj Hibhbiula necBjw`e (>008), pp. >0>‘<.

\aje jst`knt`eltaj pugb`h hist ifZ]J, ncoustkjetskust gj kncjti nbbiw fir tajpnrt`hubnr histsif taj A@V/N@CXpnecjk`h.

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jp`cjk`h ie fjrt`b`ty bjvjbs, jnha if taj stuc`jsnbbiws fir taj `kpnht if taj c`sjnsj ie tajpr`knry-shaiib-nljc pipubnt`ie.

@e ncc`t`ie, taj \irbc Gned stucy nttjkpts tinssjss taj `kpnht if taj jp`cjk`h ie tjnhajrsnec irpanes. Saj nutairs nssukj tant kirtnb`tyrntjs fir tjnhajrs w`bb gj s`k`bnr ti tant if itajrncubts, nec tant s`ehj tjnhajrs w`bb gj rjpbnhjcnt taj ejw biwjr snbnry bjvjbs jev`snljc gytaj nutairs, ehrjnsjc kirtnb`ty w`bb nhtunbbytjec ti rjcuhj tjnhajr hists `e futurj yjnrs.Hiesjqujetby, taj \irbc Gned stucy hiehbucjstant taj kn`e hist gurcje if taj A@V/N@CX

jp`cjk`h w`ta rjspjht ti taj Z]J tnrljt w`bb gjtaj ncc`t`ienb f`eneh`nb suppirt rjqu`rjc firirpanes. Saj nutairs jst`kntj tant ZX$:= pjryjnr (`e hiestnet 7=== pr`hj tjrks) w`bb gjejjcjc ti kn`etn`e jnha kntjrenb nec twi-pnrjet irpane `e shaiib. Saj hikg`ejc `kpnhtif tajsj twi nssukpt`ies ie taj titnb hists ifnha`jv`el Z]J s s`le`f`hnet. Aiwjvjr, ns saiwebntjr `e ta`s hanptjr, taj nssukpt`ies nppjnr tigita uecjrstntj nec ik`t `kpirtnet c`kjes`iesif taj b`djby hists evibvjc.

WjsubtsNs `ec`hntjc jnrb`jr, taj neeunb hists if Z]Jti n livjrekjet nrj n pricuht if taj rjqu`rjcjeribkjets gy taj tnrljt cntj nec pugb`hjxpjec`turjs pjr stucjet nt tant t`kj. Sitnb histsnrj cjtjrk`ejc gy aiw tajsj twi fnhtirs haneljivjr taj `etjrvje`el yjnrs. @t saiubc gy eiw gjhbjnr tant taj prihjss if jst`knt`el tajsjnppnrjetby s`kpbj knle`tucjs `s e fnht rntajrhikpbjx. N s`le`f`hnet gicy if nssukpt`ies sejjcjc, jnha if wa`ha `s hnpngbj if `efbujeh`elpriojhtjc iuthikjs. Igv`iusby, jst`kntjs wa`ha

usj c`ffjrjet nssukpt`ies hneeit gj jxpjhtjcti ljejrntj jxnhtby taj snkj rjsubts. Aiwjvjr,`t `s rjnsiengbj ti jxpjht tant tajy wiubc eitjet`rjby hiefb`ht. @ecjjc, taj prihjss if hikp`b`elsjpnrntj jst`kntjs wa`ha c`ffjr `e cjtn`b, gutwa`ha sulljst taj snkj typj if hiehbus`ie, `sne `kpirtnet kjnes if priv`c`el jv`cjehj necsuppirt fir cjs`rngbj pib`hy hanelj.

Ncc`t`ienb pugb`h jxpjec`turjs rjqu`rjc

Saj rjsubts frik taj tarjj stuc`js hne gjhikpnrjc kn`eby gy jxnk`e`el taj`r hiehbus`ieshiehjre`el taj jxtjet ti wa`ha pugb`h spjec`elie pr`knry shaiib`el w`bb ejjc ti `ehrjnsj `eircjr ti nha`jvj Z]J. Sngbj 3.8 saiws, fir 36 iftaj hiuetr`js `ehbucjc `e taj \irbc Gned stucy,:

jst`kntjs if taj nvjrnlj ncc`t`ienb pugb`hjxpjec`turj rjqu`rjc neeunbby ivjr taj pjr`ic ti7=>: `kpb`jc `e jnha stucy. Sajsj jst`kntjs anvjgjje kncj us`el c`ffjrjet ue`t hist f`lurjs nectaj gnsj-yjnr f`lurjs c`ffjr sugstnet`nbby, w`tataj nvjrnlj nhriss nbb hiuetr`js gj`el kuha

a`lajr `e taj ZEJXHI stucy tane taj itajrs(Sngbj 3.7). Furtajr vnr`nt`ie ihhurs gjhnusj iftaj c`ffjrjet k`x if qunb`ty nec jff`h`jehy rjfirksusjc fir if jnha stucy ti jst`kntj futurj ue`thists, si sikj s`le`f`hnet cjlrjj if vnr`nehj `epriojhtjc iuthikjs `s ti gj jxpjhtjc. @t `s eitpiss`gbj, frik taj cntn priv`cjc `e tajcihukjets, ti hikpnrj priojhtjc jxpjec`turjsw`ta nec w`taiut rjfirks nt ent`ienb bjvjb nectaus ti jengbj taj sjpnrntj `kpnht if tajnssukpt`ies kncj `e jnha stucy ti gj `cjet`f`jc.

Saj jst`kntjs sulljst tant pugb`h spjec`el, `e

nbb taj hiuetr`js tndje tiljtajr, wiubc ejjc ti`ehrjnsj, ie nvjrnlj, gy gjtwjje $3.8 g`bb`ie nec$1.3 g`bb`ie pjr yjnr ivjr taj pjr`ic. Saj ZE@HJFnec ZEJXHI stuc`js gita pricuhj hbisjbys`k`bnr rjsubts fir tajsj nllrjlntj f`lurjs, wa`bjtaj \irbc Gned jst`kntj `s sikj <=%‘0:%a`lajr tane taj itajr twi.

Aiwjvjr, `t hne gj sjje frik taj tngbj tant kneyif taj jst`kntjs fir `ec`v`cunb hiuetr`js c`ffjr gyn kuha bnrljr knrl`e. Saj c`ffjrjehj gjtwjjetaj knx`kuk nec k`e`kuk jst`kntjs `s iftjevjry w`cj, w`ta kirj tane n tarjj-fibc c`ffjrjehj

ihhurr`el `e 73 (:7%) if taj hiuetry hnsjs.Nbtaiula taj ZEJXHI stucy usjs a`lajr nvjrnljue`t hist jst`kntjs tane taj itajrs, taj \irbcGned stucy jst`kntjs taj a`lajst ncc`t`ienbhists `e 87 if taj hiuetr`js, wa`bj taj itajr7 ljejrntj taj a`lajst jst`kntjs `e < hiuetr`jsjnha. @f taj a`lajst nec biwjst jst`kntjs nrjsukkjc fir jnha hiuetry, `t hne gj sjje friktaj bnst tarjj hibukes if taj tngbj tant taj rneljif nvjrnlj neeunb ncc`t`ienb hists ehrjnsjsfrik n k`e`kuk if $8.7 g`bb`ie ti n knx`kuk if$0.3 g`bb`ie ivjr taj yjnrs ti 7=>:.

81

Hanptjr 3

Wjsiurhj rjqu ` rjkjets fir nha `j v `el JFN

:. X`ehj > if taj 3< hiuetr`js `etaj \irbc Gned‐s nenbys`s ‘ tajWjpugb`h if Kibcivn ‘ wns eit`ehbucjc `e taj ZE@HJF stucy, `t`s ans eit gjje `ehbucjc `eSngbj 3.8.

]ugb`h spjec`el`e nbb hiuetr`jstndje tiljtajr

w`bb ejjc ti

`ehrjnsjs`le`f`hnetby

jnha yjnruet`b 7=>:.

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Jxtjrenb fuec`el rjqu`rjkjets

Saj \irbc Gned stucy `s taj ieby iej if tajtarjj ti priv`cj jst`kntjs fir taj jxtjet ifjxtjrenb fuec`el rjqu`rjc. Sa`s f`lurj `s cjr`vjcgy hikpnr`el taj jxpjhtjc pugb`h rjsiurhjsnvn`bngbj fir pr`knry jcuhnt`ie spjec`el(cjr`vjc nhhirc`el ti taj nssukpt`ies saiwe`e Sngbj 3.7) w`ta taj pnttjre if jxpjec`turjsrjqu`rjc ti nha`jvj Z]J. Saj rjsubt`el neeunblnps nrj sukkjc nec taje nvjrnljc ivjr taj>:-yjnr pjr`ic. Ns `ec`hntjc `e Sngbj 3.3, tajnutairs jxpjht ne neeunb jxtjrenb fuec`elrjqu`rjkjet fir taj 3< hiuetr`js if $7.: g`bb`ie

uecjr taj`r sjhiec (‑k`ccbj‐) shjenr`i fircikjst`h rjsiurhj kig`b`znt`ie (livjrekjetrjvjeujs gj`el >3%‘>1% if LC]4 7=% iflivjrekjet rjvjeujs gj`el spjet ie jcuhnt`ie4nec :=% if jcuhnt`ie jxpjec`turj gj`elnbbihntjc ti pr`knry shaiib`el).

Sajy priojht tant taj jxtjrenb fuec`elrjqu`rjkjet fir pr`knry jcuhnt`ie w`bb pjnd ntZX$3.: g`bb`ie pjr neeuk `e 7=>:. Xug-XnanrneNfr`hn w`bb rjqu`rj 1:% if ta`s jxtjrenbnss`stnehj. F`vj hiuetr`js anvj neeunb jxtjrenbfuec`el lnps if kirj tane ZX$>== k`bb`ie pjr

neeuk (Cjkihrnt`h Wjpugb`h if taj Hieli,Jta`ip`n, E`ljr`n, ]nd`stne nec taj Xucne), wa`hagjtwjje tajk nhhiuet fir ejnrby 37% if taj titnbjxtjrenb fuec`el rjqu`rjkjet. Neitajr sjvjehiuetr`js nrj priojhtjc ti rjqu`rj, ie nvjrnlj,ZX$:=‘>== k`bb`ie pjr neeuk `e cieir suppirt(Hnkjriie, Hótj c‐@vi`rj, Knb`, E`ljr, Xjejlnb,Ze`tjc Wjpugb`h if Snezne`n nec Zlnecn). N`crjqu`rjkjets nppjnr ti gj surpr`s`elby sknbb firhiuetr`js suha ns Gnelbncjsa, Knbnw`,

Kiznkg`quj nec _nkg`n, jspjh`nbby `e v`jw ifhurrjet bjvjbs if cieir suppirt ti taj`r jcuhnt`iesjhtirs. @ec`n `s priojhtjc ti anvj n s`zjngbjsurpbus if cikjst`h fuec`el fir pr`knryjcuhnt`ie, nvjrnl`el ejnrby ZX$>.3 g`bb`iegjtwjje 7=== nec 7=>:.

Aiw b`djby nrj tajsj tarjj shjenr`is9 Ns w`bb gjhbjnr frik jnrb`jr hikkjetnry, taj neswjrcjpjecs kn`eby upie taj rjnsiengbjejss if gitataj pib`hy pnrnkjtjrs sjt iut `e Sngbj 3.7. nectaj rjvjeuj nec jxpjec`turj nssukpt`iesc`shussjc ngivj.

Kuha hiubc gj sn`c ngiut taj pris nec hies iftaj vnbujs nciptjc fir taj tnrljt pnrnkjtjrs `etaj \irbc Gned stucy. Aiwjvjr, tajy nrj grincbys`k`bnr ti taisj sulljstjc gy sikj jnrb`jrwird,6 nec `e itajr wnys tajy nrj hies`stjet gitaw`ta deiwe rjsjnrha rjsubts nec w`ta hikkiesjesj. Fir jxnkpbj, kney piir hiuetr`js w`taa`la hist systjks nrj ueb`djby ti gj ngbj tiue`vjrsnb`zj priv`s`ie uebjss sikjta`el s ciejti rjcuhj ue`t hists. @e sjvjrnb frnehipaiejNfr`hne hiuetr`js, a`la tjnhajr hists nrjhikpjesntjc gy vjry a`la pup`b-tjnhajr rnt`is,nec titnb hists nrj kjt gy rjcuh`el jeribkjets

rjbnt`vj ti itajr hiuetr`js nt s`k`bnr bjvjbs if`ehikj. Saus taj snbnry g`bb `s nffircngbj, gut`t gr`els ejlnt`vj hiesjqujehjs fir gita tajqunet`ty nec qunb`ty if priv`s`ie.< Ns `e itajrnrjns if pugb`h pib`hy, tajrj nrj hbjnr hai`hjsti gj kncj tant nrj hnpngbj if nffjht`el tajpiss`g`b`ty if sjrv`hjs gj`el ue`vjrsnb`zjc.

Ejvjrtajbjss, wa`bj t kny gj ueprigbjknt`hti ncvihntj kiv`el taj pnrnkjtjrs `e tajc`rjht`ies `ec`hntjc gy taj kirj suhhjssfubhiuetry hnsjs, `t saiubc gj rjhile`zjc tant tajnhtunb kjhane`hs if ci`el ta`s w`bb iftje gj vjry

c`ff`hubt `ecjjc. Ns taj \irbc Gned stucynhdeiwbjcljs, tjnhajrs‐ snbnr`js priv`cj n liicjxnkpbj. \ajrj tajsj nrj vjry a`la rjbnt`vj tiLC] pjr hnp`tn ‘ ns `e Jr`trjn, Jta`ip`n, An`t`,Bjsitai, E`ljr, Hjetrnb Nfr`hne Wjpugb`h,Wwnecn, Kiznkg`quj, _`kgngwj nec itajrs1 ‘`t iftje rjfbjhts struhturnb hanrnhtjr`st`hs if tajjhieiky (suha ns n ljejrnb sairtnlj if sd`bbjcpjipbj, ir n a`laby nlrnr`ne jhieiky w`ta nsknbb firknb sjhtir), taj jffjhts if wa`ha hneeitjns`by gj c`srjlnrcjc. @e suha jhieik`js, tajsnbnry rnt`is ‘ eit oust if tjnhajrs, gut if nbb

3=

Hanptjr 3

Wjsiurhj rjqu ` rjkjets fir nha `j v `el JFN

6. Hibhbiula nec Nb-Xnknrrn`(7===), fir jxnkpbj, fiuec vjrys`k`bnr rjbnt`iesa`ps gjtwjjepugb`h spjec`el nec ue`t hists`e biw- nec a`la-jeribkjethiuetr`js ti taisj rjpirtjc `etaj Gned stucy.

<. Xjj K`elnt (>011 nec 7==7)4nec Hibhbiula jt.nb.(firtahik`el).

1. @e jnha if tajsj hiuetr`js,nvjrnlj tjnhajrs‐ snbnr`jswjrj kirj tane s`x t`kjs nskuha ns LE] pjr hnp`tn `e tajbntj >00=s, hikpnrjc w`ta nenvjrnlj fir sug-Xnanrne Nfr`hnif 3.8, nec fir n grincjr snkpbjif :6 hiuetr`js if 3.3. XjjHibhbiula nec Nb-Xnknrrn`(7===), Sngbjs 8 nec :4 nec\irbc Gned (7==7n), Sngbjs 3.>nec N>>.

Sngbj 3.3.

 \irbc Gned jst`kntjs fir nvjrnlj neeunb cikjst`h rjsiurhj kig`b`znt`ie

nec jxtjrenb fuec`el rjqu`rjkjets fir 3< sjbjhtjc hiuetr`js, `e g`bb`ies if ZX$

Xuppirt fir Cikjst`h rjsiurhj JxtjrenbA@V/N@CX irpanes kig`b`znt`ie fuec`el

Wjl`ie Xhjenr i > Xhjenr i 7 Xhjenr i 8 Xhjenr i > Xhjenr i 7 Xhjenr i 8

3< hiuetr`js Ei suppirt 3.> 3.= 3.3 >.: >.6 >.>

Xuppirt priv`cjc =.6 =.6 =.6

Xug-titnb 7.> 7.7 >.<

Wjst if wirbc Eiej rjqu`rjc 7.8 7.8 7.> =.8 =.8 =.8

Sitnb 6.3 6.8 6.: 7.3 7.: 7.=

Xiurhj? \irbc Gned (7==7n), Sngbj 3.>8.

Saj \irbc Gnedjst`kntjs tant

@ec`n w`bb anvj ns`zjngbj surpbus

if cikjst`hfuec`el fir

pr`knryjcuhnt`ie,

nvjrnl`el ejnrby

ZX$>.3 g`bb`iegjtwjje 7===

nec 7=>:.

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prifjss`ienb wirdjrs ‘ tjec ti gj a`lajr rjbnt`vjti pjr hnp`tn `ehikj tane tajy nrj `e kirj`ecustr`nb`zjc hiuetr`js, gjhnusj taj bjvjb iftjnhajrs‐ snbnr`js `s n pricuht if tajrjkuejrnt`ie cjknecjc gy sd`bbjc necprifjss`ienb wirdjrs ns n lriup, nec hneeitejhjssnr`by gj nffjhtjc `e `sibnt`ie. Kirjljejrnbby, tjnhajr snbnry bjvjb `s nbsi n fueht`ieif taj struhturj if taj jhieiky, wa`ha hneeitjns`by gj nbtjrjc ns n knttjr if sairt- irkjc`uk-tjrk pib`hy hai`hj. Iej rjspiesj,sulljstjc gy taj \irbc Gned stucy (pp. 3>‘37) `sti rjhru`t n ejw hncrj if tjnhajrs nt biwjr snbnry

bjvjbs, wa`bj hiet`eu`el ti pny jx`st`el stnff ietaj ibc shnbjs. N eukgjr if hiuetr`js, `ehbuc`elXjejlnb nec Knb`, anvj nciptjc ta`s npprinhaw`ta sikj suhhjss. Aiwjvjr, taj `kpnht ienvjrnlj snbnry bjvjbs `s sbiw, nec `t rjkn`es tigj sjje wajtajr suha n ‑ciugbj‐ snbnry bjvjb firtjnhajrs hne gjhikj taj cik`enet kicj ifjkpbiykjet fir taj prifjss`ie ns n waibj.

N sjhiec jxnkpbj `s priv`cjc gy nvjrnlj rntjsif rjpjt`t`ie, wajrj taj tnrljt rntj, `e taj \irbcGned stucy, `s sjt nt >=% fir hiuetr`js hurrjetbyngivj ta`s bjvjb, w`ta ei hanelj jev`snljc fir

itajr hiuetr`js. Sajrj `s ei ciugt tant a`larntjs if rjpjt`t`ie nrj cysfueht`ienb. Sajy nrjsykptiknt`h if n c`shiet`eu`ty gjtwjje tajcjknecs if taj hurr`hubuk ie taj iej anec,nec taj ng`b`ty if shaiibs nec tjnhajrs ti `kpnrt`t, ie taj itajr. @kprivjkjets `e taj qunb`ty ifshaiib`el nec hurr`hubuk rjfirk priv`cj twiwnys `e wa`ha a`la rntjs if rjpjt`t`ie hne gjtnhdbjc. @e sikj hiuetr`js, aiwjvjr, pib`h`jsif nutiknt`h prikit`ie anvj gjje `etricuhjc ‘iftje `e taj ngsjehj if rjfirks ti `kprivjha`bcrje‐s bjnre`el. @e tajsj h`rhukstnehjs,igsjrvjc rjpjt`t`ie rntjs hne gj n piir jff`h`jehy

kjnsurj. \ajrj prilrjss`ie ti taj ejxt lrncj `sv`rtunbby nutiknt`h, ns `e kney if taj ‑a`lapjrfirk`el‐ hiuetr`js cjet`f`jc e taj \irbcGned stucy, taj bjnre`el iuthikjs if ha`bcrjekny nhtunbby gj biwjr tane `e taisj anv`el jec-if-yjnr jxnk`ent`ies wa`ha cjtjrk`ej tajpiss`g`b`ty if prilrjss`ie w`ta`e shaiibs.Nbtaiula rjpjt`t`ie rntjs kny gj biwjr `e tajfirkjr lriup, tajy kny gj ne `encjquntj prixyfir bjnre`el iuthikjs. Sa`s `s eit ti nrluj tantrjpjt`t`ie rntjs saiubc eit gj rjcuhjc, gutrntajr tant taj wnys `e wa`ha sikj if taj ‑a`la

pjrfirk`el‐ hiuetr`js anvj nha`jvjc tajsjrjcuht`ies kny eit ejhjssnr`by priv`cj taj gjstkicjb fir pib`hy.

Saj nssukpt`ies fir rjvjeuj nec pugb`hspjec`el nppjnr ti gj cjfjes`gbj `e pr`eh`pbj,gut vjry nkg`t`ius `e prnht`hj, nec iej wny ifnssjss`el oust aiw nkg`t`ius `s ti hies`cjr taj`r`kpb`hnt`ies fir taj jxtjet if rjnb jxpjec`turjlriwta ie pr`knry shaiib`el ivjr taj priojht`iepjr`ic. Saj \irbc Gned‐s s`kubnt`ies sulljsttant titnb jxpjec`turj ie pr`knry jcuhnt`ie `etaj 3< hiuetr`js wiubc ejjc ti anvj r`sje frik$<.3 g`bb`ie `e 7=== ti $78.8 g`bb`ie `e 7=>: (\irbc

Gned, 7==7n, p. 67) ‘ ne jxpjec`turj lriwtaif 1% pjr yjnr `e rjnb tjrks ivjr taj >: yjnrs.Gy taj f`enb yjnr taj lnp gjtwjje cikjst`hf`eneh`el nec titnb jxpjec`turjs `s jxpjhtjc tinkiuet ti $3.: g`bb`ie. Sa`s `kpb`js tantcikjst`h rjsiurhjs nvn`bngbj fir jxpjec`turjie pr`knry shaiib`el wiubc, `e 7=>:, nkiuet ti$>1.1 g`bb`ie `e tajsj hiuetr`js.

@e ircjr ti nssjss taj `kpb`hnt`ies fir tajrjqu`rjc lriwta `e cikjst`h f`eneh`nb rjsiurhjs,wj ejjc ti deiw taj jxtjet if jxtjrenb f`eneh`elif pr`knry shaiib`el `e tajsj hiuetr`js `e 7===.

Sa`s `s eit prjh`sjby deiwe, gut ne nkiuet if$> g`bb`ie wiubc gj hies`stjet w`ta taj n`cjst`kntjs l`vje `e taj ejxt hanptjr, nec riulabyhies`stjet w`ta ne nvjrnlj fuec`el lnp if$7.: g`bb`ie ivjr taj >: yjnrs, ns rjpirtjc `etaj Gned stucy.0 @e ta`s hnsj, taj rjqu`rjc lriwtaif cikjst`h rjsiurhjs, frik $6.3 g`bb`ie(`.j. $<.3 g`bb`ie cikjst`h jxpjec`turj, k`eus n`crjsiurhjs) ti $>1.1 g`bb`ie, wiubc nkiuet ti nlriwta rntj if <.:% pjr yjnr ivjr taj >: yjnrs.@f cikjst`h rjsiurhj nvn`bng`b`ty wjrj bjss taneta`s `e taj gnsj yjnr, `ts sugsjqujet rjqu`rjcrntj if lriwta ti 7=>: wiubc gj lrjntjr tanetajsj jst`kntjs sulljst.

Sajsj `ehrjnsjc cikjst`h rjsiurhjs anvj ti gjljejrntjc gy jhieik`h lriwta, ie taj iej anec,nec/ir gy f`shnb rjfirk ie taj itajr. Aiwjvjr,taj rjhjet lriwta rjhirc if taj jhieik`js `etajsj hiuetr`js `s eit prik`s`el (88 if taj3< hiuetr`js nrj `e sug-Xnanrne Nfr`hn, wajrj,cur`el taj >00=s, wj`latjc rjnb LC] lriwta wnsshnrhjby kirj tane 8% pjr yjnr). @f ta`s lriwtarjhirc wjrj eit `kprivjc, sa`fts `e sjhtirnbjxpjec`turj, tiljtajr w`ta kirj fuecnkjetnb

7 = =JFN Lbignb

Kie`tir`el Wjpirt

0. Nbtaiula ta`s nssukpt`iekny sjjk a`la ‘ hiest`tut`el>8.:% if pugb`h spjec`el iepr`knry jcuhnt`ie `e tajsjhiuetr`js ‘ n`c ti jcuhnt`ie `etaj bntj >00=s `e e`ej if tajsjhiuetr`js nkiuetjc ti 86% iftaj`r hikg`ejc pugb`h spjec`elie jcuhnt`ie (Hibhbiula jt nb.(firtahik`el), Sngbj <.<).

@e sikj hiuetr`jspib`h`js if nutiknprikit`ie nrj

iftje `etricuhjc`e taj ngsjehj ifrjfirks ti `kprivha`bcrje‐s bjnre`e

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f`shnb rjfirk, wiubc ejjc ti priv`cj tajrjkn`e`el 3.:% neeunb rjnb lriwta `e rjsiurhjs.Sajsj jxpjec`turj sa`fts wiubc rjprjsjet knoir`ehrjnsjs `e rjsiurhj rjqu`rjkjets, nec `t `s gyei kjnes hbjnr tant suha striel nec sustn`ejchaneljs w`bb tndj pbnhj.

@f rjsiurhjs wjrj eit sjhurjc, taj lnp gjtwjjecikjst`h rjsiurhjs nec rjqu`rjc jxpjec`turjshiubc `ehrjnsj sanrpby. Fir jxnkpbj, `f taj 3<hiuetr`js wjrj ngbj ti `ehrjnsj rjnb cikjst`hrjsiurhjs fir pr`knry shaiib`el gy :% pjr yjnrivjr taj >:-yjnr pjr`ic (wa`ha wiubc gj nsugstnet`nb nha`jvjkjet), taj rjsiurhj lnp `e

7=>: wiubc nkiuet ti $0.0 g`bb`ie rntajr tanetaj $3.: g`bb`ie priojhtjc `e taj \irbc Gnedstucy. Furtajrkirj, uecjr tajsj h`rhukstnehjs,taj nvjrnlj lnp ti gj f`bbjc gy n`c wiubc r`sjfrik $7.: g`bb`ie ti $3.7 g`bb`ie pjr yjnr ivjr tajf`ftjje yjnrs.>=

Z]J? Hiehbus`ie

Nbb nttjkpts ti nssjss taj hists if nha`jv`el Z]Jkust gj hnrr`jc iut ie n hiuetry-gy-hiuetrygns`s. Jst`knt`el b`djby rjsiurhj rjqu`rjkjet

jst`kntjs nt taj rjl`ienb ir wirbc bjvjbsuecjrjst`kntjs lbignb ejjcs fir tarjj kn`erjnsies. F`rstby, nbb jst`kntjs nrj jxtrjkjbysjes`t`vj ti taj vnbujs if ue`t hists nec tajsjhne gj pripjrby nccrjssjc ieby nt taj hiuetrybjvjb. Xjhiecby, fir hist purpisjs, jeribkjetpriojht`ies hiecuhtjc nt wirbc ir rjl`ienb bjvjbsnrj k`sbjnc`el s`ehj taisj hiuetr`js anv`elrjcuht`ies e pup`b eukgjrs gjhnusj if cjhb`e`elshaiib-nlj pipubnt`ies nrj `kpb`h`tby nccjc titaj jeribkjet `ehrjnsjs rjqu`rjc jbsjwajrj.>>

N ta`rc, nec rjbntjc, pi`et `s tant taj f`eneh`ellnps `e hiuetr`js ueb`djby ti gj ngbj ti f`enehj

Z]J tajksjbvjs saiubc eit gj nccjc tisurpbusjs jbsjwajrj. Saus, nllrjlntjc kjtaicsif hiuet`el j`tajr jeribkjets ir hists w`bb eitpricuhj ajbpfub rjsubts. Fir ta`s rjnsie, wj anvj`ehbucjc `e ta`s hanptjr ieby taisj rjhjetjst`kntjs tant anvj gjje gnsjc upie hiuetry-bjvjb nenbys`s.

@t ans gjje saiwe, aiwjvjr, tant tajsjjst`kntjs c`ffjr sugstnet`nbby frik jnha itajr.Saj c`ffjrjehjs bbustrntj taj sjes`t`v`ty if tajhist jst`kntjs ti taj cntn usjc `e taj nenbys`s,

ti taj nssukpt`ies usjc ngiut taj jxtjet ifrjqu`rjc ir cjs`rngbj pib`hy hanelj, nec ti tajnssukpt`ies kncj ngiut futurj rntjs ifjhieik`h lriwta. Ns rjlnrcs hists, tajrj `s neurljet ejjc ti `kprivj taj qunb`ty if `efirknt`ieie pugb`h jxpjec`turjs ie jcuhnt`ie. Sajrjnppjnrs ti anvj gjje n cjtjr`irnt`ie `e tajqunb`ty if tajsj cntn `e rjhjet yjnrs, nec w`taiutsikj sanrp `ehrjnsj `e hivjrnlj nec qunb`ty nbbnttjkpts ti jst`kntj rjsiurhj rjqu`rjkjets w`bbgj uecjrk`ejc. ]nrtby ns n rjsubt if ta`s qunb`tycjhrjnsj, tajrj nrj sugstnet`nb c`ffjrjehjs `e tajue`t hist efirknt`ie nciptjc e c`ffjrjet stuc`js,

nec ta`s `s iej if taj kirj `kpirtnet hnusjs iftaj`r vnry`el rjsubts.

Nkiel taj tarjj stuc`js nenbysjc ngivj, tajrjsubts priv`cjc gy taj \irbc Gned nrj taj kisthikprjajes`vj nec cjpjecngbj.Kjtaicibil`hnbby, tajy nrj supjr`ir ti taisj `ekist itajr rjhjet wird, nec taj s`kubnt`iefrnkjwird jkpbiyjc nbbiws kist if taj djypib`hy vnr`ngbjs ti gj `etjlrntjc w`ta tajnenbys`s. Aiwjvjr, taj Gned stucy nbkisthjrtn`eby uecjrjst`kntjs gita taj jxpjec`turj`kpb`hnt`ies if taj kivj ti Z]J nec taj jxtjrenb

n`c rjqu`rjkjets qu`tj hies`cjrngby. F`rstby, `thivjrs ieby taj hiuetr`js furtajst nwny frikZ]J, w`ta pipubnt`ies ivjr > k`bb`ie. Zp ti iejqunrtjr if ha`bcrje nt prjsjet iut if shaiib b`vj`e hiuetr`js eit hivjrjc gy taj Gned‐s nenbys`s.Xjhiecby, `ts ncipt`ie if n s`x-yjnr pr`knry hyhbjfir nbb hiuetr`js `leirjs taj ncc`t`ienb hists ifZ]J `e 7:% if hiuetr`js w`ta bieljr systjks.Gita if tajsj fnhtirs `kpby tant taj hists ifrjnha`el Z]J nrj uecjrjst`kntjc. Saj jst`kntjskncj fir taj s`zj if f`eneh`nb lnps nrj nbsirjcuhjc gy taj snkj fnhtirs. Nbtaiula kney iftaj hiuetr`js ik`ttjc frik taj nenbys`s saiubc

eit jehiuetjr lrjnt c`ff`hubty e f`eneh`el taj`rkivj ti Z]J, sikj if tajk w`bb ueciugtjcbyejjc sustn`ejc jxtjrenb suppirt.

@e ncc`t`ie, aiwjvjr, `t `s b`djby tant tajnssukpt`ies hiehjre el taj spjjc if pib`hyhanelj nec taj jxtjet if rjqu`rjc f`shnb rjfirkjev`snljc `e taj \irbc Gned stucy nrj tiicjknec`el. Ie rjnsiengbj, gut st`bb nkg`t`ius,nssukpt`ies fir rjvjeuj lriwta nec f`shnbrjfirk, `t sjjks b`djby tant taj s`zj if jxtjrenbn`c rjqu`rjkjets `e taj 3< hiuetr`js w`bb gj up ti

37

Hanptjr 3

Wjsiurhj rjqu ` rjkjets fir nha `j v `el JFN

>=. Sa`s hnbhubnt`ie kn`etn`estaj nssukpt`ie tant n`ctrnesfjrs fir pr`knry shaiib`el`e taj 3< hiuetr`js wjrj riulaby$> g`bb`ie `e 7===. Sa`shnbhubnt`ie `s sikjwantsjes`t`vj ti taj c`v`s`ie if n`crjsiurhjs gjtwjje @ec`n nec tajitajr hiuetr`js `e 7===, nec tajc`v`s`ie if f`enb-yjnrjxpjec`turjs gjtwjje tajk.Aiwjvjr, s`ehj nbb hiuetr`js

uecjr ta`s biwjr lriwtashjenr`i fir cikjst`h rjsiurhjswiubc fnhj f`eneh`el lnps, tajjst`kntj `s eit sugojht ti taj‑ncc`el up‐ prigbjk kjet`iejcfurtajr `e taj tjxt.

>>. ]riojht`ies fir taj >00=ssaiwjc tant taj s`kpbjc`ffjrjehj gjtwjje titnbcjvjbip`el hiuetry jeribkjets`e >00= nec taisj tant wiubcanvj gjje rjqu`rjc fir Z]J`e 7=== uecjrstntjc lrissncc`t`ienb jeribkjets ‘ `.j.taj suk if nbb taj ent`ienb`ehrjnsjs ieby ‘ gy kirj tane7:% (Hibhbiula nec Bjw`e(>008), p. 7>7).

Ney nttjkpt tinssjss taj histsif nha`jv`el Z]J

kust gj ciejie n hiuetry-gy-hiuetry gns`s.

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taj jxtjet if sugs`cy ejjcjc, taj hists fibbiwc`rjhtby frik taj pripirt`ie if piir aiusjaibcsjb`l`gbj fir taj gjejf`ts if taj shajkj. Firjxnkpbj, `f taj livjrekjet cjh`cjc ti priv`cj nsugs`cy jqu`vnbjet ti 7:% if jx`st`el pugb`hspjec`el pjr pup`b ti taj piirjst >=% if ha`bcrje`e nrjns wajrj nttjecnehj rntjs wjrj vjry biw,ta`s wiubc `ehrjnsj ue`t hists nhriss taj systjkgy nriuec 7.:%. Nrlungby ta`s wiubc hiuet ns nfn`rby kicjst `ehrjnsjc hist `f `t wjrj`estrukjetnb e sa`ft`el ejt jeribkjets frik0=% ti n bjvjb hbisjr ti >==%.

Snrljtjc ehikj suppbjkjetnt`ieSaj kn`e `estrukjet nvn`bngbj ti rjcuhj tajwj`lat if pr`vntj hists (iehj fjjs nec itajrhanrljs anvj gjje rjkivjc) s sikj firkif tnrljtjc `ehikj-suppbjkjetnt`ie shajkj(`cjnbby prilrjss`vj, nec rjbntjc ti taj pivjrtyif taj aiusjaibc), hiec`t`ienb upie shaiibnttjecnehj. Sa`s hiubc gj cjs`lejc j`tajr `e tajfirk if shaibnrsa`ps, ir if ehikj trnesfjrsb`edjc ti nttjecnehj nec pjrfirknehj ifcjs`lentjc ha`bcrje e shaiib. Xuha shajkjsnrj b`djby ti gj ejjcjc ti priv`cj n ‑sairt-hut‐ti nha`jv`el Z]J, gy nhhjbjrnt`el taj jeribkjet

haneljs tant kny jvjetunbby gj cjb`vjrjc gy tajprihjss if jhieik`h lriwta. Sajrj nrj twincc`t`ienb rjnsies fir us`el ehikj suppbjkjets.F`rst, tajy priv`cj eit ieby taj kjnes fir c`rjhtbysjhur`el jeribkjet lriwta nkiel taj piirjstfnk`b`js, gut nbsi ne ncc`t`ienb wny ti nha`jvjtaj pivjrty-nbbjv`nt`ie tnrljts rjqu`rjc gy tajK`bbjee`uk Cjvjbipkjet Linbs. Gy fnh`b`tnt`el nhanelj `e t`kj nbbihnt`ie, nwny frik ha`bc bngiurnec tiwnrcs shaiib`el, tajy rjnbbihntj taj ehikjsif taj piir tiwnrcs `evjstkjet `e aukne hnp`tnb.Sa`s `s hruh`nb ti sjhur`el eit ieby sairt-rue

shaiib nttjecnehj tnrljts, gut nbsi bieljr-rue`ehikj lriwta fir piir aiusjaibcs. Xjhiec, gyfnh`b`tnt`el kirj hiet`euius shaiib nttjecnehjnkiel piirjr ha`bcrje, `ehikj trnesfjrs hne gj`estrukjetnb e rjcuh`el rntjs if rjpjt`t`ie ntpr`knry bjvjb. Jv`cjehj frik shajkjs `e Bnt`eNkjr`hn, suha ns Gibsn Jshibn `e Grnz`b,>7

sulljsts tant taj `kpnht if `ehikj trnesfjrs ieshaiib jff`h`jehy hne gj sugstnet`nb. \ajrj ta`s`s si, snv`els `e taj nvjrnlj hist if pr`knryshaiib hikpbjt`ie fir piir aiusjaibcs hnesugstnet`nbby rjcuhj taj ejt pugb`h hists if ne

7 = =JFN Lbignb

Kie`tir`el Wjpirt

>7. Xjj Bnv`ens (7==>)4nec @BI/ZEHSNC (7==>).

Cur`el taj >00=s Knbnw` `etricuhjc n bnrlj eukgjr if rjfirks n`kjc nt`ehrjns`el taj pnrt`h`pnt`ie nec pjrfirknehj if l`rbs `e shaiib. Nt pr`knry bjvjb,kist if tajsj wjrj nssih`ntjc w`ta taj L`rbs‐ Nttn`ekjet if Gns`h B`tjrnhy necJcuhnt`ie (LNGBJ) prilrnkkj, bnuehajc `e >00> w`ta taj nss`stnehj if [email protected]`s sjhtir rjfirk prilrnkkj n`kjc ti prikitj systjk-w`cj hanelj wa`bjnbsi nccrjss`el ljecjr c`spnr`t`js `e pr`knry shaiib`el. Zecjr taj prilrnkkj,c`sgursjkjets if gucljtnry suppirt wjrj kncj ie taj hiec`t`ie tant pib`hy

rjfirks wiubc gj `kpbjkjetjc gy taj livjrekjet.Wjfirks ti rjcuhj taj hists if shaiib`el `ehbucjc shaiib-fjj wn`vjrs fireie-rjpjnt`el pr`knry-shaiib l`rbs, wa`ha gjejf`tjc ngiut > k`bb`ie l`rbs ivjrn twi-yjnr pjr`ic, nec ngneciekjet if taj rjqu`rjkjet tant pup`bs saiubc wjnrshaiib ue`firks. @e >008 n ejw pib`hy ie prjleneh`js wns nciptjc, nbbiw`elshaiibl`rbs ti rjture ti shaiib nftjr anv`el anc taj`r gngy. N sih`nb kig`b`znt`iehnkpn`le wns usjc w`ta sikj suhhjss ti hiuetjr ejlnt`vj ntt`tucjs tiwnrcsl`rbs‐ shaiib`el. Saj hurr`hubuk nec suppirt`el tjxtgiids wjrj rjv`sjc si nsti rjkivj ljecjr g`ns. Ljecjr trn`e`el wns iffjrjc ti tjnhajr trn`ejrs,pr`knry-shaiib ncv`sjrs, nec shaiib pjrsieejb. Fihus lriup c`shuss`ies wjrjhiecuhtjc, wa`ha rjvjnbjc tant sikj pnrjets rjsjetjc tant ieby l`rbs wjrj`e`t`nbby tnrljtjc, l`vje tant aiusjaibc jhieik`h hiestrn`ets nbsi strielbynffjhtjc taj shaiib`el if giys. Furtajrkirj, taj ejw prjlenehy pib`hy wns eitsuppirtjc gy nbb shaiibs, sikj if wa`ha hiet`eujc ti jxhbucj yiuel kitajrs`e taj gjb`jf tant ta`s sjrvjc ns n cjtjrrjet ti itajrs anv`el ha`bcrje.

Ejvjrtajbjss, taj rjfirks c`c nppjnr ti st`kubntj taj jeribkjet necpjrs`stjehj if l`rbs `e shaiib. Ivjr taj tarjj yjnrs >00=/0>‘>008/03, l`rbs‐pr`knry jeribkjets `ehrjnsjc kuha kirj qu`hdby tane taisj if giys (>8% pjryjnr, ns hikpnrjc w`ta 1%), nec gy taj bntjr yjnr l`rbs‐ jeribkjets jxhjjcjcgiys‐ `e lrncjs > nec 7 fir taj f`rst t`kj. V`bbnljs wajrj taj sih`nb knrdjt`elhnkpn`le anc gjje ajbc w`tejssjc ueprjhjcjetjc `ehrjnsjs `e jeribkjets iejyjnr bntjr, pnrt`hubnrby nkiel l`rbs. Saj djy ti suhhjss sjjks ti anvj gjje tajwny `e wa`ha taj vnr`ius fnhtirs hiestrn`e`el taj pnrt`h`pnt`ie if l`rbs `e shaiibwjrj tnhdbjc s`kubtnejiusby, `e taj hietjxt if n grinc sjhtirnb npprinha, `ewa`ha itajr hiestrn`ets ti taj cjvjbipkjet if taj shaiib systjk wjrj nbsitnrljtjc.

Xiurhj? Dncznk`rn (7===).

Gix 3.>. Ljecjr nec jcuhnt`ie pib`hy `e Knbnw`

`ehikj-trnesfjr shajkj. Saj `kpb`hnt`ie s tantsuha shajkjs hiubc gj pnrtby sjbf-f`eneh`eltariula taj`r kpnht e rjcuh`el rjpjt`t`ie rntjs,nec taus priv`cj n usjfub ncc`t`ienb kjnes tisuppirt n rnp`c trnes`t`ie ti shaiib`el fir nbb.

]rilrnkkjs priv`c`el f`eneh`nb ehjet`vjs fir`kpriv`el jeribkjets nec ljecjr jqu`ty `eshaiib`el anvj nbsi gjje `kpbjkjetjc, w`tacieir suppirt, `e n eukgjr if Nfr`hne hiuetr`js.Sajsj ehbucj taj ZXN@C-fuecjc shaibnrsa`pprilrnkkj fir l`rbs `e fiur p`bit shaiibs `eLanen, taj LNGBJ fjj-wn`vjr prilrnkkj fireie-rjpjnt`el pr`knry- nec sjhiecnry-shaiib

l`rbs `e Knbnw` (sjj Gix 3.>) nec taj \irbcGned-fuecjc shaibnrsa`p prilrnkkj fir

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nec pib`hy frnkjwirds nt systjk`h bjvjb. Xikjif taj rjspiesj strntjl`js anvj f`eneh`nb nechist `kpb`hnt`ies tant hne gj qunet`f`jc. Itajrs`evibvj rjspiesjs tant `kp`elj ie hists, gut `ewnys tant nrj c`ff`hubt ti qunet`fy. Xt`bb itajrsanvj qunb`tnt`vj c`kjes`ies tant w`bb eit nffjhthists uet`b suha t`kj ns spjh`f`h `etjrvjet`iesnrj kncj ti rjspiec ti tajk.

Saj rjsiurhj nec hist `kpb`hnt`ies if A@V/N@CXfir taj nha`jvjkjet if taj JFN linb if liicqunb`ty pr`knry shaiib`el fir nbb w`bb gjjxnk`ejc, tajrjfirj, frik taj fibbiw`el f`vjpjrspjht`vjs?>6

taj kpnht if A@V/N@CX ie rjsiurhj nvn`bng`b`tyfir JFN4

A@V/N@CX hist kpb`hnt`ies fir bjnrejrs4

A@V/N@CX hist kpb`hnt`ies fir jcuhntirs4

hist kpb`hnt`ies if ncoust`el jcuhnt`ieprilrnkkjs ti A@V/N@CX4 nec

hist `kpb`hnt`ies if taj jcuhnt`ieknenljkjet rjspiesj ti A@V/N@CX.

Saj `kpnht if A@V/N@CX ie rjsiurhjnvn`bng`b`ty fir nttn`e`el JFN

]ugb`h rjsiurhjs

A@V/N@CX `kpnhts ie taj rjsiurhjs ejjcjc firtaj nttn`ekjet if taj JFN linbs `e twi piss`gbjwnys? gy hnus`el taj ivjrnbb rjsiurhj jevjbipjti gj sknbbjr tane `t wiubc itajrw`sj anvj gjje,nec gy nffjht`el taj nbbihnt`ie if nvn`bngbjrjsiurhjs. Kicjbs tant anvj jxnk`ejc taj`kpnht if A@V/N@CX ie ent`ienb jhieik`jsljejrnbby saiw tant taj neeunb LC] lriwta rntj`s biwjr tane `t wiubc anvj gjje `e taj ngsjehjif N@CX, gut tajy ci eit saiw ney nhtunb cjhb`ej`e LC] (Gnrejtt nec \a`tjs`cj, 7==7, pp. 718 ff.).Saj biwjr lriwta rntj kjnes fjwjr rjsiurhjstane `e n ei-N@CX shjenr`i fir taj vnr`iushntjlir`js if pugb`h spjec`el, `ehbuc`eljcuhnt`ie (Gieejb, 7===).

Saj jp`cjk`h hiubc nbsi pitjet`nbby nffjht gita`etjr- nec `etrnsjhtirnb rjsiurhj nbbihnt`ies. @ftaj jp`cjk`h bjncs ti ne `ehrjnsjc pripirt`ie ifpugb`h rjsiurhjs fir ajnbta ir itajr sjhtirs, ta`shiubc jetn`b n sknbbjr pripirt`ie fir jcuhnt`ie.Saus, fir sikj hiuetr`js, nha`jv`el taj tnrljtsjt gy Nfr`hne bjncjrs nt taj Nguon Xukk`t `e

Npr`b 7==> ‘ ti nbbihntj nt bjnst >:% if taj`rneeunb ent`ienb gucljts ti taj`r ajnbta sjhtirs ‘kny b`k`t piss`g`b`t`js fir lriwta `e jcuhnt`iegucljts. Saj \irbc Gned ans pripisjc tant tajf`eneh`el kjnsurjs fir taj nttn`ekjet if taj JFNlinb if ue`vjrsnb pr`knry jcuhnt`ie if liicqunb`ty `ehbucj ne `ehrjnsj `e taj nbbihnt`ie tijcuhnt`ie frik taj hurrjet nvjrnlj if ><.:% ifent`ienb gucljts ti 7=.=% (\irbc Gned, 7==7,Sngbj N:.>). @e a`la-prjvnbjehj A@V hiuetr`js,itajr hbn`ks ie ent`ienb rjsiurhjs k`lat ojipnrc`zj taj piss`g`b ty if sjhur`el neckn`etn`e`el ta`s ehrjnsj.

@etrnsjhtirnbby, A@V/N@CX s b`djby ti nulkjet tajrjsiurhj ejjcs if itajr jcuhnt`ie sugsjhtirs.Sa`s `s gjhnusj taj `kpnhts ie jcuhntirs nttajsj bjvjbs nrj ns sjvjrj ns nt taj pr`knryshaiib bjvjb, gut taj hists if rjpbnhjkjets nectrn`e`el nrj hies`cjrngby a`lajr. Gjhnusj kuhatjnhajr spjh`nb`znt`ie ihhurs nt pist-pr`knrybjvjbs, taj biss if kntajknt`hs ir pays`hstjnhajrs, ir if ta`rc-bjvjb bjhturjrs `e spjh`nb`zjcnrjns, `s c`ff`hubt nec histby ti ngsirg.

Saj `kpnhts if A@V/N@CX ie aukne rjsiurhjs `esih`jty hiubc nbsi ljejrntj n ejjc nt sjhiecnry

nec tjrt`nry bjvjbs ti `ehrjnsj eukgjrs, nt bjnst`e hjrtn`e nrjns, ti kndj sugstnet`nb hurr`hubukkic`f`hnt`ies, nec ti etricuhj ejw nrjns ifstucy nec prnht`hj. N@CX `ehrjnsjs taj ejjc fir,gut rjcuhjs taj suppby if, qunb`f`jc `ec`v`cunbs `ehjrtn`e sd`bbjc nrjns. Sa`s `s vjry nppnrjet `e tajajnbta sjrv`hjs, wajrj `e n hb`kntj if `ehrjns`elcjknec, N@CX kirtnb`ty `s a`la. Fir `estnehj, `t`s priojhtjc tant `e Xiuta Nfr`hn taj cjknec firajnbta sjrv`hjs hiubc gj kirj tane >>% a`lajr`e 7=>= tane `e n ei-N@CX shjenr`i, wajrjnsjxpjr`jehj ti cntj `s tant nbkist iej-ta`rc if tajeursjs lrncunt`el frik taj Ze`vjrs`ty if Entnbc`j w`ta`e n fjw yjnrs if taj`r lrncunt`ie(^unttjd, 7===, p. 3>4 Oiejs, 7==>).

Saj prjknturj cjnta if ncubts `e taj`r kistpricuht`vj yjnrs cjpbjtjs taj sd`bbs gnsj ifsih`jty nec hnbbs fir ne nhhjbjrntjc pricuht`ieif rjpbnhjkjets. Gut tajsj rjpbnhjkjets ejjcti gj jqu`ppjc w`ta hurrjet deiwbjclj,uecjrstnec`el nec sd`bbs, nec w`ta taj kirj`etnel`gbj qunb`t`js if rjsiurhjfubejss necncnptng`b`ty. Sa`s s gjhnusj taj N@CX-biss ifqunb`f`jc pjrsieejb kndjs t ejhjssnry fir

31

Hanptjr 3

Wjsiurhj rjqu ` rjkjets fir nha `j v `el JFN

@f, cuj ti tajA@V/N@CX

jp`cjk`h, kirjpugb`h rjsiurhjsnrj nbbihntjc ti

ajnbta nec itajrsjhtirs, taj

rjsubt hiubc gjn sknbbjr

pripirt`ie firjcuhnt`ie.

>6. N kirj cjtn`bjc sukknrynec rjv`jw if nvn`bngbjjst`kntjs `s l`vje `e Djbby(7==7).

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itajrs ti kivj ivjr s`cjwnys nec tndj ivjr tajrjspies`g`b`t`js if cjpnrtjc hibbjnlujs. @e neN@CX-nffjhtjc sih`jty, lrncuntjs frik vihnt`ienbnec itajr ta`rc-bjvjb prilrnkkjs ejjc kirjtane taj`r a`laby hikpnrtkjetnb`zjc prifjss`ienbsd`bbs. Sajy kust nbsi gj fbjx`gbj, ncnptngbj nec`eeivnt`vj `e rjspiesj ti taj ejjcs if taj fnst-hanel`el nec ueprjc`htngbj N@CX wirbc.

Nssjssel taj `kpnht if N@CX ie taj sd`bb ejjcsif taj bngiur knrdjt, gr`el`el ngiut tajejhjssnry hurr`hubuk cjvjbipkjets, ehrjns`eltaj iutput if qunb`f`jc `ec`v`cunbs w`ta tajejhjssnry qunb`t`js, nec etricuh`el ejw

prilrnkkjs if stucy nec sd`bbs cjvjbipkjet4 nbbhnbb fir ncc`t`ienb rjsiurhjs ir fir ejw firkubns`e nbbihnt`el jx`st`el rjsiurhjs. Saj hist`kpb`hnt`ies if rjspiec`el ti tajk hiubc nffjhttaj rjsiurhjs ejjcjc ti prilrjss tiwnrcs taj JFNlinbs. Fibbiw`el taj pnst pnttjre if nbbihnt`iesnec hiehjres, taj JFN nrjns kist b`djby ti gj ntr`sd wiubc gj ncubt b`tjrnhy nec jnrby ha`bcaiichnrj nec jcuhnt`ie. Ns Hanptjr 7 ans saiwe, tajnbbihnt`ies ti tajsj nrjns tjec ti gj esuff`h`jetti knrd s`le`f`hnet prilrjss tiwnrcs taj nlrjjctnrljts. Sajy hiubc gjhikj jvje kirj esuff`h`jet

gjhnusj if rjspiesjs ti A@V/N@CX ejjcs nt tajsjhiecnry nec tjrt`nry bjvjbs.

]r`vntj nec hikkue`ty rjsiurhjs

A@V/N@CX nffjhts taj pr`vntj nec `ecustr`nbsjhtir ejlnt`vjby gy rjcuh`el pricuht`v`ty,`ehrjns`el hists, c`vjrt`el pricuht`vj rjsiurhjs,nec nffjht`el taj knrdjt fir gus`ejss pricuhts.Sajsj fnhtirs hikg`ej ti rjcuhj taj prif`tng`b`tyif pr`vntj jetjrpr`sj, bjnv`el `t bjss wjbbrjsiurhjc ti suppirt jcuhnt`ienb cjvjbipkjets.Nt taj `ec`v`cunb nec aiusjaibc bjvjbs, taj`kpnhts nrj `kkjc`ntj nec sanrp.>< Kney

N@CX-nffjhtjc aiusjaibcs, wa`ha prjv`iusbyhietr`gutjc hnsa nec itajr rjsiurhjs firjcuhnt`ienb prilrnkkjs, hne ei bieljr ci si.Saj s`hdejss, pivjrty nec aueljr tant tajjp`cjk`h ans griulat `e `ts wndj anvj bjft kneyrurnb hikkue`t`js si wjndjejc tant tajy hneeitpnrt`h`pntj ns `e taj pnst `e sjbf-ajbp hikkue`tynht`v`t`js fir shaiib kn`etjenehj neccjvjbipkjet. Wjsiurhjs, wa`ha `e n ei-N@CXs`tunt`ie wiubc anvj priv`cjc fir tajcjvjbipkjet if taj `efrnstruhturj ejjcjc firJFN, nrj ei bieljr firtahik`el.

Saj hist `kpb`hnt`iesif A@V/N@CX fir bjnrejrs

Xtucjet eukgjrs

A@V/N@CX nffjhts taj s`zj if taj shaiib-nljpipubnt`ie `e tarjj pr`eh`pnb wnys? fjwjr g`rtasihhur gjhnusj if taj a`la cjnta rntjs nkielncubts nljc 7=‘3=, taj`r g`ibil`hnbby kistpricuht`vj yjnrs4 A@V-`efjhtjc wikje anvj biwjrfjrt`b`ty rntjs4 nec ngiut iej-ta`rc if taj ha`bcrjegire ti A@V-`efjhtjc kitajrs nrj b`djby ti nhqu`rjA@V `efjht`ie pjr`entnbby, w`ta taj knoir`ty iftajk cy`el gjfirj tajy rjnha shaiib-li`el nlj.

Saj hikg`ent`ie if tajsj fnhtirs rjsubts `e tajpipubnt`ie if shaiib-li`el nlj gj`el sknbbjrtane `t wiubc anvj gjje `e n ei-N@CX s`tunt`ie.Iej rjhjet priojht`ie sulljsts tant gy 7=>=, tajpipubnt`ie if shaiib-li`el nlj `e _`kgngwj w`bbgj nbkist n qunrtjr sknbbjr tane `t wiubc anvjgjje `e n ei-N@CX s`tunt`ie, wa`bj tant `e _nkg`nw`bb gj iej-f`fta sknbbjr (F`lurj 3.7).

F`lurj 3.7. ]riojhtjc rjcuht`ie (%) `e s`zj if

pr`knry shaiib-nlj pipubnt`ie, 7===‘7=>=

Xiurhj? \irbc Gned, 7===, p. 8.

Sa`s `kpb`js tant taj f`eneh`nb gurcje firnttn`e`el ue`vjrsnb pr`knry jcuhnt`ie `e a`la-prjvnbjehj A@V hiuetr`js w`bb gj biwjr tane `twiubc itajrw`sj anvj gjje. Fjwjr bjnrejrs w`bbrjqu`rj fjwjr tjnhajrs, fjwjr jcuhnt`ienbkntjr`nbs nec fjwjr hbnssriiks.

]riojht`ies fir Gitswnen, Xiuta Nfr`hn nec_`kgngwj sulljst tant A@V/N@CX w`bb bjnc tinhtunb pipubnt`ie cjhb`ej (nec eit oust ti n biwjr

7 = =JFN Lbignb

Kie`tir`el Wjpirt

=

>=

>:

:

7=

7:

8=

>7.7%

Zlnecn

>8.1%

Djeyn

73.>%

_`kgngwj

7=.3%

_nkg`n

%

Gy 7=>=, tajpipubnt`ie ifshaiib-li`el nlj`e _`kgngwj w`bbgj nbkist iejqunrtjr sknbbjrtane `t wiubcanvj gjje

w`taiut N@CX.

><. Xjj \a`tjs`cj nec Xuetjr(7===), p. 10.

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pis`t`ie tant taj sugs`cy prilrnkkj saiubctnrljt nbb irpanes (tajsj w`bb eirknbby `ehbucjtaisj `e ha`bc-ajncjc aiusjaibcs) nec nbbha`bcrje frik piir fnk`b`js tant anvj gjjenffjhtjc gy A@V/N@CX. Sajrj `s ei striel jv`cjehjti sulljst tant pntjrenb irpanes nrj bjssc`sncvnetnljc jcuhnt`ienbby tane kntjrenb irciugbj irpanes.>0 ]rjfjrngby, tajrjfirj, n tnrljtlriup cjf`ejc gy irpane stntus saiubc jxtjec tinbb irpanes.

Saj hnsj fir taj `ehbus`ie if itajr vubejrngbjha`bcrje `s nbsi striel. F`rst, gjhnusj if `ts`kpnhts nt taj aiusjaibc bjvjb, A@V/N@CX `s

knd`el `t kirj c`ff`hubt fir ha`bcrje frik fnk`b`jswajrj tajrj s `efjht`ie ti pnrt`h`pntj ir hiet`euj`e shaiib. Xjhiec, tnrljt`el irpanes ieby necjxhbuc`el itajr vubejrngbj ha`bcrje rues taj r`sdif putt`el irpanes `eti n spjh`nb hbnss tant wiubcnhhjetuntj taj`r sjesj if gj`el c`ffjrjet,`ehrjnsj taj`r sih`nb nec psyhaibil`hnb prigbjksnec jxpisj tajk ti sugtbj firks ifc`shr`k`ent`ie.

@e `ts s`kubnt`ies fir taj hists if nttn`e`el tajJFN tnrljt if ue`vjrsnb pr`knry jcuhnt`ie ifliic qunb`ty, taj \irbc Gned (7==7n) `ehbucjs

priv`s`ie fir irpane suppirt, gut b`k`ts ta`s tikntjrenb nec ciugbj irpanes. Saj Gned‐s N@CXHnkpn`le Sjnk fir Nfr`hn (NHSnfr`hn) sjjks tianvj nciptjc taj snkj npprinha `e jst`knt`eltaj hists if shnb`el up A@V prilrnkkj nht`v`t`jsnhriss Nfr`hn, cjf`e`el irpanes ns taisj uecjr>: wai anvj bist n kitajr ir gita pnrjets tiN@CX (\irbc Gned, 7==>, p. >6). Sa`s `s `enhhircnehj w`ta taj cjf`e`t`ie l`vje gy ZEN@CX`e 7=== (ZEN@CX, 7===g, p. >7=), gut kirjrjhjetby ZEN@CX ans cjf`ejc N@CX irpanes nsha`bcrje nljc =‘>3 wai anvj bist iej ir gitapnrjets ti N@CX (ZEN@CX, 7==7c , pp. 1 nec 7=3).

Jxtjec`el taj kjne`el if N@CX irpanes ti`ehbucj nbb wai anvj bist iej ir gita pnrjetsti N@CX wiubc lrjntby `ehrjnsj taj hists firirpanes ehbucjc e taj Gned‐s s`kubnt`ies. Sajpugb`sajc hists nrj lbignb jst`kntjs tant `ehbucjhists nr`s`el frik N@CX-rjbntjc tjnhajrpriv`s`ie. Aiwjvjr, `t `s rjbjvnet ti eitj tantirpane jst`kntjs fir 83 hiuetr`js `e 7=>= saiwtant kntjrenb nec ciugbj irpanes nrj b`djby tinhhiuet fir npprix`kntjby ::% if taj titnbeukgjr, nec pntjrenb irpanes fir 3:% (Auetjr

nec \`bb`nksie, 7===). Ie ta`s gns`s, taj`ehrjnsjc hists if `ehbuc`el pntjrenb irpanes `etaj s`kubnt`ie wiubc nkiuet ti npprix`kntjby$>== k`bb`ie pjr yjnr (sjj Gix 3.7).

@e taj ngsjehj if liic cntn ie taj eukgjr ifitajr vubejrngbj ha`bcrje wai wiubc ejjcnss`stnehj, jxtjec`el taj jst`kntjs gjhikjsvjry kuha kirj c`ff`hubt. @e sug-Xnanrne Nfr`hn,tajrj wjrj 37 k`bb`ie iut-if-shaiib ha`bcrje e>001, nec `e Xiuta-Jnst Ns`n 36 k`bb`ie(ZEJXHI, 7===). Nt tant t`kj, taj ncubt A@V-prjvnbjehj rntj wns 1.=% `e sug-Xnanrne-Nfr`hnnec =.<% `e Xiuta nec Xiuta-Jnst Ns`n (ZEN@CX,

>001). @t `s eit uerjnsiengbj ti nssukj tant 1%if taj iut-if-shaiib ha`bcrje e Nfr`hn gjbieljcti fnk`b`js wajrj tajrj wns A@V ir N@CX, nec=.<% if taisj `e Xiuta-Jnst Ns`n. Nppb`hnt`ieif tajsj f`lurjs sulljsts tant taj eukgjr ifiut-if-shaiib ha`bcrje frik A@V/N@CX-nffjhtjcfnk`b`js hiubc gj npprix kntjby 3 k`bb`ie.Irpanes hiubc, if hiursj, gj `ehbucjc `e ta`seukgjr. Nbtaiula `t kny gj ie taj biw s`cj, tajf`lurj priv`cjs n stnrt`el pi`et fir jst`knt`eltaj eukgjr if ha`bcrje frik N@CX-nffjhtjcfnk`b`js wai wiubc ejjc taj `ehjet`vjs if

sugs`c`js ti prikitj taj`r shaiib pnrt`h`pnt`ie.Sajrj nrj hies`cjrngbj c`ffjrjehjs `e taj s`zj ifsugs`cy pripisjc fir irpane suppirt. Saj \irbcGned (7==7, p. 3>) nppb`js ‑n f`xjc rntj if ZX$:=(`e 7=== pr`hjs) pjr yjnr pjr kntjrenb ir ciugbjirpane ti taj jst`kntjc pipubnt`ie if suhaha`bcrje `e taj shaiib-nlj pipubnt`ie‐. SajGned‐s jnrb`jr NHSnfr`hn cihukjet pripisjsZX$0‘$8: ns taj hist pjr ha`bc fir hikkue`tynss`stnehj w`ta b`v`el jxpjesjs, nec ZX$7:‘$88ns taj hists pjr ha`bc fir shaiib jxpjesjs (p. :0).Saj bnttjr, aiwjvjr, `s n wj`latjc nvjrnlj ifpr`knry nec sjhiecnry shaiib hists gnsjc iejst`kntjs frik taj Ze`tjc Wjpugb`h if Snezne`n.Kirjivjr, wa`bj taj shaiib jxpjesjs if irpanesnec itajr vubejrngbj ha`bcrje wiubc rjprjsjet nhist ti ne jcuhnt`ie k`e`stry, ta`s hist nr`sjs `etaj nttn`ekjet if taj JFN tnrljt if frjj pr`knryjcuhnt`ie nec `s eit, `e `tsjbf, cjtjrk`ejc gy tajA@V/N@CX s`tunt`ie.

N furtajr jst`kntj ans gjje kncj gy taj Hjetjrfir @etjrent`ienb Cjvjbipkjet nt AnrvnrcZe`vjrs`ty, wa`ha pripisjs n hikkue`ty suppirtprilrnkkj fir irpanes hist`el ZX$7:= pjr

7 = =JFN Lbignb

Kie`tir`el Wjpirt

Saj fubb shaiibpnrt`h`pnt`ie ifirpanes nec A@V-nffjhtjc ha`bcrjew`bb cjpjec ajnv`ie rjkiv`el nbbhikpubsiry hnsahists fir shaiib`e

>0. Fir jxnkpbj, `e twjety-twi(iut if twjety-j`lat) hiuetr`js `eNfr`hn, Ns`n nec Bnt`e Nkjr`hn,irpanes anc biwjr jeribkjetrntjs tane eie-irpanes. @e j`latif tajsj hnsjs, ieby kntjrenbirpanes anc biwjr jeribkjetrntjs. Aiwjvjr, `e fiur hnsjs,ieby pntjrenb irpanes anc biwjrrntjs, wa`bj `e n furtajr j`lathnsjs, taj sjx if taj pnrjet wnsue`kpirtnet (N`eswirta necF`bkjr, firtahik`el).

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iff. Sa`s bjncs ti jp`sicjs if `bbejss, fibbiwjc gypjr`ics if nppnrjet liic ajnbta. Saj pjr`ic`hgiuts if `bbejss usunbby `ehrjnsj `e eukgjr neccurnt`ie ivjr t`kj uet`b tajy fusj nec gjhikjnbkist hiet`euius. @efjhtjc tjnhajrs nrj uengbjti tjnha waje tajy jxpjr`jehj tajsj `bbejssjs.Sa`s bjncs ti frjqujet ‑hnsunb‐ ngsjetjj`sk ietaj`r pnrt, nec jvjetunbby ti taj`r gj`el pbnhjc iefirknb s`hd bjnvj. Crnw`el ie rjsjnrha nt taj@kpjr`nb Hibbjlj, Biecie, taj \irbc Gned usjstaj jst`kntj tant ne `efjhtjc pjrsie `s b`djby tigj uengbj ti tjnha fir n titnb if 76= cnys pr`ir ticjnta frik N@CX (\irbc Gned, 7==7n, p. 3>).

N@CX nbsi bjncs ti hies`cjrngbj ngsjetjj`sk ietaj pnrt if ajnbtay tjnhajrs. Swi fnhtirshietr`gutj ti ta`s? hnr`el fir s`hd rjbnt`vjs ntaikj, nec nttjec`el fuejrnbs. X`ehj taj gurcjeif hnrj fnbbs kistby ie wikje, fjknbj jcuhntirsnec iff`hj stnff frjqujetby f`ec tajksjbvjs pubbjcgjtwjje taj cjknecs if taj`r prifjss`ienb wirdnec nttjec`el ti s`hd pjrsies wai rjqu`rjnbkist riuec-taj-hbihd hnrj. @e ncc`t`ie, cjr`lujur pnrt`h`pnt`ie e fuejrnb r`tjs fir rjbnt`vjs,hibbjnlujs nec hikkue`ty kjkgjrs bjncs titjnhajrs gj`el frjqujetby ngsjet frik hbnss,

sikjt`kjs fir cnys ie jec.

Hist `kpb`hnt`ies

Jcuhnt`ie systjks tant nrj bis`el tjnhajrs,wajtajr tariula cjnta ir jnrby rjt`rjkjet, kustkndj liic taisj bissjs tariula taj trn`e`el ifncc`t`ienb tjnhajrs. Itajrw`sj taj jcuhnt`iesystjks w`bb eit gj ngbj ti priv`cj jcuhnt`ie firnbb wai nrj `e ejjc4 kirjivjr, taj qunb`ty if tantjcuhnt`ie w`bb suffjr. Ncc`t`ienb trn`e`el `s n histtant `s nttr`gutngbj ti taj `kpnht if A@V/N@CX ietjnhajrs tajksjbvjs nec ie taj wirdfirhj `eitajr nrjns. Saj rjpbnhjkjet hists hne gj

jst`kntjc, f`rstby, frik deiw`el taj eukgjr iftjnhajrs wai nrj b`djby ti bjnvj taj systjkpjrknejetby nec prjknturjby gjhnusj if cjntair tnd`el up nppi`etkjets jbsjwajrj, necsjhiecby, frik deiw`el taj trn`e`el hists.

Nhhiuet kust nbsi gj tndje if cjnta gjejf`ts,pnyngbj ie gjanbf if tjnhajrs wai c`j wa`bj `esjrv`hj, ti wa`ha ne jcuhnt`ie systjk kny gjhietrnhtunbby igb`ljc. Nejhcitnb jv`cjehj frikKnbnw` nec itajr hiuetr`js `s tant kjjt`el tajsjigb`lnt`ies (gy priv`c`el hiff`es, trnespirt nec

hnsa) `s hr`ppb`el taj ipjrnt`ies if c`str`htjcuhnt`ie iff`hjs wa`ha f`ec taj iutbnys fir tajsjpurpisjs ngsirg`el taj rjsiurhjs tant wiubcitajrw`sj anvj suppirtjc shaiib suppb`js nec`espjht`ies.

Ngsjetjj`sk cuj ti N@CX-rjbntjc s`hdejssjsrjprjsjets n knoir biss ti jcuhnt`ie systjks.X`ehj ei gjejf`ts nhhruj frik taj snbnr`js pn`cti jcuhntirs fir taj pjr`ics if ngsjehj, tajsystjks bisj taj gjejf`ts if tajsj rjsiurhjs.@f tajy priv`cj rjpbnhjkjet tjnhajrs ti hivjrfir taisj wai nrj ngsjet, tajy w`bb nbsi fnhjncc`t`ienb f`eneh`nb hists nec tajsj hists w`bb

gj nttr`gutngbj ti A@V/N@CX. @e a`la-prjvnbjehjA@V hiuetr`js tant anvj eit yjt nttn`ejc ue`vjrsnbpr`knry jcuhnt`ie, jcuhnt`ie systjks sjbcikanvj taj rjsiurhjs ti priv`cj rjpbnhjkjets.Ajehj e tajsj hiuetr`js tjnhajr ngsjetjj`skgjhnusj if A@V/N@CX `kpisjs knoir cjhb`ejs `equnb`ty nec jff`h`jehy, wa`ha w`bb furtajr cjbnytaj nha`jvjkjet if taj JFN linbs.

@kpnht ie taj hist if trn`e`el

Fir sjvjrnb rjnsies, A@V/N@CX `s b`djby ti giisttaj ivjrnbb hists fir trn`e`el tjnhajrs.

Sjnhajr-trn`e`el `est`tut`ies (hibbjljs necue`vjrs`t`js) w`bb suffjr N@CX bissjs nkieltaj`r stnff `e taj snkj wny ns shaiibs, gutsjhur`el rjpbnhjkjet stnff w`bb gj sbiwjrnec kirj histby tane nt shaiib bjvjb.

Ne jebnrljc nec piss`gby nhhjbjrntjc trn`e`elprilrnkkj w`bb gj ejjcjc ti kndj liic tajeukgjr if tjnhajrs nec tjnhajr trn`ejjs bistti N@CX.

Sajrj w`bb gj ejjc ti ncnpt taj trn`e`elprilrnkkj ti kndj futurj tjnhajrsnppripr`ntjby hikpjtjet ti tjnha

uecjrstnec`el if nec rjspiesj ti A@V/[email protected]`lajr kirtnb`ty if prifjss`ienbs e itajrsjhtirs w`bb `ehrjnsj taj kig`b`ty if surv`v`eltjnhajrs, furtajr ehrjns`el taj ue`t trn`e`elhists if taisj wai stny `e taj shaiibs.

N rjpirt kncj ti taj Xiuta Nfr`hne Ent`ienbHiefjrjehj ie A@V/N@CX nec Jcuhnt`ie eKny‘Ouej 7==7 `ec`hntjc tant wa`bj Xiuta Nfr`hnwns hurrjetby trn`e`el ngiut 8,=== tjnhajrs jnhayjnr, gy taj jec if taj cjhncj, w`taiut NWV crul`etjrvjet`ie, kirj tane 7=,=== wiubc ejjc ti gj

7 = =JFN Lbignb

Kie`tir`el Wjpirt

\aje jcuhnt`iesystjks bisjtjnhajrs, tajykust kndj liic

taisj bissjs gytrn`e`el ncc`t`ientjnhajrs.

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8. `ehrjkjetnb shaiib nec jcuhnt`ieprilrnkkj hists fir kn`estrjnk`elA@V/N@CX nec rjspiesjs ti `t `eti tajhurr`hubnr nec itajr nrjns if shaiib b`fj4 nec

3. irpanes nec vubejrngbj ha`bcrje hists firsih`nb sugs`c`js ti jehiurnlj ir jengbj tajshaiib nttjecnehj if ha`bcrje frik fnk`b`jsnffjhtjc gy N@CX.

Jst`kntjs sukknr`zjc `e Gix 3.7 sulljst tanttaj neeunb spjec`el ie tajsj nrjns saiubc gj `etaj ircjr if ZX$0<: k`bb`ie. Sa`s f`lurj `s <3%kirj tane taj \irbc Gned (7==7n) jst`kntjc nstaj ncc`t`ienb N@CX-rjbntjc hists fir 88 Nfr`hnehiuetr`js. Saj `ehrjnsj `s cuj pr`eh`pnbby tiknd`el nbbiwnehj fir jcuhnt`ie prilrnkkjhists nec ehrjnsjc hivjrnlj if irpanes necitajr vubejrngbj ha`bcrje. Saj hiet`eujc sprjncif A@V `efjht`ie, jvje `e hiuetr`js wajrjprjvnbjehj `s nbrjncy vjry a`la, `s hikkjetnryjeiula ie taj fn`burj ti cntj if jcuhnt`ieprilrnkkjs ti kndj n s`le`f`hnet kpnht.\`cjsprjnc, nbkist kpbnhngbj, cje`nb, jxtjes`vjc`shr`k`ent`ie, hikg`ejc w`ta pitjet`nbby bjtanbbnhd if `efirknt`ie, nbsi `ec`hntj tant jcuhnt`iekjssnljs nrj eit ljtt`el tariula. @t `s ueb`djby

tant tajy w`bb ci si uet`b jcuhnt`ie prilrnkkjstant rjspiec `e kne`fibc wnys ti A@V `kpjrnt`vjsnrj rjsibutjby kn`estrjnkjc `eti shaiibsystjks. Saj fuec`el ejjcjc fir ta`s ans eit yjtgjje firtahik`el. Saj Cndnr Frnkjwird firNht`ie hnbbjc ie taj `etjrent`ienb hikkue`ty ti‑`kpbjkjet ns n knttjr if urljehy jcuhnt`ieprilrnkkjs nec nht`ies ti hikgnt taj A@V/N@CXpnecjk`h‐. Sa`s hneeit gj ciej w`taiutkig`b`z`el suff`h`jet `cjet`f`ngbj rjsiurhjs firjstngb`sa`el nec ruee`el suha prilrnkkjs.

Cndnr nbsi uecjrb`ejc taj `kpirtnehj if

jesur`el tant ha`bcrje `e c`ff`hubt h`rhukstnehjsanvj nhhjss ti nec hikpbjtj pr`knry jcuhnt`ieif liic qunb`ty. A@V/N@CX ans pbnhjc aulj nec`ehrjns`el eukgjrs if ha`bcrje `e jxhjpt`ienbbyc`ff`hubt h`rhukstnehjs. Xikj t ans irpanejc.Itajrs `t ans knrl`enb`zjc nec pbnhjc nt a`lar`sd if gj`el gypnssjc gy jcuhnt`ienb priv`s`ie.Saj futurj if tajsj ha`bcrje, wai firk n vjrys`le`f`hnet pripirt`ie if taj ejxt ljejrnt`ie, w`bbcjpjec ajnv`by ie rjsiurhjs gjhik`el nvn`bngbjti snfjlunrc taj`r shaiib`el.

A@V/N@CX nec shaiib`el?sikj hiehbus`ies

Saj \irbc Gned (7==7n) jst`kntjs anvj pripjrbycjkiestrntjc taj pitjet`nb if taj N@CX pnecjk`hti ncc vjry sugstnet`nbby ti taj ivjrnbb hists tant`ec`v`cunb hiuetr`js w`bb sustn`e `e nha`jv`el tajlinb if pr`knry shaiib`el fir nbb (nbiel w`taljecjr jqu`ty nec `kprivjc jcuhnt`ie qunb`ty).Fir a`la-prjvnbjehj hiuetr`js, suha ns Wwnecn,_nkg`n nec Knbnw`, taj Gned priojht`ies saiwtant ehrjkjetnb hists cuj ti N@CX w`bb ehrjnsjtaj rjhurrjet gucljts gy kirj tane 3:%. Sajnenbys`s `e ta`s hanptjr `ec`hntjs tant tajgucljtnry `kpnht if N@CX `s jvje kirj crnknt`h.Gut bnrlj ns ta`s priv`s`ie kny nppjnr, `t kustgj furtajr nulkjetjc gy taj eukjriusncc`t`ienb a`ccje hists, nbrjncy nbbucjc ti, tantA@V/N@CX jetn`bs, nec gy taj hist `kpb`hnt`iesif taj pnecjk`h fir taj nttn`ekjet if taj itajrJFN linbs. Wjhile`z`el tant taj hist `kpb`hnt`iesif A@V/N@CX nrj ta`s jxtjes`vj nec pjrvns`vj knysjrvj, gjttjr tane neyta`el jbsj, ti cjkiestrntjtaj urljehy if pritjht`el taj jcuhnt`ie sjhtirnln`est taj rnvnljs if taj pnecjk`h nec ifus`el `ts pitjet`nb ti jxtjec n s`k`bnr pritjht`ie

ti sih`jty.

Jcuhnt`ie `e jkjrljeh`js

Cjf`e`el jkjrljehy jcuhnt`ie

Saj Cndnr Frnkjwird fir Nht`ie rjqu`rjshiuetr`js ti ‑kjjt taj ejjcs if jcuhnt`iesystjks nffjhtjc gy hiefb`ht, enturnb hnbnk`t`jsnec `estng`b`ty‐. Saj tajkj if ‑jcuhnt`ie `ejkjrljeh`js‐ gjhnkj `kpirtnet cur`el taj

>00=s, `e hieejht`ie w`ta taj hikpbjxaukne`tnr`ne jkjrljeh`js e Nflane`stne,Gise`n nec Ajrzjliv`en, Wwnecn, Xiknb`n, tajXucne nec jbsjwajrj (Nlu`bnr nec Wjtnknb,>0014 Wjtnknb nec Njci-W`hakiec, >001).Xuha ‑hikpbjx jkjrljeh`js‐ hne bnst fir yjnrsir jvje cjhncjs, hrjnt`el n knoir gnrr`jr titaj nha`jvjkjet if JFN. Fir ZEJXHI, nejcuhnt`ienb jkjrljehy `s n s`tunt`ie if hr`s`shrjntjc gy hiefb`hts ir c`snstjrs wa`ha anvjcjstng`b`zjc, c`sirlne`zjc ir cjstriyjc tajjcuhnt`ie systjk, nec wa`ha rjqu`rj ne

7 = =JFN Lbignb

Kie`tir`el Wjpirt

Saj hiet`eujcsprjnc if A@V`efjht`ie `s

hikkjetnryjeiula ie tajfn`burj ti cntjif jcuhnt`ieprilrnkkjs tikndj n s`le`f`hne`kpnht.

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]r`eh`pbjs if rjspiesjJvjry hr`s`s `s c`ffjrjet, nec tajrj nrj ei surjfirkubns fir suhhjssfub rjspiesj. Saj rjspiesjti nhutj jkjrljeh`js saiubc nbwnys gj cjs`lejcfrik taj bihnb bjvjb, us`el sikj firk ifpnrt`h`pntiry npprn`snb, `e ircjr ti nha`jvj tajgjst rjsubts. Aiwjvjr, tajrj `s n ejjc ti sjjd nent`ienb hiesjesus ie djy `ssujs suha nsbnelunljs if estruht`ie, hurr`hubuk, tjnhajrtrn`e`el nec rjkuejrnt`ie, nec taj enturj ifjcuhnt`ienb cjhjetrnb`znt`ie. Ze`tjc Ent`ies necELI prnht`t`iejrs `e taj f`jbc if jkjrljehyjcuhnt`ie anvj cjet`f`jc ljejrnb pr`eh`pbjs tant`kprivj taj qunb`ty if rjspiesj `e jkjrljehys`tunt`ies (sjj Hanptjr 8, Gix 8.>:).

Wjsiurhj rjqu`rjkjetsfir jkjrljehy jcuhnt`ie

Jkjrljehy jcuhnt`ie ‘ n ejhjssnry gr`clj

Jcuhnt`ie e jkjrljeh`js s`ts uejns`by gjtwjjeaukne`tnr`ne n`c nec cjvjbipkjet nss`stnehj.@e nhutj jkjrljeh`js, taj djy `est`tut`ienb nhtirskny fihus ie surv`vnb `ssujs, gut taj rjfuljjsir itajr jkjrljehy-nffjhtjc pipubnt`ies

tajksjbvjs l`vj n tip pr`ir`ty ti rjstnrt`eljcuhnt`ie. Sajrj `s eiw lriw`el rjhile`t`ie ifjcuhnt`ie ns taj ‑fiurta p`bbnr‐ if aukne`tnr`nerjspiesj (K`cttue, 7===). Livjrekjets suha nsXwjcje nec Eirwny anvj pugb`hby hikk`ttjctajksjbvjs ti suppirt`el jkjrljehy jcuhnt`iens n knttjr if pib`hy, gut tajrj nrj sikj itajrsfir waik ta`s stjp rjkn`es ti gj tndje.Jkjrljehy jcuhntie `s `kpirtnet `f taj bnlsgjtwjje jec`el aukne`tnr`ne suppirt nec tajstnrt if fuec`el frik cjvjbipkjet nss`stnehjgucljts fir rjhiestruht`ie nrj ti gj k`e`k`zjc.

Jcuhnt`ie `s ejjcjc jnrby `e n hr`s`s, firpsyhaisih`nb nec pjcnlil`h rjnsies nec tipritjht ha`bcrje. @t ajbps ti priv`cj n sjesj ifeirknbhy nec aipj fir taj futurj, nec prjvjets nhiairt if ha`bcrje frik k`ss`el iut ie jcuhnt`iefir b`fj. Ncjquntj rjsiurh`el `s pnrt`hubnrbyejjcjc gjhnusj ha`bcrje nffjhtjc gy hr`s`s irhiefb`ht?

anvj spjh`nb ejjcs fir liic tjnha`el necbjnre`el hiec`t`ies ti ajbp tajk gu`bc n sjesjif nha`jvjkjet nec sjbf-jstjjk4

ejjc ippirtue`t`js fir rjhrjnt`ie necjxprjss`vj nht`v`t`js ti ajbp kjjt taj`rpsyhaisih`nb ejjcs4

kny eit rjhj`vj taj eirknb bjvjb if jkit`ienbnec cjvjbipkjetnb suppirt frik taj`r fnk`b`js4

kny eit anvj nhhjss ti giids ir itajr pr`etjckntjr`nbs4

kny gj `e shaiibs wa`ha anvj anc taj`rtjnha`el-bjnre`el rjsiurhjs cjstriyjc, necwajrj taj gu`bc`els ejjc ti gj rjpn`rjc necrj-jqu`ppjc4 nec

kny anvj tjnhajrs wai nrj uecjrjcuhntjc

nec uetrn`ejc, nec wai rjqu`rj ncc`t`ienbsuppirt tariula trn`e`el nec kntjr`nbs tihipj w`ta c`ff`hubt nec uefnk`b`nr s`tunt`ies.

Hikkue`ty pnrt`h`pnt`ie

Hr`s`s-nffjhtjc hikkue`t`js priv`cj kney iftaj rjsiurhjs fir jkjrljehy jcuhnt`ie. Sa`s‑gittik-up‐ npprinha s ncvnetnljius e sjvjrnbrjspjhts4 bjnc`el nss`stnehj nljeh`js jehiurnlj`t (fir jxnkpbjs, sjj G`rc, >0004 Griwe, 7==>4Bnelj, >0014 K`cttue, >0014 E`hibn`, 7===4X`ehbn`r, 7==>4 Xikkjrs, >000, 7==7). Sajrj `s npsyhaisih`nb gjejf`t waje hikkue`ty kjkgjrs

nrj nht`vj ns tjnhajrs ir itajrw`sj suppirt tajprihjss. Kirjivjr, wajrj pugb`h rjsiurhjs anvjgjhikj pnrt`hubnrby hiestrn`ejc t s `kpirtnetti jcuhntj hikkue`ty kjkgjrs ngiut taj wnys`e wa`ha tajy hne suppirt shaiibs nec itajrnht`v`t`js fir yiuel pjipbj. Liic prnht`hjprilrnkkjs ehbucj?

jstngb`sakjet if shaiib ir hikkue`tyjcuhnt`ie hikk`ttjjs4

nppi`etkjet if jxpjr`jehjc tjnhajrs necsih`nb wirdjrs frik taj hr`s`s-nffjhtjchikkue`ty ns ajnc tjnhajrs nec yiuta

irlne`zjrs, rjspjht`vjby4usj if jcuhntjc pjrsies frik taj hr`s`s-nffjhtjc hikkue`ty ns taj tjnhajrs nec yiutabjncjrs, nec priv`c`el etjes`vj `e-sjrv`hjtrn`e`el nec ie-taj-oig lu`cnehj necsupjrv`s`ie4

rjhru`tkjet if prifjss`ienbs frik tajhikkue`ty ns priojht knenljrs necsupjrv`sirs if ELI nss`stnehj priojhts4 nec

priv`c`el trn`e`el fir nbb if taj ngivj.

7 = =JFN Lbignb

Kie`tir`el Wjpirt

Jcuhnt`ie `sejjcjc jnrby `en hr`s`s, firpsyhaisih`nb

nec pjcnlil`hnbrjnsies, necti pritjht tajha`bcrjetajksjbvjs.

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@e`t`nb ribjs fir hikkue`ty jcuhnt`ie hikk`ttjjs`ehbucj irlne`z`el bngiur fir hbjnr`el spnhjs firshaiibs, jrjht`el tjkpirnry sajbtjr, cjet`fy`elvibuetjjr tjnhajrs nec nssjss`el taj eukgjrsif stucjets fir jnha yjnr if shaiib`el4 bntjr tajyhne ajbp w`ta shaiib knenljkjet neccjvjbipkjet. Saj hikk`ttjjs hne nbsi ajbp tiirlne`zj nht`v`t`js fir prj-shaiib ha`bcrje nec firiut-if-shaiib ncibjshjets nec yiuta. ZEJXHI‐s]rilrnkkj fir Jcuhnt`ie e Jkjrljeh`js necWjhiestruht`ie (]JJW, gnsjc `e En`rig`)cjvjbipjc taj ‑Sjnhajr Jkjrljehy ]nhdnlj‐(`ehbuc`el jcuhnt`ienb suppb`js nec kntjr`nbs) `e

Xiknb`n `e >007, si tant hikkue`t`js hiubc`e`t`ntj taj`r iwe shaiibs, cjsp`tj taj bnhd iflivjrekjet struhturjs. ZEJXHI ]JJW snwshaiib knenljkjet hikk`ttjjs ns n wny ifgr`el`el kjkgjrs if taj hikkue`ty tiljtajr nsn firhj fir pjnhj (Wjtnknb nec Cjvnciss, >001).

Aukne rjsiurhjs

@e sikj c`spbnhjkjet s`tunt`ies, jxpjr`jehjctjnhajrs kivj w`ta taj`r hikkue`t`js nec hnerjsukj taj`r tjnha`el cut`js. Aiwjvjr, e kneyhr`s`s-nffjhtjc hikkue`t`js, tjnhajrs nrjuecjrqunb`f jc nec uetrn`ejc. Jvje trn`ejc

tjnhajrs kny anvj anc b`k`tjc jxpisurj tikicjre tjnha`el kjtaics. Hr`s`s kny l`vj tajippirtue`ty fir n ejw npprinha ti tjnhajrtrn`e`el, wa`ha hne ajbp jvje ejxpjr`jehjctjnhajrs cjvjbip taj sd`bbs fir jffjht`vj tjnha`el,ns wjbb ns tnd`el nhhiuet if taj spjh`nb ejjcs ifha`bcrje jxpisjc ti sikj firk if hr`s`s. Nseitjc gy Lrnhn Knhajb (7==>), ‑fjnr necc`srupt`ie kndj `t c`ff`hubt ti kn`etn`e nentkispajrj hiecuh`vj ti bjnre`el, nec ta`s hnetndj n lr`jvius tibb ie shaiib kirnbj. @e]nbjst`e`ne shaiibs, survjys fiuec tant kney

tjnhajrs nec stucjets anc triugbj hiehjetrnt`el,pnrt`hubnrby f tajy anc w`tejssjc ir jxpjr`jehjcv`ibjehj ir anc fnk`by kjkgjrs `e pr`sie ira`c`el.‐

Jcuhnt`ie prilrnkkjs tant fihus ie hr`s`s-nffjhtjc pipubnt`ies ejjc ti `ehbucj n knoirhikpiejet if hnrjfubby cjs`lejc trn`e`el firtjnhajrs nec ajnc tjnhajrs, fir ncubt jcuhntirsnec fir yiuta jcuhntirs/yiuta lriup bjncjrs.Xuha trn`e`el `s gjst priv`cjc ‑`e-sjrv`hj‐,tariula vnhnt`ie nec wjjdjec hiursjs, kig`bjtrn`ejrs, nec trn`e`el if kjetir tjnhajrs `e taj

shaiibs ir shaiib hbustjrs, wa`bj bntjr tajrj hnegj usj if ipje nec c`stnehj bjnre`el kjtaics.

Hr`s`s nec rjhiestruhtie iftje `kpby tant `t `sc`ff`hubt fir taj livjrekjet ti kjjt taj histsif tjnhajr snbnr`js. Cieirs anvj iftje gjjeuew`bb`el ti suppirt snbnry hists, prjfjrrel tipriv`cj firks if nss`stnehj wa`ha hnrry bjss r`sdif biel-tjrk igb`lnt`ie. Hievjet`ienb igojhtsif suppirt, suha ns jcuhnt`ienb suppb`js neckntjr`nbs, taj rjpn`r ir hiestruht`ie if shaiibs,ir e-sjrv`hj nec prj-sjrv`hj tjnhajr trn`e`el,nrj ejjcjc. Aiwjvjr, rjhurrjet suppirt firtjnhajr snbnr`js s iftje hr`t`hnb ti rjstnrt`el

taj systjk.

Wjsiurh`el bjvjbs

@e a`la-prif`bj jkjrljehjs, cieirs kny gjw`bb`el ti l`vj ljejrius aukne`tnr`ne suppirt.Xuha nss`stnehj ti c`spbnhjc pipubnt`ies s iftjehaneejbbjc tariula ELIs, wa`ha hne nht qu`hdby.Gy hietrnst, nss`stnehj ti ent`ienb livjrekjetnljeh`js, eitngby fir rjhiestruht`ie, kny fnhjprigbjks if ngsirpt`vj hnpnh`ty nec jffjht`vjknenljkjet.

Saj bjvjb if rjsiurh`el fir jkjrljehy jcuhnt`ie

prilrnkkjs s hr`t`hnb fir nha`jv`elsustn`eng`b`ty. Fir c`spbnhjc pipubnt`ies, ZEAHWsulljsts tant sajbtjr, jqu`pkjet nec kntjr`nbsstnecnrcs gj cjvjbipjc gy rjfjrjehj ti tajljejrnb bjvjb if wjbb-rue livjrekjet shaiibs`e rurnb nrjns ejnr taj ent`ienb hnp`tnb, rntajrtane taj cysfueht`ienb biw bjvjbs iftje fiuec `eejlbjhtjc rurnb nrjns wajrj rjfuljj hnkpskny gj bihntjc (ZEAHW, >00:). @f n bnrlj rjfuljjir c`spbnhjc pipubnt`ie kivjs `eti ne nrjnw`ta wjnd jcuhnt`ie systjks, jffirts ti rn`sjstnecnrcs e tant nrjn, tariula kig`b`z`el

ent`ienb nec etjrent`ienb rjsiurhjs, w`bb gjrjqu`rjc.

Ns rjlnrcs s`tj pbnee`el fir jkjrljehy shaiibs,ZE@HJF‐s hiehjpts if ‑ha`bc-fr`jecby spnhjs‐ nec‑ha`bc-fr`jecby jev`riekjets‐ nrj ajbpfub. Ha`bc-fr`jecby spnhjs e Nbgne`n, fir Disivnr rjfuljjs,nec `e tjet h`t`js `e Surdjy nftjr taj >000jnrtaqundj, kjnet lriup`el tiljtajr gns`hsjrv`hjs fir kitajrs nec ha`bcrje, ehbuc`elgns`h ajnbta sjrv`hjs, jnrby ha`bcaiic hnrj neccjvjbipkjet, shaiibs, rjhrjnt`ienb fnh`b`t`js,psyhaisih`nb suppirt, yiuta nht`v`t`js nec kitajr

6=

Hanptjr 3

Wjsiurhj rjqu ` rjkjets fir nha `j v `el JFN

Fjnr necc`srupt`ie kndj

`t c`ff`hubt tikn`etn`e nentkispajrjhiecuh`vj ti

bjnre`el.

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rjsiurhjs wiubc gj c`k`e`sajc. Kirjivjr, tajkjnes if kjjt`el tajsj hists w`bb gj rjcuhjc gycjhb`e`el `ehikj fbiws, gy aukne cjnta necc`spbnhjkjet, nec gy rjnbbihnt`ie if pitjet`nbbynvn`bngbj rjsiurhjs frik jcuhnt`ie ti itajr,jqunbby prjss`el, cjknecs.

@f taj `kpnht if suha jvjets wjrj ti `ehrjnsj tajncc`t`ienb neeunb hists if rjnha`el Z]J gy 7:%`e fiur ir f`vj hiuetr`js, gjtwjje $=.3 - $=.:g`bb`ie wiubc gj nccjc ti taj nvjrnlj neeunbhists if Z]J nhriss nbb hiuetr`js. Sa`s wiubc`ehrjnsj taj priojhtjc titnb hists gy 7% ti 8%,gut f taj nffjhtjc hiuetr`js wjrj nkiel taisj

wa`ha nrj jxpjhtjc ti fnhj f`eneh`el lnps, `twiubc rjprjsjet ne `ehrjnsj `e taj Gned‐spriojhtjc fuec`el rjqu`rjkjet if nriuec iej-f`fta. Sa`s wiubc gj n k`e`kuk `kpnht s`ehj tajhnpnh`ty ti rjsiurhj jcuhnt`ie systjks e tajsjhiuetr`js wiubc anvj gjje ejlnt`vjby nffjhtjc gyjkjrljehy.

Aiw kuha `s rjnbbyejjcjc ti nha`jvj JFN9

Saj nenbys`s `e ta`s hanptjr `ec`hntjs tant jnhaif taj rjhjet stuc`js if taj hists if nha`jv`elpr`knry shaiib`el fir nbb gy 7=>: nppjnrs ti anvjuecjrstntjc tajk ‘ e sikj hnsjs, sugstnet`nbbysi. @t `s hbjnr tant taj \irbc Gned stucy `s, frikn kjtaicibil`hnb stnecpi`et, taj strieljst if tajtarjj. @t ans n trnespnrjet frnkjwird tant nbbiwstaj piss`g`b`ty if suppbjkjetnry nenbys`s `e najbpfub wny. @ts cntn rjqu`rjkjets nrj eitjxtjes`vj, nec taj kn`e hist pnrnkjtjrs tantnffjht taj cjvjbipkjet if jcuhnt`ie systjks nrjl`vje n hjetrnb pbnhj `e `ts cjs`le nec ipjrnt`ie.

Saj twi itajr stuc`js nbsi anvj strjeltas ‘ gitaif tajk usj ent`ienb-bjvjb cntn nec jkpbiy nljejrnbby hnut`ius nec sjes`gbj npprinha ti tajwnys `e wa`ha jcuhnt`ie systjks hne gjrjfirkjc. Aiwjvjr, taj cntn tajy usj,pnrt`hubnrby taj f`eneh`nb efirknt`ie, nppjnra`laby vnr`ngbj, nec e sikj hnsjs, uerjb`ngbj.Saj ljejrnbby a`lajr hist jst`kntjs tant jkjrljfrik taj Gned stucy nrj, `e ljejrnb tjrks, ti gjprjfjrrjc.

Ejvjrtajbjss, taj \irbc Gned nenbys`sivjrs`kpb`f`js taj hist s`cj ‘ pnrtby gy`evjst`lnt`el ieby s`x-yjnr systjks, rrjspjht`vjif taj`r nhtunb bjelta, nec gy ik`tt`el n eukgjrif hiuetr`js frik taj nenbys`s wa`ha nppjnr,pr`kn fnh`j, ti gj b`djby ti anvj sikj c`ff`hubty `enha`jv`el taj linbs. @e ncc`t`ie, taj pib`hyrjfirks pripisjc fir taj jcuhnt`ie systjks `etaj hiuetr`js hivjrjc gy taj stucy ‘ wa`hac`rjhtby `efbujehj taj`r jxpjhtjc hists ‘ nppjnrti l`vj bjss wj`lat ti kpbjkjetnt`ie c`ff`hubt`jstane tajy k`lat. Sa`s `s pnrt`hubnrby si nsrjlnrcs tjnhajr snbnr`js ‘ wajrj taj pripisjc

kjhane`sks fir taj`r rjcuht`ie, rjbnt`vj ti pjrhnp`tn `ehikj, wiubc prjsjet n vjry cjknec`elnljecn fir taj a`lajst hist hiuetr`js.

Swi itajr nspjhts if taj stucy aibc hr`t`hnb`kpirtnehj fir taj priojhtjc iuthikjs. Sajf`rst hiehjres taj rjvjeuj s`cj. Sa`s hanptjrans nrlujc tant taj rjvjeuj nssukpt`ies upiewa`ha taj hnbhubnt`ies if f`eneh`el lnps nrjgnsjc nrj ipt`k`st`h. N livjrekjet hikpbjtjbyhikk`ttjc ti rjfirk`el `ts npprinha ti tajcjb`vjry if pr`knry shaiib`el wiubc prigngby st`bbanvj c`ff`hubty sustn`e`el taj rjnb jxpjec`turj

tnrljts fir pr`knry shaiib`el siulat gy tajGned ivjr n f`ftjje-yjnr pjr`ic. Kuha cjpjecs,aiwjvjr, upie prilrjss w`ta jhieik`h lriwta`e taj hiuetr`js hiehjrejc, gjhnusj ajnbtay necsustn`ejc `ehikj lriwta wiubc kirj jns`bycjb`vjr taj `ehrjnsjc rjsiurhjs siulat. Sajstucy `s s`bjet ngiut taj lriwta nssukpt`ies `tjkpbiys, si `t `s eit piss`gbj ti nssjss ta`s pnrtif `ts nenbys`s.

Ie gnbnehj, aiwjvjr, pugb`h rjsiurhjs nvn`bngbjti pr`knry shaiib`el `e tajsj hiuetr`js nppjnrb`djby ti lriw nt n sbiwjr rntj tane nssukjc `etaj stucy. Sa`s, tiljtajr w`ta taj ik`ss`ies ietaj hist s`cj, sulljst tant taj s`zj if tajf`eneh`el lnp, frik tajsj siurhjs, s b`djby tijkjrlj ns gj`el sugstnet`nbby bnrljr tanepriojhtjc. N f`lurj if $3.7 g`bb`ie `s sulljstjc `etaj tjxt, wa`ha `s a`lajr tant tant `e taj Gnedpnpjr gy up ti twi-ta`rcs.

Sa`s hanptjr ans nbsi saiwe, aiwjvjr, tant tajrjnrj nt bjnst tarjj itajr knoir ik`ss`ies friktajsj hist jst`kntjs. Saj f`rst hiehjres tajcjknec s`cj. Sajrj `s n ejjc ti `ehrjnsj taj

67

Hanptjr 3

Wjsiurhj rjqu ` rjkjets fir nha `j v `el JFN

Nbb rjhjet stuc`jsie taj hists fir

nha`jv`el pr`knryshaiib`el fir nbb

gy 7=>: nppjnr tianvj uecjrstntjctaj rjnb s`tunt`ie.

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7

=

=

KietirelWjpir

t

7

   ©   Z   E   J   X   H   I   /   N .   ]   à   r   `   à

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 S aj purpisj if ta`s hanptjr `s tinssjss taj jxtjet ti wa`ha`etjrent`ienb hikk`tkjets ti JFN nrjgj`el kjt. @t gjl`es gy jxnk`e`el tajrjhjet rjhirc if n`c priv`cjc gy

fuec`el nljeh`js fir jcuhnt`ie e cjvjbip`elhiuetr`js. Nbtaiula tajrj s liic `efirknt`iehivjr`el taj >00=s, iw`el ti t`kj-bnls `erjpirt`el, kirj rjhjet sa`fts e taj hikpis`t`ieif jcuhnt`ie n`c `e suppirt if taj JFN linbs s`ehj7=== nrj eit jnsy ti cihukjet. Nhhirc`elby,rjhjet stntjkjets nec hikk`tkjets kncj gytaj `etjrent`ienb hikkue`ty `e suppirt if taj

JFN tnrljts nrj nbsi nssjssjc ajrj ti cjtjrk`ejgita wajtajr tajy rjfbjht taj Cndnr prihjss, necwant taj`r b`djby `kpnht w`bb gj. Saj f`enb sjht`iesif taj hanptjr gr`jfby hies`cjr taj prilrjsskncj w`ta spjh`f`h `etjrent`ienb prilrnkkjsnec `e`t`nt`vjs, nec `ehbucj n rjv`jw if ZEJXHI‐sribj nec rjspiesjs s`ehj Cndnr.

Sitnb n`c fbiws ticjvjbip`el hiuetr`js

N`c fbiws ti cjvjbip`el hiuetr`js c`c eit prispjrcur`el taj bnst cjhncj if taj twjet`jta hjetury.>

Sngbj :.> saiws tant tajy pjndjc `e >00> neccjhb`ejc tajrjnftjr. Gy 7===, lrnets nechiehjss`ienb bines ti cjvjbip`el hiuetr`js ancfnbbje frik ZX$6= g`bb`ie ti npprix`kntjby ZX$:=g`bb`ie. If ta`s nkiuet, npprix`kntjby <=% wnsfrik g`bntjrnb nljeh`js. Saj bnrljst pripirt`ie ifkubt`bntjrnb nss`stnehj wns frik taj \irbc Gned

(@CN), nec taj Juripjne Hikkue`ty. Sajsj twinljeh`js tiljtajr priv`cjc 63% if titnbkubt`bntjrnb nss`stnehj e 7===.7 Aiwjvjr, tajrjnb vnbuj if n`c fbiws stiic nt ieby ngiut 1=%if taj`r >00=/0> bjvjbs. Sa`s ciwewnrc trjecnffjhtjc gita g`bntjrnb nec kubt`bntjrnb n`c,nbtaiula fbiws if taj bnttjr pjndjc sb`latby bntjr`e taj cjhncj.

66

Hanptjr :

Kjjt`el `etjrent `ienb hikk`tkjets? taj rjspiesj ti Cndnr

>. Kirj cjtn`bjc nhhiuets if tajtrjecs rjpirtjc ajrj hne gjfiuec `e Nb-Xnknrrn` (7==7) necHibhbiula jt. nb. (firtahik`el).

7. Saj itajr kubt`bntjrnbnljeh`js `e Sngbj :.> anvj gjje`ehbucjc gjhnusj tajy rjprjsjettaj bnrljr kubt`bntjrnbs `e tjrksif nss`stnehj ir tajy anvjspjh`f`h jcuhnt`ie prilrnkkjs.

:7.= :0.7 6=.3 ::.6 :0.0 :0.> ::.1 3<.0 :=.7 :7.7 30.6

81.< 38.7 38.> 80.3 3>.8 3=.6 80.> 87.3 8:.7 8<.0 86.=

>8.8 >:.0 ><.7 >6.8 >1.6 >1.: >6.< >:.3 >:.= >3.8 >8.:

::.> 6=.6 :<.6 :3.> ::.1 30.1 31.1 33.1 31.6 30.1 30.6

3>.> 33.6 3>.3 81.8 81.6 83.3 83.: 8=.6 83.6 86.: 86.=

>3.= >6.> >6.8 >:.1 ><.7 >:.: >3.7 >3.7 >8.0 >8.8 >8.:

=.6 =.6 =.< =.1 =.1 =.< =.6 =.: =.: =.: =.6

3.7 3.: 3.< 3.3 :.8 =.3 :.> :.= 3.< 3.8 3.7

=.7 =.> =.> =.> =.> 3.7 =.3 =.8 =.8 =.7 =.7

>.= >.= =.1 =.< =.: =.7 =.: =.6 =.6 =.: =.3

=.6 =.6 =.< =.< =.6 =.: =.: =.6 =.6 =.3 =.8

>.7 >.> =.0 =.0 >.> >.= >.= >.= >.= =.0 =.0

7.: 8.7 8.6 8.: 3.= 8.6 3.> 3.3 3.8 3.8 3.3

8.< :.= 3.0 3.< 3.0 3.1 7.> >.0 7.= 7.> 7.6

>00= >00> >007 >008 >003 >00: >006 >00< >001 >000 7===

Sngbj :.>. Sitnb iff`h`nb cjvjbipkjet nss`stnehj (ICN), ejt c`sgursjkjets `e g`bb`ies if ZX$

Hurrjet pr`hjs

Sitnb

G`bntjrnb

Kub`tbntjrnb

Hiestnet 7=== pr`hjs

Sitnb

G`bntjrnb

Kub`tbntjrnb i/w

ZE@HJF

@CN

@etjr-Nkjr`hne Cjvjbipkjet Gned

ZEC]

Nfr`hne Cjvjbipkjet Fuec

Ns`ne Cjvjbipkjet Fuec

Juripjne Hikkue`ty

Itajr

Eitjs? Iff`h`nb Cjvjbipkjet Nss`stnehj (ICN) hies`sts `e lrnets ir hiehjss`ienb bines ti cjvjbip`el hiuetr`js. Ejt c`sgursjkjets nrj cjf`ejc ns titnb c`sgursjkjets bjss ney rjpnykjetsif bine pr`eh`pnb cur`el taj snkj pjr`ic. Itajr kubt`bntjrnb cieirs `ehbucj itajr Ze`tjc Ent`ies nljeh`js, @etjrent`ienb Fuec fir Nlr`hubturnb Cjvjbipkjet (@FNC), Nrng Fuecs nec pnrtsif @KF nss`stnehj. Saj IJHC Cjvjbipkjet Nss`stnehj Hikk`ttjj (CNH) cjfbntirs usjc fir pricuh`el hiestnet pr`hj jst`kntjs ncoust fir gita `efbnt`ie `e taj cikjst`h hurrjehy nechaneljs `e taj jxhanelj rntj gjtwjje taj cikjst`h hurrjehy nec ZX$ nkiuets. Saj hurrjehy jffjht tjecs ti cik`entj fir taj pjr`ic >007‘00.

Xiurhj? CNH ieb`ej cntngnsj, Sngbj 7n.

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F`lurj :.7 saiws taj rjl`ienb grjndciwe iftajsj jcuhnt`ie hikk`tkjets.3 Nfr`hn rjhj`vjc3<% if jcuhnt`ie hikk`tkjets `e 7===,rjprjsjet`el n sb`latby lrjntjr pripirt`ie if n`cti jcuhnt`ie tane ts sanrj if titnb cjvjbipkjetnss`stnehj (8<%). Saj rjvjrsj ajbc fir Xiuta Ns`nnec Fnr Jnst Ns`n, wa`ha rjhj`vjc 78% if ejwjcuhnt`ie hikk`tkjets gut 83% if titnbcjvjbipkjet nss`stnehj `e 7===. Saj lrjntjr

hiehjetrnt`ie if jcuhnt`ie hikk`tkjets tiNfr`hn nrj pnrt`hubnrby knrdjc, w`ta nbkist :=%if nbb ejw g`bntjrnb jcuhnt`ie hikk`tkjetsgj`el nbbihntjc ti gns`h jcuhnt`ie `e XXN `e 7===.

@e sukknry, g`bntjrnb n`c ti jcuhnt`ie nppjnrs tianvj cjhb`ejc s`ehj taj k`c->00=s ‘ sugstnet`nbbysi `e 7=== ‘ gy wa`ha cntj g`bntjrnb jcuhnt`iehikk`tkjets stiic nt ZX$8.: g`bb`ie. Saj sanrjif tajsj hikk`tkjets li`el ti gns`h jcuhnt`ienppjnrjc ti anvj ehrjnsjc ieby sb`latby cur`eltaj pjr`ic, nhhiuet`el fir ngiut 7>% if n`c ti

7 = =JFN Lbignb

Kie`tir`el Wjpirt

SISNB JCZHNS@IE ICN, >008->006

Nbbihnt`ie (%) ti?

SISNB JCZHNS@IE ICN, >00<-7===

Nbbihnt`ie (%) ti? Hanelj `e nbbihnt`ie ti?

Sngbj :.8. Hikpis`t`ie if g`bntjrnb jcuhnt`ie nss`stnehj

Nustrnb`n

Nustr`n

Gjbl`uk

Hnencn

Cjeknrd

F`ebnec

Frnehj

Ljrkney

Lrjjhj

@rjbnec

@tnby

Onpne

Buxjkgiurl

EjtajrbnecsEjw _jnbnec

Eirwny

]irtulnb

Xpn`e

Xwjcje

Xw`tzjrbnec

Zetjc D`elcik

Ze`tjc Xtntjs

CNH Sitnb

Eitjs? Xjj eitjs ti Sngbj 7. Saj pjrhjetnlj if jcuhnt`ie ICN rjpirtjc gy sugsjhtir `s taj pripirt`ie if ICN `e jnha pjr`ic gridje ciwe `eti taj sugsjhtirs(`.j. uespjh`f`jc, gns`h, sjhiecnry nec pist-sjhiecnry) fir jnha g`bntjrnb cieir.

Xiurhj? CNH ieb`ej cntngnsj, Sngbj :, Iff`h`nb Hikk`tkjets (ir C`sgursjkjets) gy Xjhtir, G`bntjrnb nec Wjl`ienb Gneds.

>== < 1 : 1= >== 0 7= 1 63 > >7 8 ‘>6

:= 1 > >> 1= >== 8 7 8> 63 ‘6 7 7> ‘><

<7 86 8 0 :7 >== 76 : >8 :< ‘>> 7 3 :

6: 7< < = 66 >== 3: < : 33 >1 ‘> : ‘77

01 6: 1 >< >= >== :8 7< >1 7 ‘>7 >0 = ‘1

0= 37 3> = >6 >== 6= 7: : >= >1 ‘>6 : ‘6

= ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ 60 87 77 7= 7: ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘

18 :8 7> < >0 >== < >7 >1 67 ‘3: ‘1 >> 38

>== >== = = = >== 30 = = := ‘:> = = :=

= ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ 80 >== = = = ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘

>== >= 7 3 18 >== :< > 73 >0 36 ‘> >0 ‘6:

>0 80 >3 >6 8> :> :< >6 >= >1 >1 > ‘6 ‘>8

= ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ >== 36 8> >< < ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘

16 83 87 8 8> >== 8: 38 8 >0 > >> = ‘>7<= = = 3 0: 60 7 >8 6 <0 > >8 7 ‘>6

17 38 3= < >= >== 71 31 3 >0 ‘>3 1 ‘8 0

:1 >< : >0 :0 >== 73 : >0 :7 < = = ‘<

10 8< >: >> 8< >== 33 >= >7 83 < ‘3 > ‘8

<< 8> :> > >6 >== 73 :6 8 >< ‘1 : 7 >

>== 7: >> 86 71 >== 86 83 >< >8 >> 78 ‘>1 ‘>6

3< 6: 1 : 78 >== 6> 7< 6 6 ‘3 >0 > ‘>6

36 6> 80 = = >== 7> 31 >= 7> ‘3= 0 >= 7>

3> 37 >0 < 87 1= 8= 7> >3 83 ‘>> 7 < 7

% titnbjcuhnt`ie

ICNrjpirtjc gysugsjhtir Zespjh f jc Gns h Xjhiecnry

]ist-sjhiecnry

% titnbjcuhnt`ie

ICNrjpirtjc gysugsjhtir Zespjh f jc Gns h Xjhiecnry

]ist-sjhiecnry Zespjh f jc Gns h Xjhiecnry

]ist-sjhiecnry

Nfr`hn (eirta if Xnanrn)0%

Nfr`hn (siutaXnanrn)81%

<%Xiuta Nkjr`hn

>3%Jnst Ns`n

Xiuta/Hjetrnb0%

K`ccbj Jnst6%

Ihjne`n3%

Juripj6%

<%Eirta/Hjetrnb Nkjr`hn

F`lurj :.7. Wjl`ienb c`str`gut`ie if g`bntjrnb jcuhnt`ie

hikk`tkjets (7===)

Eitj? @e jnha rjl`ie, n sknbb pjrhjetnlj if hikk`tkjets `s eit nbbihntjc ti taj sug-rjl`ies`ehbucjc `e taj lrnpa4 tajy anvj gjje nbbihntjc jvjeby ivjr jnha sug-rjl`ie.

Xiurhj? HWX Cntngnsj, ICN/IN Hikk`tkjets, Firk >, nllrjlntjc gy CNH: sjhtirs, >00=‘7==>.

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Saj JH `s gy fnr taj bnrljst if tajsj, hikk`tt`el

ZX$=.3 g`bb`ie ti jcuhnt`ie `e 7===. Jcuhnt`ienhhiuets fir ngiut 6% if titnb n`c frik tajsjkubt`bntjrnb nljeh`js ‘ rntajr bjss tane tajg`bntjrnb sanrjs, gut s`k`bnr ti taj \irbc Gned.

@e tjrks if nbbihnt`ies ti jcuhnt`ie sugsjhtirs,cntn nrj ieby nvn`bngbj fir twi if taj kubt`bntjrnbcieirs saiwe `e Sngbj :.6. ZE@HJF rjpirts tiCNH tant nbb jcuhnt`ie nss`stnehj `s hikk`ttjcti gns`h jcuhnt`ie (hikpr`s`el pr`knry nec jnrbyha`bcaiic jcuhnt`ie). Fir taj JH, npprix`kntjby:=% if hikk`tkjets wjet ti gns`h jcuhnt`ie `e>00:, `ehrjns`el ti 66% gy 7===. Sa`s `ehrjnsj

jetn`bjc n cjhb`ej `e taj sanrj if hikk`tkjetsli`el ti sjhiecnry nec pist-sjhiecnryjcuhnt`ie cur`el ta`s pjr`ic.

7 = =JFN Lbignb

Kie`tir`el Wjpirt

Kubt`bntjrnb n`c

ti jcuhnt`iecjhb`ejc sanrpbyivjr taj pjr`icfrik >00=‘7==>.

>00=->008 >.7: =.0: 87 73 7.>> 7.88 :3 30

>003->00< >.38 >.=1 :7 83 >.00 7.77 <8 :6

>00<-7==> =.10 >.=: 88 87 >.88 7.=: := ::

Bines jxhbus`vjby gns`h

@GWC @CN % titnb jc. @CN % titnb

Bines ti gns`h nec sikj gns`h

@GWC @CN % titnb jc. @CN % titnb

Sngbj :.:. \irbc Gned hikk`tkjets ti gns`h jcuhnt`ie `e g`bb`ies if hiestnet ZX$ (>00=‘7==>)

Eitjs? Saj f`rst hibuke if pjrhjetnljs fir taj twi sjts if bines `ec`hntjs taj pripirt`ie if titnb @CN nss`stnehj fir jcuhnt`ie tant wns nss`lejcjxhbus`vjby ti gns`h jcuhnt`ie ir gns`h nec sikj gns`h jcuhnt`ie. Saj sjhiec hibuke if pjrhjetnljs `ec`hntjs taj pripirt`ie if titnb nss`stnehj(@GWC+@CN) `e ney yjnr wa`ha wns nss`lejc jxhbus`vjby ti gns`h jcuhnt`ie ir gns`h nec sikj gns`h jcuhnt`ie.

Xiurhj? Hnbhubntjc frik \irbc Gned Neeunb Wjpirts, >00=‘7==>.

F`lurj :.8. @CN jcuhnt`ie hikk`tkjets, pjrhjetnlj gy rjl`ie (>00=s)

%

>00= - >008 >003 - >00< >001 - 7==>

=

>=

7=

8=

3=

:=

6=

Nfr`hn Nfr`hn(siuta if Xnanrn)(eirta if Xnanrn)

Xiuta/Hjetrnb Ns`n

K`ccbj Jnst Eirta/Hjetrnb Nkjr`hn

Ihjne`n Xiuta Nkjr`hn Fnr Jnst Ns`n Juripj

@e tjrks if jxpjec`turjs, ZEJXHI `s ne

`kpirtnet suppirt nljehy fir jcuhnt`ie.Jcuhnt`ie prilrnkkjs nhhiuet fir iej-qunrtjrif `ts gucljt, nec taj`r rjnb vnbuj `ehrjnsjc gy8=% ivjr >00=‘7==8, ti npprix`kntjby ZX$>==k`bb`ie pjr yjnr. Iej siurhj sulljsts tant gns`hjcuhnt`ie nhhiuetjc fir gjtwjje 8% nec :=% ifnbb ZEJXHI jcuhnt`ie hikk`tkjets gjtwjje>00> nec >00<, nec, ie nvjrnlj, 8=% tariulaiuttaj pjr`ic (Gjetnbb jt nb., 7===, p. 7>).

@e sukknry, oust ns w`ta g`bntjrnb fbiws,kubt`bntjrnb n`c ti jcuhnt`ie cjhb`ejc sanrpbyivjr taj pjr`ic frik >00=‘7==>. \irbc Gned @CN

suppirt fir jcuhnt`ie nppjnrs ti anvj gjjeriulaby anbvjc s`ehj taj k`c->00=s, fnbb`el tiZX$=.3 g`bb`ie `e 7==>. Aiwjvjr, taj pripirt`ie

Eitj? Saj gnrs rjprjsjet taj pripirt`ie if titnb @CN jcuhnt`ie hikk`tkjets nbbihntjc ti jnha rjl`ie fir jnha if taj tarjj pjr`ics.

Xiurhj? Xiurhj? Hnbhubntjc frik \irbc Gned Neeunb Wjpirts >00=‘7==>.

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nbbihntjc ti gns`h jcuhnt`ie wns a`lajr tane `etaj hnsj if g`bntjrnb jcuhnt`ie hikk`tkjets,

nec nppjnrs ti anvj gjje kn`etn`ejc ivjr tajcjhncj nt ngiut 3=% (cjpjec`el ie tajcjf`e`t`ies usjc). Saj rjnb vnbuj if @CN jcuhnt`iehikk`tkjets ti Xiuta nec \jst Ns`n, necpnrt`hubnrby ti sug-Xnanrne Nfr`hn, fjbb gjtwjjetaj gjl`ee`el nec taj jec if taj cjhncj. F`enbby,taj nvn`bngbj cntn sulljst tant taj rjnbhikk`tkjets ti jcuhnt`ie frik itajrkubt`bntjrnb nljeh`js nbsi cjhb`ejc nftjr >001.Ivjr 6=% if ta`s nss`stnehj hnkj frik tajJuripjne Ze`ie (JZ), if wa`ha npprix`kntjbytwi-ta`rcs wns nbbihntjc ti gns`h jcuhnt`ie.

Sitnb n`c fbiws ti jcuhnt`ienec taj JFN linbs

Sngbj :.< crnws tiljtajr taj `efirknt`iehietn`ejc `e prjv`ius f`lurjs nec tngbjs tipriv`cj jst`kntjs if titnb n`c fbiws ti jcuhnt`ienec ti gns`h jcuhnt`ie `e >000 nec 7===.0 @tsaiws tant titnb nss`stnehj ti jcuhnt`ie, frik nbbg`bntjrnb nec kubt`bntjrnb siurhjs hikg`ejc,stiic nt ne jst`kntjc ZX$:.01 g`bb`ie `e >000

nec nt ZX$3.<7 g`bb`ie `e 7===. Ns rjlnrcs `tshikpis`t`ie, taj kirj ipt`k`st`h jst`kntjssaiwe `e taj tngbj sulljst tant jxtjrenb fuec`elti gns`h jcuhnt`ie wns ngiut ZX$>.83 g`bb`ie `e>000 nec npprix`kntjby ZX$>.3: g`bb`ie `e tajyjnr 7===. @t ans gjje sjje `e taj nenbys`s `eHanptjr 3 tant ta`s `s jqu`vnbjet ti ieby ngiutiej-qunrtjr if taj ncc`t`ienb jxtjrenb nss`stnehjb`djby ti gj ejjcjc jnha yjnr ti 7=>:, `e ircjr tinha`jvj ue`vjrsnb pr`knry jcuhnt`ie nbiej.>=

Saus, n`c ti pr`knry shaiib`el wiubc ejjc ti gjqu`etupbjc ‘ kuha if `t hiehjetrntjc `e taj

hiuetr`js if sug-Xnanrne Nfr`hn. @ehrjnsjs `ejxtjrenb fuec`el w`bb, tajrjfirj, ejjc ti gj

fihusjc upie tant rjl`ie ti n kuha bnrljrcjlrjj tane ans anppjejc ti cntj.>> Gjhnusjta`s tndjs nhhiuet if ue`vjrsnb pr`knry jcuhnt`ie(Z]J) w`ta ljecjr jqu`ty ieby, jxtjrenb-fuec`elnljeh`js wiubc ejjc ti `ehrjnsj n`c fir JFN st`bbkirj, `f nbb s`x Cndnr linbs nrj ti gj nha`jvjc.

Wjhjet `etjrent`ienb `e`t`nt`vjs

N eukgjr if ejw `etjrent`ienb `e`t`nt`vjs anvj,aiwjvjr, gjje neeiuehjc e suppirt ifjcuhnt`ie s`ehj taj \irbc Jcuhnt`ie Firuk `e

Cndnr. Jxtjes`vj biggy`el gy taj LbignbHnkpn`le fir Jcuhnt`ie pnrtby tariula ZEJXHInec taj \irbc Gned (Lbignb Hnkpn`le firJcuhnt`ie, 7==7g4 Kurpay nec Kuecy, 7==7),tiljtajr w`ta strieljr hiirc`ent`ie if taj hirjJFN pnrtejrs gy ZEJXHI, kncj jcuhnt`ie ne`kpirtnet pnrt if taj cjgntj nt taj Ze`tjcEnt`ies Xpjh`nb Xjss`ie ie Ha`bcrje nec taj\irbc Xukk`t ie Xustn`engbj Cjvjbipkjet, gitaajbc `e 7==7. Jcuhnt`ie ans nbsi gjje n hjetrnbpnrt if taj cjb`gjrnt`ies if taj L1 ent`ies gitagjfirj nec nftjr Cndnr, gut pnrt`hubnrby ntId`enwn `e 7=== nec nt Ljein `e 7==> (Onpne,

Livjrekjet, >000n, g4 Onpne, K`e`stry if Firj`leNffn`rs, 7===4 @tnby, Livjrekjet, 7==>). Nt `tskist rjhjet kjjt`el `e Dnenensd`s `e 7==7,taj L1 fihusjc upie f`lat`el tjrrir`sk, iestrjeltaje`el lbignb jhieik`h lriwta necsustn`engbj cjvjbipkjet nec ie gu`bc`el n ejwpnrtejrsa`p fir Nfr`hn‐s cjvjbipkjet. Zecjr tajhan`rknesa`p if Hnencn ‘ n striel suppirtjr ifgns`h jcuhnt`ie ‘ taj L1 nbsi nciptjc n sjr`js ifrjhikkjecnt`ies ti nss`st cjvjbip`el hiuetr`jsnha`jvj ue`vjrsnb pr`knry jcuhnt`ie nec jqunbnhhjss ti jcuhnt`ie fir l`rbs w`ta n spjh`nb

<7

Hanptjr :

Kjjt`el `etjrent `ienb hikk`tkjets? taj rjspiesj ti Cndnr

@e 7==7 taj L1nciptjc n sjr`js ifrjhikkjecnt`ies

ti nss`st cjvjbip`elhiuetr`js nha`jvjue`vjrsnb pr`knry

jcuhnt`ie.

0. N eukgjr if nssukpt`iesanvj gjje usjc `e hikp`b`elSngbj :.< ‘ j.l. `e jst`knt`eltaj pripirt`ie if n`c nbbihntjcti ‑gns`h‐ jcuhnt`ie ‘ tant nrjcjtn`bjc `e taj eitjs ti tajtngbj. @t saiubc nbsi gj rjhnbbjctant eit nbb kubt`bntjrnbnljeh`js nrj `ehbucjc. Aiwjvjr,

ns Sngbj :.> saiwjc, taisj tantnrj rjprjsjetjc nhhiuet firivjr 1=% if nbb kubt`bntjrnbc`sgursjkjets `e >000 nec7===. Furtajrkirj, tajnljeh`js `ehbucjc `e Sngbj :.<nrj taj kn`e jcuhnt`ie n`cpriv`cjrs.

>=. Saj jst`kntjs `e Hanptjr 3sulljstjc tant neeunbncc`t`ienb jxtjrenb n`c tisuppirt ue`vjrsnb pr`knryjcuhnt`ie (Z]J) wiubc gj b`djbyti nkiuet ti up ti ZX$:.6g`bb`ie, `f taj linbs if Z]J,qunb`ty nec ljecjr wjrj ti gjnha`jvjc gy 7=>:.

>>. Xjj F`lurjs :.7 nec :.8.

Sngbj :.6. Kubt`bntjrnb iff`h`nb cjvjbipkjet nss`stnehj (ICN) hikk`tkjets `e k`bb`ies if hiestnet 7=== ZX$ (>00:‘7===)

@etjr Nkjr`hne Cjvjbipkjet GnedNfr`hne Cjvjbipkjet Fuec

Ns`ne Cjvjbipkjet FuecJuripjne Hikkue`tyZE@HJF

Sitnb

600 688 337 >0 >= 36 3: 71 8= 8 < <6> 088 86= >6 e.n. >>: >3: 06 36 76 >6 >8

070 >>07 >>8: := >3< e.n. >7> 06 10 : >= 1>3:= e.n. <776 70 e.n. e.n. e.n. e.n. 807 7 e.n. :

e.n. 8=< :1= e.n. e.n. 37 e.n. 33 :7 e.n. e.n. 0

8>81 8=6: 0<38 >>: >:< 7=8 8>= 763 6=1 3 >> 6

Sitnb

>00: >001 7===

Jcuhnt`ie ns % if titnb

>00: >001 7===

Jcuhnt`ie

>00: >006 >00< >001 >000 7===

Eitjs? Iff`h`nb Cjvjbipkjet Nss`stnehj nrj lrnets ir hiehjss`ienb bines ti cjvjbip`el hiuetr`js.Hikk`tkjets nrj cjf`ejc ns f`rk igb`lnt`ies, jxprjssjc `e wr`t`el nec gnhdjc gy taj ejhjssnry fuecs, uecjrtndje gy n spjh`f`h cieir ti priv`cj spjh`f`jcnss`stnehj ti n rjh`p`jet hiuetry.Hikk`tkjets nrj rjhircjc ns taj titnb nkiuet rjlnrcbjss if taj t`kj rjqu`rjc fir taj hikpbjt`ie if c`sgursjkjets.Ei cntn wns nvn`bngbj fir ZEC].CNH cjfbntir fir taj Ze`tjc Xtntjs usjc fir nbb kubt`bntjrnb nljeh`js npnrt frik taj JH.

Xiurhj? CNH ieb`ej cntngnsj, Sngbj :, Iff`h`nb Hikk`tkjets (ir C`sgursjkjets) gy Xjhtir. G`bntjrnb nec Wjl`ienb Gneds.

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jkpans`s ie sug-Xnanrne Nfr`hn (Hnencn, 7==7n,

g, h, c, j).

Jcuhnt`ie wns nbsi taj pnrt`hubnr fihus if tajspr`el kjjt`el if taj Cjvjbipkjet Hikk`ttjj

if taj \irbc Gned `e 7==7, w`ta spjh`f`hrjfjrjehj ti taj K`bbjee`uk Cjhbnrnt`ie nec `tscjvjbipkjet linbs. Saj kjjt`el wns ajbc `e tajhietjxt if n hiesjesus ie n ejw lbignb npprinhati f`eneh`el cjvjbipkjet tant anc gjje puttiljtajr nt taj Ze`tjc Ent`ies @etjrent`ienbHiefjrjehj ie F`eneh`el fir Cjvjbipkjet ntKietjrrjy `e 7==7 (Ze`tjc Ent`ies 7==7g).

Saj JZ (Juripjne Hiueh`b, 7==7) nec n eukgjrif `ts kjkgjr hiuetr`js anvj gjje rjcjs`le`eltaj`r pib`h`js ti strjeltaje taj fihus iejcuhnt`ie, gns`h jcuhnt`ie nec/ir Jcuhnt`ie firNbb. Ejw rjl`ienb `e`t`nt`vjs, suha ns taj Ejw]nrtejrsa`p fir Nfr`hn‐s Cjvjbipkjet (EJ]NC),anvj anc aukne rjsiurhjs cjvjbipkjet ns nhjetrnb pr`ir`ty (attp?//www.ejpnc.hik).

Saj JZ an`bjc taj kjjt`els ie F`enehj firCjvjbipkjet `e Kietjrrjy nec ie Xustn`engbjCjvjbipkjet `e Oianeejsgurl ns n ‑Lbignb Cjnb‐(Xpn`e, 7==7).>7 @t `evibvjc n strjeltajejcpnrtejrsa`p e wa`ha taj cjvjbip`el hiuetr`jswiubc nssukj lrjntjr rjspies`g`b`ty fir, neciwejrsa`p if, taj`r iwe cjvjbipkjet prihjss,wa`bj taj ecustr`nb`zjc hiuetr`js wiubc

rjhile`zj taj`r iwe rjspies`g`b`t`js fir rjcuh`ellbignb pivjrty. @evjstkjet `e jcuhnt`ie necajnbta, nbiel w`ta liic livjrenehj nec siuecjhieik`h pib`h`js suppirt`el jetrjprjejursa`pnec jetjrpr`sj, hikpr`sjc taj tarjj strntjl`h

kjnes tant wjrj sjje ns ejhjssnry fir nha`jv`elsustn`engbj cjvjbipkjet. Sajsj tarjj `tjkswjrj nbsi a`lab`latjc e taj cjvjbipkjethikpnht pripisjc gy taj Ze`tjc Xtntjs ntKietjrrjy, gnsjc ie taj ejjc ti ‑wird w`ta tajfbiw if knrdjt pr`eh`pbjs‐ nec taj nssukpt`ietant ‑nss`stnehj wirds gjst waje `t `s priv`cjc `etaj hietjxt if n striel hikk`tkjet ti knrdjtpr`eh`pbjs nec n vjry striel jhieik`h pib`hyfrnkjwird‐ (Z.X. Cjpnrtkjet if Xtntj, 7==7).

Saj Kietjrrjy ‑hiesjesus‐ rjsubtjc `e ejw,stntjc hikk`tkjets fir iff`h`nb cjvjbipkjet

nss`stnehj (ICN) frik taj JZ, frik ts `ec`v`cunbkjkgjr stntjs nec frik taj L1 `tsjbf. Saj kn`epbjcljs nrj sukknr`zjc `e Sngbj :.1. Nsneeiuehjc nt Kietjrrjy, taj ejw pbjcljs fir`ehrjnsjc ICN nkiuetjc ti ZX$>7 g`bb`ie pjryjnr gy 7==6 if wa`ha taj JZ `s jxpjhtjc ti rn`sjne ncc`t`ienb ZX$< g`bb`ie nec taj Ze`tjc Xtntjsne ncc`t`ienb ZX$: g`bb`ie. Saj hikk`tkjets gytaj JZ wjrj st`pubntjc `e taj hietjxt if nha`jv`eltaj =.<% LE] tnrljt gy `ts kjkgjr stntjs, sjt gytaj Ze`tjc Ent`ies sjvjrnb cjhncjs nli. Xikj`ec`v`cunb kjkgjr hiuetr`js anvj nbsi sjt

7 = =JFN Lbignb

Kie`tir`el Wjpirt

Saj Kietjrrjy‑hiesjesus‐rjsubtjc `eejw, stntjc

hikk`tkjetsfir iff`h`nbcjvjbipkjetnss`stnehj.

G`bntjrnb

Kubt`bntjrnb i/w

@CNJHZEJXHI@etjr Nkjr`hne Cjvjbipkjet GnedNs`ne Cjvjbipkjet FuecNfr`hne Cjvjbipkjet FuecZE@HJF

Sitnb

3.61 8.:7 =.6< =.6< =.17 =.17

>.8> >.7= =.6< =.:8 =.67 =.:3

=.:: =.3< =.73 =.>3 =.7> =.>3=.80 =.80 =.76 =.76 =.76 =.76=.>= =.>7 =.=8 =.=3 =.=3 =.=3=.=8 =.=8 =.=> =.=> =.=> =.=>=.>= =.=0 =.=3 =.=8 =.=3 =.=8=.>= =.=: =.=3 =.=> =.=7 =.=>=.=3 =.=: =.=3 =.=3 =.=: =.=:

:.01 3.<7 >.83 >.7= >.3: >.86

Sngbj :.<.

Sitnb g`bntjrnb nec kubt`bntjrnb nss`stnehj ti jcuhnt`ie `e g`bb`ies if hiestnet 7=== ZX$ (>000 nec 7===)

Eitjs? @e >000 (7===) >3.8% (78.3%) if g`bntjrnb jcuhnt`ie n`c tant wns gridje ciwe `eti sug-hntjlir`js wns hikk`ttjc ti gns`h jcuhnt`ie.Sa`s f`lurj `s usjc ti jst`kntj titnb g`bntjrnb hikk`tkjets ti gns`h jcuhnt`ie `e >000 (7===).@CN nec ZEJXHI hikk`tkjets nrj fir f`shnb yjnrs nec tajrjfirj ci eit kntha jxnhtby w`ta hnbjecnr yjnrs.Swi jst`kntjs fir taj pjrhjetnlj if @CN jcuhnt`ie hikk`tkjets nbbihntjc ti gns`h jcuhnt`ie nrj usjc (n a`la jst`kntj if 33% nec n biw jst`kntj if

8=% gnsjc ie cntn priv`cjc `e taj tjxt).Cuj ti bnhd if cntn, JH cntn fir 7=== nrj usjc fir >000.ZEJXHI cntn nrj gucljt f`lurjs cjr`vjc frik g`jee`nb f`lurjs `e Sngbj <. @t `s nssukjc tant 8=% if ZEJXHI jcuhnt`ie n`c lijs ti gns`h jcuhnt`ie.Saj snkj a`la nec biw jst`kntjs fir gns`h jcuhnt`ie, usjc ti hnbhubntj @CN hikk`tkjets ti gns`h jcuhnt`ie, nrj usjc ti jst`kntj nbbihnt`ies friktaj @etjr-Nkjr`hne Cjvjbipkjet Gned, Ns`ne Cjvjbipkjet Fuec nec Nfr`hne Cjvjbipkjet Fuec.@t `s nssukjc tant nbb ZE@HJF jcuhnt`ie hikk`tkjets li ti gns`h jcuhnt`ie.

Xiurhj? Nutairs‐ hnbhubnt`ies frik tngbjs nec f`lurjs `e ta`s pnpjr.

Jcuhnt`ie

>000 7===

Gns`h jcuhnt`ie

>000 7===

a`la biw a`la biw

>7. Nbsi `ehbucjc `e tajsjkjjt`els wjrj taj FiurtaK`e`stjr`nb Hiefjrjehj if taj\irbc Srncj Irlne`znt`ie ajbc`e Cian `e 7==>, wa`ha sjt nejw cjvjbipkjet nljecn `erjhile`t`ie if taj ejjc firspjh`nb jffirts ti gj kncj ti`etjlrntj cjvjbip`el nec, `epnrt`hubnr, taj bjnst cjvjbipjchiuetr`js `e taj lbignb jhieiky(\irbc Srncj Irlne`znt`ie,7==>).

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ubt`kntj nec etjr`k tnrljts ti nha`jvj tantsnkj linb, wa`bj itajrs, `ehbuc`el Hnencn,Onpne, Ejtajrbnecs nec Eirwny, anvj pbjcljcs`le`f`hnet ehrjnsjs e taj`r nss`stnehj fir gns`hjcuhnt`ie. Ejw suppirt ans nbsi gjjehikk`ttjc fir Nfr`hn `e taj hietjxt if taj L1Nfr`hn Nht`ie ]bne `e rjspiesj ti EJ]NC.

Aiw ci tajsj hikk`tkjets kjnsurj up ti tajf`eneh`nb hanbbjelj fnhjc gy cjvjbip`el hiuetr`jsnttjkpt`el ti nha`jvj taj Cndnr linbs9 Sa`squjst`ie rn`sjs taj knttjr if aiw ti `etjrprjt tajhikk`tkjets sukknr`zjc e taj tngbj. Sajjxtjet ti wa`ha taj c`ffjrjet uecjrtnd`els if

g`bntjrnb nljeh`js nrj, ir nrj eit `ehirpirntjc `eJZ ir L1 pbjcljs `s eit jet`rjby hbjnr. Eir `s tajnvn`bngbj cihukjetnt`ie frik taj nljeh`js ifkuha ajbp `e hbnr`fy`el ta`s. Saj ZX$>7 g`bb`ienppjnrs ti hikpr`sj taj hikk`tkjets kncj gytaj JZ (ZX$< g`bb`ie) nec ZX (ZX$: g`bb`ie).Aiwjvjr, ta`s ehirpirntjs n`c frik sikj JZhiuetr`js tant nrj eit `ec`v`cunb kjkgjrs if L1.Kirjivjr, Hnencn nec Onpne, ej`tajr if wa`hanrj kjkgjr if JZ, nrj nbsi sugstnet`nb priv`cjrsif n`c. Gj tant ns `t kny, wjrj taj suk if ZX$>7g`bb`ie ti gj spjet `e taj snkj pnttjre ns taj

hurrjet nvjrnlj nhriss nbb sjhtirs, ZX$> g`bb`iewiubc gj kncj nvn`bngbj ti taj jcuhnt`ie sjhtir,if wa`ha ZX$=.8 g`bb`ie wiubc gj nbbihntjc ti‑gns`h‐ jcuhnt`ie.

@e ncc`t`ie ti taj ngivj, tajrj nrj b`djby ti gjncc`t`ienb `ehrjnsjs if titnb n`c nec/ir suppirt tigns`h jcuhnt`ie frik Juripjne eie-JZ stntjs ‘Eirwny nec Xw`tzjrbnec ‘ nec frik itajr eie-L1 hiuetr`js suha ns Nustrnb`n nec Ejw _jnbnec.L`vje taj s`zj if taj`r jx`st`el prilrnkkjs `tsjjks ueb`djby tant tajsj wiubc tiljtajrnkiuet ti kirj tane ZX$=.> g`bb`ie pjr yjnr `esuppirt if taj JFN linbs.

Aiwjvjr, kuha kirj sugstnet`nb ncc`t`ienbpbjcljs nrj `ec`hntjc frik Onpne, wa`ha `s`ehrjns`el `ts n`c ti jcuhnt`ie gy ZX$=.3 g`bb`ie,sjpnrntj frik ts L1 hikk`tkjets.Furtajrkirj, taj \irbc Gned ans `ec`hntjc ne`etjet`ie ti `ehrjnsj @CN suppirt ti gns`hjcuhnt`ie gy up ti ZX$=.< g`bb`ie neeunbby.

@t sjjks, taje, tant `e ncc`t`ie ti wantjvjr `s`kpb`jc gy taj L1 hikk`tkjet, ngiut ZX$>.7g`bb`ie ncc`t`ienb neeunb nss`stnehj wns pbjcljc

cur`el 7==7 ti suppirt gns`h jcuhnt`ie gy taj\irbc Gned, Onpne nec taj eie-JZ JuripjneXtntjs. @e ircjr ti gr`clj taj neeunb f`eneh`ellnp if up ti ZX$:.6 g`bb`ie net`h`pntjc `e Hanptjr3, npprix`kntjby ZX$3.3 g`bb`ie if taj ncc`t`ienbL1 pbjcljs wiubc ejjc ti gj nccjc ti ta`s tikjjt taj Z]J nec ljecjr linbs `e 7=>:. Ns`ec`hntjc jnrb`jr, taj hists if kjjt`el taj jnrbyha`bcaiic, ncubt b`tjrnhy nec b`fj-sd`bbs linbs anvjeit gjje `ehbucjc `e tajsj f`lurjs. Jvje si,ZX$3.3 g`bb`ie fir JFN `s vnstby kirj tane wiubcgj firtahik`el `f taj sjhtirnb c`str`gut`ie if tajZX$>7 g`bb`ie wjrj nbbihntjc `e n s`k`bnr fnsa`ie

ti taj jx`st`el pnttjre if suppirt. @t `s nbsihies`cjrngby kirj tane taj jxtrn ZX$> g`bb`ie ifsuppirt fir gns`h jcuhnt`ie frik JZ tant `ssulljstjc gy taj k`ccbj hibuke if taj tngbj.

A@]H cjgt rjb`jf fuec`el wns ne `kpirtnetsiurhj if ncc`t`ienb f`enehj fir jcuhnt`ie etwjety-s`x hiuetr`js e 7==7. Nbtaiula jst`kntjsvnry `t sjjks tant nvjrnlj cjgt rjb`jf uecjr ta`sprilrnkkj ivjr taj pjr`ic 7==>‘7==: w`bbnkiuet ti nriuec ZX$> g`bb`ie pjr yjnr, if wa`hanpprix`kntjby 3=% saiubc gj nvn`bngbj firjcuhnt`ie spjec`el. (\irbc Gned 7==7h 4 @KF

7==7). Ie taj itajr anec, s`ehj kney if tajsjhiuetr`js wiubc itajrw`sj gj `e cjfnubt, `t `suehbjnr want pripirt`ie if tajsj fuecsrjprjsjets ljeu`ej ejw rjsiurhjs ti taj ent`ieshiehjrejc, f eit ti taj`r jcuhnt`ie sjhtirs.

Saj ieby itajr siurhj if nvn`bngbj n`c suppirtwiubc gj n rjc`rjht`ie if jx`st`el jcuhnt`ienb n`cti itajr sugsjhtirs. Ns taj jnrb`jr sjht`ies ifta`s hanptjr saiwjc, ta`s nkiuetjc ti sikjZX$8.8 g`bb`ie `e 7=== (Sngbj :.<), kist if wa`hair`l`entjc frik g`bntjrnb siurhjs. @t sjjks ti gjne ejshnpngbj hiehbus`ie, taje, tant tajf`eneh`el if JFN w`bb eit ieby rjqu`rj strielpib`hy rjfirk `e taj hiuetr`js wa`ha nrj hurrjetbyfnr frik taj linbs, gut nbsi n vjry s`le`f`hnet`ehrjnsj e taj pripisjc bjvjbs if jxtjrenbf`enehj fir jcuhnt`ie tiljtajr w`ta sikj furtajrrjc`rjht`ie if g`bntjrnb nss`stnehj tiwnrcs JFN(nec nwny frik itajr jcuhnt`ie sugsjhtirs), `etaisj nec itajr hiuetr`js. Sa`s rjprjsjets n vjryhanbbjel`el nljecn fir nbb pnrt`js ti tajpnrtejrsa`p.

7 = =JFN Lbignb

Kie`tir`el Wjpirt

Saj hists ifkjjt`el taj jnrbyha`bcaiic, ncubtb`tjrnhy nec b`fj-sd`bbs linbs anvjeit gjje `ehbucjc`e neyiej‐sf`lurjs.

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@e sukknry, jcuhnt`ie `s kn`etn`e`el `ts pbnhjnt taj hjetrj if taj etjrent`ienb cjvjbipkjetnljecn nec taj pbjcljs kncj s`ehj Cndnrrjprjsjet ne `kpirtnet rjhief`rknt`ie if ta`sfnht. Saj a`la cjlrjj if nttjet`ie pn`c tiue`vjrsnb pr`knry jcuhnt`ie s oust`f`ngbj gjhnusjif `ts hjetrnb`ty ti taj Cndnr nljecn nec `ts hbjnrrjqu`rjkjet fir jxtjes`vj nec jffjht`vj jxtjrenb

suppirt. Aiwjvjr, ta`s ans nt bjnst twi`kpb`hnt`ies? f`rst, taj f`eneh`nb pbjcljs fnr frikhivjr taj f`eneh`el ejjcjc ti pny nttjet`ie ti tajfubb Cndnr nljecn4 sjhiec, taj sairt-tjrksuppirt fir ue`vjrsnb pr`knry jcuhnt`ie `scjs`lejc sikjwant `e `sibnt`ie frik taj bieljr-tjrk cjvjbipkjets ejjcjc fir systjk`h rjfirk.Zebjss n kjc`uk- ti biel-tjrk pjrspjht`vj `snciptjc, ta`s w`bb b`k`t taj hnpnh`ty iflivjrekjets ti pbne fbjx`gby. Sajrjfirj, taj FS@cijs eit nkiuet ti taj grincjr Lbignb @e`t`nt`vjrjqujstjc e taj Cndnr Frnkjwird fir Nht`ie.Furtajr, `t r`sds gj`el cik`entjc gy taj hiehjres

if n k`eir`ty if taj hirj pnrtejrs, rntajr tanerjfbjht`el taj ‑hies`stjet, hiirc`entjc, hiajrjetwird‐ (ZEJXHI, 7===n, pnrn. ><) sjje nsjssjet`nb gy taj \irbc Jcuhnt`ie Firuk.

<1

Hanptjr :

Kjjt`el `etjrent `ienb hikk`tkjets? taj rjspiesj ti Cndnr

Jcuhnt`ie `skn`etn`e`el `ts

pbnhj nt tajhjetrj if taj`etjrent`ienbcjvjbipkjet

nljecn.

Sngbj :.0. Hikpnr`sie if Fnst-Srnhd @e`t`nt`vj nec itajr biw EJW hiuetr`js? djy jcuhnt`ie nec cjvjbipkjet `ec`hntirs

Fnst-Srnhd Wjsjrvj Fnst-Srnhd Itajr Biw EJW SitnbVnr`ngbjs

Eitj? Hiuetry lriups nrj ns fibbiws?

Fnst-Srnhd @e`t`nt`vj hiuetr`js? Nbgne`n, Gib`v`n, Gurd`en Fnsi, Jta`ip`n, Lnkg`n, Lanen, Lu`ejn, Luynen, Aiecurns, Knur`tne`n, Kiznkg`quj, E`hnrnlun, E`ljr, Zlnecn, Ze`tjc Wjpugb`h ifSnezne`n, V`jt Enk, Pjkje, _nkg`n

Wjsjrvj Fnst-Srnhd hiuetr`js? Gnelbncjsa, Cjkihrnt`h Wjpugb`h if taj Hieli, @ec`n, E`ljr`n, ]nd`stne

Itajr biw EJW hiuetr`js? Gautne, Guruec`, Hjetrnb Nfr`hne Wjpugb`h, Hanc, Hikiris, Hótj c‐@vi`rj, Co`giut`, Jr`trjn, An`t`, @sbnk`h Wjpugb`h if @rne, Bjsitai, Kncnlnshnr, Knb`, Ikne,

Pulisbnv`nXiurhj? Sngbjs :.7. nec :.>=.

Eukgjr if hiuetr`js]ipubnt`ie (===) >000Nvjrnlj LE] pjr hnp`tn, hurrjet ZX$ >000

Nvjrnlj LE] pjr hnp`tn ]]] >000Nvjrnlj ncubt `bb`tjrnhy rntj (>:+) 7===Eukgjr if `bb`tjrntjs (>:+) ‑(===) 7===Nvjrnlj LJW >000Nvjrnlj EJW >000Jst`kntjc iut-if-shaiib ha`bcrje (===) >000/7===Nvjrnlj pugb`h jxpjec`turj ie pr`knry jcuhnt`ie ns n pjrhjetnljif titnb pugb`h jxpjec`turj ie jcuhnt`ie (bntjst frik >00<‘00)

Nvjrnlj pugb`h hurrjet jxpjec`turj `e pr`knry jcuhnt`ie nsn pjrhjetnlj if LE] (bntjst frik >006‘00)

>1 : >: 818>6186.> >37:7:>.0 >:107<.7 >0=>=>:.>

3<=.= 8<7.: 81>.1 378.>

7176.= >:<:.= 7=>=.= 78=>.181.1 36.1 38.3 3>.<

:171=.7 3>6<0<.0 878:>.8 :=<370.318.6 13.0 <:.: 1=.66<.7 6>.1 :3.1 6>.8

0863.7 e.n. 63=8.0 >:<61.>

::.7 3:.6 3:.8 30.6

7.8 >.7 7.8 7.>

@etjrent`ienb hiirc`ent`ie

Saj \irbc Jcuhnt`ie Firuk knecntjc ZEJXHIti pbny n bjnc`el ribj `e sustn`e`el `etjrent`ienbsuppirt fir JFN nec prikit`el gjttjrhiirc`ent`ie if taj lbignb jffirt ti nha`jvj tajCndnr linbs. @e ci`el si, `t sjt ciwe gita ntjhae`hnb nec n pib`t`hnb hanbbjelj. Aiwjvjr,

`t nbsi priv`cjc ZEJXHI w`ta ne `kpirtnetippirtue`ty ti cjkiestrntj etjrent`ienbbjncjrsa`p nt n hr`t`hnb pi`et `e taj lbignb jffirtti rjnb`zj taj r`lat ti jcuhnt`ie nec jb`k`entjpivjrty.

Ns ta`s Wjpirt cjkiestrntjs, ZEJXHI `s nht`vj`e prikit`el taj `kpirtnehj if liic cntn firjffjht`vj pib`hy tariula taj ZEJXHI @est`tutj firXtnt`st`hs, e jehiurnl`el taj cjvjbipkjet ifJFN ]bnes, e jstngb`sa`el nec hietr`gut`el tiFbnlsa`p ]rilrnkkjs, nec `e l`v`el pr`ir`ty tigns`h jcuhnt`ie `e `ts rjlubnr prilrnkkjs. @t ans

nbsi ajbpjc stnrt taj cjvjbipkjet if ne JFNnljecn `e Juripj (Gix :.>). @e tajsj wnys,ZEJXHI `s `efus`el JFN tariulaiut `tseirknt`vj nec tjhae`hnb fueht`ies e n c`rjhtrjspiesj ti Cndnr (ZEJXHI, 7===n, pnrn. 7=).

Aiwjvjr, ZEJXHI `s f`ec`el itajr nspjhts if `ts`etjrent`ienb ribj kirj hanbbjel`el. Sa`s s pnrtbygjhnusj taj igojht`vjs if jxjrh`s`el knoir`efbujehj ie taj wirbc‐s pib`t`hnb bjncjrs nec ifkig`b`z`el s`le`f`hnet `etjrent`ienb rjsiurhjs firJFN nrj `etr`es`hnbby c`ff`hubt ti nha`jvj.

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Ejvjrtajbjss, ivjr taj pjr`ic 7===‘7==7,ZEJXHI‐s `etjrprjtnt`ie if `ts knecntj wnshiesjrvnt`vj, w`ta ne jkpans`s ie fnh`b`tnt`elc`nbiluj nec prikit`el pnrtejrsa`ps, rntajrtane nttjkpt`el ti priv`cj striel etjrent`ienbbjncjrsa`p. ]nrtejrsa ps nec nbb`nehjs nrj`kpirtnet, gut `e taj hietjxt if taj `etjrent`ienbjvjets iutb`ejc ngivj, ZEJXHI ans anc tajippirtue`ty ti gj kirj ipjeby prinht`vj `enenbys`el nec nrlu`el taj hnsj fir lbignb nht`ie`e suppirt if JFN.

ZEJXHI nrrneljc fir taj A`la-Bjvjb Lriup tikjjt tw`hj ‘ `e ]nr`s `e 7==> nec Nguon `e 7==7.

Nt taj 7==> kjjt`el, ZEJXHI wns nsdjc tifnh`b`tntj taj cjvjbipkjet if n hikprjajes`vjstrntjly fir JFN (ZEJXHI 7==> l). Sa`s wnsprjpnrjc nec prjsjetjc ti taj JFN \ird`elLriup `e Ouby 7==7 (ZEJXHI 7==7g>6). ZEJXHIcjshr`gjs taj strntjly ns n rjfjrjehj lu`cj titaj jssjet`nb jbjkjets if JFN nec ti tajcjf`e`t`ie if nrjns if pitjet`nb kutunb suppirt.Saj strntjly nppjnrs ti gj hiehj`vjc ns n grincfrnkjwird fir uecjrstnec`el, rntajr tane ns nenljecn fir etjrent`ienb nht`ie.

Gita `e taj A`la-Bjvjb Lriup nec `e taj tarjj

kjjt`els if taj \ird`el Lriup ie Jcuhnt`ie firnbb, ZEJXHI ans gjje k`ecfub if taj `kpirtnehjif grinc ljilrnpa`hnb rjprjsjetnt`ie nec tajejjc ti `evibvj h`v`b sih`jty irlne`znt`ies. @t anstjecjc ti crnw ie pib`t`h`nes nec ie jxpjrt`sjfrik w`ta`e taj jcuhnt`ie sjhtir nec, `e taj hnsjif taj \ird`el Lriup, ie taj sjrv`hjs if iff`h`nbshnrry`el bjss pib`t`hnb nutair`ty nec wj`lat. Sa`s`s ne uecjrstnecngbj npprinha fir ZEJXHI,l`vje `ts rjspies`g`b`t`js ti `ts Kjkgjr Xtntjs,gut `t `s qujst`iengbj wajtajr ta`s wny ifwird`el w`bb priv`cj taj urljehy nec taj pib`t`hnbhikk`tkjet ir taj nht`ie tant taj Cndnrnlrjjkjets cjknec. Sajrj hbjnrby `s n pbnhjfir sanr`el efirknt`ie nec gu`bc`el nbb`nehjs.Gut ta`s w`bb eit ejhjssnr`by bjnc ti `ehrjnsjc`efbujehj ie taj wirbc‐s pib`t`hnb neccjvjbipkjet hikkue`ty.

ZEJXHI ans pbnyjc `ts pnrt `e taj cjvjbipkjetif taj FS@ nec taj L1 Jcuhnt`ie Snsd Firhj. @tans hrjntjc taj Cndnr Fibbiw Zp Ze`t `eZEJXHI‐s Jcuhnt`ie Xjhtir ti knenlj JFN-rjbntjc hiesubtnt`ies. Ie gjanbf if taj`etjrent`ienb hikkue`ty, t ans fnh`b`tntjc tajcjvjbipkjet if taj ecjpjecjet Lbignb JFNKie`tir`el Wjpirt. Wjhjetby, t wns suhhjssfub eprikit`el JFN nt taj \irbc Xukk`t ieXustn`engbj Cjvjbipkjet. Aiwjvjr, `e ircjr firZEJXHI ti pbny n truby `efbujet`nb `etjrent`ienbribj `t ejjcs ti gj gjttjr rjsiurhjc, `e wnys tantanrejss gita striel tjhae`hnb hnpng`b`ty necnutair`tnt`vj pib`hy nenbys`s. @e-aiusj hnpnh`ty `sejjcjc ti nenbysj `etjrent`ienb cjvjbipkjets,hanel`el n`c kicnb`t`js nec rjqu`rjkjets, nechikpnrnt`vj jxpjr`jehj if jcuhnt`ie pib`hytrjecs nhriss taj wirbc.

7 = =JFN Lbignb

Kie`tir`el Wjpirt

>6. ZEJXHI, Ne @etjrent`ienbXtrntjly ti Ipjrnt`ienb`zj tajCndnr Frnkjwird fir Nht`ie,]nr`s, ZEJXHI, 7==7g.

ZEJXHI ans suppirtjc n eukgjr if `e`t`nt`vjs n`kjc nt pugb`h`z`el taj s`xCndnr linbs nec taj`r `kpb`hnt`ies fir jcuhnt`ienb cjvjbipkjet `e Juripj.JFN Firuks anvj gjje jstngb`sajc nec ent`ienb pbnes anvj gjje cjvjbipjc.N hikkie tajkj `s taj ejjc fir Juripjne hiuetr`js ti priv`cj jcuhnt`ie firknrl`enb`zjc nec c`sncvnetnljc lriups. @e`t`nt`vjs anvj strjthajc frik Gjbnrus,Gublnr`n, Ljirl`n, Kibcivn, Wuss`n, Xiuta Hnuhnsus, Zdrn`ej ti taj Gnbt`hXtntjs, Eirc`h hiuetr`js nec taj Ze`tjc D`elcik.

Saj Ze`tjc D`elcik Ent`ienb Hikk`ss`ie fir ZEJXHI `s irlne`z`el s`xhiefjrjehjs nec sjk`enrs, jnha b`edjc ti iej if taj s`x JFN linbs. Sajigojht`vjs if taj sjr`js nrj ti l`vj ne ivjrv`jw if prilrjss wirbcw`cj nec `e tajZe`tjc D`elcik tiwnrcs nha`jvjkjet if taj linbs nec ti hies`cjr taj kn`eigstnhbjs nec `cjet`fy wnys `e wa`ha rjbjvnet Ze`tjc D`elcik jxpjr`jehj hnesuppirt nha`jvjkjet if taj linbs.

Saj Gnbt`h Xtntjs nec taj Eirc`h hiuetr`js anvj kncj pnrt`hubnr jffirts ticjvjbip kutunbby suppirt`vj jffirts ent`ienbby, rjl`ienbby nec `etjrent`ienbby.N sug-rjl`ienb hiefjrjehj ie Jcuhnt`ie fir Nbb `e taj Gnbt`h Xjn Hiuetr`js wnsajbc `e W`ln frik 73‘7< Oneunry 7==7, w`ta pnrt`h`pnt`ie frik Cjeknrd, Jstie`n,F`ebnec, Ljrkney, @hjbnec, Bntv`n, B`taune`n, Eirwny, ]ibnec nec Xwjcje necw`ta igsjrvjrs frik Gjbnrus nec taj Ze`tjc D`elcik. Saj Hiefjrjehj wnsirlne`zjc gy taj K`e`stry if Jcuhnt`ie nec Xh`jehj if taj Wjpugb`h if Bntv`n nectaj Bntv`ne Ent`ienb Hikk`ss`ie fir ZEJXHI, `e hbisj hiipjrnt`ie w`ta tajZEJXHI Xjhrjtnr`nt `e ]nr`s, taj Bntv`ne Ent`ienb Hikk`ttjj fir ZE@HJF,ZEC] Bntv`n, taj \irbc Gned K`ss`ie `e Bntv`n nec taj Bntv`ne Ncubt Jcuhnt`ieNssih`nt`ie.

Saj kjjt`el nlrjjc tant taj igojht`vjs if taj Cndnr Frnkjwird fir Nht`iepriv`cjc c`rjht`ie fir jcuhnt`ienb cjvjbipkjet `e taj `ec`v`cunb hiuetr`js,pnrt`hubnrby hiehjre`el jcuhnt`ienb qunb`ty nec gns`h jcuhnt`ie ns tajfiuecnt`ie fir b`fjbiel bjnre`el. @t nbsi rjhile`zjc tant grinc h`v`h pnrt`h`pnt`ie`e c`shuss`ies tariula taj `est`tut`ie if Ent`ienb Jcuhnt`ie Firuks, ir s`k`bnrgic`js, `s hr`t`hnb ti jesurj n liic qunb`ty if jcuhnt`ie fir nbb. Ne `efirknb JFNHiirc`ent`ie \ird`el Lriup hikpisjc if rjprjsjetnt`vjs frik Bntv`n, B`taune`nnec Xwjcje wns firkjc ti tndj taj wird firwnrc.

Gix :.>. Jcuhnt`ie fir nbb `e Juripj

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Fnst-Srnhd hiuetr`js

Nbgne`nGib`v`nGurd`en FnsiJta`ip`nLnkg`nLanenLu`ejnLuynenAiecurns

Knur`tne`nKiznkg`qujE`hnrnlunE`ljrZlnecnZe`tjc Wjpugb`h if Snezne`nV`jt EnkPjkje_nkg`n

Wjsjrvj Fnst-Srnhd Hiuetry

GnelbncjsaCjk.Wjp. if taj Hieli@ec`nE`ljr`n

]nd`stneItajr biw EJW Hiuetry

GautneGuruec`Hjetrnb Nfr`hne Wjpugb`hHancHikirisHótj c‐@vi`rjCo`giut`Jr`trjnAn`t`@rne, @sbnk`h Wjp. ifBjsitaiKncnlnshnrKnb`IknePulisbnv`n

17

Hanptjr :

Kjjt`el `etjrent `ienb hikk`tkjets? taj rjspiesj ti Cndnr

8>8> 08= 88== >:.8 >=0.7 >==.= 8.> … …1>37 01= 78>= >3.6 >>:.6 00.> >>.7 <>.1 7.8

>>736 78= 73<= <6.> 37.0 83.6 >701.7 :0.< >.66>811 >== >3>= 6=.0 <=.1 1<.8 … … 3>76< … 33= 68.3 <:.> 60.1 :6.= 3=.0 7

>1108 80= … 71.3 1<.< … … 66.< 7.61=7> 30= 118= … :8.: 30.= 637.8 7<.0 7

<:< 16= 863= >.: 11.8 3=.= … … :67:1 <1= 770= 7:.= 0<.8 1:.< … 8<.> >.1

7:17 80= >:<= :0.1 13.8 68.= … 33.6 >.3><086 77= … :6.= 1:.3 :=.> >787.7 … …3081 80= 7=== 88.: >=3.3 <0.3 >68.1 <3.> 7.7

>=3:: >0= … 13.= 87.3 7>.7 >3=1.3 … >.3776>> 8>= … 88.= >3=.0 1<.8 … 67 78371: … … 7:.= 68.= 36.< 8:37.6 6:.7 >.:<<>>1 … … <.: >=<.< 06.8 837.6 8:.1 >><67= … … :8.6 61.= … … 1= 3.3>=>1< 87= … 7>.1 <1.< 66.3 668.0 :>.3 >.3

>83:13 8:= >:== 6=.= 06.: 1>.3 … 37.< >.730:1> … <<= 81.6 6=.< :1.< … … …

007616 33= 773= 37.1 >==.0 <>.> … 8<.> >.>>>=13: 7:= … 86.= <=.8 8:.0 … … >

>8<::6 3:= ><0= :6.1 06.= … … :< >.8

7=70 :<= >86= … <>.0 :7.0 … 6>.> >.167:: >7= … :7.= 67.: 33.: 68>.< 8<.8 7.<8630 71= <:= :8.8 6=.: 37.8 … :< >.><63> 7>= 0=0= :<.3 <=.8 :6.6 :63.> 8<.: >

61: 3== <0= 33.> 18.1 :3.1 :=.3 ><.3 =.:>:61: … <:= :>.3 <6.0 :1.3 >=1>.= :0.: 3.0

6>< 1:= … 8:.3 86.0 8=.6 <>.< 6:.0 7.78:73 7== … 33.8 6>.7 3=.8 711.3 36.1 7.>1=>6 30= >3:= :=.7 >76.= 16.1 … 81.8 =.<

60733 … … 73.= 1<.6 <3.6 7801.0 83.3 7.:7==1 :0= >><= >6.6 >=8.: :1.: >36.3 3>.6 1

>::>7 7:= <7= 88.: >=>.1 66.3 <70.8 8<.1 =.1>>=80 73= … <3.3 :=.= 80.0 … 61.> >.073:< … … 71.8 <8.8 6:.> >:=.: 8>.6 >.8

>=:6< … … … 6:.0 :=.6 70>.: … …

EJW >000LJW >000

Ncubt`bb`tjrnhy

rntj(>:+) 7===

LE]pjr hnp`tn]]] >000

LE]pjr hnp`tn(hurrjet

ZX$ >000)

]ipubnt`ie(===)>000

Hiuetry

Jst`kntjciut-if-shaiib

ha`bcrje(===)

>000/7===

Sngbj :.>=. Hikpnr`sie if Fnst-Srnhd nec itajr biw EJW hiuetr`js? djy jcuhnt`ie nec cjvjbipkjet `ec`hntirs

Xiurhj? Neejx, Sngbj >, (f`rst sjvje hibukes)4 ZEJXHI, 7===g (bnst twi hibukes).

]ugb`h jxpjec`turjie pr`knry jcuhnt`ie

ns % if titnb pugb`hjxpjec`turj ie jcuhnt`ie

(Bntjst frik >00<‘00)

]ugb`h hurrjetjxpjec`turj `e pr`knryjcuhnt`ie ns % if LE](Bntjst frik >006‘00)

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7 = =JFN Lbignb

Kie`tir`el Wjpirt

Sngbj :.>>. JFN Fbnlsa`p ]rilrnkkjs

Jstngb`sa/rj`efirhjknhri-pib`hystruhturj if jnrby

ha`bcaiic hnrj necjcuhnt`ie `e sjbjhtjctnrljt hiuetr`js.Jstngb`sa rjl`ienbpib`hy firuks firent`ienb pib`hy-kndjrs nec cjh`s`ie-kndjrs.

Wj`efirhj efirknt`ieknenljkjet necejtwird`el `e jnrbyha`bcaiic pib`hy necprnht`hjs.

Jehiurnlj necfnh`b`tntj strntjl`hnht`ie ie l`rbs‐jcuhnt`ie gy gu`bc`elpib`t`hnb nec rjsiurhjhikk`tkjets, jec`eltaj ljecjr lnp,jec`el ljecjr g`nsnec c`shr`k`ent`iew`ta`e jcuhnt`iesystjks, ajbp`ell`rbs‐ jcuhnt`ie `ehr`s`s, hiefb`ht necpist-hiefb`hts`tunt`ies, necjb`k`ent`el `elrn`ejcljecjr g`ns tantb`k`ts taj cjknec firl`rbs‐ jcuhnt`ie.

Xuppirt jx`st`elnljeh`js nec`e`t`nt`vjs tariula tajpriv`s`ie nec sanr`elif `efirknt`ie,bjnre`el kntjr`nbs,

lu`cjb`ejs nectrn`e`el ippirtue`t`js.

Hnsj stuc`js ie hiuetr`js tant anvj cjvjbipjc JHC strntjl`jsns pnrt if taj`r ent`ienb JFN pbnes.

Hikp`b`el nec nenbyz`el rjsjnrha stuc`js tant cjkiestrntj tajpis`t`vj `kpnht (gita qunet`tnt`vj nec qunb`tnt`vj) if JHC iegrincjr JFN linbs. ]`bit prilrnkkj ie taj f`eneh`el if jnrbyha`bcaiic jcuhnt`ie.@kprivjkjet if jx`st`el nec cjvjbipkjet if gjttjr JHHC`ec`hntirs.

Cjvjbipkjet if ne JHC Fbnlsa`p wjgs`tj.

Nha`jvjkjet ti cntj? Ieli`el nht`v`t`js.

Ncvihnhy nec lbignb nht`ie? gy gr`el`el taj `ssuj if l`rbs‐jcuhnt`ie ti taj nljecn if vnr`ius `etjrent`ienb kjjt`els nechiefjrjehjs.Xuppirt ti hiuetr`js? tnd`el nht`ie ti prikitj l`rbs‐ jcuhnt`ie-rjbntjc hietjet if HHNs nec ZECNFs (j.l. cjvjbipkjet nec`etricuht`ie if n ‑anecs-ie hb`e`h‐ ie taj KCLs nec taj`rnppb`hnt`ie tariula taj HHN-ZECNF prihjss `e taj @ecuht`ie]rilrnkkj fir Wjs`cjet Hiirc`entirs nec n trn`e`el kicubj iel`rbs‐ jcuhnt`ie ns `t rjbntjs ti Ze`tjc Ent`ies hiuetry tjnksnec taj`r wird).]nrtejrsa`p gu`bc`el `e ircjr ti jesurj taj kn`estrjnk`el ifL`rb‐s Jcuhnt`ie `ssujs `eti taj itajr `etjr-nljehy `e`t`nt`vjs.

Cjvjbipkjet if n suppirt`vj jev`riekjet fir hiuetry wird?Irlne`znt`ie if kjjt`els w`ta g`bntjrnbs `e ircjr ti strjeltajetaj lbignb hinb`t`ie fir l`rbs‐ jcuhnt`ie. @cjet`f`hnt`ie if hnpnh`tyfir c`ffjrjet sugstnet`vj hikpiejets if l`rbs‐ jcuhnt`ie. ]ist`elif jxnkpbjs if liic prnht`hj ie CjvB`ed wjgs`tj.Nha`jvjkjets ti cntj?

Saj Ze`tjc Ent`ies Xjhrjtnry-Ljejrnb‐s nec itajr a`la-bjvjb`etjrent`ienb iff`h`nbs‐ hikk`tkjet ti prikit`el l`rbs‐jcuhnt`ie.

@ehrjnsj `e eukgjr if rjqujsts fir `efirknt`ie necprjsjetnt`ies ie [email protected]`x hiuetr`js (frik sug-Xna. Nfr`hn, X. Ns`n nec taj NrngXtntjs) jxprjssjc `etjrjst `e pnrt`h`pnt`el `e taj @e`t`nt`vj, necwird`el nht`vjby ie `kpriv`el taj s`tunt`ie if l`rbs‐ jcuhnt`ie.X`le`f`hnet stjps tiwnrcs `ehbuc`el L`rbs‐ Jcuhnt`ie `e tajnljecn if ZE@HJF, \F], ZEAHW, \F], ZEJXHI, Saj \irbcGned, ZEF]N, @BI, CJXN.Ljecjr `ssujs kn`estrjnkjc `e taj wird nec kntjr`nbscjvjbipjc gy taj @etjr-Nljehy Ejtwird ie Jcuhnt`ie `eJkjrljeh`js.

@efirknt`ie/jxpjr`jehj sanr`el nec rjsjnrha? prikit`ie iflrjntjr cieir uecjrstnec`el if jcuhnt`ie `e jkjrljeh`js,ncvihnhy fir jcuhnt`ie ti gj `ehbucjc `e jkjrljehy rjspiesj,ncvihnhy fir ljecjr `ssujs ti gj tndje `eti nhhiuet `ejkjrljehy jcuhnt`ie `e`t`nt`vjs, cjvjbipkjet if hiesjesunblu`cjb`ejs ie jcuhnt`ie `e jkjrljeh`js.

Xjes`t`znt`ie, ncvihnhy.Srn`e`el nec hnpnh`ty gu`bc`el.

Nha`jvjkjets ti cntj?Sjnha`el nec bjnre`el rjsiurhjs ns wjbb ns cihukjetjc gjstprnht`hjs kncj nvn`bngbj ie taj wjgs`tj if taj @etjr-NljehyEjtwird fir Jcuhnt`ie `e Jkjrljeh`js (@EJJ).Hikprjajes`vj v`s`ie if jcuhnt`ienb ejjcs nciptjc `e tajJFN Nht`ie pbnes if hiuetr`js `e jkjrljehy, hr`s`s necrjhiestruht`ie.

S`tbj ]nrtejrs Linbs Xtrntjl`js Nht`v`t`js nec nha`jvjkjets

Hietr`gutj ti nbbjv`nt`elpivjrty gy priv`c`elha`bcrje, pnrt`hubnrby

taisj `e c`sncvnetnljcs`tunt`ies, w`ta jnrbybjnre`el ippirtue`t`js sitant tajy lriw up ajnbtay,suhhjjc `e bjnre`el `eshaiib nec gjhikjhikpjtjet nec pricuht`vjkjkgjrs if sih`jty.

Hietr`gutj ti tajjb`k`ent`ie if ljecjrc`shr`k`ent`ie nec ljecjrc`spnr`ty `e jcuhnt`iesystjks tariula nht`ie ntlbignb, ent`ienb, c`str`htnec hikkue`ty bjvjbs.

Nss`st Kjkgjr Xtntjs `es`tunt`ies if jkjrljehynec hr`s`s ti hipj w`tataj`r `kkjc`ntj jcuhnt`ieejjcs.

Saj Hiesubtnt`vjLriup ie JnrbyHa`bcaiic Hnrj nec

Cjvjbipkjet (HL ieJHHC) `ehbucjs,nkiel itajrs? NlnDane Fiuecnt`ie,Gjrenrc vne BjjrFiuecnt`ie, Har`st`neHa`bcrje‐s Fuec, @NCG,Xnvj taj Ha`bcrjeFiuecnt`ie (Ze`tjcXtntjs), ZE@HJF,ZEJXHI, ZXN@C,\irbc Gned, IJHC,Ze`tjc Ent`ies Fnk`byZe`t.

CN\/CJXN/ZE, CLI,@BI, IHAN, ZEN@CX,ZEC], ZEJXHI,ZEF]N, ZEAHW,ZE@HJF, ZE@FJK,\F], \AI, \irbcGned nec eie-livjrekjetnbirlne`znt`ies suha nstaj Firuk if Nfr`hne\ikjeJcuhnt`ienb`sts(FN\J).

ZEJXHI, ZEAHW,ZE@HJF, Eirwjl`neWjfuljj Hiueh`b,HNWJ @etjrent`ienb,Xnvj taj Ha`bcrjeNbb`nehj, itajr ELIs

nec g`bntjrnb nljeh`js.

Fbnlsa`p]rilrnkkj ieJnrby Ha`bcaiic

Wjl`ienbHnpnh`ty-Gu`bc`el@e`t`nt`vj(Hi-irc`entjc gyZE@HJF)

Ze`tjc Ent`iesL`rbs‐ Jcuhnt`ie@e`t`nt`vj (ZELJ@)

(Hiirc`entjc gyZE@HJF)

Saj @e`t`nt`vj ieJcuhnt`ie `eX`tunt`ies ifJkjrljehy necHr`s`s(Hiirc`entjc gy

ZE@HJF,ZEJXHI,ZEAHW, HNWJnec tajEirwjl`neWjfuljj Hiueh`b)

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7

=

=

KietirelWjpir

t

7

   ©   V   Z   /   G   j   r   t   r   n   e   c   C   j   s   p   r   j  z

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7 = =JFN Lbignb

Kie`tir`el Wjpirt

Saj JFN linbs nrj if fuecnkjetnb s`le`f`hnehj fircjvjbipkjet. Sa`s Wjpirt ans saiwe tant prilrjss ivjrtaj pnst tje yjnrs ans gjje k`xjc. Sajrj nrj kney hnsjsif hiuetr`js kiv`el stjnc`by tiwnrcs nha`jv`el taj linbs.

Gut tajrj nrj itajrs `e wa`ha rjtrilrjss`ie ans gjjeihhurr`el, gr`el`el rjnb tarjnts ti taj sustn`eng`b`ty iftaj cjvjbipkjet prihjss. Ejw rjspiesjs nrj ejjcjc `ftaj futurj `s ti gj ney c`ffjrjet. Nhhirc`elby, ta`s hanptjr`cjet`f`js sikj ippirtue`t`js fir ent`ienb nec`etjrent`ienb pib`hy hanelj. @t syetajs`zjs taj knoirtajkjs if taj Wjpirt, nec hikkjets ie sikj if tajdjy `ssujs tajy rn`sj.

Hanptjr 6

]rispjhts nec

ippirtue`t`js

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]rilrjssSa`s Wjpirt ans saiwe tant prilrjss tiwnrcstaj s`x Cndnr linbs `s `esuff`h`jet? taj wirbc `seit ie trnhd ti nha`jvj jcuhnt`ie fir nbb gy 7=>:.Sa`s oucljkjet `s gnsjc upie n eukgjr ifstrnecs if jv`cjehj. Saj f`rst if tajsj cjr`vjsfrik kjnsurngbj trjecs `e `ec`hntirs. @t w`bbgj rjhnbbjc tant tarjj if taj linbs ‘ ue`vjrsnbpr`knry jcuhnt`ie (Z]J), ljecjr jqunb`ty necb`tjrnhy ‘ hne prjsjetby gj kie`tirjcqunet`tnt`vjby. Ieby 18 hiuetr`js (nhhiuet`el fir oust ivjr iej-ta rc if taj wirbc‐s pipubnt`ie)

anvj nbrjncy nha`jvjc taj tarjj linbs ir anvj na`la hanehj if ci`el si gy 7=>: ie taj gns`s ifrjhjet trjecs. @e 38 hiuetr`js (w`ta 8<% if tajwirbc‐s pipubnt`ie), nt bjnst iej linb `s b`djbyti gj k`ssjc, wa`bj n furtajr 71 hiuetr`js (w`ta71% if taj wirbc‐s pipubnt`ie) nrj eit ie trnhdti nha`jvj ney if tajk. Swi-ta`rcs if taisj `e tajbnttjr hntjliry nrj e sug-Xnanrne Nfr`hn, guttajy nbsi `ehbucj @ec`n nec ]nd`stne.

If taj tarjj linbs, b`tjrnhy kist frjqujetby r`sdseit gj`el kjt? nt prjsjet rntjs if prilrjss,<0 hiuetr`js w`bb eit gj ngbj ti anbvj taj`r rntj

if ncubt `bb`tjrnhy gy 7=>:. Z]J `s ueb`djby ti gjrjnhajc `e :< hiuetr`js, 3> if wa`ha anvjrjhjetby jvje gjje kiv`el `e taj wrielc`rjht`ie. Saj pis`t`ie `s sb`latby gjttjr nsrjlnrcs taj ljecjr linbs, w`ta 16 hiuetr`jsanv`el nbrjncy nha`jvjc ljecjr pnr`ty `e pr`knryjeribkjets, nec n furtajr 86 hiuetr`js gj`elhbisj ti ci`el si. \`ta haneljs `e pib`hy ‘pnrt`hubnrby sjbjht`vj cjknec-s`cj f`eneh`el ‘jnha if taisj hiuetr`js ans n rjnsiengbj hanehjif nha`jv`el ljecjr pnr`ty gy 7==:. Aiwjvjr,tajrj nrj 8> hiuetr`js, n knoir`ty if wa`ha nrjbihntjc `e sug-Xnanrne Nfr`hn, wa`ha nrj nt a`lar`sd if eit nha`jv`el taj linb gy 7=>:. @e taisjhnsjs, jvje w`ta sanrp haneljs `e pib`hy, `t `svjry ueb`djby tant taj 7==: linb w`bb gj rjnhajc.

Saj b`st if kist vubejrngbj hiuetr`js hietn`esfjw surpr`sjs. Fir jxnkpbj, if taj 71 nt sjr`iusr`sd if eit nha`jv`el ney if taj linbs, 77 nrj nbsi`ehbucjc `e taj \irbc Gned‐s b`st if 3< ‑nt r`sd‐hiuetr`js (\irbc Gned, 7==7n). Aiwjvjr, tajrjnrj sikj uejxpjhtjc jetr`js `e taj b`st ifhiuetr`js sjbjhtjc fir taj Fnst-Srnhd @e`t`nt`vj.

Fir jxnkpbj, taj >1 Fnst-Srnhd hiuetr`js`ehbucj ieby 6 ‘ Gurd`en Fnsi, Jta`ip`n, Lu`ejn,Kiznkg`quj, E`ljr nec _nkg`n ‘ if taj71 hiuetr`js `cjet`f`jc `e Hanptjr 7 ns gj`el ntsjr`ius r`sd if eit nha`jv`el ney if taj tarjjqunet`f`ngbj linbs. Sajy nbsi `ehbucj : hiuetr`jswa`ha nrj nbrjncy ie trnhd tiwnrcs nha`jv`eltajk (Nbgne`n, Gib`v`n, Luynen, Aiecurns necV`jt Enk). Kney if taj jxhbucjc hiuetr`js anvjbiwjr ehikjs nec shaiib jeribkjets, nec anvjbjss hanehj if nha`jv`el taj linbs tane taisj `etaj Fnst-Srnhd lriup. @t fibbiws tant n pr`ir`tyrned`el gnsjc ie ejjc wiubc eit bjnc ti taj b`st

if hiuetr`js hurrjetby sjbjhtjc fir Fnst-Srnhdtrjntkjet.

]bnee`el

Sajrj `s n rnelj if jv`cjehj ngiut taj prihjssif nha`jv`el taj linbs. Ent`ienb pbnee`el ‘ iejif taj kist hr`t`hnb nspjhts if ta`s prihjss ‘ `suecjr wny, gut eit ns ue`vjrsnbby ns taj \irbcJcuhnt`ie Firuk `e Cndnr jxpjhtjc necrjqu`rjc. Iur efirknt`ie sulljsts tant ieby 77

spjh`nbby prjpnrjc JFN pbnes w`bb gj hikpbjtjcgy taj jec if 7==7. Aiwjvjr, tajrj nrj n liiceukgjr if itajr hiuetr`js wajrj ]ivjrtyWjcuht`ie Xtrntjly ]npjr (]WX]) prihjssjs anvjpricuhjc ejw cihukjets if sugstnehj. @e >: iftaj >6 fubb ]WX]s jxnk`ejc, jcuhnt`ie linbswjrj jxpb`h`tby `ehirpirntjc `e taj nenbys`s. Pjttajsj cihukjets usunbby fnbb wjbb sairt if ne`etjlrntjc pbne. Kney livjrekjets, if hiursj,anvj jx`st`el pbnee`el cihukjets tant nbrjncynccrjss nt bjnst sikj if taj Cndnr linbs. Kistif taj 3= hiuetr`js nssjssjc fir taj purpisjs ifta`s Kie`tir`el Wjpirt anc jcuhnt`ie pbnes ir

pib`hy pnpjrs, anbf if wa`ha (>1) spjh`f`hnbbynccrjssjc sikj ir nbb if taj JFN linbs.Aiwjvjr, nbb gut 3 if tajsj wjrj `e pbnhj pr`ir titaj \irbc Jcuhnt`ie Firuk `e Cndnr. Saus, wa`bjkney pbnee`el cihukjets nccrjss`el taj Linbsnrj nvn`bngbj, ieby n k`eir`ty if tajk `s n c`rjhtpricuht if taj Cndnr Frnkjwird. Furtajrkirj,sikj nccrjss ieby iej ir twi linbs (usunbby ntbjnst Z]J) sikjt`kjs w`taiut sjtt`el npnrt`hubnr cntj fir taj`r nha`jvjkjet.

11

Hanptjr 6

]rispjhts nec ippirtue ` t ` js

]rilrjsstiwnrcs taj s`xCndnr linbs `s

`esuff`h`jet? tajwirbc `s eit ie

trnhd ti nha`jvjjcuhnt`ie fir nbb

gy 7=>:.

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7

=

=

7

 

 K i e ` t i r ` e l

 W j p i r t

     ©     Z     E     J     X     H     I     /     V     `     c    n     b

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7 = =JFN Lbignb

Kie`tir`el Wjpirt 7 = =JFN Lbignb

Kie`tir`el Wjpirt

Sjhae`hnb `etricuht`ie  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >06

Xykgibs usjc `e taj tngbjs  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >06

Hikpis`t`ie if rjl`ies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >0<

SngbjsSngbj >. Gnhdlriuec stnt`st`hs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .>01

Sngbj 7. Ncubt b`tjrnhy (nlj >: nec ivjr) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7=6

Sngbj 8. Piuta b`tjrnhy (nlj >:-73) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7>3

Sngbj 3. Jnrby Ha`bcaiic Hnrj nec Jcuhntie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .777Sngbj :. Nhhjss ti pr`knry jcuhnt ie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .78=

Sngbj 6. ]nrt h`pnt ie e pr`knry jcuhnt`ie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .781

Sngbj <. ]nrt`h`pnt`ie `e sjhiecnry jcuhnt`ie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .736

Sngbj 1. Aukne rjsiurhjs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7:3

Sngbj 0. @etjrenb jff`h`jehy? rjpjt`t`ie rntjs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .767

Sngbj >=. @etjrenb jff`h`jehy? surv vnb rntjs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7<=

Sngbj >>. Jcuhnt`ie f`enehj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7<1

Sngbj >7. ]r`vntj jeribkjet  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .716

Sngbj >8. Iut-if-shaiib ha`bcrje . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .70=

Wjfjrjehjs  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 703

Lbissnry  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8=:

Nhrieyks  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8=1

Neejx

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Neejx

Sjhae`hnb `etricuht`ieSaj cntn ie pup`bs, stucjets, tjnhajrs necjcuhnt`ie jxpjec`turj prjsjetjc `e tajsj neejxtngbjs nrj gnsjc ie survjy rjsubts rjpirtjc titaj ZEJXHI @est`tutj fir Xtnt`st`hs (Z@X) fir tajshaiib yjnr >000/7===. Sa`s shaiib yjnr `ehbucjshiuetr`js w`ta n hnbjecnr shaiib yjnr if >000,nec taisj w`ta n shaiib yjnr strjtha`el frik>000 eti 7===. Sajsj jcuhnt`ie stnt`st`hs rjfjrti nbb firknb shaiibs `e taj hiuetry, `ehbuc`elgita pugb`h nec pr`vntj `est`tut`ies, gy bjvjbs ifjcuhnt`ie. Sajy nrj suppbjkjetjc gycjkilrnpa`h nec jhieik`h stnt`st`hs hibbjhtjcir pricuhjc gy itajr `etjrent`ienb irlne`znt`ies,`ehbuc`el taj Ze`tjc Ent`ies ]ipubnt`ie C`v`s`ienec taj \irbc Gned.

Saj knoir`ty if Kjkgjr Xtntjs rjpirt taj`r cntnti Z@X us`el stnecnrc qujst`ieen`rjs `ssujc gytaj @est`tutj. Aiwjvjr, fir sikj hiuetr`js,jcuhnt`ie cntn nrj hibbjhtjc v`n survjys hnrr`jciut uecjr taj nusp`hjs if taj \irbc Jcuhnt`ie@ec`hntirs priojht (\J@) fuecjc gy taj \irbcGned, ir nrj priv`cjc gy taj Irlne`snt`ie firJhieik`h Hiipjrnt`ie nec Cjvjbipkjet (IJHC)

hiuetr`js) ir Juristnt (Jnst Juripjne hiuetr`jstant nrj pnrt if taj Srndn` lriup). Ns ne n`c ti tajrjncjr, sykgibs anvj gjje usjc `e taj tngbjs tic`st`elu`sa hiuetr`js e tajsj twi hntjlir`jsfrik taj itajr Kjkgjr Xtntjs? i fir IJHChiuetr`js4 w fir \irbc Jcuhnt`ie @ec`hntirs]riojht (\J@) hiuetr`js.

Saj ec`hntirs ie nhhjss nec pnrt`h`pnt`ieprjsjetjc ajrj anvj gjje hnbhubntjc us`el tajpipubnt`ie jst`kntjs pricuhjc gy taj Ze`tjcEnt`ies ]ipubnt`ie C`v`s`ie. Saj rjsubts knyc`ffjr frik taisj pugb`sajc gy `ec`v`cunb

hiuetr`js ir gy itajr irlne`znt`ies suha nsIJHC, ir `e taj frnkjwird if priojhts b`dj taj\J@ priojht, gjhnusj if taj c`ffjrjehj gjtwjjeent`ienb pipubnt`ie jst`kntjs nec taisj if tajZe`tjc Ent`ies. @e ta`s neejx, taj >00=pipubnt`ie-sjes`t`vj ec`hntirs, suha ns lrissnec ejt jeribkjet rnt`is, nec lriss nec ejt`etndj rnt`i hnbhubnt`ies wjrj gnsjc ie taj >001

Ze`tjc Ent`ies ]ipubnt`ie C`v`s`ie rjv`s`ie,wajrjns taj >000 pipubnt`ie f`lurjs wjrj gnsjcie taj 7=== Ze`tjc Ent`ies rjv`s`ie. Sa`s kjnestant `ec`hntirs ut`b`z`el pipubnt`ie cntn fir >00=,nec taisj us`el >000, kny eit gj hikpnrngbj.

C`ffjrjehjs `e pipubnt`ie rjv`s`ie rjfjrjehj cntjskny eit gj taj ieby fnhtir a`ecjr`el tajhikpnr`sie if pipubnt`ie-rjbntjc ec`hntirs e>00=/0> nec >000/7===. @e >00< taj @etjrent`ienbXtnecnrc Hbnss`f`hnt`ie if Jcuhnt`ie (@XHJC) wnsrjv`sjc. Nt jnha if `ts neeunb rjl`ienbwirdsaips, Z@X ans wirdjc w`ta ent`ienbstnt`st`h`nes ti knp taj`r jcuhnt`ie systjk

nln`est taj @XHJC stnecnrc. Saj hbnss`f`hnt`ie ifprilrnkkjs ans hikj hbisjr ti taj @XHJCstnecnrc jnha yjnr. Saj tngbjs prjsjetjc ajrjusj taj hbnss`f`hnt`ie nlrjjc w`ta ent`ienbjxpjrts fir taj yjnrs >001 nec >000. ]bjnsj eitjtant ta`s wns eit taj hnsj w`ta taj >00=/0> cntn.

@t saiubc gj eitjc tant gita nhtunb nec jst`kntjccntn nrj prjsjetjc tariulaiut taj neejx tngbjs.Fir sikj hiuetr`js, >001/00 cntn nrj prjsjetjcwaje `efirknt`ie fir taj >000/== shaiib yjnrwns eit nvn`bngbj. @e tant hnsj, n fiiteitj ansgjje `esjrtjc, nec taj cntn nrj `e `tnb`hs.

Fiiteitjs ti taj tngbjs, nec taj lbissnry wa`hahne gj fiuec nt taj jec if taj tngbjs, w`bb priv`cjncc`t`ienb lu`cjs ti ajbp taj rjncjr `etjrprjt tajcntn nec `efirknt`ie prjsjetjc ajrj`e.

Xykgibs usjc`e taj tngbjs

* Ent ienb jst kntj

** ZEJXHI @est`tutj fir Xtnt`st`hs (Z@X) jst`kntj

… K`ss`el cntn

i IJHC hiuetr`js

w \irbc Jcuhnt`ie @ec`hntirs (\J@) priojhthiuetr`js

‘ Knle`tucj e`b, ir ei hnbhubnt`ie

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7 = =JFN Lbignb

Kie`tir`el Wjpirt

8.> >:3= 3 11= 8   27 : >06 >>.: 88.8 86.0

… 08<= >3 3>= 6 … … … … …

… 1:= … >7> … >= >.1 … 3.>

6.= … … … … … … … …

… … … 8 … … … … …

6.1 >68= 8 13= 0>   27 :76 6.6 7=.: 0.6

… >61<= >1 :8= 3 … … … … …

… 80>= 3 :>= 3: … <<= 3.3 >7.1 …

… … … … … … … … …

:.: 80= > :<= 1: 71.6 >=6 >>.3 … 71.3

8.1 >7== 8 3== 73   27 8 =30 1.0 7<.0 78.0

… … … >< … 0<6 … >7.: >7.<

… … … … … … … … …

… … … 0 … … … … …

8.< 60== >= 08= > … … … … …

… 8>= > 3== 1 … :< =.6 >.: 6.<

<.6 07= 8 7<= >3 … 8<= 7.3 … 6.3

6.3 7=0= : <8= 7<   27 > :83 <.6 77.: >:.0

… … … > … … … … …

3.6 … … … … … … … …

7.7 08= 8 8== >33 … 78 =.6 … 7.8

‘=.6 768= 6 0:= 3   27 7=7 =.1 8.< 8.>

… >7== … 7<1 … >0> 3.= … …

‘>.8 >80= : >>= 88   27 > >:7 0.3 >3.3 >0.=

‘=.3 3:1= < :>= >>   27 > 108 0.6 0.1 7>.:

>.> :>8= >8 =1= 87   27 : 178 >=.1 7>.6 >6.<

‘=.1 830= 1 3<= 6=   27 :76 >=.: 8.1 >7.0

>.0 367= >> =0= 7:   27 < 31= >6.> ><.3 76.3

‘3.3 7:7= 6 81= 3>   27 8<7 :.6 7.= >7.>‘8.> 763= 6 :<= 86   27 667 6.3 :.0 >:.7

:.7 3=>= 1 36= 8>   27 1 8<3 :.3 3.8 7=.3

‘0.1 3>= 7 >8= 7: >>.8 7>> ><.: 83.= 71.<

‘=.0 >:6= 6 >>= >< 7.1 8 61= >=.6 >6.1 86.<

‘3.7 ><:= < >0= >8 <.> >7 === 6.6 >=.< >3.>

>.0 … … … … … … … …

8.> 001= >6 7== >6   27 … … … …

=.< … … … … … … … …

3.< 70== 6 :== … 7.3 >1 :6= 0.0 ><.0 8:.8

‘1.> <6= 8 80= >> 7.0 7 1=: 0.> ><.7 >6.3

… … … … … … … … …

‘8.3 30= 7 81= :: <.1 :1 8.> … >>.0

‘6.1 :<= 7 38= 7>   27 1: >.0 6.7 6.:

… 60= 7 :<= 30   27 >=0 8.< 73.= >>.:‘3.> … … … … … … … …

‘8.: … … … … … … … …

>.3 80= > <>= 08 >8.0 76 7.0 >=.0 3.1

… ><= 01= 7= … 60 6.< >=.: >=.7

‘8.3 63= 8 77= : >7.> … … … …

=.6 3>= 7 7:= 6 8.8 :31 6.3 … ><.:

:.: 7>=7= 73 77= … … … … … …

6.: 76= > 8<= 73 >1.1 88 >.> … 7.0

>7.> <1= 8 :1= 7 … 7=6:: 7.> 77.= 0.=

LE]7 N@C NEC ]IVJWSP7 JQSJWENB CJGS7

Nvjrnljneeunb lriwta

rntj (%)ZX$

(hurrjet)]urhans`el

pnr`ty piwjr

Ejt n`cpjr hnp`tn,

hurrjet ZX$

]ipubnt`iegjbiw $>

pjr cny (%)

Sitnb cjgtsjrv`hj, hurrjetZX$ (k`bb`ies)

Sitnb cjgtns % LE]

]ugb`h cjgt sjrv`hjns % if livjrekjet

hurrjet rjvjeuj

Sitnb cjgtsjrv`hj ns %

jxpirts

LE] pjr hnp`tn

>00=‘00 >000 >000 >000 >000 >000 >000 >000 >000

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… … <<= … … … … … …… 07= 11= 3: … : >.> … =.3

… 7== … 8< … 8 =.3 … >.6

:.7 >== > 3>= >= … >:: 7.3 … >6.3

3.= 88== … 3= … :81 >3.> … >1.1

3.1 … 33= … … … … … …

6.= 80= … 87 … :78 6.0 … 7=.1

:.6 30= 1 18= 88 … >71 8.1 76.: >:.6

>.: ><= 3 :== 3: … 0 3.8 … >:.<

8.: 86= > 38= >> … <=3 6.1 … 7:.0

:.: :0= > ><= >6 … :0 :.> … >=.0

… … … 8> … 8 … … …

8.= 7:= <7= 73 … >:0 3.8 88.> ><.>

:.7 >0= 7 6<= 33 … 60 8.0 … >7.<

:.8 73= … 88 … >=6 3.7 … >8.<

6.6 8:1= … 86 … 767 6.7 ><.: 0.1

<.6 77= … 36 … >>0 8.> … >1.6:.8 7=<= … >=8 … … … … …

8.< >0= … >1 … 83 >.< … 0.1

3.> 7:= … > … > =:7 8.3 … 6.1

>.> 73= … 3: … 8> >.6 … 7:.0

… 7<= … >0= … 3 >=.7 … 70.>

3.1 :== … :1 … 78< :.> … >3.8

… <=7= … >68 … 76 3.8 1.3 :.3

‘8.0 >8= … >: … 77 8.3 >6.= 70.:

… … … >3 … > … … …

8.= 8>6= … >8 … 3 70= 8.3 7.1 >7.7

3.8 >81= … 71 … 8> 7.8 <.7 7.<

8.> 87= … >6 … 3: 8.7 … 1.0

1.: 8>= … 7< … ><7 7.< >6.0 77.>

3.: … … … … … … … …

>.0 87= … 68 … 380 >3.0 … 3:.1

3.> 30= … 7= … 631 >7.6 … 7<.8

LE]7 N@C NEC ]IVJWSP7 JQSJWENB CJGS7

Nvjrnljneeunb lriwta

rntj (%)ZX$

(hurrjet)]urhans`el

pnr`ty piwjr

Ejt n`cpjr hnp`tn,

hurrjet ZX$

]ipubnt`iegjbiw $>

pjr cny (%)

Sitnb cjgtsjrv`hj, hurrjetZX$ (k`bb`ies)

Sitnb cjgtns % LE]

]ugb`h cjgt sjrv`hjns % if livjrekjet

hurrjet rjvjeuj

Sitnb cjgtsjrv`hj ns %

jxpirts

LE] pjr hnp`tn

>00=‘00 >000 >000 >000 >000 >000 >000 >000 >000

wj`latjc nvjrnlj kjc`ne kjc`ne kjc`ne kjc`ne

… 3<08 6 381 70.> … … 3.3 >6.1 >7.1

… … … … … … … … …

… … … … … … … … …

… … … … … … … … …

… … … … … … … … …

… 7><0 6 380 … … … 0.8 >7.6 >6.<

… 88> > 6>7 … … … 8.3 >=.< >=.0

… … … … … … … … …

… 83=6 6 86< … … … 6.: ><.8 >7.8

… 7631: 76 :7< … … … … … …… 3=6 > 0<< … … … 7.8 >:.> 0.7

… 3:7 … 87.: … … 8.: … >:.:

7 = =JFN Lbignb

Kie`tir`el Wjpirt

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:7.0 63.8 3>.8 66.< <6.8 :<.=

17.> 16.1 <3.6 1<.: 0=.0 17.6

:8.= 66.1 80.< 63.6 <:.6 :3.3

3<.> 6=.3 88.6 ::.8 66.6 38.1

8:.< :>.8 >0.< 80.8 :3.0 78.8

1>.: 0=.= <7.> 10.1 03.0 13.8

<6.< <0.8 <7.6 1>.0 18.0 <0.6

1=.8 11.8 <8.> 16.= 07.> 1=.8

61.> 17.1 :>.> <0.0 0=.1 61.>

83.1 36.8 78.0 3=.7 :=.< 8=.>

81.< :7.< 73.0 31.1 6>.1 86.>

:3.< 6<.8 81.8 <>.< 1=.> 6>.6

… … … … … …

<<.= <<.3 <6.= 1>.7 1=.3 18.>

66.7 <6.7 :=.7 <6.7 18.= 66.03:.1 6=.= 8>.: :<.< 60.7 36.7

63.1 1>.1 3<.: <3.3 11.8 6=.3

:0.> <>.6 36.: <>.= 1>.3 6=.6

<>.= <>.7 <=.6 <6.7 <3.1 <0.>

87.< ::.7 >7.0 36.3 6<.: 7:.8

<<.= 16.1 66.< 13.< 07.> <<.=

00.: 00.< 00.8 00.< 00.1 00.6

… … … … … …

0<.7 01.8 06.7 01.3 00.= 0<.0

06.0 00.= 03.0 01.8 00.8 0<.8

… … … … … …

00.1 00.1 00.1 00.1 00.1 00.1

00.> 00.8 01.0 00.8 00.: 00.7

00.1 00.1 00.1 00.1 00.1 00.1

00.8 00.: 00.> 00.6 00.< 00.:

00.6 00.6 00.: 00.< 00.< 00.<

0<.: 00.> 06.> 01.0 00.: 01.8

0<.> 01.6 0:.6 01.> 00.= 0<.8

00.7 00.6 01.0 00.6 00.< 00.3

… … … … … …

00.6 00.6 00.: 00.6 00.< 00.6

… … … … … …

<<.0 10.7 66.3 1:.= 08.3 <6.:

00.3 00.< 00.7 00.6 00.< 00.:

… … … … … …

0<.: 01.0 06.> 01.3 00.8 0<.6

… … … … … …

… … … … … …

01.1 00.: 00.7 00.3 00.< 00.>

… … … … … …

0<.1 01.: 0<.> 01.3 01.6 01.8

01.7 00.7 0<.7 00.7 00.6 01.1

… … … … … …

01.< 00.: 0<.0 00.7 00.6 01.1

… … … … … …

67.= <<.< 31.1 61.= 1=.7 :<.7

<1.8 1<.7 61.0 1:.7 07.> <<.0

=6

Neejx

Sngbj 7

Ncubt b`tjrnhy (nlj >: nec ivjr)

NCZBS B@SJWNHP WNSJ (%)

>00=Hiuetry ir tjrr`tiry

Sitnb Knbj Fjknbj

7===

Sitnb Knbj Fjknbj

Nrng Xtntjs nec Eirta Nfr`hn

Nbljr`n

Gnarn`e

Co`giut`

Jlyptw

@rnq

Oircnew

Duwn`t

Bjgneie

B`gyne Nrng Onkna`r`yn

Knur`tne`n

Kirihhi

Ikne

]nbjst`e`ne Nutieikius Sjrr`tir`js

^ntnr

Xnuc` Nrng`nXucne

Xyr`ne Nrng Wjpugb`h

Sue`s`nw

Ze`tjc Nrng Jk`rntjs

Pjkje

Hjetrnb nec Jnstjre Juripj

Nbgne`n

Gjbnrus

Gise`n nec Ajrzjliv`en

Gublnr`n

Hrint`n

Hzjha Wjpugb`hi

Jstie`n

Auelnryi

Bntv`n

B`taune`n

]ibneci

Wjpugb`h if Kibcivn

Wikne`n

Wuss`ne Fjcjrnt`iew

Xbivnd`n

Xbivje`n

Saj firkjr Pulisbnv Wjp. if Knhjcie`n

Surdjyi

Zdrn`ej

Pulisbnv`n

Hjetrnb Ns`n

Nrkje`n

Nzjrgn`one

Ljirl`n

Dnzndastne

Dyrlyzstne

Kielib`n

Sno`d`stne

Surdkje`stne

Zzgjd`stne

Jnst Ns`n nec taj ]nh`f`h

Nustrnb`ni

Hnkgic`n

Ha`enw

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6 1=3 7 :11 37>1 6:<> 7 86= 3 7>>

:0.0 7<.= 88.> :<.8 7:.> 87.>

>8:.1 37.= 0<.0 >7<.= 80.= 0=.1

>< 166 6 <:7 >>>>6 >06>8 < 8<3 >7 7:8

6 >01 7 8<< 817> 1>7: 8 =:< : =<=

87= 0> 770 8== <1 77=

8>< >60 >31 781 >8= >=8

83< 01 7:= 88< 0> 736

<<: 778 ::8 <=> >61 :88

<>: 71< 371 10= 86= :8=

0 =0= 8 36: :673 0011 8 <=7 6 716

388 ><< 7:< 3=7 >:: 736

… … … … … …

<3.8 :8.3 7>.= <<.1 :<.= 7>.7

7 061 > 7>= >13= 7<6= > =07 > <78< <07 7 1:0 3031 <11> 7 1:< : =>0

7 7<8 :07 >61= 7330 :66 > 1<0

7 =1> <76 >8:: >071 67> > 8=<

3>= 70< >>8 3:0 83: >><

8 003 > 738 7<:= 30>3 > 333 8 :7:

:=0 >30 86> 886 11 731

37 >= 87 70 0 7=

… … … … … …

>0: :0 >86 >=6 88 <8

>>8 >< 0: 66 >7 :3

… … … … … …

7.: >.7 >.8 7.: >.7 >.8

<1 70 30 :6 7> 86

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1= >3 66 81 < 8>

:>0 >7> 801 837 16 7:<

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… … … … … …

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78< :: >17 >6= 36 >>8

… … … … … …

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>= 7:6 8 6:8 66=7 >==<1 8 38< 6 686

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Neejx

Sngbj :

Nhhjss ti pr`knry jcuhnt`ie

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Nrng Xtntjs nec Eirta Nfr`hn

Nbljr`n8

Gnarn`e

Co`giut`

Jlyptw

@rnq

Oircnew

Duwn`t8

Bjgneie8

B`gyne Nrng Onkna`r`yn

Knur`tne`n

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]nbjst`e`ne Nutieikius Sjrr`tir`js

^ntnr8

Xnuc` Nrng`nXucne

Xyr`ne Nrng Wjpugb`h8

Sue`s`nw

Ze`tjc Nrng Jk`rntjs

Pjkje8

Hjetrnb nec Jnstjre Juripj

Nbgne`n

Gjbnrus

Gise`n nec Ajrzjliv`en

Gublnr`n

Hrint`n7

Hzjha Wjpugb`hi

Jstie`n

Auelnryi

Bntv`n8

B`taune`n8

]ibneci

Wjpugb`h if Kibcivn

Wikne`n8

Wuss`ne Fjcjrnt`iew, 8

Xbivnd`n

Xbivje`n8

Saj firkjr Pulisbnv Wjp. if Knhjcie`n8

Surdjyi

Zdrn`ej

Pulisbnv`n7

Hjetrnb Ns`n

Nrkje`n

Nzjrgn`one8

Ljirl`n

Dnzndastne

Dyrlyzstne

Kielib`n

Sno`d`stne

Surdkje`stne

Zzgjd`stne

Jnst Ns`n nec taj ]nh`f`h

Nustrnb`ni

Hnkgic`n

>. @ec`hntirs fir >00=/>00> nec >000/7=== kny eit gj hikpnrngbj. Fir furtajr jxpbnent`ie, pbjnsj sjj taj Sjhae`hnb @etricuht`ie prjhjc`el tajsj Neejxjs.7. Jeribkjet rnt`is anvj eit gjje hnbhubntjc cuj ti ehies`stjeh`js gjtwjje jeribkjet nec taj Ze`tjc Ent`ies pipubnt`ie cntn.8. Cntn `e `tnb`hs nrj fir >001/00.3. Jeribkjet rnt`is anvj eit gjje hnbhubntjc cuj ti bnhd if Ze`tjc Ent`ies pipubnt`ie cntn gy nlj.

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7 = =JFN Lbignb

Kie`tir`el Wjpirt

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Jxpjhtjc eukgjr if yjnrs if firknb shaiib`el

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LWIXX @ESNDJ WNSJ (L@W) @E ]W@KNWP JCZHNS@IE

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Jetrnehj-nljpipubnt`ie

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Sitnb(taiusnecs) Knbj Fjknbj F/K Sitnb Knbj Fjknbj F/K

87

Neejx

Sngbj : (hiet`eujc)

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6= >>:.< >>0.: >>>.< =.08 >>8.0 >>3.8 >>8.: =.00

Ha`enw

Hiid @sbnecs3

Cjkihrnt`h ]jipbj‐s Wjp. if Dirjn

F`o`8

@eciejs`nw

Onpnei, 8

D`r`gnt`

Bni ]jipbj‐s Cjkihrnt`h Wjpugb`h

Knbnys`nw, 8

Knrsanbb @sbnecs3

Kyneknr

Enuru

Ejw _jnbneci

E`uj

]npun Ejw Lu`ejn8

]a`b`pp`ejsw, 8

Wjpugb`h if Dirjni

Xnkin

Xibikie @sbnecs

San`bnecw

Sieln

Suvnbu

Vneuntu

V`jt Enk

Bnt`e Nkjr`hn nec taj Hnr`ggjne

Nelu`bbn3

Net`lun nec Gnrgucn3

Nrljet`enw

Nrugn3

Gnankns8

Gnrgncis

Gjb`zj

Gjrkucn

Gib`v`n

Grnz`bw, 8

Gr`t`sa V`rl`e @sbnecs3

Hnykne @sbnecs3

Ha`bjw

Hibikg`n

Histn W`hn

Hugn8

Cik`e`hn3

Cik`e`hne Wjpugb`h

Jhuncir8

Jb Xnbvncir8

Lrjencn

Luntjknbn

Luynen8

An`t`8

Aiecurns

Onkn`hnw

Kjx`hii

Kietsjrrnt

Ejtajrbnecs Net`bbjs8

E`hnrnlun

]nenkn

>. @ec`hntirs fir >00=/>00> nec >000/7=== kny eit gj hikpnrngbj. Fir furtajr jxpbnent`ie, pbjnsj sjj taj Sjhae`hnb @etricuht`ie prjhjc`el tajsj Neejxjs.7. Jeribkjet rnt`is anvj eit gjje hnbhubntjc cuj ti ehies`stjeh`js gjtwjje jeribkjet nec taj Ze`tjc Ent`ies pipubnt`ie cntn.8. Cntn `e `tnb`hs nrj fir >001/00.3. Jeribkjet rnt`is anvj eit gjje hnbhubntjc cuj ti bnhd if Ze`tjc Ent`ies pipubnt`ie cntn gy nlj.

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LWIXX @ESNDJ WNSJ (L@W) @E ]W@KNWP JCZHNS@IE

>00=>/0>

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]nrnlunyw

]jruw

Xn`et D`tts nec Ejv`s3

Xn`et Buh`n

Xn`et V`ehjet nec taj Lrjenc`ejs3

Xur`enkj

Sr`e`cnc nec Signli8

Surds nec Hn`his @sbnecs3

Zrulunyw

Vjejzujbn

Eirta Nkjr`hn nec \jstjre Juripj

Necirrn

Nustr`ni

Gjbl`uki

Hnencni, 8

Hyprus7

Cjeknrdi

F`ebneci

Frnehji

Ljrkneyi, 8

Lrjjhji

@hjbneci

@rjbneci

@srnjbi

@tnbyi

Buxjkgiurli

Knbtn8

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Ejtajrbnecsi

Eirwnyi, 8

]irtulnbi

Xne Knr`ei

Xpn`ei, 8

Xwjcjei, 8

Xw`tzjrbneci

Ze`tjc D`elciki

Ze`tjc Xtntjsi

Xiuta nec \jst Ns`n

Nflane`stne

Gnelbncjsa8

Gautne

@ec`nw

@rne, @sbnk`h Wjpugb`h if

Knbc`vjs

Ejpnb

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Xug-Xnanrne Nfr`hn

Nelibn

Gje`e

Gitswnen

Gurd`en Fnsi

Guruec`

Hnkjriie

Hnpj Vjrcj8

>. @ec`hntirs fir >00=/>00> nec >000/7=== kny eit gj hikpnrngbj. Fir furtajr jxpbnent`ie, pbjnsj sjj taj Sjhae`hnb @etricuht`ie prjhjc`el tajsj Neejxjs.7. Jeribkjet rnt`is anvj eit gjje hnbhubntjc cuj ti ehies`stjeh`js gjtwjje jeribkjet nec taj Ze`tjc Ent`ies pipubnt`ie cntn.8. Cntn `e `tnb`hs nrj fir >001/00.3. Jeribkjet rnt`is anvj eit gjje hnbhubntjc cuj ti bnhd if Ze`tjc Ent`ies pipubnt`ie cntn gy nlj.

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>000/7=== L]@ >00=>/0> L]@ >000/7=== L]@

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Jxpjhtjc eukgjr if yjnrs if firknb shaiib`el

7 = =JFN Lbignb

Kie`tir`el Wjpirt

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LWIXX @ESNDJ WNSJ (L@W) @E ]W@KNWP JCZHNS@IE

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07 03.7 >==.8 11.8 =.11   83.1 86.> 88.< =.08

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83=8 >>>.< >7:.6 0<.6 =.<1 … … … …

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86

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HancHikiris8

Hieli8

Hótj c‐@vi`rj8

Cjkihrnt`h Wjp. if taj Hieli8

Jquntir`nb Lu`ejn

Jr`trjn8

Jta`ip`n8

Lngie

Lnkg`n

Lanen8

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Djeyn

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Xjejlnb

Xjyhajbbjs3

X`jrrn Bjiej

Xiknb`n

Xiuta Nfr`hn

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Zlnecn

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06<> 00.> 00.7 00.3 … >==.8 >==.: >==.8 …

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\irbc

Hiuetr`js `e trnes`t`ie

Cjvjbipjc hiuetr`js

Cjvjbip`el hiuetr`js

Nrng Xtntjs nec Eirta Nfr`hn

Hjetrnb nec Jnstjre JuripjHjetrnb Ns`n

Jnst Ns`n nec taj ]nh`f`h

Bnt`e Nkjr`hn nec taj Hnr`ggjne

Eirta Nkjr`hn nec \jstjre Juripj

Xiuta nec \jst Ns`n

Xug-Xnanrne Nfr`hn

suk kjc`ne kjc`ne kjc`ne kjc`ne kjc`ne kjc`ne

>. @ec`hntirs fir >00=/>00> nec >000/7=== kny eit gj hikpnrngbj. Fir furtajr jxpbnent`ie, pbjnsj sjj taj Sjhae`hnb @etricuht`ie prjhjc`el tajsj Neejxjs.7. Jeribkjet rnt`is anvj eit gjje hnbhubntjc cuj ti ehies`stjeh`js gjtwjje jeribkjet nec taj Ze`tjc Ent`ies pipubnt`ie cntn.8. Cntn `e `tnb`hs nrj fir >001/00.3. Jeribkjet rnt`is anvj eit gjje hnbhubntjc cuj ti bnhd if Ze`tjc Ent`ies pipubnt`ie cntn gy nlj.

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>000/7=== L]@ >00=>/0> L]@ >000/7=== L]@

Sitnb Knbj Fjknbj F/K Sitnb Knbj Fjknbj F/K Sitnb Knbj Fjknbj F/K

EJS @ESNDJ WNSJ (E@W) @E ]W@KNWP JCZHNS@IE XHAIIB B@FJ JQ]JHSNEHP

Jxpjhtjc eukgjr if yjnrs if firknb shaiib`el

7 = =JFN Lbignb

Kie`tir`el Wjpirt

… … … … 3 : 8 =.6> … … … …

7<.3 8>.6 78.7 =.<8 … … … … … … … …>:.: >:.< >:.8 =.0<     … … … … … … … …

… … … … … … … … … … … …

71.0 87.7 7:.6 =.<0   3 0 … … … … … …

7>.1 7=.1 77.< >.=0   : : 3 =.<8   3   … … …

… … … … … … … … … … … …

7=.> 7>.< >1.6 =.16 … … … …   : : 3 =.<6

73.6 7<.7 77.> =.1> … … … …   3 : 8 =.6=

… … … … … … … … … … … …

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… … … … … … … … … … … …

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3<.=**   :6.0**   8<.>**   =.6:    … … … … 0 >7 < =.:0

:3.8**   :0.3**   30.8**   =.18   … … … …   6 6 6 =.06

… … … … 6 < : =.1= … … … …

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… … … … >7 >7 >7 … >: >: >6 …

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kjc`ne kjc`ne kjc`ne kjc`ne kjc`ne kjc`ne kjc`ne kjc`ne kjc`ne

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6->> 3 >17 3 78: >==.7 >=1.3 0>.6 =.1:

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<->= > >06 313 03.: 03.6 03.: >.==

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Nrng Xtntjs nec Eirta Nfr`hn

Nbljr`n

Gnarn`e

Co`giut`

Jlyptw

@rnq

Oircnew

Duwn`t

Bjgneie

B`gyne Nrng Onkna`r`yn

Knur`tne`n8

Kirihhi

Ikne

]nbjst`e`ne Nutieikius Sjrr`tir`js

^ntnr

Xnuc` Nrng`nXucne

Xyr`ne Nrng Wjpugb`h

Sue`s`nw

Ze`tjc Nrng Jk`rntjs8

Pjkje8

Hjetrnb nec Jnstjre Juripj

Nbgne`n

Gjbnrus

Gise`n nec Ajrzjliv`en

Gublnr`n

Hrint`n7

Hzjha Wjpugb`hi

Jstie`n

Auelnryi

Bntv`n

B`taune`n

]ibneci

Wjpugb`h if Kibcivn

Wikne`n

Wuss`ne Fjcjrnt`iew, 8

Xbivnd`n

Xbivje`n8

Saj firkjr Pulisbnv Wjp. if Knhjcie`n

Surdjyi, 8

Zdrn`ej

Pulisbnv`n7

Hjetrnb Ns`n

Nrkje`n

Nzjrgn`one

Ljirl`n

Dnzndastne

Dyrlyzstne

Kielib`n

Sno`d`stne

Surdkje`stne

Zzgjd`stne

Jnst Ns`n nec taj ]nh`f`h

Nustrnb`ni

Hnkgic`n

81

Neejx

Sngbj 6

]nrt`h`pnt`ie `e pr`knry jcuhnt`ie

Hiuetry ir tjrr`tiry

LWIXX JEWIBKJES WNS@I (LJW)

@E ]W@KNWP JCZHNS@IE

>00=>/0>

Xhaiib-nljpipubnt`ie

(taiusnecs)Nlj

lriup L]@

Sitnb>000>00=>000 Knbj Fjknbj F/K

>. @ec`hntirs fir >00=/>00> nec >000/7=== kny eit gj hikpnrngbj. Fir furtajr jxpbnent`ie, pbjnsj sjj taj Sjhae`hnb @etricuht`ie prjhjc`el tajsj Neejxjs.7. Jeribkjet rnt`is anvj eit gjje hnbhubntjc cuj ti ehies`stjeh`js gjtwjje jeribkjet nec taj Ze`tjc Ent`ies pipubnt`ie cntn.8. Cntn `e `tnb`hs nrj fir >001/00.3. Jeribkjet rnt`is anvj eit gjje hnbhubntjc cuj ti bnhd if Ze`tjc Ent`ies pipubnt`ie cntn gy nlj.

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Neejx

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:->> … … … … … …

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Ha`enw

Hiid @sbnecs3

Cjkihrnt`h ]jipbj‐s Wjp. if Dirjn

F`o`8

@eciejs`nw

Onpnei

D`r`gnt`

Bni ]jipbj‐s Cjkihrnt`h Wjpugb`h

Knbnys`nw, 8

Knrsanbb @sbnecs8, 3

Kyneknr

Enuru

Ejw _jnbneci

E`uj

]npun Ejw Lu`ejn

]a`b`pp`ejsw

Wjpugb`h if Dirjni

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San`bnecw

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Vneuntu8

V`jt Enk

Bnt`e Nkjr`hn nec taj Hnr`ggjne

Nelu`bbn3

Net`lun nec Gnrgucn3

Nrljet`enw

Nrugn3

Gnankns

Gnrgncis

Gjb`zj

Gjrkucn

Gib`v`n

Grnz`bw

Gr`t`sa V`rl`e @sbnecs3

Hnykne @sbnecs3

Ha`bjw

Hibikg`n

Histn W`hn

Hugn

Cik`e`hn3

Cik`e`hne Wjpugb`h

Jhuncir

Jb Xnbvncir8

Lrjencn

Luntjknbn

Luynen8

An`t`8

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Onkn`hnw

Kjx`hii

Kietsjrrnt

Ejtajrbnecs Net`bbjs

E`hnrnlun

]nenkn

Sngbj 6 (hiet`eujc)

Hiuetry ir tjrr`tiry

LWIXX JEWIBKJES WNS@I (LJW)

@E ]W@KNWP JCZHNS@IE

>00=>/0>

Xhaiib-nljpipubnt`ie

(taiusnecs)Nlj

lriup L]@

Sitnb>000>00=>000 Knbj Fjknbj F/K

>. @ec`hntirs fir >00=/>00> nec >000/7=== kny eit gj hikpnrngbj. Fir furtajr jxpbnent`ie, pbjnsj sjj taj Sjhae`hnb @etricuht`ie prjhjc`el tajsj Neejxjs.7. Jeribkjet rnt`is anvj eit gjje hnbhubntjc cuj ti ehies`stjeh`js gjtwjje jeribkjet nec taj Ze`tjc Ent`ies pipubnt`ie cntn.8. Cntn `e `tnb`hs nrj fir >001/00.3. Jeribkjet rnt`is anvj eit gjje hnbhubntjc cuj ti bnhd if Ze`tjc Ent`ies pipubnt`ie cntn gy nlj.

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7 = =JFN Lbignb

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7 = =JFN Lbignb

Kie`tir`el Wjpirt

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Nrng Xtntjs nec Eirta Nfr`hn

Nbljr`n

Gnarn`e

Co`giut`

Jlyptw

@rnq

Oircnew

Duwn`t

Bjgneie

B`gyne Nrng Onkna`r`yn

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]nbjst`e`ne Nutieikius Sjrr`tir`js

^ntnr

Xnuc` Nrng`n

Xucne

Xyr`ne Nrng Wjpugb`h

Sue`s`nw

Ze`tjc Nrng Jk`rntjs

Pjkje

Hjetrnb nec Jnstjre Juripj

Nbgne`n

Gjbnrus

Gise`n nec Ajrzjliv`en

Gublnr`n

Hrint`n

Hzjha Wjpugb`hi

Jstie`n

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Bntv`n

B`taune`n

]ibneci

Wjpugb`h if Kibcivn

Wikne`n

Wuss`ne Fjcjrnt`iew

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Xbivje`n

Saj firkjr Pulisbnv Wjp. if Knhjcie`n

Surdjyi

Zdrn`ej

Pulisbnv`n

Hjetrnb Ns`n

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Ljirl`n

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Sno`d`stne

Surdkje`stne

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Jnst Ns`n nec taj ]nh`f`h

Nustrnb`ni

Hnkgic`n

Ha`enw

Sngbj 0

@etjrenb jff`h`jehy? rjpjt`t`ie rntjs

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Lrncj >Hiuetry ir tjrr`tiry

Sitnb Knbj FjknbjSitnb Knbj Fjknbj

Lrncj 7

EG. Swjbvj hiuetr`js nppby n sjvje-yjnr pr`knry-shaiib hyhbj? Gautne, Gitswnen, Djeyn, Bjsitai, Enk`g`n,Xiuta Nfr`hn, Xwnz`bnec, Sr`e`cnc nec Signli, Zlnecn, Ze`tjc Wjpugb`h if Snezne`n, _nkg`n nec _`kgngwj

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7 = =JFN Lbignb

Kie`tir`el Wjpirt

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0.0 0.8 >=.< 0.0 0.8 >=.< 0.3 0.8 0.: 87.3 88.6 8=.3

… … … … … … … … … … … …

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… … … … … … … … … … … …

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Sitnb Knbj Fjknbj

Lrncj 8

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Lrncj :

Sitnb Knbj Fjknbj

Lrncj 6

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Hiid @sbnecs

Cjkihrnt`h ]jipbj‐s Wjp. if Dirjn

F`o`@eciejs`nw

Onpnei

D`r`gnt`

Bni ]jipbj‐s Cjkihrnt`h Wjpugb`h

Knbnys`nw

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Kyneknr

Enuru

Ejw _jnbneci

E`uj

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Wjpugb`h if Dirjni

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Bnt`e Nkjr`hn nec taj Hnr`ggjne

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Net`lun nec Gnrgucn

Nrljet`enw

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Gnankns

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Xn`et D`tts nec Ejv`s

Sngbj 0 (hiet`eujc)

WJ]JS@S@IE WNSJX GP LWNCJ @E ]W@KNWP JCZHNS@IE >000/7===

Lrncj >Hiuetry ir tjrr`tiry

Sitnb Knbj FjknbjSitnb Knbj Fjknbj

Lrncj 7

EG. Swjbvj hiuetr`js nppby n sjvje-yjnr pr`knry-shaiib hyhbj? Gautne, Gitswnen, Djeyn, Bjsitai, Enk`g`n,Xiuta Nfr`hn, Xwnz`bnec, Sr`e`cnc nec Signli, Zlnecn, Ze`tjc Wjpugb`h if Snezne`n, _nkg`n nec _`kgngwj

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7 = =JFN Lbignb

Kie`tir`el Wjpirt

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Neejx

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3.= 8.0 3.> 7.0 7.0 8.=

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Xn`et Buh`n

Xn`et V`ehjet nec taj Lrjenc`ejs

Xur`enkjSr`e`cnc nec Signli

Surds nec Hn`his @sbnecs

Zrulunyw

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Eirta Nkjr`hn nec \jstjre Juripj

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Sitnb Knbj FjknbjSitnb Knbj Fjknbj

Lrncj 7

Sngbj 0 (hiet`eujc)

EG. Swjbvj hiuetr`js nppby n sjvje-yjnr pr`knry-shaiib hyhbj? Gautne, Gitswnen, Djeyn, Bjsitai, Enk`g`n,Xiuta Nfr`hn, Xwnz`bnec, Sr`e`cnc nec Signli, Zlnecn, Ze`tjc Wjpugb`h if Snezne`n, _nkg`n nec _`kgngwj

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7 = =JFN Lbignb

Kie`tir`el Wjpirt

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Lrncj 6

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61

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Cjkihrnt`h Wjp. if taj Hieli

Jquntir`nb Lu`ejn

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WJ]JS@S@IE WNSJX GP LWNCJ @E ]W@KNWP JCZHNS@IE >000/7===

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\irbc

Hiuetr`js `e trnes`t`ie

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Xiuta nec \jst Ns`n

Xug-Xnanrne Nfr`hn

kjc`ne kjc`ne kjc`nekjc`ne kjc`ne kjc`ne

EG. Swjbvj hiuetr`js nppby n sjvje-yjnr pr`knry-shaiib hyhbj? Gautne, Gitswnen, Djeyn, Bjsitai, Enk`g`n,Xiuta Nfr`hn, Xwnz`bnec, Sr`e`cnc nec Signli, Zlnecn, Ze`tjc Wjpugb`h if Snezne`n, _nkg`n nec _`kgngwj

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7 = =JFN Lbignb

Kie`tir`el Wjpirt

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kjc`ne kjc`ne kjc`nekjc`ne kjc`ne kjc`nekjc`ne kjc`ne kjc`ne kjc`ne kjc`ne kjc`ne

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Neejx

Sngbj >=

@etjrenb jff`h`jehy? surv`vnb rntjs

XZWV@VNB WNSJX NS LWNCJ 3

>00=/0> L]@Hiuetry ir tjrr`tiry

Sitnb Knbj Fjknbj F/KSitnb Knbj Fjknbj F/K

>001/00 L]@

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@rnq

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^ntnr

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Ze`tjc Nrng Jk`rntjs

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Gjbnrus

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7 = =JFN Lbignb

Kie`tir`el Wjpirt

Sitnb Knbj Fjknbj F/K Sitnb Knbj Fjknbj F/K Sitnb Knbj Fjknbj F/KSitnb Knbj Fjknbj F/K

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Neejx

Sngbj >= (hiet`eujc)

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]ugb`h hurrjet jxpjec`turjie pr`knry jcuhnt`ie

ns % if hurrjet jxpjec`turjie jcuhnt`ie

>00=/0> >000/7===

Sitnb pugb`h jxpjec`turjns % if LE]

>00=/0> >000/7===

Sitnb pugb`h jxpjec`turjie jcuhnt`ie ns % if titnblivjrekjet jxpjec`turj

>00=/0> >000/7===

]ugb`h hurrjet jxpjec`turjie jcuhnt`ie ns % if titnbjxpjec`turj ie jcuhnt`ie

>00=/0> >000/7===

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Neejx

Sngbj >> (hiet`eujc)

]ugb`h hurrjet jxpjec`turjpjr pup`b ie pr`knry jcuhnt`ie

ns % if LE] pjr hnp`tn

]ugb`h hurrjet jxpjec`turjie pr`knry jcuhnt`ie

ns % if LE]Hiuetry ir tjrr`tiry

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Hiid @sbnecs

Cjkihrnt`h ]jipbj‐s Wjp. if Dirjn

F`o`

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Xn`et D`tts nec Ejv`s

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>. @ec`hntirs fir >00=/>00> nec >000/7=== kny eit gj hikpnrngbj.Fir furtajr jxpbnent`ie, pbjnsj sjj taj Sjhae`hnb @etricuht`ie prjhjc`el tajsj Neejxjs.

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7 = =JFN Lbignb

Kie`tir`el Wjpirt

… :>.> … … … … … 01.3

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8<.: 71.6 <.0 6.3 77.7 >1.: 1>.= 0>.3

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]ugb`h hurrjet jxpjec`turjie pr`knry jcuhnt`ie

ns % if hurrjet jxpjec`turjie jcuhnt`ie

Sitnb pugb`h jxpjec`turjns % if LE]

Sitnb pugb`h jxpjec`turjie jcuhnt`ie ns % if titnblivjrekjet jxpjec`turj

]ugb`h hurrjet jxpjec`turjie jcuhnt`ie ns % if titnbjxpjec`turj ie jcuhnt`ie

>00=/0> >000/7=== >00=/0> >000/7=== >00=/0> >000/7=== >00=/0> >000/7===

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Neejx

Sngbj >> (hiet`eujc)

]ugb`h hurrjet jxpjec`turjpjr pup`b ie pr`knry jcuhnt`ie

ns % if LE] pjr hnp`tn

]ugb`h hurrjet jxpjec`turjie pr`knry jcuhnt`ie

ns % if LE]Hiuetry ir tjrr`tiry

7.:< 7.38 >=.: >7.1

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Xn`et Buh`n

Xn`et V`ehjet nec taj Lrjenc`ejs

Xur`enkj

Sr`e`cnc nec Signli

Surds nec Hn`his @sbnecs

Zrulunyw

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Eirta Nkjr`hn nec \jstjre Juripj

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Nustr`ni

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7 = =JFN Lbignb

Kie`tir`el Wjpirt

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]ugb`h hurrjet jxpjec`turjie pr`knry jcuhnt`ie

ns % if hurrjet jxpjec`turjie jcuhnt`ie

Sitnb pugb`h jxpjec`turjns % if LE]

Sitnb pugb`h jxpjec`turjie jcuhnt`ie ns % if titnblivjrekjet jxpjec`turj

]ugb`h hurrjet jxpjec`turjie jcuhnt`ie ns % if titnbjxpjec`turj ie jcuhnt`ie

>00=/0> >000/7=== >00=/0> >000/7=== >00=/0> >000/7=== >00=/0> >000/7===

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Neejx

Sngbj >> (hiet`eujc)

]ugb`h hurrjet jxpjec`turjpjr pup`b ie pr`knry jcuhnt`ie

ns % if LE] pjr hnp`tn

]ugb`h hurrjet jxpjec`turjie pr`knry jcuhnt`ie

ns % if LE]Hiuetry ir tjrr`tiry

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Jquntir`nb Lu`ejn

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Hiuetr`js `e trnes`t`ie

Cjvjbipjc hiuetr`js

Cjvjbip`el hiuetr`js

Nrng Xtntjs nec Eirta Nfr`hn

Hjetrnb nec Jnstjre Juripj

Hjetrnb Ns`n

Jnst Ns`n nec taj ]nh`f`h

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Eirta Nkjr`hn nec \jstjre Juripj

Xiuta nec \jst Ns`nXug-Xnanrne Nfr`hn

kjc`ne kjc`ne kjc`ne kjc`ne

>00=>/0> >000/7===>00=/0> >000/7===

>. @ec`hntirs fir >00=/>00> nec >000/7=== kny eit gj hikpnrngbj.Fir furtajr jxpbnent`ie, pbjnsj sjj taj Sjhae`hnb @etricuht`ie prjhjc`el tajsj Neejxjs.

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7 = =JFN Lbignb

Kie`tir`el Wjpirt

… … … … … … … …

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]ugb`h hurrjet jxpjec`turjie pr`knry jcuhnt`ie

ns % if hurrjet jxpjec`turjie jcuhnt`ie

Sitnb pugb`h jxpjec`turjns % if LE]

Sitnb pugb`h jxpjec`turjie jcuhnt`ie ns % if titnblivjrekjet jxpjec`turj

]ugb`h hurrjet jxpjec`turjie jcuhnt`ie ns % if titnbjxpjec`turj ie jcuhnt`ie

81.0 81.0 3.7 3.< >8.1 >7.1 0>.1 0=.6

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kjc`ne kjc`ne kjc`ne kjc`ne kjc`ne kjc`ne kjc`ne kjc`ne

>00=/0> >000/7=== >00=/0> >000/7=== >00=/0> >000/7=== >00=/0> >000/7===

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Neejx

Sngbj >7

]r`vntj jeribkjet

]W@VNSJ JEWIBKJES NX % IF SISNB JEWIBKJES

]rj-pr`knry jcuhnt`ieHiuetry ir tjrr`tiry ]r`knry jcuhnt`ie Xjhiecnry ljejrnb jcuhnt`ie

>00=/0> >000/7=== >00=/0> >000/7=== >00=/0> >000/7===

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… 0=.3 >.= 7.3 7>.= 1.86>.7 … 8.: … :.6 …

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68.1 61.7 87.7 3:.= 7=.6 87.=

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76.7 … 73.0 76.0 8>.0 …

… 77.: … >.6 … =.6

… =.= … =.= … =.=

Nrng Xtntjs nec Eirta Nfr`hn

Nbljr`n

Gnarn`e

Co`giut`

Jlyptw

@rnq

Oircnew

Duwn`t

Bjgneie

B`gyne Nrng Onkna`r`yn

Knur`tne`n

Kirihhi

Ikne

]nbjst`e`ne Nutieikius Sjrr`tir`js

^ntnr

Xnuc` Nrng`n

XucneXyr`ne Nrng Wjpugb`h

Sue`s`nw

Ze`tjc Nrng Jk`rntjs

Pjkje

Hjetrnb nec Jnstjre Juripj

Nbgne`n

Gjbnrus

Gise`n nec Ajrzjliv`en

Gublnr`n

Hrint`n

Hzjha Wjpugb`hi

Jstie`n

Auelnryi

Bntv`n

B`taune`n

]ibneci

Wjpugb`h if Kibcivn

Wikne`n

Wuss`ne Fjcjrnt`iew

Xbivnd`n

Xbivje`n

Saj firkjr Pulisbnv Wjp. if Knhjcie`n

Surdjyi

Zdrn`ej

Pulisbnv`n

Hjetrnb Ns`n

Nrkje`n

Nzjrgn`one

Ljirl`n

Dnzndastne

Dyrlyzstne

Kielib`n

Sno`d`stne

Surdkje`stne

Zzgjd`stne

Jnst Ns`n nec taj ]nh`f`h

Nustrnb`ni

Hnkgic`n

Ha`enw

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7 = =JFN Lbignb

Kie`tir`el Wjpirt

]W@VNSJ JEWIBKJES NX % IF SISNB JEWIBKJES

]rj-pr`knry jcuhnt`ieHiuetry ir tjrr`tiry ]r`knry jcuhnt`ie Xjhiecnry ljejrnb jcuhnt`ie

>00=/0> >000/7=== >00=/0> >000/7=== >00=/0> >000/7===

… 73.6 … >:.= … >7.6… … … … … …

>==.= … … … … …

00.6 00.= ><.6 … 30.7 …

<1.> 6:.= =.< =.0 >6.: …

… … … … … …

… >6.6 … 7.= … =.0

:0.0 31.< =.8 :.< 6.7 …

… … … … … …

… … … … … …

… … … … … …

=.3 73.3 7.: 7.> 3.0 …

… … … … … …

>==.= … 7.3 … … …

:1.7 … 6.< … 86.3 …

60.8 <:.3 >.3 >.: 3:.7 …

… >==.= >>.< >:.1 … 8>.0… … >>.< … … …

… >1.< 0.6 >8.> >6.7 …

… >==.= <.3 <.> <<.< <3.:

… … … … … …

… >==.= 77.3 8.1 … 7:.1

… :>.> … =.8 … >>.8

… >==.= … 6.3 … …

… >==.= … 81.7 … 78.7

… 71.> … >0.: … …

… 1>.1 … 17.3 … 11.0

… … … … … …

… >6.: … 0.1 … 6.8

… >.1 … 1<.= … <0.>

… … … … … …0.1 … >=.3 … 7:.0 …

88.6 7<.0 >3.7 1.> 83.< …

>==.= >==.= >:.8 >6.8 … 7.1

… 08.7** … 8<.7 … 7:.=

3<.< 3:.= 81.1 38.7 30.= …

… 33.< >:.7 >0.6 … 87.3

>=.0 0.1 3.< 6.1 <.0 ><.<

… =.= … =.= … =.=

>==.= >==.= 3.= 76.8 … 38.:

… 3:.: … … … …

… 80.8 … 7>.1 … 7:.6

… … … … … 73.0

… … 1.< … … …

… 7>.6 … >3.0 … 3<.<

… … … … … …

16.= … 6<.= … … …… … :.1 … … …

13.> … … … :.1 7.<

1.: 0.3 6.7 <.3 >6.6 >7.>

… >3.= … 8<.= … …

… <3.: … <3.1 … <1.=

73.= ><.: >7.6 >6.1 … 87.0

76.< 78.= <.1 0.> >:.< 7>.<

:3.< 71.< >:.= >:.= 7>.0 …

>1.> >3.: >7.6 >7.6 >3.6 …

Hiid @sbnecsCjkihrnt`h ]jipbj‐s Wjp. if Dirjn

F`o`

@eciejs`nw

Onpnei

D`r`gnt`

Bni ]jipbj‐s Cjkihrnt`h Wjpugb`h

Knbnys`nw

Knrsanbb @sbnecs

Kyneknr

Enuru

Ejw _jnbneci

E`uj

]npun Ejw Lu`ejn

]a`b`pp`ejsw

Wjpugb`h if Dirjni

XnkinXibikie @sbnecs

San`bnecw

Sieln

Suvnbu

Vneuntu

V`jt Enk

Bnt`e Nkjr`hn nec taj Hnr`ggjne

Nelu`bbn

Net`lun nec Gnrgucn

Nrljet`enw

Nrugn

Gnankns

Gnrgncis

Gjb`zj

GjrkucnGib`v`n

Grnz`bw

Gr`t`sa V`rl`e @sbnecs

Hnykne @sbnecs

Ha`bjw

Hibikg`n

Histn W`hn

Hugn

Cik`e`hn

Cik`e`hne Wjpugb`h

Jhuncir

Jb Xnbvncir

Lrjencn

Luntjknbn

Luynen

An`t`Aiecurns

Onkn`hnw

Kjx`hii

Kietsjrrnt

Ejtajrbnecs Net`bbjs

E`hnrnlun

]nenkn

]nrnlunyw

]jruw

Sngbj >7 (hiet`eujc)

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Neejx

Sngbj >7 (hiet`eujc)

]W@VNSJ JEWIBKJES NX % IF SISNB JEWIBKJES

]rj-pr`knry jcuhnt`ieHiuetry ir tjrr`tiry ]r`knry jcuhnt`ie Xjhiecnry ljejrnb jcuhnt`ie

>00=/0> >000/7=== >00=/0> >000/7=== >00=/0> >000/7===

… <>.1 … >3.6 … 8.>

>==.= >==.= >.1 … >7.= 3.=

>==.= … 8.7 3.7 … …… … … … … …

… … … :.3 … >8.6

… :>.3 … ><.1 … 0.>

70.1 77.= >6.7 >3.7 >3.= …

>:.8 … >8.< … 7:.0 …

… … … … … …

7:.0 7:.6 3.= 3.7 0.3 7.3

:6.1 :3.3 :6.= :3.3 6:.1 …

3.7 <.0 8.< 6.: :.1 6.<

6<.0 :7.8 3.1 3.> >8.> …

0.> 7.< … >=.1 3>.3 >:.1

… 0.1 =.0 >.> :.0 :.1

>7.8 >7.6 >3.1 >3.6 77.= 7=.0

… :1.1 … 7.7 … <.73.0 8.3 <.> <.= :.3 :.6

… 6.> … >.3 … =.3

>.1 31.3 >.: >.3 =.3 …

… 6.1 … … … …

70.3 70.3 <.> 6.6 6.3 …

… :.8 =.< 6.1 … 77.>

8<.6 … 70.7 … 78.8 …

88.= 7<.> 88.1 8=.> 7:.= 71.6

61.6 61.8 61.< 61.6 17.0 <:.>

86.= 3=.> >.7 >.: :.7 3.3

63.> 30.0 6.< 0.6 1.7 0.6

… … … … … …

81.0 88.= 83.0 88.3 8=.: 8=.=

… >>.< =.0 8.3 >.7 7.<

:.8 <.8 7.3 8.8 :.1 <.<

6.= … … … … …

8<.6 8:.= >=.3 >>.6 0.6 …

… … … … … …

… … >:.7 … … …

… >==.= … >.< … =.3

… … … ><.0 … …

… >7.< =.> 8.8 =.8 :.3

… 8=.= … 7.0 … 7=.:

… … … >7.8 … 76.8

… 8:.8 … 83.1 … 77.3

… … >.: … 7.: …

… … … … … …

1.= 78.= 8.3 >=.> … >7.=… … :.7 3.< 61.0 3.7

70.3 … 1.6 >>.3 3>.> 8=.0

… … =.1 … … …

86.8 33.6 7:.7 7<.8 37.1 8>.6**

… … … … … …

… … … … 3.> …

… … 6.= 7<.1 … >:.8

… >==.= … >=.< … :7.>**

… 16.: … >:.7 … >3.=

Xn`et D`tts nec Ejv`s

Xn`et Buh`n

Xn`et V`ehjet nec taj Lrjenc`ejsXur`enkj

Sr`e`cnc nec Signli

Surds nec Hn`his @sbnecs

Zrulunyw

Vjejzujbn

Eirta Nkjr`hn nec \jstjre Juripj

Necirrn

Nustr`ni

Gjbl`uki

Hnencni

Hyprus

Cjeknrdi

F`ebneci

Frnehji

Ljrkneyi

Lrjjhji

@hjbneci

@rjbneci

@srnjbi

@tnbyi

Buxjkgiurli

Knbtn

Kienhi

Ejtajrbnecsi

Eirwnyi

]irtulnbi

Xne Knr`ei

Xpn`ei

Xwjcjei

Xw`tzjrbneci

Ze`tjc D`elciki

Ze`tjc Xtntjsi

Xiuta nec \jst Ns`n

Nflane`stne

Gnelbncjsa

Gautne

@ec`nw

@rne, @sbnk`h Wjpugb`h if

Knbc`vjs

Ejpnb

]nd`stne

Xr` Bnednw

Xug-Xnanrne Nfr`hn

Nelibn

Gje`eGitswnen

Gurd`en Fnsi

Guruec`

Hnkjriie

Hnpj Vjrcj

Hjetrnb Nfr`hne Wjpugb`h

Hanc

Hikiris

Hieli

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7 = =JFN Lbignb

Kie`tir`el Wjpirt

Sngbj >7 (hiet`eujc)

]W@VNSJ JEWIBKJES NX % IF SISNB JEWIBKJES

]rj-pr`knry jcuhnt`ieHiuetry ir tjrr`tiry ]r`knry jcuhnt`ie Xjhiecnry ljejrnb jcuhnt`ie

>00=/0> >000/7=== >00=/0> >000/7=== >00=/0> >000/7===

66.: … >=.3 … … …

… … … … … …

… … … … … …… 03.6 8>.3 >=.> … :.6

>==.= >==.= >7.: 6.: … 7.>

… … … … … 70.8

… … … 8.7 … 71.<

… … <.8 … … <.>

… … 7.3 >6.> 3.> 1.>**

… 67.7 … >0.3 … >8.7

… … … … … …

… … >==.= … … …

… >1.= … 77.= … 3>.>

… 08.= ><.1 77.6 … 3:.=

… … <.7 … … <.>

… … 8.8 0.> … 6.0

… 13.< … 78.1 <0.3 <3.6

… … … >.6 … 6.3

… >==.= … 3.> … 3.3

77.: 86.8 7.1 3.8 <.8 >:.6

… … … … … …

… … =.< =.= 73.> 36.3

… … … … … …

:<.< 60.7 0.7 >=.6 … 76.:

… :.> … 3.< … 8.7

… >==.= … >.> … …

… … … … … …

… 76.= =.1 >.< … 7.3

… … … … … …

:=.6 :7.7 73.0 86.0 ><.= >1.3

… >==.= … 3.< … …

… … =.7 =.7 30.1 38.>

… … … … … …

… … 1<.1 11.> … 81.1

Hótj c‐@vi`rj

Cjkihrnt`h Wjp. if taj Hieli

Jquntir`nb Lu`ejnJr`trjn

Jta`ip`n

Lngie

Lnkg`n

Lanen

Lu`ejn

Lu`ejn-G`ssnu

Djeyn

Bjsitai

B`gjr`n

Kncnlnshnr

Knbnw`

Knb`

Knur`t`us

Kiznkg`quj

Enk`g`n

E`ljr

E`ljr`n

Wwnecn

Xni Sikj nec ]r`eh`pj

Xjejlnb

Xjyhajbbjs

X`jrrn Bjiej

Xiknb`n

Xiuta Nfr`hn

Xwnz`bnec

Sili

Zlnecn

Ze`tjc Wjpugb`h if Snezne`n

_nkg`n

_`kgngwjw

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Sngbj >8

Iut-if-shaiib ha`bcrje

JXS@KNSJC IZS-IF-XHAIIB HA@BCWJE (@E SAIZXNECX)

>001/00 >000/7===Hiuetry ir tjrr`tiry

Sitnb Knbj Fjknbj % Fjknbj Sitnb Knbj Fjknbj % Fjknbj

>83.< 7<.0 >=6.1 <0.8 >><.3 76.7 0>.> <<.6

7.1 >.1 >.> 8<.: 3.6 7.0 >.< 86.6

60.= 87.7 86.1 :8.3 <>.< 88.1 8<.0 :7.1

:1:.> ><8.7 3>>.0 <=.3 6>=.< 7=3.1 3=6.= 66.:

736.8 … … … 731.< … … …

:3.7 71.0 7:.7 36.6 36.7 73.0 7>.8 36.=

6>.3 8=.: 8=.0 :=.8 ::.6 76.1 71.1 :>.0

>=>.0 30.1 :7.> :>.7 >>>.: :<.> :3.3 31.1

… … … … … … … …

… … … … … … … …

>7>3.3 :=1.0 <=:.6 :1.> > =8:.< 383.3 6=>.8 :1.>

>38.= <>.7 <>.1 :=.7 >:=.: <:.8 <:.7 :=.=

8>.1 7<.8 3.: >3.7 8.> 7.= >.> 8:.8

… … … … … … … …

>818.> 6<3.> <=0.= :>.8 > 3=3.< 617.3 <77.3 :>.3

7:77.< > >03.6 >871.7 :7.6 7 :<6.8 >7>0.1 > 8:6.3 :7.<… … … … … … … …

86.6 >>.> 7:.: 60.6 7>.1 :.7 >6.< <6.8

:<.= 8>.> 7:.0 3:.3 68.= 88.7 70.1 3<.8

… … … … … … … …

8.> >.: >.6 :>.8 … … … …

… … … … … … … …

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>8.8 :.> 1.7 6>.3 ><.6 <.3 >=.7 :1.>

… … … … … … … …

6>.6 87.< 71.0 3<.= :0.6 8=.6 70.= 31.6

3.< >.< 8.= 68.= 7.0 =.0 7.= 61.=

:=.7 73.0 7:.8 :=.3 30.8 73.1 73.6 30.1

>=.6 :.> :.: :7.> 0.7 3.6 3.6 :=.8

><.1 1.: 0.7 :>.0 >7.: 6.8 6.> 30.8

>80.7 <>.1 6<.3 31.3 >>8.6 :<.: :6.7 30.3

… … … … … … … …

:7.0 7:.= 7<.0 :7.< <0.7 80.> 3=.> :=.6

… … … … … … … …

… … … … … … … …

… … … … … … … …

6.0 7.0 3.= :1.: 1.> 8.0 3.7 :>.0

… … … … … … … …

… … … … … … … …

… … … … … … … …

… … … … … … … …

… … … … … … … …

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… … … … … … … …

<1.7 81.8 80.0 :>.= 17.8 3=.6 3>.< :=.<

8=.> ><.8 >7.< 37.8 76.0 >:.< >>.7 3>.6

0<.0 3>.6 :6.8 :<.: 10.= 83.7 :3.1 6>.:

… … … … … … … …

… … … … … … … …

03.> :7.= 37.> 33.1 03.: :7.< 3>.1 33.8

867.8 >>6.8 73:.0 6<.0 7:=.0 6<.3 >18.: <8.>

<=68.6 3 <:7.< 78>=.0 87.< 0 =1=.0 :<71.8 8 8:7.: 86.0

>. Eukgjrs if iut-if-shaiib ha`bcrje anvj eit gjje jst`kntjc fir ta`s hiuetry cuj ti ehies`stjeh`js gjtwjjejeribkjet nec taj Ze`tjc Ent`ies pipubnt`ie cntn.

7. Eukgjrs if iut-if-shaiib ha`bcrje anvj eit gjje jst`kntjc fir ta`s hiuetry cuj ti bnhd if Ze`tjc Ent`ies pipubnt`ie cntn gy nlj.

Nrng Xtntjs nec Eirta Nfr`hn

Nbljr`n

Gnarn`e

Co`giut`

Jlyptw

@rnq

Oircnew

Duwn`t

Bjgneie

B`gyne Nrng Onkna`r`yn

Knur`tne`n

Kirihhi

Ikne

]nbjst`e`ne Nutieikius Sjrr`tir`js

^ntnr

Xnuc` Nrng`n

XucneXyr`ne Nrng Wjpugb`h

Sue`s`nw

Ze`tjc Nrng Jk`rntjs

Pjkje

Hjetrnb nec Jnstjre Juripj

Nbgne`n

Gjbnrus

Gise`n nec Ajrzjliv`en

Gublnr`n

Hrint`n>

Hzjha Wjpugb`hi

Jstie`n

Auelnryi

Bntv`n

B`taune`n

]ibneci

Wjpugb`h if Kibcivn

Wikne`n

Wuss`ne Fjcjrnt`iew

Xbivnd`n

Xbivje`n

Saj firkjr Pulisbnv Wjp. if Knhjcie`n

Surdjyi

Zdrn`ej

Pulisbnv`n>

Hjetrnb Ns`n

Nrkje`n

Nzjrgn`one

Ljirl`n

Dnzndastne

Dyrlyzstne

Kielib`n

Sno`d`stne

Surdkje`stne

Zzgjd`stne

Jnst Ns`n nec taj ]nh`f`h

Nustrnb`ni

Hnkgic`n

Ha`enw

0=

Neejx

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>. Eukgjrs if iut-if-shaiib ha`bcrje anvj eit gjje jst`kntjc fir ta`s hiuetry cuj ti ehies`stjeh`js gjtwjjejeribkjet nec taj Ze`tjc Ent`ies pipubnt`ie cntn.

7. Eukgjrs if iut-if-shaiib ha`bcrje anvj eit gjje jst`kntjc fir ta`s hiuetry cuj ti bnhd if Ze`tjc Ent`ies pipubnt`ie cntn gy nlj.

Sngbj >8 (hiet`eujc)

JXS@KNSJC IZS-IF-XHAIIB HA@BCWJE (@E SAIZXNECX)

>001/00 >000/7===Hiuetry ir tjrr`tiry

Sitnb Knbj Fjknbj % Fjknbj Sitnb Knbj Fjknbj % Fjknbj

… … … … … … … …… … … … … … … …

… … … … … … … …

7 871.< 0<8.= >8::.< :1.7 776<.0 03<.7 > 87=.1 :1.7

… … … … … … … …

… … … … … … … …

>3=.6 :0.= 1>.6 :1.= >8>.6 :3.8 <<.8 :1.1

… … … … … … … …

… … … … … … … …

0:8.> 363.0 311.7 :>.7 10:.0 338.1 3:7.> :=.:

… … … … … … … …

… … … … … … … …

… … … … … … … …

… … … … … … … …

… … … … … … … …

>=0.3 63.1 33.6 3=.1 >=0.7 60.0 80.8 86.=

… … … … … … … …… … … … … … … …

> :3>.6 <73.= 1><.6 :8.= >7>3.7 :::.1 6:1.3 :3.7

… … … … … … … …

… … … … … … … …

… … … … … … … …

8=0.8 … 886.: >=1.1 837.6 8<.0 8=3.< 11.0

… … … … … … … …

… … … … … … … …

… … … … … … … …

… … … … … … … …

… … … … … … … …

8.< >.0 >.1 31.= 7.8 >.7 >.> 3<.<

… … … … … … … …

… … … … … … … …8:.< >6.7 >0.: :3.< >>.7 6.7 :.= 33.8

7<<.0 … 818.7 >8<.0 3:<.3 >3.6 337.1 06.1

… … … … … … … …

… … … … … … … …

7>=.= >=7.: >=<.: :>.7 >08.8 03.8 00.> :>.7

6==.7 8=6.6 708.: 31.0 :38.0 7<:.0 761.> 30.8

37.> 7>.8 7=.0 30.: 33.1 77.6 77.7 30.:

8=.1 >1.7 >7.6 3=.1 <.< =.: <.> 08.=

… … … … … … … …

>88.7 <7.< 6=.: 3:.3 >=:.< :1.7 3<.: 33.0

::.3 87.: 78.= 3>.3 81.8 77.= >6.8 37.<

… … … … … … … …

… … … … … … … …

83=.8 >:>.1 >11.: ::.3 831.3 >::.0 >07.: ::.7

… … … … … … … …

… … … … … … … …… … … … … … … …

87.3 >6.6 >:.1 31.0 >0.7 0.6 0.6 :=.7

… … … … … … … …

… … … … … … … …

=.1 =.: =.3 37.6 >.> =.6 =.: 33.6

>6>.: 18.6 <<.0 31.8 >68.1 13.0 <1.0 31.7

<.> 8.: 8.< :>.3 <.7 8.: 8.6 :=.:

60.8 86.1 87.: 36.0 <>.< 8<.8 83.3 31.=

… … … … … … … …

Hiid @sbnecs7

Cjkihrnt`h ]jipbj‐s Wjp. if Dirjn

F`o`

@eciejs`nw

Onpnei

D`r`gnt`

Bni ]jipbj‐s Cjkihrnt`h Wjpugb`h

Knbnys`nw

Knrsanbb @sbnecs

Kyneknr

Enuru

Ejw _jnbneci

E`uj

]npun Ejw Lu`ejn

]a`b`pp`ejsw

Wjpugb`h if Dirjni

XnkinXibikie @sbnecs

San`bnecw

Sieln

Suvnbu

Vneuntu

V`jt Enk

Bnt`e Nkjr`hn nec taj Hnr`ggjne

Nelu`bbn7

Net`lun nec Gnrgucn7

Nrljet`enw

Nrugn7

Gnankns

Gnrgncis

Gjb`zj

GjrkucnGib`v`n

Grnz`bw

Gr`t`sa V`rl`e @sbnecs7

Hnykne @sbnecs7

Ha`bjw

Hibikg`n

Histn W`hn

Hugn

Cik`e`hn7

Cik`e`hne Wjpugb`h

Jhuncir

Jb Xnbvncir

Lrjencn

Luntjknbn

Luynen

An`t`Aiecurns

Onkn`hnw

Kjx`hii

Kietsjrrnt

Ejtajrbnecs Net`bbjs

E`hnrnlun

]nenkn

]nrnlunyw

]jruw

7 = =JFN Lbignb

Kie`tir`el Wjpirt

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Sngbj >8 (hiet`eujc)

JXS@KNSJC IZS-IF-XHAIIB HA@BCWJE (@E SAIZXNECX)

>001/00 >000/7===Hiuetry ir tjrr`tiry

Sitnb Knbj Fjknbj % Fjknbj Sitnb Knbj Fjknbj % Fjknbj

… … … … … … … …

=.< =.3 =.3 :=.1 >.= =.6 =.3 3=.>

… … … … … … … …… … … … … … … …

>7.> 6.7 6.= 30.8 >>.: :.< :.1 :=.3

… … … … … … … …

73.< >8.> >>.6 36.0 7=.0 >>.6 0.8 33.<

3:>.7 78<.< 7>8.: 3<.8 807.: 76<.< >73.1 8>.1

… … … … … … … …

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7333.8 > 778.: >77=.1 30.0 7 801.0 >7=>.> > >0<.1 30.0

… … … … … … … …

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667.7 8=>.1 86=.3 :3.3 > >8=.> ::=.: :<0.6 :>.8

8:8.0 >=3.: 730.3 <=.: 877.1 0>.> 78>.< <>.130.= 7<.= 77.= 33.1 31.< 7<.= 7>.6 33.:

>713.< :18.= <=>.< :3.6 > 701.7 :0=.= <=1.7 :3.6

<==.3 88>.3 860.= :7.< 68>.< 711.= 838.< :3.3

… … … … … … … …

… … … … … … … …

… … … … … … … …

:<=.6 7=3.: 866.> 63.7 :63.> 7=8.0 86=.7 68.0

::.< 76.= 70.1 :8.3 :=.3 77.1 7<.6 :3.<

… … … … … … … …

Xn`et D`tts nec Ejv`s7

Xn`et Buh`n

Xn`et V`ehjet nec taj Lrjenc`ejs7

Xur`enkj

Sr`e`cnc nec Signli

Surds nec Hn`his @sbnecs7

Zrulunyw

Vjejzujbn

Eirta Nkjr`hn nec \jstjre Juripj

Necirrn

Nustr`ni

Gjbl`uki

Hnencni

Hyprus>

Cjeknrdi

F`ebneci

Frnehji

Ljrkneyi

Lrjjhji

@hjbneci

@rjbneci

@srnjbi

@tnbyi

Buxjkgiurli

Knbtn

Kienhi

Ejtajrbnecsi

Eirwnyi

]irtulnbi

Xne Knr`ei

Xpn`ei

Xwjcjei

Xw`tzjrbneci

Ze`tjc D`elciki

Ze`tjc Xtntjsi

Xiuta nec \jst Ns`n

Nflane`stne

Gnelbncjsa

Gautne>

@ec`nw

@rne, @sbnk`h Wjpugb`h if

Knbc`vjs

Ejpnb

]nd`stne

Xr` Bnednw

Xug-Xnanrne Nfr`hn

Nelibn

Gje`eGitswnen

Gurd`en Fnsi

Guruec`

Hnkjriie

Hnpj Vjrcj

Hjetrnb Nfr`hne Wjpugb`h

Hanc

Hikiris

Hieli

07

Neejx

>. Eukgjrs if iut-if-shaiib ha`bcrje anvj eit gjje jst`kntjc fir ta`s hiuetry cuj ti ehies`stjeh`js gjtwjjejeribkjet nec taj Ze`tjc Ent`ies pipubnt`ie cntn.

7. Eukgjrs if iut-if-shaiib ha`bcrje anvj eit gjje jst`kntjc fir ta`s hiuetry cuj ti bnhd if Ze`tjc Ent`ies pipubnt`ie cntn gy nlj.

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Sngbj >8 (hiet`eujc)

JXS@KNSJC IZS-IF-XHAIIB HA@BCWJE (@E SAIZXNECX)

>001/00 >000/7===Hiuetry ir tjrr`tiry

Sitnb Knbj Fjknbj % Fjknbj Sitnb Knbj Fjknbj % Fjknbj

> >30.7 3<3.8 6<3.0 :1.< >=1>.= 38:.< 63:.8 :0.<

… … … … … … … …

0.6 7.= <.6 <1.1 >7.8 8.< 1.< <=.8700.3 >38.1 >::.6 :7.= 711.3 >8<.8 >:>.> :7.3

… … … … … … … …

… … … … … … … …

<8.7 88.7 3=.= :3.< :6.= 78.: 87.: :1.=

… … … … … … … …

618.0 703.8 810.6 :<.= 637.8 7<1.6 868.1 :6.6

17.8 87.0 30.3 6=.= 13.8 88.1 :=.: :0.0

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>70.> <8.> :6.= 38.3 >36.3 1=.< 6:.< 33.0

… … … … … … … …

<3:.0 8<:.3 8<=.: 30.< <70.8 86<.0 86>.8 30.:

… … … … … … … …

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<.< 3.= 8.1 31.< <.7 8.< 8.: 31.8

> 8>=.3 :01.= <>7.3 :3.3 >787.7 ::0.= 6<8.7 :3.6

63.> 86.1 7<.8 37.6 61.0 80.3 70.: 37.1

> 71=.> 6=:.: 6<3.6 :7.< >3=1.3 <7>.6 616.0 31.1

… … … … … … … …

31.= 71.< >0.8 3=.8 8>.6 >6.1 >3.< 36.<

… … … … … … … …

6=8.> 76:.< 88<.3 ::.0 :<0.= 767.: 8>6.3 :3.<

… … … … … … … …

78>.: >=6.: >73.0 :3.= 786.7 >=1.< >7<.: :3.=

… … … … … … … …

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71.3 >:.= >8.3 3<.8 >7.8 6.1 :.: 33.<

86.3 … … … 68.< … … …

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8 :=>.1 ><13.1 ><><.= 30.= 8:37.6 >1=<.1 > <83.< 30.=

6=7.0 701.0 8=3.= :=.3 668.0 87<.1 886.> :=.6

30:.8 7:>.8 733.= 30.8 :=:.> 7:6.8 731.< 30.7

8. \irbc nec rjl`ienb f`lurjs ehbucj jst`kntjs fir hiuetr`js w`taiut cntn.

Hótj c‐@vi`rj

Cjkihrnt`h Wjp. if taj Hieli

Jquntir`nb Lu`ejnJr`trjn

Jta`ip`n

Lngie

Lnkg`n

Lanen

Lu`ejn

Lu`ejn-G`ssnu

Djeyn

Bjsitai

B`gjr`n

Kncnlnshnr

Knbnw`

Knb`

Knur`t`us

Kiznkg`quj

Enk`g`n

E`ljr

E`ljr`n

Wwnecn

Xni Sikj nec ]r`eh`pj7

Xjejlnb

Xjyhajbbjs7

X`jrrn Bjiej

Xiknb`n

Xiuta Nfr`hn

Xwnz`bnec

Sili

Zlnecn

Ze`tjc Wjpugb`h if Snezne`n

_nkg`n

_`kgngwjw

\irbc8

Hiuetr`js `e trnes`t`ie

Cjvjbipjc hiuetr`js

Cjvjbip`el hiuetr`js

Nrng Xtntjs nec Eirta Nfr`hn

Hjetrnb nec Jnstjre Juripj

Hjetrnb Ns`n

Jnst Ns`n nec taj ]nh`f`h

Bnt`e Nkjr`hn nec taj Hnr`ggjne

Eirta Nkjr`hn nec \jstjre Juripj

Xiuta nec \jst Ns`nXug-Xnanrne Nfr`hn

>>8 6=: 30077 68618 :6.> >>:3>3 :=33< 63 06< :6.8

6 70< 8=:6 873> :>.: :8<3 7 <7< 7 63< 30.8

> 166 0:8 0>8 31.0 >16> 0:< 0=3 31.6

>=: 337 3:0>3 :0:71 :6.: >=1><0 36<68 6> 3>6 :6.1

1 >3< 88:= 3<0< :1.0 1>=< 8 83= 3 <6< :1.1

3 3=: >0:> 73:3 ::.< 8:1: > 6<7 > 0>3 :8.3

7 773 >>73 >>== 30.: 7>76 > =<8 > =:8 30.:

>8 137 <6:8 6>10 33.< >:731 1 866 6 117 3:.>

7 8:< >=7> >886 :6.< 7>01 > =76 > ><7 :8.8

> 0=8 060 083 30.> >1<: 067 0>8 31.<

80 ==< >3=78 73013 63.= 801:0 >8<30 76 >>= 6:.:3> <7= >018> 7>110 :7.: 373>6 7=7:0 77 >:< :7.7

suk suk suk % Fjknbj suk suk suk % Fjknbj

7 = =JFN Lbignb

Kie`tir`el Wjpirt

>. Eukgjrs if iut-if-shaiib ha`bcrje anvj eit gjje jst`kntjc fir ta`s hiuetry cuj ti ehies`stjeh`js gjtwjjejeribkjet nec taj Ze`tjc Ent`ies pipubnt`ie cntn.

7. Eukgjrs if iut-if-shaiib ha`bcrje anvj eit gjje jst`kntjc fir ta`s hiuetry cuj ti bnhd if Ze`tjc Ent`ies pipubnt`ie cntn gy nlj.

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Neejx

Ngcjbdncjr, L. D. 7==>. Bn Xhibnr`snt`ie cjs f`bbjs cnes ue pnys snajb`je? bj hns cu E`ljr TXhaiib`el fir l`rbs `en Xnajb hiuetry? taj hnsj if E`ljr[. Hna`jrs cu LWJSNF .

NGS Nssih`ntjs. 7==>. @kpnhts if A@V/N@CX ie taj Xiuta Nfr`hne Cjpnrtkjets if Jcuhnt`ie, Sjhae`hnb Wjpirtsugk`ttjc ti taj Cjpnrtkjet if Jcuhnt`ie. Oianeejsgurl, NGS Nssih`ntjs.

Nht`ieN`c. 7==7. Jcuhnt`ie Knpp`el if ]ivjrty Wjcuht`ie Xtrntjly ]npjrs. Eis. 87, 3>.

NCJN (Nssih`nt`ie fir taj Cjvjbipkjet if Jcuhnt`ie `e Nfr`hn). 7==>. A@V/N@CX nec jcuhnt`ie? bjssies frik Nrusan. NCJN Ejwsbjttjr , Vib. >8, Ei. 3, Ihtigjr‘Cjhjkgjr.

Nlu`bnr, ].4 Wjtnknb, L. >001. Wnp`c jcuhnt`ienb rjspiesj `e hikpbjx jkjrljeh`js? n c`shuss`ie cihukjet.Ankgurl, ZEJXHI @etjrent`ienb @est`tutj if Jcuhnt`ie (sjj nbsi www.l`e`j.irl).

N`eswirta, K.4 F`bkjr, C. 7==7. ]ivjrty, N@CX nec Ha`bcrje‐s Xhaiib`el, N Snrljt`el C`bjkkn, Jv`cjehj frik71 Cjvjbip`el Hiuetr`js. \irbc Gned, \nsa`eltie, C.H., Oneunry 1 (]iwjr-pi`et prjsjetnt`ie, pugb`hnt`iefirtahik`el).

Nbd`rj, X. 7==7n. Aukne Hnpng`b`t`js nec Gns`h Jcuhnt`ie. Gnhdlriuec eitj fir JFN Lbignb Kie`tir`el Wjpirt 7==7.(]rihjssjc.)

–. 7==7g. Vnbu`el Frjjciks. Ixfirc, Ixfirc Ze`vjrs`ty ]rjss.

Nbb`nehj if Knyirs nec Kue`h`pnb Bjncjrs ie A@V/N@CX `e Nfr`hn‐s \jgs`tj. 7==7. A@V/N@CX nec ]ivjrty Wjcuht`ieXtrntjl`js. ZEN@CX ]ib`hy Eitjs. attp?//www.nk`hnnbb.irl (nhhjssjc >= Ihtigjr 7==7).

Nb-Xnknrrn`, X. 7==7. G`bntjrnb nec Kubt`bntjrnb Xuppirt fir Jcuhnt`ie nec Saj JFN Linbs. Hikk`ss`iejc ]npjr firtaj 7==7 JFN Kie`tir`el Wjpirt. (]rihjssjc.)

Nppbjtie, X. >000. Jcuhnt`ie nec Ajnbta nt taj Aiusjaibc Bjvjb `e Xug-Xnanrne Nfr`hn. Hnkgr`clj, Knss., AnrvnrcZe`vjrs`ty Hjetjr fir @etjrent`ienb Cjvjbipkjet. (\ird`el ]npjr Ei. 88.)

Ns`ne Cjvjbipkjet Gned nec Nflane Nss`stnehj Hiirc`ent`ie Nutair`ty. 7==7. Nflane`stne? Hikprjajes`vj Ejjcs Nssjsskjet `e Jcuhnt`ie. Te.p.[ (F`enb crnft rjpirt.)

Gnchihd-\nbtjrs, ].4 Ajnrc, \.4 \`bsie, C. 7==7. Cjvjbip`el C`str`ht-Bjvjb Jnrby \nre`el nec Cjh`s`ie XuppirtXystjks ti Nss`st `e Knenl`el nec K`t`lnt`el taj @kpnht if A@V/N@CX ie Jcuhnt`ie. Gnrhjbien, Ouby <‘>7(prjsjetnt`ie nt >3ta @etjrent`ienb N@CX Hiefjrjehj.

Gnln`, C. 7==7. Jcuhnt`ie fir Nbb nec ]ivjrty Wjcuht`ie Xtrntjly ]npjrs. ]nr`s, ZEJXHI. (Gnhdlriuec pnpjrj firtaj JFN Lbignb Kie`tir`el Wjpirt 7==7. (]rihjssjc.)

Gnelurn, P. >000. Ejw C`rjht`ies `e Xtntj Wjfirk? @kpb`hnt`ies fir H`v`b Xih`jty `e Nfr`hn. ZEW@XC C`shuss`ie ]npjrEi. >>8. Ihtigjr. Ejw Pird, ZEW@XC.

Gnrejtt, S.4 \a`tjs`cj, N. 7==7.  N@CX `e taj Swjety-f`rst Hjetury . Gns`elstidj? ]nblrnvj KnhK`bbne.

Gnrri, W. >000. Aukne Hnp`tnb nec Lriwta `e Hriss-Hiuetry rjlrjss`ies. Xwjc`sa Jhieik`h ]ib`hy Wjv`jw, Vib. 6,Ei. 7, pp. 78<‘<<.

Gnxtjr, ]. 7==>. Saj ZEAHW pjnhj jcuhnt`ie prilrnkkj? sd`bbs fir b`fj. Firhjc K`lrnt`ie Wjv`jw , Vib. >> (sjj nbsiwww.fkrjv`jw.irl).

Gjntie, N. J. jt nb. >000. Saj Gjejf`ts nec B`k`tnt`ies if @etjrent`ienb Jcuhnt`ienb Nha`jvjkjet Xtuc`js. ]nr`s,ZEJXHI @etjrent`ienb @est`tutj fir Jcuhnt`ienb ]bnee`el nec @etjrent`ienb Nhncjky if Jcuhnt`ie.

Gjarkne, O. >00=. Aukne Wjsiurhj-Bjc Cjvjbipkjet9 Wjv`jw if @ssujs nec Jv`cjehj. Ejw Cjba`, @BI-NWSJ].

Gjenvit, N. 7==7. Jcuhnt`ienb Lbignb`znt`ie nec taj Jxpnes`ie if @estruht`ienb S`kj `e Ent`ienb Jcuhnt`ie Xystjks.]nr`s, ZEJXHI. (Gnhdlriuec ]npjr fir JFN Lbignb Kie`tir`el Wjpirt 7==7, prihjssjc).

Gjeejbb, ]. >006. Wntjs if Wjture ti Jcuhnt`ie? Cijs taj Hievjet`ienb ]nttjre ]rjvn`b `e Xug-Xnanrne Nfr`hn9 \irbc 

Cjvjbipkjet, Vib. 73 Ei. >, pp. >18-00.

–. 7==7 Jst`knt`el taj hist if nha`jv`el jcuhnt`ie fir nbb? n rjv`jw if Z]J rjsiurhj rjqu`rjkjet stuc`js. ]nr`s,ZEJXHI. (gnhdlriuec pnpjr fir JFN Lbignb Kie`tir`el Wjpirt 7==74 prihjssjc).

Gjeejbb, ].4 Furbiel, C. >001. Ans Oikt`je Kncj nec C`ffjrjehj9 Srjecs `e Cieir Fuec`el fir Jcuhnt`ie necGns`h Jcuhnt`ie X`ehj taj Bntj >01=s. \irbc Cjvjbipkjet, Vib. 76, Ei. >, pp. 3:‘:0.

Gjeejbb, ].4 Ha`b`sn, G.4 Aycj, D.4 Kndlita`, N.4 Kibigj, J.4 Kpitidwnej, B. 7==>. Saj @kpnht if A@V/N@CX ie]r`knry nec Xjhiecnry Jcuhnt`ie `e Gitswnen? Cjvjbip`el n Hikprjajes`vj Xtrntjl`h Wjspiesj. Wjpirtprjpnrjc fir taj K`e`stry if Jcuhnt`ie, Gitswnen nec taj Jcuhnt`ie Cjpnrtkjet, Ze`tjc D`elcik Cjpnrtkjetfir @etjrent`ienb Cjvjbipkjet (CF@C). Knrha.

Gjeejbb, ].4 Aycj, D.4 Xwn`esie, E. 7==7. Saj @kpnht if taj A@V/N@CX Jp`cjk`h ie taj Jcuhnt`ie Xjhtir `e Xug-Xnanrne Nfr`hn? N Xyetajs`s if taj F`ec`els nec Wjhikkjecnt`ies if Sarjj Hiuetry Xtuc`js . Gr`latie, Ze`vjrs`tyif Xussjx. @est`tutj if Jcuhnt`ie. Hjetrj fir @etjrent`ienb Jcuhnt`ie.

Wjfjrjehjs

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7 = =JFN Lbignb

Kie`tir`el Wjpirt

Gjeejtt, O. (firtahik`el). Xtnrt`el Xtriel? Jcuhnt`ie nec Hnrj Xystjks `e ne @etjrent`ienb ]jrspjht`vj . Kue`ha,Xtnnts`est`tut fòr Fròapãcnlil`d.

Gjetnbb, H. ]jnrt, J. Hnr-A`bb, W. nec Hix, N. 7==>. Fuec`el Nljehy Hietr`gut`ies ti Jcuhnt`ie Fir Nbb. Jcuhnt`iefir Nbb 7=== Nssjsskjet. Sajknt`h stuc`js. ]nr`s, ZEJXHI. Ciwebincngbj tjxt,uejscih.uejshi.irl/`knljs/==>7/==>783/>7831:j.pcf

G`rc, B. >000. Saj Snezne`ne Jxpjr`jehj. Cnr js Xnbnnk, ZE@HJF (sjj nbsi www.l`e`j.irl).

Gieejb, W. 7===. A@V/N@CX? Cijs `t @ehrjnsj ir Cjhrjnsj Lriwta `e Nfr`hn9 \nsa`eltie, C.H., NHSnfr`hn/\irbcGned.(]rihjssjc).

Grihd.4 Hirewnbb.4 Lnvjetn. 7==>. ]iwjr Deiwbjclj nec ]ib`t`hnb Xpnhjs `e taj Frnk`el if ]ivjrty ]ib`hy . Gr`latie,Ze`vjrs`ty if Xussjx, @est`tutj if Cjvjbipkjet Xtuc`js. (\ird`el pnpjr Ei. >38, p. 6:.)

Grissnrc, K.4 Lnhiuleibbj, B.-H. 7===. F`eneh`el ]r`knry Jcuhnt`ie fir Nbb? Pjstjrcny, Sicny nec Sikirriw. ]nr`s,ZEJXHI.

Griwe, S. 7==>. @kpriv`el qunb`ty nec nttn`ekjet `e rjfuljj shaiibs? taj hnsj if taj Gautnejsj rjfuljjs `e Ejpnb.@e? O. Hr`sp jt nb., Bjnre`el fir n Futurj? Wjfuljj Jcuhnt`ie `e Cjvjbip`el Hiuetr`js. Ljejvn, ZEAHW (sjj nbsiwww.ueahr.ha)

Grujr, O. S. >000. Saj Kyta if taj F`rst Sarjj Pjnrs. N Ejw Zecjrstnec`el if Jnrby Grn`e Cjvjbipkjet nec B`fjbielBjnre`el. Ejw Pird, Frjj ]rjss.

Guccan Canrkn Jcuhnt`ie Nssih`nt`ie wjgs`tj. Xnelan Kjttn ]riojht, Knankndut Gucca`st Ze`vjrs`ty, BneenHnkpus, San`bnec, attp?//www.guccanejt.ejt/snelan-kjttn/priojht.atkb

Hnencn, Livjrekjet if. 7==7n. L1 Nfr`hn Nht`ie ]bne. attp?//www.l1.lh.hn/dneYcihs/nfrnht`ie-j.nsp

–. 7==7g. ]rikit`el ue`vjrsnb pr`knry jcuhnt`ie. attp?//www.l1.lh.hn/sukk`tjcuh-j.nsp  

–. 7==7h . Saj Dnenensd`s sukk`t Han`rs sukknry. (attp?//www.l1.lh.hn/dneYcihs/han`rsukknry-j.ns p).

–. 7==7c . N ejw fihus ie Jcuhnt`ie fir Nbb. ( attp?//www.l1.lh.hn/dneYcihs/jtfr-j.ns p).

–. 7==7j. Kicjrntirs f`enb rjpirt. (attp?//www.l1.lh.hn/tnsdfirhj/kicjrntirrjpirt-j.ns p).

Hnstri-Bjnb, F. >006. \ai gjejf`ts frik pugb`h jcuhnt`ie spjec`el `e Knbnw`9 Wjsubts frik taj rjhjet jcuhnt`ierjfirk. \nsa`eltie, C.H., \irbc Gned. (C`shuss`ie ]npjr Ei.8:=.)

Hjetrj fir @etjrent`ienb Cjvjbipkjet (H@C). 7==>. Xuppirt`el N@CX-nffjhtjc Ha`bcrje `e Nfr`hn (stntjkjetcjvjbipjc nt wirdsaip ajbc ie 0ta Npr`b). Hnkgr`clj, Knss., Hjetrj fir @etjrent`ienb Cjvjbipkjet,Anrvnrc Ze`vjrs`ty. 7: Ouej.

H@CN (Hnenc`ne @etjrent`ienb Cjvjbipkjet Nljehy). 7==7. Nht`ie ]bne ie Gns`h Jcuhnt`ie. Ittnwn, [email protected]?//www.nhc`-h`cn.lh.hn/jcuhnt`ie-j/pbne  (>3 Ihtigjr 7==7) (Je, Fr).

Hiharnej, X. >011. Saj Jffjhts if Jcuhnt`ie, Ajnbta nec Xih`nb Xjhur`ty ie Fjrt`b`ty `e Cjvjbip`el Hiuetr`js.\nsa`eltie, C.H., \irbc Gned. (\ird`el ]npjr \]X 08, ]ipubnt`ie nec Aukne Wjsiurhj Cjvjbipkjet.)

Hibhbiula, H.4 Bjw`e, D. >008. Jcuhnt`el Nbb taj Ha`bcrje? Xtrntjl`js fir ]r`knry Xhaiib`el `e taj Xiuta .Ixfirc, Hbnrjecie ]rjss.

Hibhbiula, H.4 Nb-Xnknrrn` X. 7===. Nha`jv`el Xhaiib`el Fir Nbb? Gucljtnry Jxpjec`turjs ie Jcuhnt`ie `esug-Xnanrne ug-Xnanrne Nfr`hn nec Xiuta Ns`n. \irbc Cjvjbipkjet , Vib. 71, Ei. >>, pp. >07<‘33.

Hibhbiula, H.4 Nb-Xnknrrn`, X.4 Wisj, ].4 Sjkgie, K. Firtahik`el. Nha`jv`el Xhaiib`el fir Nbb `e Nfr`hn?Hists, Hikk`tkjet nec Ljecjr. Gr`latie, Ze`vjrs`ty if Xussjx. (]rihjssjc.)

Hiikgj, H. 7===. K`t`lnt`el taj @kpnht if A@V/N@CX ie Jcuhnt`ie Xuppby, Cjknec nec ^unb`ty? N LbignbWjv`jw . ]rjtir`n, Ze`vjrs`ty if ]rjtir`n Fnhubty if Jcuhnt`ie. (Wjpirt prjpnrjc fir taj ZE@HJF @eeihjet`

Wjsjnrha Hjetrj, Fbirjehj, Eivjkgjr.)

–. 7==>n. Saj Hanbbjelj if Ze`vjrsnb ]r`knry Jcuhnt`ie. Biecie, CF@C.

–. 7==>g. Ha`bcrje Iut if Xhaiib . Biecie, CF@C.

Cj bn Fujetj, N.4 Cikjejha, W. 7===. Aukne Hnp`tnb `e Lriwta Wjlrjss`ies? Aiw Kuha C`ffjrjehj Cijs Cntnqunb`ty Kndj9 Biecie, Hjetrj fir Jhieik`h ]ib`hy Wjsjnrha. (C`shuss`ie ]npjr Ei. 7366.)

Cjbnkie`hn, J.4 Kjaritrn, X.4 Vnecjkiirtjbj, O. 7==>. Jcuhnt`ie fir nbb `s nffircngbj? n k`e`kuk hist jst`kntj.Ejw Pird, ZE@HJF.

Cieejbby-Winrd, ].4 Iujcrnili, D.4 Pj, Q. 7==>. Hne bihnb `est`tut`ies rjcuhj pivjrty9? rurnb cjhjetrnb`znt`ie `eGurd`en Fnsi. \nsa`eltie, C.H., \irbc Gned. (Nfr`hn Wjl`ie, Jev`riekjet nec Xih`nb Cjvjbipkjet Ze`t ]ib`hyWjsjnrha \ird`el ]npjr Ei. 76<<.)

Crjzj, O.4 Xje, N. >00:. @ec`n? Jhieik`h Cjvjbipkjet nec Xih`nb Ippirtue`ty . Cjba`, Ixfirc Ze`vjrs`ty ]rjss.

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Neejx

Jnst S`kir. 7==7. K`e`stry if Jcuhnt`ie Hubturj Piuta nec Xpirts. Wjpirtjc gy L@E@J. 7==7.

Jcuhnt`ie \ntha. 7==>. Wjejwjc Aipj, Cnuet`el Hanbbjeljs? Xtntj if ]r`knry Jcuhnt`ie `e Gnelbncjsa. Te.p.[

Juripjne Hikk`ss`ie, Cjvjbipkjet. 7==>. Saj Juripjne Hikkue`ty‐s Cjvjbipkjet ]ib`hy ‘ Xtntjkjet gytaj Hiueh`b nec taj Hikk`ss`ie. (attp?//juripn.ju.`et/hikk/cjvjbipkjet/bjx/je/hiueh`b7===>>>=Yje.atk)

Juripjne Hikk`ss`ie, Cjvjbipkjet. 7==7n. Eitj ie @etjrent`ienb @e`t`nt`vjs ie Jcuhnt`ie. (CJV/G-8 C (7==7).attp?//juripn.ju.`et/hikk/cjvjbipkjet/sjhtir/sih`nb/cihs/jcuhnt`ieYeitjYje.pcf

–. 7==7g. Xjk`enr Nht`ie N`c Nbb`nehj, Ixfnk, Xnvj taj Ha`bcrje ie? JZ ribj `e cjb`vjr`el `etjrent`ienb Jcuhnt`ieLinbs. Grussjbs, 70 Kny. (Xpjnd`el eitjs fir Diis W`hajbbj.)attp?//juripn.ju.`et/hikk/cjvjbipkjet/spjjhajs/je/r`hajbbjY7==7=:70.atk

Juripjne Hiueh`b. Ljejrnb Xjhrjtnr`nt. 7==7. Crnft rjsibut`ie ie jcuhnt`ie nec trn`e`el `e taj hietjxt if pivjrtyrjcuht`ie `e cjvjbip`el hiuetr`js. Grussjbs. (Cih ei >7/>/=7 WJV > (CJV LJE)).

Juripjne ]nrb`nkjet. 7==>. Gns`h jcuhnt`ie `e cjvjbip`el hiuetr`js. Juripjne ]nrb`nkjet rjsibut`ie ie gns`hjcuhnt`ie `e cjvjbip`el hiuetr`js `e taj hietjxt if taj Ze`tjc Ent`ies Ljejrnb Nssjkgby Xpjh`nb Xjss`ie ieHa`bcrje `e Xjptjkgjr 7==> (7==>/7=8= (@E@). (N:-=7<1/7==>). attp?//juripn.ju.`et/jur-bjx/pr`/je/io/cnt/7==7/hj=<7/hj=<77==7=87>je=86==863.pcf

Fnssn, K. 7===. A@V/N@CX nec Jcuhnt`ie? Xanr`el jxpjr`jehjs, v`jws nec `cjns frik taj Hitj c‐@vi`rj nec HjetrnbNfr`hne Wjpugb`h Tie[ A@V/N@CX `kpnht nssjsskjet, kjnsurj nec rjspiesj. ]nr`s, @etjrent`ienb @est`tutj firJcuhnt`ienb ]bnee`el. (]npjr prjsjetjc nt wirdsaip, ‑@kpnht if A@V/N@CX ie Jcuhnt`ie‐, 7<‘70 Xjptjkgjr.)

F`sdj, J. G.4 Bncc, A. F. 7==7. ]npjr hikk`ss`iejc fir taj JFN Lbignb Kie`tir`el Wjpirt 7==7. (]rihjssjc.)

Fistjr, L.4 \`bb`nksie, O. 7===. N rjv`jw if hurrjet b`tjrnturj if taj `kpnht if A@V/N@CX ie ha`bcrje `e sug-XnanrneNfr`hn. N@CX , Vib. >3, Xuppb. 8, pp. X7<:‘13.

Fiuetn`e, X. >000. ]jnhj jcuhnt`ie `e ZE@HJF. Ejw Pird, ZE@HJF (sjj nbsi www.ue`hjf.irl).

L1 Jcuhnt`ie Snsd Firhj. 7==7. N Ejw Fihus ie Jcuhnt`ie fir Nbb. Wjpirt if taj Jcuhnt`ie Snsd Firhj ti taj L1Xukk`t Kjjt`el, Dnenensd`s, Hnencn, 7:‘7< Ouej (attp?//www.l1.lh.hn/dneYcihs/jtfr-j.nsp,  >: Ihtigjr 7==7).(Je, Fr)

L`bbjsp`j, N. 7==7. Xd`bbs-gnsjc ajnbta jcuhnt`ie ti prjvjet A@V/N@CX? taj hnsj nln`est `etjlrnt`ie.www.ue`hjf.irl/prilrnkkj/b`fjsd`bbs/pr`ir`t`js/pbnhjkjet.atkb necwww.ue`hjf.irl/prilrnkkj/b`fjsd`bbs/s`tjknp.atkb Te.c.[.

Lbignb Hnkpn`le fir Jcuhnt`ie. 7==7n. Ne Nht`ie ]bne ti Nha`jvj taj KCLs `e Jcuhnt`ie. Nkstjrcnk JFNHiefjrjehj, Npr`b. (Gr`jf`el pnpjr.)

–. 7==7n. Jcuhnt`ie eiw ti gu`bc n gjttjr futurj. Lbignb Hnkpn`le fir Jcuhnt`ie Gr`jf`el ]npjr fir tajOianeejsgurl \irbc Xukk`t. (Nulust). attp?//www.hnkpn`lefirjcuhnt`ie.irl/Yatkb/7==7-cihs/=1-gr`jf- oigurl/frnkjsjt.satkb

–. 7==7h . Jvjry ha`bc `e shaiib. Nrj taj L1 sjr`ius9 Ouej. (Lbignb Hnkpn`le fir Jcuhnt`ie Gr`jf`el ]npjr.)attp?//www.hnkpn`lefirjcuhnt`ie.irl/Yatkb/7==7-cihs/=6-jvjryha`bcYje/lhj-jvjryha`bc.cih  

Lbignb Hnkpn`le fir Jcuhnt`ie j-ejws. 7==7. Ihtigjr ><.

Lbignb Knrha wjgs`tj attp?//lbignbknrha.irl/`ecjx.atkb.  (76 Xjptjkgjr 7==7).

Lbignb Kig`b`znt`ie fir A@V ]rjvjet`ie. 7==7. N Gbujpr`et fir Nht`ie, Lbignb A@V ]rjvjet`ie \ird`el Lriup. 7==7.attp?//www.lntjsfiuecnt`ie.irl/er/ciwebincs/lbignbajnbta/n`cs/a`vprjvrjpirtYf`enb.pcf  (76 Xjptjkgjr 7==7).

Liv`ecn, W. (jc.) 7==>. @ec`n Jcuhnt`ie Wjpirt? N ]rif`bj if Gns`h Jcuhnt`ie . Cjba`, Ent`ienb @est`tutj if Jcuhnt`ie]bnee`el nec Nck`e`strnt`ie/Ixfirc Ze`vjrs`ty ]rjss.

Liv`ecn, W. 7==7. ]bnee`el fir JFN `e @ec`n. Hikkue`hnt`ie ti ZEJXHI, gnsjc ie ne uepugb`sajc pnpjr.Lrnssby, E.4 Cjsn`, D.4 ]jlurr`, J.4 X`dnzwj, N.4 Knbnkgi, @.4 X`nkntiwj, H.4 Guecy, C. 7==7. Saj jhieik`h `kpnht

if A@V/N@CX ie taj jcuhnt`ie sjhtir `e _nkg`n. Nulust. (F`enb crnft pnpjr fir sugk`ss`ie ti  N@CX .)

LWJFHI (Lriupj cj Wjhajrhajs cj Firknt`ie jt cj Hiesj`bs). 7==>. Xtntus Wjv`jw `e Gurd`en Fnsi Fir n Ent`ienb Xtrntjly fir Xustn`engbj Cjvjbipkjet . Te.p.[ (www.essc.ejt/hiuetry/gurd`en/gf=7.atk, >= Ihtigjr 7==7).

Lu`knrnjs cj Hnstri, K. J. 7==7. Saj Ent`ienb Jcuhnt`ie ]bne Grnz`b. Nkstjrcnk. (]npjr prjsjetjc nt tajhiefjrjehj ie ‑Nhhjbjrnt`el Nht`ie Siwnrcs Jcuhnt`ie fir Nbb‐, >=‘>> Npr`b).

Lustnfssie, @. 7==7. Jcuhnt`ie fir Nbb Fnst-trnhd @e`t`nt`vj ‘ Xikj prigbjks nec tjes`ies. ]npjr hikk`ss`iejc firtaj Kie`tir`el Wjpirt 7==7. (]rihjssjc.)

Anesje, A.4 Bin`z`n J. 7==7. Jnrby Ha`bcaiic nec Hnrj? taj Jxpjr`jehj frik taj Kubt`pbj @ec`hntir Hbustjr Xurvjy`e 31 Hiuetr`js. Ejw Pird, ZE@HJF. (]rihjssjc.)

Anrtwjbb, N. 7==>. Saj Jec if ]bnee`el? Eitjs ie ]ib`hy nec Jcuhnt`ie ]bnes . www.r`sj`est`tutj.irl/cjtn`b.atk(0 Xjptjkgjr 7==7).

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Ajejvjbc. \.4 Hrn`l, A. >00:. Xhaiibs Hiuet? \irbc Gned ]riojht Cjs`les nec taj ^unb`ty if ]r`knry Jcuhnt`ie`e Xug-Xnanrne Nfr`hn. \nsa`eltie, C.H., \irbc Gned. (Sjhae`hnb ]npjr Ei. 8=8.)

Aujgbjr, F.4 Bin`z`n. 7==7. Saj Hurrjet Xtntj if ]r`knry Jcuhnt`ie `e Nfr`hn? Jkp`r`hnb Jv`cjehj frik WjhjetAiusjaibc Xurvjys. TEjw Pird,[ ZE@HJF.

Auetjr, X.4 \`bb`nksie, O. 7===. Ha`bcrje ie taj Gr`ed. Zpcntjc Jst`kntjs nec Wjhikkjecnt`ies fir @etjrvjet`ies.\nsa`eltie, C.H., ZXN@C.

Auetjr, X.4 \`bb`nksie, O. 7===. Zpcntjc Jst`kntjs nec Wjhikkjecnt`ies fir @etjrvjet`ie. Jxjhut`vj Xukknry ifHa`bcrje ie taj Gr`ed . \nsa`eltie, C.H., ZXN@C.

Aycj, D. N. B.4 Jdntne, N.4 D`nlj, ].4 Gnrnsn, H. 7==7. A@V/N@CX Jcuhnt`ie Zlnecn? \`eciw if Ippirtue`ty9\nsa`eltie, C.H., \irbc Gned.

@C7>. 7==7. Saj @kpnht if A@V/N@CX ie ]r`knry nec Xjhiecnry Jcuhnt`ie `e Gitswnen? Cjvjbip`el n Hikprjajes`vjXtrntjl`h Wjspiesj. www.`c7>.irl, 1 Ihtigjr.

@BI/ZEHSNC. 7==>. Saj K`e`kuk @ehikj fir Xhaiib nttjecnehj (K@XN) @e`t`nt`vj. Ljejvn, @BI/ZEHSNC Ncv`siryLriup. Kny.

@ec`n, ]bnee`el Hikk`ss`ie. 7==7. Sjeta F`vj-yjnr ]bne, 7==7‘7==<. Kny.

@etjrnljehy Ejtwird fir Jcuhnt`ie `e Jkjrljeh`js wjgs`tj? www.`ejjs`tj.irl (76 Xjptjkgjr 7==7).

@etjrent`ienb B`tjrnhy @est`tutj. 7==7. Siwnrcs Lu`cjb`ejs fir taj @kprivjkjet if B`tjrnhy Nssjsskjet `e Cjvjbip`elHiuetr`js? Hiehjptunb C`kjes`ies Gnsjc ie taj BN] ]riojht. ]a`bncjbpa`n, Ze`vjrs`ty if ]jeesybvne`n. (\ird`elCihukjet.)

@etjrent`ienb Kiejtnry fuec. 7==7. Ajnv`by @ecjgtjc ]iir Hiuetr`js (A@]H) @e`t`nt`vj? Xtntus if @kpbjkjetnt`ie.]npjr prjpnrjc gy taj stnffs if taj @KF nec \irbc Gned, Xjptjkgjr. Ciwebincngbj tjxt,attp?//www.`kf.irl/jxtjrenb/ep/a`ph/7==7/stntus/=078=7.pcf

@snnhs, N. 7==7. Jcuhnt`ie, hiefb`ht nec pjnhjgu`bc`el? n c`nleist`h tiib . Ittnwn, H@CN.

@tnby, Livjrekjet if. 7==>. L1. Ljein Xukk`t 7==>. Hikkue`quà.(attp?//www.l1`tnb`n.`t/Yje/cihs/QLD]S><=.atk)

Onpne, Livjrekjet if. >000n. Nrha`vjs. Hibilej Hanrtjr ‘ N`ks nec Nkg`t`ies fir B`fjbiel Bjnre`el.(attp?//www.yik`ur`.hi.op/sukk`t7===/nrha`vjs/00hibilej/l1Yhanrtjr-j.atk)

–. >000g. Nrha`vjs. L1 Hikkue`quà Hibilej.

(attp?//www.yik`ur`.hi.op/sukk`t7===/nrha`vjs/00hibilej/l1Yhikkue`quj-j.atk ).Onpne, K`e`stry if Firj`le Nffn`rs. 7===. L1 Hikkue`quà, Id`enwn 7===. Ciwebincngbj tjxt,

attp?//www.kifn.li.op/pib`hy/jhieiky/sukk`t/7===/cihukjets/hikkue`quj.atkb.

Oianeejssje, J. 7===. Jvnbunt`ie if aukne r`lats jcuhnt`ie `e siutajre Hnuhnsus. Isbi, Eirwjl`neWjfuljj Hiueh`b.

Oiejs, X. 7==>. ]rjsjetnt`ie. ]npjr prjsjetjc nt taj Nssih`nt`ie if Hikkiewjnbta (NHZ) \irdsaip‑A@V/N@CX? Siwnrcs n Xtrntjly fir Hikkiewjnbta Ze`vjrs`t`js‐. Busndn, 1 Eivjkgjr.

Dncznk`rn, J. 7===. Saj jxpjr`jehj if ljecjr rjfirks `e Knbnw`. Gr`latie, @CX. (]rihjssjc.)

–. 7==7. Nha`jvjkjet if Z]J `e Knbnw`. ]nr`s, ZEJXHI. (Gnhdlriuec pnpjr hikk`ss`iejc firJFN Lbignb Kie`tir`el Wjpirt 7==7.

Dncznk`rn, J.4 Ha`gwnen, K. ]. 7===. Ljecjr nec ]r`knry Xhaiib`el `e Knbnw`. Wjsjnrha WjpirtEi. 3=. Gr`latie, @CX.

Dntaknecu ]ist. 7==7. Livjrekjet Zrljc ti Wjvnkp ]iir ]bnee`el ]rihjss. Saj Dntaknecu ]ist , 77 Xjptjkgjr.

Djbby, K. O. 7===. ]bnee`el fir Jcuhnt`ie `e taj Hietjxt if A@V/ N@CX . 7===. ]nr`s, ZEJXHI-@@J].

–. 7==7. Saj Hist @kpnhts if A@V/N@CX `e Nttn`e`el taj JFN Linb if ]r`knry Xhaiib`el fir Nbb. ]nr`s, ZEJXHI.(Gnhdlriuec pnpjr fir JFN Lbignb Kie`tir`el Wjpirt 7==7.)

D`elcik if Hnkgic`n, K`e`stry if Jcuhnt`ie, Piuta nec Xpirts ‘ Cjpnrtkjet if Eie-Firknb Jcuhnt`ie4 ZEC]Iff`hj `e Hnkgic`n4 ZEJXHI ]WIN]. 7===. Wjpirt ie taj Nssjsskjet if taj Fueht`ienb B`tjrnhy Bjvjbs iftaj Ncubt ]ipubnt`ie `e Hnkgic`n. ]aeik ]jea.

–. 7==7. Jcuhnt`ie Fir Nbb? N Hikk`tkjet nec ne Ippirtue`ty , Saj ]rilrjss if Jcuhnt`ie fir Nbb ]bnee`el `etaj D`elcik if Hnkgic`n.

De`lat, O.4 Xngit, W. >010. Jcuhnt`ie, ]ricuht`v`ty nec @ejqunb`ty. Saj Jnst Nfr`hne Enturnb Jxpjr`kjet . Ixfirc,Ixfirc Ze`vjrs`ty ]rjss.

Dyjrjkj, X.4 Sairgjhdj, J. >00>. Fnhtirs Nffjht`el Fiic ]ivjrty `e Lanen.  Oiurenb if Cjvjbipkjet Xtuc`js.Vib. 71, Ei.> (Ihtigjr), pp. 80‘:7.

7 = =JFN Lbignb

Kie`tir`el Wjpirt

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Bnelj, J. >001. Saj @WH jcuhnt`ie prilrnkkj fir rjfuljjs `e Lu`ejn, >00>‘>001? N gjst prnht`hj stucy. Ljejvn,ZEAHW.

Bnv`ens, B. 7==>. Saj Nppjnb if K`e`kuk @ehikj ]rilrnkkjs `e Bnt`e Nkjr`hn. Ljejvn, @BI.

B`ttbj, N. Firtahik`el. JFN ]ib`hy nec ]bnee`el? Bjssies frik Xr` Bnedn. Biecie, Cjpnrtkjet fir @etjrent`ienbCjvjbipkjet. (CF@C Jcuhnt`ie Wjsjnrha Xjr`nb, Ei. 36.)

B`ttbj, N.4 K`bbjr, J. 7===. Saj @etjrent`ienb Hiesubtnt`vj Firuk ie Jcuhnt`ie fir Nbb >00=‘7===? Ne Jvnbunt`ie? N Wjpirt ti taj JFN Firuk Xtjjr`el Hikk`ttjj. ]nr`s, ZEJXHI. (Wjpirt ti taj JFN Firuk Xtjjr`el Hikk`ttjj,@etjrent`ienb Hiesubtnt`vj Firuk ie Jcuhnt`ie fir Nbb, Cndnr, 76‘71 Npr`b). TJe, Fr[.

Bihdajjc, K.4 Onk`sie, C.4 Bnu, B. >01=. Fnrkjr Jcuhnt`ie nec Fnrk Jff`h`jehy? N Xurvjy. Jhieik`h Cjvjbipkjet nec Hubturnb Hanelj, 70 Ihtigjr, pp. 8<‘<6.

Buhns, W. J. >011. Ie taj Kjhane`hs if Jhieik`h Cjvjbipkjet. Oiurenb if Kiejtnry Jhieik`hs, Vib. 77, p. 8‘37.

Knhajb, L. >006. Saj `kpnht if nrkjc hiefb`ht ie ha`bcrje. Ejw Pird, Ze`tjc Ent`ies (sjj nbsi www.ue`hjf.irl).

–. 7==>. Saj `kpnht if wnr ie ha`bcrje? N rjv`jw if prilrjss s`ehj taj >006 Ze`tjc Ent`ies Wjpirt ie taj `kpnht if nrkjc hiefb`ht ie ha`bcrje. Biecie, Aurst.

Knhri @etjrent`ienb. >001‘7==>. Cjkilrnpa`h nec Ajnbta Xurvjys (CAX). attp?//www.kjnsurjcas.hik/ 

Knb`eln, F. 7===. Zlnecn? Cjs`le`el Hikkue`hnt`ie nec Jcuhnt`ie ]rilrnks ti Hikgnt A@V/N@CX.  NCJNEjwsbjttjr , Vib. >7, Ei. 3, p. 03.

Knasa`, D. 7==7. Nflane`stne? Xi Kuha ti Ci w`ta Nbkist Eita`el. @@J] Ejwsbjttjr, Vib. 7=, Ei. 8, Ouby-Xjptjkgjr.

Knsie, N. C., Danecdjr, X. W. >006. Kjnsur`el taj ippirtue`ty hists if ha`bcrje‐s t`kj `e n cjvjbip`el hiuetry?@kpb`hnt`ies fir jcuhnt`ie sjhtir nenbys`s nec `etjrvjet`ies. \nsa`eltie, C.H., \irbc Gned. (Aukne Hnp`tnbCjvjbipkjet \ird`el ]npjrs, Ei.<7.)

Kg`b`ey`, C.N.X.4 Kcucn, N.L. >00:. L`rbs‐ Xjhiecnry Jcuhnt`ie Xuppirt ]`bit. Cnr-js-Xnbnnk, K`e`stry if Jcuhnt`ienec Hubturj, Ze`tjc Wjpugb`h if Snezne`n.

KhGr`cj, W. 7==7. Ciwe nec Iut `e _ikgn? Saj X`tunt`ie nec Jcuhnt`ie if Irpanes `e Knbnw`. Eirw`ha,Ze`vjrs`ty if Jnst Nelb`n, Ivjrsjns Cjvjbipkjet Lriup. Wjpirtjc `e @C7>, www.`c7>.irl (Nulust 7==7).

KhLjj, W. 7==>. ]nrt`h`pnt`ie `e ]ivjrty Wjcuht`ie Xtrntjl`js? n Xyetajs`s if Jxpjr`jehj w`ta ]nrt`h`pntiry  Npprinhajs ti ]ib`hy Cjs`le, @kpbjkjetnt`ie nec Kie`tir`el. Gr`latie, Ze`vjrs`ty if Xussjx @est`tutj ifCjvjbipkjet Xtuc`js. (\ird`el pnpjr, Ei. >=0, pp. 63, <=.)

KhKnaie, \. \. >000. Jcuhnt`ie nec Cjvjbipkjet? Kjnsur`el taj Xih`nb Gjejf`ts. Ixfirc, Ixfirc Ze`vjrs`ty ]rjss.

Kjesha, G.4 Bjetzejr, A.4 ]rjstie, X. >016. Xih`ijhieik`h C`ffjrjet`nbs `e Ha`bc Kirtnb`ty `e Cjvjbip`el Hiuetr`js.Ejw Pird, Ze`tjc Ent`ies.

K`cttue, J. >001. Gr`jf a`stiry nec kn`e fjnturjs if taj SJ] fir Nelibn >00:‘1, ns cjvjbipjc nec jxtjecjcgy taj Eirwjl`ne Wjfuljj Hiueh`b, gy nrrneljkjet w`ta ZEJXHI-]JJW. Isbi, Eirwjl`ne Wjfuljj Hiueh`b.

–. 7===. Jcuhnt`ie `e jkjrljeh`js nec trnes`t`ie pansjs? st`bb n r`lat nec kirj if n ejjc. Isbi? Eirwjl`neWjfuljj Hiueh`b.

K`elnt, N. >001. Nssjss`el ]r`ir`t`js fir Jcuhnt`ie ]ib`hy `e taj Xnajb frik n Hikpnrnt`vj ]jrspjht`vj. C`oie,@WJCZ. (]rihjssjc.)

–. 7==7, ]r`knry Xhaiib Sjnhajr Xnbnr`js `e Nfr`hne Hiuetr`js. ]nr`s, ZEJXHI. (\ird`el pnpjr fir JFN Lbignb Kie`tir`el Wjpirt 7==7.)

Kit`vnes, N. 7==7. ]r`knry Sjnhajrs Hiuet? Jesur`el ^unb`ty Jcuhnt`ie fir Nbb. Kietrjnb, ZEJXHI @est`tutj firXtnt`st`hs. (]ib`hy Wjsjnrha Eitj Ei.>, prihjssjc.)

Kurpay, B. nec Kuecy, D. 7==7. N rjv`jw if @etjrent`ienb Eielivjrekjetnb JFN Hnkpn`les, >001‘7==7.(Gnhdlriuec pnpjr fir JFN Lbignb Kie`tir`el Wjpirt 7==7.)

Kyjrs, W. >007. Saj Swjbvj \ai Xurv`vj? Xtrjeltaje`el ]rilrnkkjs if Jnrby Ha`bcaiic Cjvjbipkjet `etaj Sa`rc \irbc . Biecie, Wiutbjclj.

EJ]NC. Ejw ]nrtejrsa`p fir Nfr`hn‐s Cjvjbipkjet. attp?//www.ejpnc.irl/ 

Ejtajrbnecs, K`e`stry if Firj`le Nffn`rs. 7===. Jcuhnt`ie? N Gns`h Aukne W`lat. Saj Anluj, K`e`stry if Firj`leNffn`rs. Ciwebincngbj tjxt? attp?//www.r`lat-ti-jcuhnt`ie.irl/hietjet/strntjly/ejtajrbnecs.atkb

E`hibn`, X. 7===. Jkjrljehy Jcuhnt`ie `e Jnst S`kir? Bjssies Bjnrejc. Ejw Pird, @etjrent`ienb Wjshuj Hikk`ttjj.

EXXC. Gurd`en Fnsi? ]bnee`el Frnkjwird. attp?//www.essc.ejt/hiuetry/gurd`en/gfi7.atk

I‐Anrn, C. >0<0. Kut`vnr`ntj Nenbys`s if Kirtnb`ty. \nsa`eltie, C.H., \irbc Gned. (]rihjssjc.)

IJHC. 7==7. Zecjrstnec`el taj Grn`e. Siwnrcs n Ejw Bjnre`el Xh`jehj. ]nr`s.

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IJHC CNH. Ieb`ej cntngnsj, attp?//www.ijhc.irl/cnh/stnts

IJHC/@EJX. 7==>. Jcuhnt`ie nt n Lbnehj. ]nr`s, IJHC.

Ipibit, O. >003. Xtucy ie Hists nec Hist-jffjht`vj Npprinhajs ti ]r`knry Jcuhnt`ie `e Zlnecn. Dnkpnbn,ZE@HJF. (]rihjssjc.)

Ixjeank, O. 7===. B`tjrnhy fir Cjvjbipkjet. Biecie, Cjpnrtkjet fir @etjrent`ienb Cjvjbipkjet.(]npjr prjpnrjc fir kjjt`el `e Ejpnb, 3‘6 Cjhjkgjr 7===.)

Ixjeank, O. jt nb. 7==>. Xtrjeltaje`el B`vjb`aiics w`ta B`tjrnhy. Te.p.[ @est`tutj fir @etjrent`ienb Hiipjrnt`ieif taj Ljrkne Ncubt Jcuhnt`ie Nssih`nt`ie.

Ixfnk. 7==7. L1 c`snppi`ets nln`e. (attp?//www.ixfnk.irl.ud/hnkpn`le/nfr`hn/l1rjspiesj.atkb)

]nd`stne, K`e`stry if Jcuhnt`ie. 7==>n. Crnft Ent`ienb ]bne if Nht`ie ie Jcuhnt`ie Fir Nbb (7===‘7=>:). @sbnkngnc,K`e`stry if Jcuhnt`ie. 7> Nulust.

–. 7==>g. Jcuhnt`ie Xjhtir Wjfirks Nht`ie ]bne 7==>‘7==3. > Oneunry.

]jerisj, ]. >001. Hist Xanr`el `e Jcuhnt`ie? ]ugb`h F`enehj, Xhaiib nec Aiusjaibc ]jrspjht`vjs. CF@C Jcuhnt`ieWjsjnrha Wjpirt, Ei.7<. Biecie, CF@C.

]`lizz`, K. >00<. @kpb`hnt`ies if taj Hievjet`ie if taj W`lats if taj Ha`bc fir Jcuhnt`ie Nht`v`t`js Xuppirtjc gy ZE@HJF. Ejw Pird, ZE@HJF. (]rihjssjc.)

–. >000. Jcuhnt`ie `e jkjrljeh`js nec fir rjhiestruht`ie? n cjvjbipkjetnb npprinha. Ejw Pird, ZE@HJF(sjj nbsi www.ue`hjf.irl).

]istbjtawn`tj, S. E.4 Xhabj`hajr, N.4 X`enbshi, K. >001. Saj Hiec`t`ies if ]r`knry Xhaiibs? N ]`bit Xtucy `etaj Bjnst Cjvjbipjc Hiuetr`js. ]nr`s, ZEJXHI/ZE@HJF. (Wjpirt.)

]rilrnkkj c‐Nenbysj cjs Xystjks Jcuhnt`fs cj bn HIEFJKJE (]NXJH). 7==7. B‐nrg`trnlj jetrj jxtjes`ie cjbn shibnr`snt`ie jt qunb`tà cj b‐àcuhnt`ie TSaj tjes`ie gjtwjje taj jxpnes`ie if shaiib`el nec taj qunb`tyif jcuhnt`ie[. (\ird`el ]npjr.)

]snhanripiubis, L.4 ]ntr`eis, A. 7==7. Wjtures ti @evjstkjet `e Jcuhnt`ie? N Furtajr Zpcntj. \irbc Gned,\nsa`eltie, C.H. (]ib`hy Wjsjnrha \ird`el ]npjr Ei. 711>).

]yndueynb, G. 7==7. Sjeta ]bne nec Hanbbjelj Najnc. Saj Dntaknecu ]ist. Nulust 78.

^unttjd, D. 7===. Saj Jhieik`h @kpnht if N@CX `e Xiuta Nfr`hn? N Cnrd Hbiuc ie taj Air`zie. Diernc Ncjenujr Xt`ftuel Ihhns`ienb ]npjrs. Oianeejsgurl, Ouej.

Wjtnknb, L.4 Cjvnciss, K. >001. Jcuhnt`ie `e n ent`ie w`ta harie`h hr`s`s? taj hnsj if Xiknb`n. @e? L. Wjtnknb4W. Njci-W`hakiec. (jcs.)., Jcuhnt`ie ns n Aukne`tnr`ne Wjspiesj. Biecie, Hnssjbb.

Wjtnknb, L4 Njci-W`hakiec, W. (jcs.). >001. Jcuhnt`ie ns n Aukne`tnr`ne Wjspiesj. Biecie, Hnssjbb.

Wikjr, ]. >00=. Jeciljeius Sjhae`hnb Hanelj. Oiurenb if ]ib`t`hnb Jhieiky , Vib. 01, pp. :<>‘08.

–. >003. Saj Ir`l`es if Jeciljeius Lriwta.  Oiurenb if Jhieik`h ]jrspjht`vjs, Vib. 1, pp. >‘78.

Wisj, ]. 7==>. Hist-sanr`el `e Knbnw`ne ]r`knry Xhaiib`el? Frik taj \nsa`eltie ti taj pist-\nsa`eltieHiesjesus. Xussjx, Ze`vjrs`ty if Xussjx. (Crnft if uepugb`sajc ]aC tajs`s.)

Wisj, ].4 Pisjpa, L.4 Gjr`aue, N.4 Eurjsu, S. >00<. Ljecjr nec ]r`knry Xhaiib`el `e Jta`ip`n. Gr`latie, @CX.(Wjsjnrha Wjpirt Ei. 8>.)

XNCH. 7==>. Wjpirt ie Hiuetry ]rjpnrjcejss `e Cjnb`el w`ta A@V/N@CX `e taj Jcuhnt`ie nec Srn`e`el Xjhtirnkiel XNCH Kjkgjr Xtntjs. Knez`e`, Xwnz`bnec, XNCH AWC XHZ.

Xnelan Kjttn ]riojht, Knankndut Gucca`st Ze`vjrs`ty, Bneen Hnkpus, San`bnec

(www.guccanejt.ejt/snelan-kjttn/priojht.atkb, 7= Xjptjkgjr 7==7).Xnet`nli, ]. (firtahik`el). Sjnhajr Cjknec nec Xuppby? @kpriv`el Sjnhajr ^unb`ty nec Nccrjss`el Sjnhajr

Xairtnljs. ]nr`s, IJHC. (\ird`el pnpjr.)

Xnvj taj Ha`bcrje. 7==>. Jcuhnt`ie? Hnrj nec ]ritjht`ie if Ha`bcrje `e Jkjrljeh`js . Biecie, Cjpnrtkjet fir@etjrent`ienb Cjvjbipkjet.

Xhajjrjes, O. 7===. @kpriv`el Xhaiib Jffjht`vejss. Fuecnkjetnbs `e Jcuhnt`ienb ]bnee`el, Ei. 61. ]nr`s,ZEJXHI-@@J].

–. 7==7. Si want jxtjet hne shaiib survjys ipje taj gbnhd gix if shaiib`el9 Kietrjnb, ZEJXHI @est`tutjfir Xtnt`st`hs. (]rihjssjc.)

Xhaiewnbcjr, L. >00<. Ejw Cjkihrnt`h Xpnhjs nt Lrnssriits9 ]ipubnr ]nrt`h`pnt`ie nec Bnt`e Nkjr`hne BihnbLivjrekjets. Cjvjbipkjet nec Hanelj, Vib. 71, p. 66.

Xhaubtz, S. ]. >00:. @evjstkjets `e taj Xhaiib`el nec Ajnbta if \ikje nec Kje ‘ ^unet`t`js nec Wjtures.@evjstkjet `e \ikjes Aukne Hnp`tnb . Ha`hnli, Ze`vjrs`ty if Ha`hnli ]rjss, pp. >:‘:=.

7 = =JFN Lbignb

Kie`tir`el Wjpirt

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Xjjrs, C. >060. Saj Kjne`el if Cjvjbipkjet. @etjrent`ienb Cjvjbipkjet Wjv`jw (Cjhjkgjr) pp. 7‘6.

Xje, N. >00=. Ljecjr nec Hiipjrnt`vj Hiefb`hts. @e? @. S`edjr (jc.), ]jrs`stjet @ejqunb`t`js. Ixfirc, Ixfirc

Ze`vjrs`ty ]rjss.

–. >007. K`ss`el \ikje. Gr`t`sa Kjc`hnb Oiurenb , Vib. 8=3, Knrha.

–. >006. Ie taj Fiuecnt`ies if \jbfnrj Jhieik`hs? Zt`b`ty, Hnpng`b`ty nec ]rnht`hnb Wjnsie. @e? F. Fnr`en,F. Anae, nec X. Vneeuhh` (jcs.), Jta`hs, Wnt`ienb`ty nec Jhieik`h Gjanv`iur . Ixfirc? Hbnrjecie ]rjss.

–. >000. Cjvjbipkjet ns Frjjcik. Ejw Pird, Deipf ]rjss.

–. 7==7. Gns`h Jcuhnt`ie nec Aukne Xjhur`ty. Hnbhuttn. 7‘3 Oneunry.

Xarjstan, H. 7==7. Xustn`engbj nec Srnesfjrngbj Bjnre`el Ng`b`t`js? Gu`bc`el Jxpjr`jehj frik taj F`jbc. Aycjrngnc.(]npjr prjsjetjc nt pib`hy c`nbiluj ie ‑Ncubt nec B`fjbiel Bjnre`el‐.)

X`cn (Xwjc`sa @etjrent`ienb Cjvjbipkjet Hi-ipjrnt`ie Nljehy). 7===. X`cn‐s pib`hy fir sjhtir prilrnkkj suppirtnec priv`s`ienb lu`cjb`ejs. Litjkgurl, Eivuk Lrnf`sdn NG. attp?//www.s`cn.sj/X`cn/nrt`hbjs/>73==->7300/>7380/X`cn]ib`hyXjhtJel.pcf

–. 7==>. Jcuhnt`ie fir Nbb? N Aukne W`lat nec Gns`h Ejjc. ]ib`hy fir X`cn‐s Cjvjbipkjet Hi-ipjrnt`ie `etaj Jcuhnt`ie Xjhtir. Xtihdaibk, X@CN.

X`ehbn`r, K. 7==>. Jcuhnt`ie `e jkjrljeh`js. @e? O. Hr`sp jt nb., Bjnre`el fir n Futurj? Wjfuljj Jcuhnt`ie`e Cjvjbip`el Hiuetr`js. Ljejvn, ZEAHW (sjj nbsi www.ueahr.ha).

–. Firtahik`el. ]bnee`el Jcuhnt`ie `e nec nftjr Jkjrljeh`js. ]nr`s, ZEJXHI-@@J]. (Gnhdlriuec pnpjr fir JFNLbignb Kie`tir`el Wjpirt 7==7, prihjssjc.)

X`e`shnbhi, K. 7==7. N Xtnt`st`hnb ]rif`bj if taj Sjnha`el ]rifjss`ie, @etjrent`ienb Bngiur Irlne`znt`ie nec Ze`tjcEnt`ies Jcuhnt`ienb, Xh`jet`f`h nec Hubturnb Irlne`znt`ie. @BI/ZEJXHI? ]nr`s.attp?//www.`bi.irl/pugb`h/jelb`sa/c`nbiluj/sjhtir/pnpjrs/jcuhnt`ie/stntYprif`bj=7.pcf  

Xk`ta, N.4 Vnux, S. 7==7. Jcuhnt`ie, Hiefb`ht nec `etjrent`ienb Cjvjbipkjet . Biecie, Cjpnrtkjet fir @etjrent`ienbCjvjbipkjet.

Xikkjrs, K. >000. Jkjrljehy Jcuhnt`ie fir Ha`bcrje. Hnkgr`clj, Knss., Kjbbie Fiuecnt`ie/K@S.

–. 7==7n. Nljehy Xuppirt fir Jcuhnt`ie `e Hiuetr`js `e Hiefb`ht nec Jkjrljehy . (Zepugb`sajc pnpjr.)

–. 7==7g. Ha`bcrje, jcuhnt`ie nec wnr? rjnha`el jcuhnt`ie fir nbb (JFN) igojht`vjs `e hiuetr`js nffjhtjc gy hiefb`ht.\nsa`eltie, C.H., \irbc Gned (Hiefb`ht ]rjvjet`ie nec Wjhiestruht`ie Ze`t).

Xiutajre Nfr`hn Hiesirt`uk fir Kie`tir`el Jcuhnt`ienb ^unb`ty (XNHKJ^). >001. Saj ^unb`ty if Jcuhnt`ie? Xikj]ib`hy Xulljst`ies Gnsjc ie n Xurvjy if Xhaiibs. ]nr`s, ZEJXHI @etjrent`ienb @est`tutj fir Jcuhnt`ienb ]bnee`el.(]ib`hy Wjpirts Eis. >‘:.)

Xpn`e. 7==7. JZ‐s hikk`tkjets? biid`el gjyiec taj Kietjrrjy hiesjesus. (Eitj ti gj c`str`gutjc ti Cjbjlnt`ies,ELIs nec Kjc`n gy taj Xpne`sa ]rjs`cjehy if taj Juripjne Ze`ie). attp?//juripn-ju-ue.irl/nrt`hbj.nsp9`c;>780  

Xtnejhd`, D. N. 7===. Saj N@CX ]necjk`h `e taj 7>st Hjetury. Saj Cjkilrnpa`h @kpnht `e Cjvjbip`el Hiuetr`js.Curgne, Xiuta Nfr`hn, 0‘>3 Ouby. (]npjr prjsjetjc nt taj >8ta @etjrent`ienb N@CX Hiefjrjehj, prihjssjc.)

Xukrn. >001. @etjr`k rjv`jw nec jvnbunt`ie if taj l`rbs sjhiecnry Jcuhnt`ie Xuppirt (LXJX) ]rilrnkkj. Cnr jsXnbnnk, Ze`vjrs`ty if Cnr js Xnbnnk Fnhubty if Jcuhnt`ie.

Xwn`esie, E.4 Gjecjrn, X.4 Lircie, W.4 Dncznk`rn, J. >001. ]rikit`el L`rbs‐ Jcuhnt`ie `e Nfr`hn? Saj Cjs`le nec@kpbjkjetnt`ie if ]ib`hy @etjrvjet`ies. Jcuhnt`ie Wjsjnrha Xjr`nb , Ei. 7:. Biecie, Cjpnrtkjet fir @etjrent`ienbCjvjbipkjet.

Xwnz`bnec, K`e`stry if Jcuhnt`ie. >000. @kpnht Nssjsskjet if A@V/N@CX ie taj Jcuhnt`ie Xjhtir. Kgngnej,

K`e`stry if Jcuhnt`ie.

Snbgit, H. 7==7n. Jcuhnt`ie `e Jkjrljeh`js? Saj Hanbbjelj if Wjhiestruht`ie. @@J] Ejwsbjttjr , Vib. 7=, Ei. 8,Ouby‘Xjptjkgjr, p. >=6. TJe, Fr[.

–. 7==7g. Disivi? C`bjkkns if ]ist-Hiefb`ht Wjhiestruht`ie. @@J] Ejwsbjttjr , Vib. 7=, Ei. 8, Ouby‘Xjptjkgjr,p. >>3.

Snbgit, H.4 Ku`ln`, D. >001. Jev`riekjetnb jcuhnt`ie fir rjfuljjs? lu`cjb`ejs, `kpbjkjetnt`ie nec bjssies bjnrejc.@e? L. Wjtnknb4 W. Njci-W`hakiec (jcs.), Jcuhnt`ie ns n Aukne`tnr`ne Wjspiesj. Biecie, Hnssjbb.

Snw`b, X. (jc.) >00<. F`enb rjpirt ie hnsj stuc`js if taj wirdsaip ie jcuhnt`ienb cjstruht`ie nec rjhiestruht`ie`e c`sruptjc sih`jt`js. Ljejvn, ZEJXHI-@etjrent`ienb Gurjnu if Jcuhnt`ie.

Sjkgie, K.4 C`nbbi, @. X.4 Gnrry, C.4 Gnrry, N. N. >00<. Ljecjr nec ]r`knry Xhaiib`el `e Lu`ejn. Gr`latie,@CX. (Wjsjnrha Wjpirt Ei. 87.)

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Saj Dntaknecu ]ist. 7==7. Livjrekjet Zrljc ti Wjvnkp ]iir ]bnee`el ]rihjss. Saj Dntaknecu ]ist ,77 Xjptjkgjr.

Siknsjvsd`, D. 7==7. Iur Zepn`c Cjgt ti taj \irbc‐s Ha`bcrje? Saj Ze`vjrsnb W`lat ti Jcuhnt`ie.(Gnhdlriuec eitj fir JFN Lbignb Kie`tir`el Wjpirt 7==7.)

Sirrjs, W. K. >000. Iej Cjhncj if Jcuhnt`ie Fir Nbb? Saj Wjspiesj ti taj ]ripisnb . ZEJXHI-@@J].

Z.X. Cjpnrtkjet if Xtntj. 7==7. Z.X. iffjrs ‑Hikpnht fir Cjvjbipkjet‐ fir Kietjrrjy Hiefjrjehj.attp?//us`efi.stntj.liv/tip`hnb/lbignb/cjvjbip/=7=8>6=>.atk.

ZEN@CX. >001. N@CX Jp`cjk`h Zpcntj? Cjhjkgjr >001. Ljejvn, ZEN@CX.

–. 7===n. Hist`el Lu`cjb`ejs fir A@V ]rjvjet`ie Xtrntjl`js. Ljejvn, ZEN@CX.

–. 7===g. Wjpirt ie taj Lbignb A@V/N@CX Jp`cjk`h, Ouej 7=== . Ljejvn, ZEN@CX.

–. 7==7n. A@V/N@CX nec Jcuhnt`ie? N Xtrntjl`h Npprinha Crnft prjpnrjc gy taj ZEN@CX Snsd Sjnk.

–. 7==7g. A@V/N@CX nec ]ivjrty Wjcuht`ie Xtrntjl`js. EjwZEN@CX ]ib`hy Eitjs.

–. 7==7h . Disivi? C`bjkkns if ]ist-Hiefb`ht Wjhiestruht`ie. @@J] Ejwsbjttjr , Vib. 7=, Ei. 8, Ouby‘Xjptjkgjr,p. >>3.

–. 7==7c . Wjpirt ie taj Lbignb A@V/N@CX Jp`cjk`h . Ljejvn, [email protected]?//www.uen`cs.irl/gnrhjbien/prjssd`t/rjpirt.atkb  (0 Xjptjkgjr 7==7). (Fr, Xp, Wus)

ZEC]. 7===. Gitswnen Aukne Cjvjbipkjet Wjpirt 7===. Ejw Pird ZEC] (sjj nbsiattp?//www.uecp.irl/a`v/`ecjx.atk b).

–. 7==>. A@V/N@CX, Wjspiec`el ti taj wirbc‐s kist sjr`ius cjvjbipkjet hr`s`s, Zlnecn pnrtejrsa`p.Ejw Pird, ZEC] (attp?//www.uecp.irl/a`v/ulnecn.pcf,  7= Ihtigjr 7==7).

–. 7==7. ]nbjst`e`ne Aukne Cjvjbipkjet Wjpirt . Ejw Pird, ZEC].

ZEJXHI-Gneldid nec Ns`n nec ]nh`f`h Wjl`ienb Gurjnu fir Jcuhnt`ie. 7==7. Bni Ent`ienb B`tjrnhy Xurvjy Jxpjr`jehj. Gneldid. (]rihjssjc.)

ZEJXHI. >00<. @etjrent`ienb Xtnecnrc Hbnss`f`hnt`ie if Jcuhnt`ie (@XHJC). ]nr`s, ZEJXHI.

–. >000. Saj W`lat ti Jcuhnt`ie? Ne Jkjrljehy Xtrntjly . ]nr`s? ZEJXHI.

–. 7===n. Saj Cndnr Frnkjwird fir Nht`ie, Jcuhnt`ie fir Nbb? Kjjt`el iur Hibbjht`vj Hikk`tkjets .\irbc Jcuhnt`ie Firuk Cndnr, Xjejlnb. 76‘71 Npr`b 7===. ]nr`s, ZEJXHI.

attp?//uejscih.uejshi.irl/`knljs/==>7/==>7>>/>7>>3<j.pcf 

–. 7===g. N Cjhncj if Jcuhnt`ie? Jcuhnt`ie fir Nbb Nssjsskjet. ]nr`s, ZEJXHI. (HC WIK.)

–. 7===h . Jcuhnt`ie fir nbb 7=== Jvnbunt`ie fir Gje`e (]rihjssjc.)

–. 7===c . Jcuhnt`ie fir nbb 7=== Nssjsskjet fir Knur`tne`n (]rihjssjc.)

–. 7===j. Jcuhnt`ie fir nbb 7=== Nssjsskjet fir ]nd`stne (]rihjssjc.)

–. 7===f . Jcuhnt`ie fir Nbb 7=== Nssjsskjet. ]nr`s, ZEJXHI. (HC-WIK.)

–. 7=== l. Jcuhnt`ie fir Nbb? `e`t`nt`vjs, `ssujs nec strntjl`js. Wjpirt if taj kjjt`el if taj \ird`el Lriupie Jcuhnt`ie fir nbb ajbc nt ZEJXHI Ajncqunrtjrs, 77‘73 Eivjkgjr. ]nr`s, ZEJXHI.attp?//uejscih.uejshi.irl/`knljs/==>7/==>771/>771:=j.pcf

–. 7===a. \irbc Jcuhnt`ie Firuk, F`enb Wjpirt . ]nr`s, ZEJXHI.

–. 7===` . Saj \irbc Jcuhnt`ie Wjpirt 7===, Saj W`lat ti Jcuhnt`ie? Siwnrcs Jcuhnt`ie fir Nbb tariulaiut B`fj.]nr`s, ZEJXHI ]ugb`sa`el. attp?//www.uejshi.irl/jcuhnt`ie/`efirknt`ie/wjr/]CFjel/waibjwjr.]CF

–. 7==>n. Nppby`el Ejw Sjhaeibil`js nec Hist-Jffjht`vj Cjb`vjry Xystjks `e Gns`h Jcuhnt`ie. ]nr`s, ZEJXHI.(Sajknt`h stucy.)

–. 7==>g. Hikkue`quà frik A`la-Bjvjb Lriup Ie Jcuhnt`ie fir Nbb F`rst Kjjt`el, ]nr`s, ZEJXHI,70‘8= Ihtigjr. attp?//www.uejshi.irl/jcuhnt`ie/jfn/gubbjt`e/je/hikkue`quj.satkb

–. 7==>h . Hikkue`ty ]nrtejrsa`ps `e Jcuhnt`ie? C`kjes`ies, Vnr`nt`ies nec @kpb`hnt`ies . ]nr`s, ZEJXHI.(Sajknt`h stucy.)

–. 7==>c . Jnrby Ha`bcaiic Hnrj nec Cjvjbipkjet . ]nr`s, ZEJXHI. (Sajknt`h stucy.)

–. 7==>j. Jcuhnt`ie fir Nbb nec Ha`bcrje \ai nrj Jxhbucjc . ]nr`s, ZEJXHI. (Sajknt`h stucy.)

–. 7==>f . Jcuhnt`ie `e X`tunt`ies if Jkjrljehy nec Hr`s`s? Hanbbjelj fir taj Ejw Hjetury . ]nr`s,ZEJXHI. (Sajknt`h stucy.)

–. 7==> l. F`enb rjpirt if taj sjhiec kjjt`el if taj \ird`el Lriup ie Jcuhnt`ie fir Nbb. ]nr`s, ZEJXHI,

7 = =JFN Lbignb

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>=‘>7 Xjptjkgjr. attp?//www.uejshi.irl/jcuhnt`ie/jfn/lbignbYhi/wird`elYlriup/f`enbYrjpirtYje.pcf  

–. 7==>a. L`rbs‐ Jcuhnt`ie. ]nr`s, ZEJXHI. (Sajknt`h stucy.)

–. 7==>` . Saj Lbignb @e`t`nt`vj tiwnrcs Jcuhnt`ie fir Nbb. N frnkjwird fir kutunb uecjrstnec`el. Iff`hj ifNCL/JC. Ne Jcuhnt`ie Xjhtir \ird`el Cihukjet.

–. 7==> o . @ehbus`ie `e Jcuhnt`ie? Saj ]nrt`h`pnt`ie if C`sngbjc Bjnrejrs. ]nr`s, ZEJXHI. (Sajknt`h stucy.)

–. 7==>d . @efirknt`ie D`t ie Jcuhnt`ie fir Nbb, Ent`ienb JFN Nht`ie ]bnes. ]nr`s, ZEJXHI.

–. 7==>b . B`tjrnhy nec Ncubt Jcuhnt`ie. ]nr`s, ZEJXHI. (Sajknt`h stucy.)

–. 7==>k. Kie`tir`el Wjpirt ie Jcuhnt`ie fir Nbb . ]nr`s, ZEJXHI. (Je, Fr)attp?//www.uejshi.irl/jcuhnt`ie/jfn/fr/kie`tir`el/rnppirtYcjYsu`v`Ysikkn`rj.satkb  

–. 7==>e. ]rjpnrnt`ie if ent`ienb pbnes if nht`ie? Hiuetry lu`cjb`ejs. Je, Fr, Xp)attp?//www7.uejshi.irl/wjf/je-cihs/nellu`c.pcf  >8:.

–. 7==>i. Wjnsie fir Aipj? Saj Xuppirt if ELIs ti Jcuhnt`ie fir Nbb . ]nr`s, ZEJXHI. (Sajknt`h stucy.)

–. 7==> p. Xhaiib Ajnbta nec Eutr`t`ie. ]nr`s, ZEJXHI. (Sajknt`h stucy.)

–. 7==>q. Sjxtgiids nec Bjnre`el Kntjr`nbs >00=‘00. ]nr`s, ZEJXHI.ZEJXHI. (Sajknt`h stucy.)

–. 7==7n. Ns`ne Xiuta ]nh`f`h Gurjnu if Ncubt Jcuhnt`ie (NX]GNJ). Srnhd`el H`v`b Xih`jty ]nrt`h`pnt`ie`e taj Cjvjbipkjet if JFN Ent`ienb Nht`ie ]bnes `e taj ]a`b`pp`ejs.

–. 7==7g. Jcuhnt`ie fir Nbb. Ne `etjrent`ienb strntjly ti put taj Cndnr Frnkjwird fir Nht`ie ie Jcuhnt`ie firNbb `eti ipjrnt`ie. ]nr`s, ZEJXHI. attp?//uejscih.uejshi.irl/`knljs/==>7/==>766/>7668>ji.pcf

–. 7==7h . Saj Hiest`tut`ienb ]riv`s`ies ie taj W`lat ti Jcuhnt`ie nec Kicjre`z`el/Cjvjbip`el Ent`ienb Bjl`sbnt`ie`e Djjp`el w`ta Xtntj Igb`lnt`ies/Livjrekjet Wjspies`g`b`ty uecjr taj Cndnr Frnkjwird fir Nht`ie. ]rjpnrjcfir taj 71ta Xjss`ie if taj Hikk`ttjj ie Jhieik`h, Xih`nb nec Hubturnb W`lats (HJXHW), Ljejvn 70 Npr`b‘><Kny.

–. 7==7c . Jnrby ha`bcaiic Hnrj9 Cjvjbipkjet9 Jcuhnt`ie9 ]ib`hy Gr`jfs ie Jnrby Ha`bcaiic , Ei. >, Knrha.

–. 7==7j. @efirknt`ie frik ZEJXHI‐s Wjl`ienb Gurjnux. ]jrsienb tjbjpaiej nec j-kn`b hikkue`hnt`ies.Ouby, Xjptjkgjr.

–. 7==7f . @etjrent`ienb B`tjrnhy ]r`zj Xugk`ss`ie (Hugn). TKneushr`pt.[

–. 7==7 l. @etjrent`ienb B`tjrnhy ]r`zj Xugk`ss`ie (]nd`stne).TKneushr`pt.[

–. 7==7a. Ne @etjrent`ienb Xtrntjly ti ]ut taj Cndnr Frnkjwird fir Nht`ie ie Jcuhnt`ie fir Nbb `etiIpjrnt`ie. (Je, Fr, Xp)

–. 7==7` . ]bnee`el fir Nhhjss? Cjvjbip n Cntn Xystjk F`rst. ]ib`hy Gr`jfs ie Jnrby Ha`bcaiic , Ei. 7, Npr`b.

–. 7==7 o . ]riv`s`ienb Gr`jf`el ie JFN ]bnee`el.

ZEJXHI/@etjrent`ienb Bngir Irlne`znt`ie. 7==7. Xtnt`st`hnb ]rif`bj if taj Sjnha`el ]rifjss`ie. ]nr`s/Ljejvn.

ZEJXHI-GWJCN. 7==7. Xtntj if ]rilrjss if taj JFN prihjss `e Xug-Xnanrne Nfr`hn.

ZEJXHI-@GJ. 7==>. Xyetajs`s rjpirt? @evibvjkjet if H`v`b Xih`jty `e JFN. 36ta Xjss`ie if taj @etjrent`ienbHiefjrjehj ie Jcuhnt`ie @GJ, Hibbjht`vj Hiesubtnt`ie if ELIs fir JFN (HHELI/JFN), : ti 1 Xjptjkgjr 7==>,Ljejvn, 7==>, ZEJXHI. attp?//www.uejshi.irl/jcuhnt`ie/jfn/pnrtejrsa`p/spjh`nbYsjss`ieY1.0.7==>.pcf  76 Xjptjkgjr 7==7. Nvn`bngbj `e Frjeha.

ZEJXHI @est`tutj fir Xtnt`st`hs (Z@X). 7==>. Jcuhnt`ie Hiuets? Djy Xtnt`st`hs if Ent`ienb Jcuhnt`ie Xystjks.(HC-WIK)

ZEJXHI-]WIN]. 7==>. JFN ]bnee`el Lu`cj Xiutajnst nec Jnst Ns`n. ]r`eh`pnb Wjl`ienb iff`hj fir Ns`n nectaj ]nh`f`h. Djje ]ugb`sa`el.

ZEF]N, Ze`tjc Ent`ies ]ipubnt`ie Fuec. 7==>. ]ripisjc priojht nec prilrnkkjs.attp?//www.uefpn.irl/rjl`ies/nfr`hn/hiuetr`js/ulnecn/>uln=>=:.pcf  (>= Ihtigjr 7==7)

ZELJ@ wjgs`tj. 7==7. (Ze`tjc Ent`ie L`rbs‐ Jcuhnt`ie @e`t`nt`vj). www.uecl.irl. (76 Xjptjkgjr).

ZEAHW. >00:. Wjv`sjc lu`cjb`ejs fir jcuhnt`ienb nss`stnehj ti rjfuljjs. Ljejvn, ZEAHW.

–. 7==>. Bjnre`el Fir n Futurj? Wjfuljj Jcuhnt`ie `e Cjvjbip`el Hiuetr`js. Xw`tzjrbnec, ]rjssjs HjetrnbjsBnusneej.

–. 7==7. Wjfuljjs nec itajrs if hiehjre ti ZEAHW? 7==> stnt`st`hnb ivjrv`jw (ZEAHW, Ljejvn4 www.ueahr.ha).

ZE@HJF. >000n. Aiecurns rjpirt? bjssies bjnrejc nftjr taj `kpnht if Aurr`hnej K`tha `e taj jcuhnt`ie sjhtir.Ljejvn, ZE@HJF.

–. >000g. Saj Xtntj if taj \irbc‐s Ha`bcrje >000? Jcuhnt`ie . Ejw Pird, ZE@HJF.

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–. >000‘7===. Kubt`pbj @ec`hntir Hbustjr Xurvjy(K@HX@@). Ejw Pird, ZE@HJF.

–. 7==>n. Aukne`tnr`ne Nht`ie? Jnst S`kir Cieir Zpcntj. >: One 7==>. K`e`stry if Jcuhnt`ie Hubturj Piuta

nec Xpirts. Wjpirtjc gy L@E@J 7==7.

–. 7==>g. Sjhae`hnb eitjs? spjh`nb hies`cjrnt`ies fir prilrnkk`el `e uestngbj s`tunt`ies. Ejw Pird, ZE@HJF.

–. 7==7n. F`enehj Cjvjbipkjet @evjst `e Ha`bcrje. Ejw Pird, ZE@HJF.

–. 7==7h . ^unb`ty Jcuhnt`ie fir nbb? Frik n L`rb‐s pi`et if V`jw. Ejw Pird , ZE@HJF. (Je, Fr, Xp)

–. 7==7c . Piuel ]jipbj nec A@V/N@CX? Ippirtue`ty `e Hr`s`s. Ejw Pird, ZE@HJF. Nvn`bngbj `e Frjeha nec Xpne`sa.

ZE@HJF/ZEN@CX/ZXN@C. 7==7. Ha`bcrje ie taj Gr`ed 7==7? N Oi`et Wjpirt ie Irpanes nec ]rilrnkkj Xtrntjl`js.Ejw Pird.

Ze`tjc Ent`ie Wjb`jf nec \irds Nljehy fir ]nbjst`ej Wjfuljjs ZEW\N wjgs`tj? www.ue.irl/uerwn(76 Xjptjkgjr 7==7).

Ze`tjc Ent`ies. >031. Ze`vjrsnb Cjhbnrnt`ie if Aukne W`lats. Nciptjc nec ]rihbn`kjc gy taj Ljejrnb Nssjkgby if taj Ze`tjc Ent`ies ie taj Sjeta Cny if Cjhjkgjr, >031.

–. >0:=. Ze`vjrsnb Cjhbnrnt`ie if Aukne W`lats. F`enb Nutair`zjc Sjxt. Ejw Pird.

–. >0<0. Saj @etjrent`ienb Hivjenets ie Aukne W`lats nec Ipt`ienb ]ritihib, >066. Ejw Pird, Ze`tjcEnt`ies Iff`hj if ]ugb`h @efirknt`ie.

–. >01<. Fjrt`b`ty Gjanv`iur `e taj Hietjxt if Cjvjbipkjet. ]ipubnt`ie Xtuc`js, Ei. >==. Ejw Pird, Ze`tjc Ent`ies.

–. 7==7n. Fibbiw-up jffirts ti taj @etjrent`ienb Hiefjrjehj ie F`eneh`el fir Cjvjbipkjet.Wjpirt if taj Xjhrjtnry-Ljejrnb. (N/:</8>0). attp?//www.ue.irl/jsn/ffc/n:<-8>0-ffc-fibbiwup.pcf

–. 7==7g. Iuthikj if taj @etjrent`ienb Hiefjrjehj ie F`eneh`el fir Cjvjbipkjet.Wjpirt if taj Xjhrjtnry-Ljejrnb. (N/:</).attp?//www.ue.irl/jsn/ffc/n:<-833-ffc-iuthikj.pcf

ZEW\N Ze`tjc Ent`ie Wjb`jf nec \irds Nljehy fir ]nbjst`ej Wjfuljjs wjgs`tj

ZXN@C. 7==7n. Ajbp`el Ha`bcrje Iutlriw \nr . Sjhae`hnb pnpjr Ei. >>6. Nfr`hn Gurjnu @efirknt`ie Hjetjr.

–. 7==7g. K`bbje`uk hanbbjelj nhhiuet upcntj. Fnht Xajjt. Ouej 8.(attp?//www.usn`c.liv/prjss/rjbjnsjs/7==7/fsYkhn.atk b).

Vnrlns Gnrie, J. 7==>. Saj Hanbbjelj if Jcuhnt`ie `e Jkjrljeh`js ‘ ]ib`hy nec ]rnht`hj . @est`tutj fir Wjhiestruht`ienec @etjrent`ienb Xjhur`ty Sariula Jcuhnt`ie fir taj ta`rc prjpnrntiry Hikk`ttjj fir taj 7==> ZA Xpjh`nb

Xjss`ie ie Ha`bcrje. Ouej >7, 7==>. >7:.

Vnrlns-Gnrie, J.4 KhHburj, K. >001. Saj ejw ajri`hs if ljejrnt`ienb hikk`tkjet? jcuhnt`ie `e ent`ies w`taharie`h hr`sjs. @e? L. Wjtnknb4 W. Njci-W`hakiec. (jcs.)., Jcuhnt`ie ns n Aukne`tnr`ne Wjspiesj. Biecie,Hnssjbb.

V`rtisu, B. 7==7. Wjpugb`hne Xjk`enr ie Wjsubts-gnsjc ]bnee`el nec Knenljkjet fir Jcuhnt`ie Fir Nbb. Ze`tjcEnt`ies, Wjpugb`h if Kibcivn prjss rjbjnsj. 3 Xjptjkgjr.

\j`r, X. >001. Saj Cjtjrk`enets if Xhaiib Jeribkjet `e Wurnb Jta`ip`n? Ntt`tucjs, Wjtures nec Wjsiurhjs. Ixfirc,Xn`et Oiaes Hibbjlj (]aC tajs`s).

\j`r, X.4 De`lat, O. >006. Cjknec fir Xhaiib`el `e Wurnb Jta`ip`n. \nsa`eltie, C.H., \irbc Gned.(]AWC Xtucy, Ei.>n.)

\a`tjs`cj, N.4 Xuetjr, H. 7===. N@CX? Saj Hanbbjelj fir Xiuta Nfr`hn. Hnpj Siwe? Aukne, Wiussjnu nec Snfjbgjrl.

\`etjr, H.4 Gurejtt, E. 7==7. \ird`el Siljtajr ti Nha`jvj Jcuhnt`ie Fir Nbb . \nsa`eltie, C.H., \irbc Gnedprjsjetnt`ie. (]rihjssjc.)

\ibf, O. >00:. Ne nenbys`s if ZXN@C prilrnks ti `kprivj jqu`ty `e Knbnw` nec Lanen‐s jcuhnt`ie systjks.\nsa`eltie, C.H., ZXN@C. (Xustn`engbj Cjvjbipkjet ]ugb`hnt`ie Xjr`js. Sjhae`hnb ]npjr Ei.>=.)

\irbc Gned. >00>. \irbc Cjvjbipkjet Wjpirt >00>. Ejw Pird, Ixfirc Ze`vjrs`ty ]rjss.

–. >006. Wjpugb`h if _nkg`n Jcuhnt`ie nec Srn`e`el Xjhtir Jxpjec`turj Wjv`jw. \nsa`eltie, C.H., \irbc Gned.

–. 7===n. N Hanehj ti Bjnre? Deiwbjclj nec F`enehj fir Jcuhnt`ie `e Xug-Xnanrne Nfr`hn, p. :6. \nsa`eltie,C.H., \irbc Gned. (]npjr prjsjetjc nt \irbc Jcuhnt`ie Firuk, Cndnr, 7===.)

–. 7===g. Jxpbir`el taj @kpb`hnt`ies if taj A@V/N@CX Jp`cjk`h fir Jcuhnt`ienb ]bnee`el `e Xjbjhtjc Nfr`hneHiuetr`js? Saj Cjkilrnpa`h ^ujst`ie. \nsa`eltie, C.H., \irbc Gned N@CX Hnkpn`le Sjnk fir Nfr`hn(NHSnfr`hn).

–. 7==>n. Neeunb Wjpirts >00=‘7==>. \nsa`eltie, C.H., \irbc Gned.

–. 7==>g. Hists if Xhnb`el A@V ]rilrnk Nht`v`t`js ti n Ent`ienb Bjvjb `e XXug-Xnanrne sug-Xnanrne Nfr`hn? Kjtaics

7 = =JFN Lbignb

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nec Jst`kntjs. Knrha 8>. \nsa`eltie, C.H., \irbc Gned N@CX Hnkpn`le Sjnk fir Nfr`hn (NHSnfr`hn).

–. 7==7n. Nha`jv`el Jcuhnt`ie fir Nbb gy 7=>:? X`kubnt`ie Wjsubts fir 3< Biw-@ehikj Hiuetr`js. 7==7.

Aukne Cjvjbipkjet Ejtwird. Nfr`hn Wjl`ie Cjpnrtkjet.

–. 7==7g. Jcuhnt`ie nec A@V/N@CX? N \`eciw fir Aipj. \nsa`eltie, C.H., \irbc Gned.

–. 7==7h . F`eneh`nb @kpnht if taj A@]H @e`t`nt`vj, f`rst 76 hiuetry hnsjs, pricuhjc gy taj A@]H Ze`t. \nsa`eltie,C.H., \irbc Gned. attp?//www.wirbcgned.irl/a`ph/F`eneh`nbY@kpnhtYOuby=7.pcf

–. 7==7c . ]riojht Npprn`snb Cihukjet ie n ]ripisjc Srust Fuecjc Hrjc`t `e taj nkiuet if ZX $7= K`bb`ieti taj \jst Gned nec Lnzn Fir n Jkjrljehy Xjrv`hjs Xuppirt ]riojht. Aukne Cjvjbipkjet Xjhtir k`ccbj Jnstnec Eirta Nfr`hn Wjl`ie.

–. 7==7j. Xd`bbs nec B`tjrnhy Srn`e`el fir Gjttjr B`vjb`aiics. F`ec`els, Vib. 7=0, Ouej.

\irbc Gned Cjvjbipkjet Hikk`ttjj. 7==7n. Jcuhnt`ie fir cyenk`h jhieik`js? Nht`ie pbne ti nhhjbjrntj prilrjsstiwnrcs Jcuhnt`ie fir Nbb (JFN). (CH7===-===:/Wjv>). \nsa`eltie, C.H., \irbc Gned.

–. 7==7g. Eitj frik taj ]rjs`cjet if taj \irbc Gned. (CH7==7-===</Wjv>). \nsa`eltie, C.H., \irbc Gned.

\irbc Gned/@KF. 7==7. Wjv`jw if taj ]ivjrty Wjcuht`ie Xtrntjly ]npjr (]WX]) Npprinha? Jnrby Jxpjr`jehjs w`ta@etjr`k ]WX]s nec Fubb ]WX]s. Ciwebincngbj tjxt,

attp?//www.wirbcgned.irl/pivjrty/strntjl`js/rjv`jw/jnrbyjxp.pcf

\irbc Srncj Irlne`znt`ie. 7==>. Cian \SI K`e`stjr`nb 7==>? K`e`stjr`nb Cjhbnrnt`ie \S/K@E(=>)/CJH/>attp?//www.wti.irl/jelb`sa/tajwtiYj/k`e`stYj/k`e=>Yj/k`ecjhbYj.atk  

www.wirbcgned.irl/jcuhnt`ie

Piuel, K. J. (jc.). 7==7. Frik Jnrby Ha`bcaiic Cjvjbipkjet ti Aukne Cjvjbipkjet. \nsa`eltie, C.H.,\irbc Gned.

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7 = =JFN Lbignb

Kie`tir`el Wjpirt

ncubt b`tjrnhy/`bb`tjrnhy rntj (jst`kntjc). Eukgjr ifb`tjrntj/`bb`tjrntj ncubts jxprjssjc ns n pjrhjetnlj

if taj titnb ncubt pipubnt`ie nljc >: yjnrs necngivj. N pjrsie `s hies`cjrjc b`tjrntj/`bb`tjrntj `faj/saj hne/hneeit rjnc nec wr`tj w`tauecjrstnec`el n s`kpbj stntjkjet rjbntjc tia`s/ajr b`fj.

jnrby ha`bcaiic hnrj nec jcuhnt`ie (JHHJ).]rilrnkkjs tant, `e ncc`t`ie ti priv`c`el ha`bcrjew`ta hnrj, iffjr n struhturjc nec purpisjfub sjt ifbjnre`el nht`v`t`js j`tajr `e n firknb `est`tut`ie(prj-pr`knry) ir ns pnrt if n eie-firknb ha`bccjvjbipkjet prilrnkkj. Jnrby ha`bcaiic hnrj necjcuhnt`ie prilrnkkjs nrj eirknbby cjs`lejc fir

ha`bcrje nljc 8 yjnrs nec ngivj nec `ehbucjirlne`zjc bjnre`el nht`v`t`js tant hiest`tutjnenvjrnlj jqu`vnbjet if nt bjnst 7 aiurs pjr cny nec>== cnys pjr yjnr.

jeribkjet. Eukgjr if pup`bs ir stucjets jeribbjc `en l`vje bjvjb if jcuhnt`ie, rjlnrcbjss if nlj. Xjjnbsi lriss jeribkjet rnt`i nec ejt jeribkjet rnt`i.

jetrnehj nlj (iff`h`nb). Nlj nt wa`ha pup`bs irstucjets wiubc jetjr n l`vje prilrnkkj ir bjvjbif jcuhnt`ie nssuk`el tajy anc stnrtjc nt tajiff`h`nb jetrnehj nlj fir taj biwjst bjvjb ifjcuhnt`ie, anc stuc`jc fubb-t`kj tariulaiut necanc prilrjssjc tariula taj systjk w`taiutrjpjnt`el ir sd`pp`el n lrncj. Eitj tant tajtajirjt`hnb jetrnehj nlj ti n l`vje prilrnkkj irbjvjb kny gj vjry c`ffjrjet frik taj nhtunb ir jvjetaj typ`hnb ir kist hikkie jetrnehj nlj.

ljecjr pnr`ty `ecjx (L]@). Wnt`i if fjknbj-ti-knbjvnbuj if n l`vje `ec`hntir. N L]@ if > `ec`hntjs pnr`tygjtwjje sjxjs4 n L]@ tant vnr`js gjtwjje = nec >kjnes n c`spnr`ty `e fnviur if giys4 n L]@ lrjntjrtane > `ec`hntjs n c`spnr`ty `e fnviur if l`rbs.

lrncj. Xtnlj if `estruht`ie usunbby hivjrjc `e iej

shaiib yjnr.lriss jeribkjet rnt`i (LJW). Eukgjr if pup`bs

jeribbjc `e n l`vje bjvjb if jcuhnt`ie, rjlnrcbjss ifnlj, jxprjssjc ns n pjrhjetnlj if taj pipubnt`ie `etaj rjbjvnet iff`h`nb nlj lriup. Eitj tant LJW hnegj a`lajr tane >==% ns n rjsubt if lrncj rjpjt`t`ienec jetry nt yiueljr nec ibcjr nljs tane tajtyp`hnb lrncj-bjvjb nlj.

lriss `etndj rntj (L@W). Eukgjr if ejw jetrnets `etif`rst lrncj if pr`knry jcuhnt`ie, rjlnrcbjss if nlj,

jxprjssjc ns n pjrhjetnlj if taj pipubnt`ie ififf`h`nb jetrnehj nlj ti pr`knry jcuhnt`ie.

lriss cikjst`h pricuht (LC]). Xuk if lriss vnbujnccjc gy nbb rjs`cjets pricuhjrs `e taj jhieiky,`ehbuc`el c`str`gut`vj trncjs nec trnespirt, pbusney pricuht tnxjs nec k`eus ney sugs`c`js eit`ehbucjc `e taj vnbuj if taj pricuhts

lriss ent`ienb pricuht (LE]). Xuk if lriss vnbujnccjc gy nbb rjs`cjet pricuhjrs `e taj jhieiky,`ehbuc`el c`str`gut`vj trncjs nec trnespirt, pbusney pricuht tnxjs, k`eus ney sugs`c`js eit`ehbucjc `e taj vnbuj if taj pricuhts pbus ejtrjhj`pts if ehikj frik ngrinc. X`ehj ejt rjhj`ptsfrik ngrinc kny gj pis`t`vj ir ejlnt`vj, `t `spiss`gbj fir taj LE] ti gj lrjntjr ir sknbbjr tanetaj LC].

lriss ent`ienb pricuht pjr hnp`tn. Lriss ent`ienbpricuht `e hurrjet ZX cibbnrs ($) c`v`cjc gy tajtitnb pipubnt`ie.

@etjrent`ienb Xtnecnrc Hbnss`f`hnt`ie if Jcuhnt`ie(@XHJC). N hbnss`f`hnt`ie systjk cjs`lejc ns ne`estrukjet su`tngbj fir nssjkgb`el, hikp`b`el necprjsjet`el hikpnrngbj ec`hntirs nec stnt`st`hs if

jcuhnt`ie gita w`ta`e `ec`v`cunb hiuetr`js nec`etjrent`ienbby. Sa`s systjk wns `etricuhjc `e >0<6,nec rjv`sjc `e >00<.

b`fj jxpjhtnehy nt g`rta. Sajirjt`hnb eukgjr if yjnrsn ejwgire w`bb b`vj `f taj nlj-spjh`f`h kirtnb`tyrntjs `e taj yjnr if g`rta nrj tndje ns hiestnet,`.j. taj suk if taj kirtnb`ty rntjs gy nlj.

biwjr sjhiecnry jcuhnt`ie (@XHJC Bjvjb 7).Ljejrnbby cjs`lejc ti hiet`euj taj gns`hprilrnkkjs if taj pr`knry bjvjb. Sjnha`el ntbiwjr sjhiecnry bjvjb `s typ`hnbby kirj sugojht-fihusjc, rjqu`r`el kirj spjh`nb`zjc tjnhajrs

fir jnha sugojht nrjn. Saj jec if ta`s bjvjb iftjehi`eh`cjs w`ta taj jec if hikpubsiry jcuhnt`ie.

ejt jeribkjet rnt`i (EJW). Eukgjr if pup`bs `etaj iff`h`nb nlj lriup fir n l`vje bjvjb if jcuhnt`iejeribbjc e tant bjvjb jxprjssjc ns n pjrhjetnlj iftaj titnb pipubnt`ie `e tant nlj lriup.

Lbissnry

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ejt `etndj rntj `e pr`knry jcuhnt`ie (E@W). Eukgjrif pup`bs nt taj iff`h`nb shaiib jetrnehj nlj wai

nrj ejw jetrnets `eti taj f`rst lrncj if pr`knryjcuhnt`ie, jxprjssjc ns n pjrhjetnlj if tajpipubnt`ie if iff`h`nb nck`ss`ie nlj ti pr`knryjcuhnt`ie.

ejw jetrnets. ]up`bs jetjr`el pr`knry jcuhnt`ie firtaj f`rst t`kj.

iut-if-shaiib ha`bcrje. Ha`bcrje `e taj iff`h`nb shaiibnlj lriup wai nrj eit jeribbjc `e shaiib.

pjrhjetnlj if ejw jetrnets ti pr`knry jcuhnt`iew`ta JHHJ jxpjr`jehj. Eukgjr if ejw jetrnets tipr`knry jcuhnt`ie wai anvj nttjecjc sikj firk

if irlne`zjc jnrby ha`bcaiic hnrj nec jcuhnt`ieprilrnkkjs jqu`vnbjet nt bjnst 7== aiurs,jxprjssjc ns pjrhjetnlj if titnb eukgjr if ejwjetrnets ti pr`knry jcuhnt`ie.

prj-pr`knry jcuhnt`ie (@XHJC Bjvjb =). Wjfjrsti prilrnkkjs nt taj `e`t`nb stnlj if irlne`zjc`estruht`ie, wa`ha nrj pr`knr`by cjs`lejc ti`etricuhj vjry yiuel ha`bcrje, usunbby frik nlj 8ir si, ti n shaiib-typj jev`riekjet, `.j. ti priv`cjn gr`clj gjtwjje aikj nec shaiib. Xuhaprilrnkkjs nrj vnr`iusby rjfjrrjc ti ns `efnetjcuhnt`ie, eursjry jcuhnt`ie, prj-shaiib

jcuhnt`ie, d`ecjrlnrtje, ir jnrby ha`bcaiicjcuhnt`ie. Xjj nbsi jnrby ha`bcaiic hnrj necjcuhnt`ie prilrnkkjs.

pr`knry jcuhnt`ie (@XHJC Bjvjb >). Xikjt`kjshnbbjc jbjkjetnry jcuhnt`ie, rjfjrs ti jcuhnt`ienbprilrnkkjs tant nrj eirknbby cjs`lejc ie nue`t ir priojht gns`s ti l`vj pup`bs n siuec gns`hjcuhnt`ie `e rjnc`el, wr`t`el nec kntajknt`hsnbiel w`ta ne jbjkjetnry uecjrstnec`el if itajrsugojhts suha ns a`stiry, ljilrnpay, enturnbsh`jehj, sih`nb sh`jehj, nrt nec kus`h. @e sikjhnsjs rjb`l`ius `estruht`ie `s nbsi fjnturjc. Sajsj

sugojhts sjrvj ti cjvjbip pup`bs‐ ng`b`ty ti igtn`enec usj `efirknt`ie taj ha`bcrje ejjc ngiut taj`raikj, hikkue`ty, hiuetry, jth. Xyeieyk? pr`knryshaiib`el.

pr`vntj jeribkjet. Eukgjr if ha`bcrje jeribbjc `e ne`est`tut`ie (shaiib ir hibbjlj) tant `s eit ipjrntjc

gy n pugb`h nutair`ty, gut `s rntajr hietribbjc necknenljc ie j`tajr n prif`t ir eie-prif`t gns`s gyn pr`vntj gicy suha ns n eie-livjrekjetnbirlne`znt`ie ir nssih`nt`ie, n rjb`l`ius gicy, nspjh`nb `etjrjst lriup, n fiuecnt`ie ir n gus`ejssjetjrpr`sj.

pugb`h jxpjec`turj ie jcuhnt`ie. Sitnb pugb`h f`enehjcjvitjc ti jcuhnt`ie gy bihnb, rjl`ienb nec ent`ienblivjrekjets, `ehbuc`el kue`h`pnb`t`js. Aiusjaibchietr`gut`ies nrj eirknbby jxhbucjc. ]ugb`hjxpjec`turj ie jcuhnt`ie `ehbucjs gita hnp`tnb nechurrjet jxpjec`turj. Hnp`tnb (pugb`h) jxpjec`turj

`ehbucjs jxpjec`turj fir hiestruht`ie, rjeivnt`ienec knoir rjpn`rs if gu`bc`els nec taj purhansjif ajnvy jqu`pkjet ir vja`hbjs. Hurrjet (pugb`h)jxpjec`turj `ehbucjs jxpjec`turj fir liics necsjrv`hjs hiesukjc w`ta`e taj hurrjet yjnr necwa`ha wiubc ejjc ti gj rjejwjc `f tajrj wjrj nejjc fir pribielnt`ie taj fibbiw`el yjnr. @t `ehbucjsjxpjec`turj ie? stnff snbnr`js nec gjejf`ts4hietrnhtjc ir purhansjc sjrv`hjs4 itajr rjsiurhjs`ehbuc`el giids nec tjnha`el kntjr`nbs4 wjbfnrjsjrv`hjs4 nec itajr hurrjet jxpjec`turj suha nsfure`turj nec jqu`pkjet, k`eirs rjpn`rs, fujb,tjbjhikkue`hnt`ies, trnvjb, esurnehj nec rjets.

pugb`h hurrjet jxpjec`turj ie pr`knry jcuhnt`ie nspjrhjetnlj if titnb pugb`h hurrjet jxpjec`turj iejcuhnt`ie. Sa`s `ec`hntir saiws taj rjbnt`vj sanrjif pugb`h hurrjet jxpjec`turj ie pr`knry jcuhnt`iew`ta`e ivjrnbb pugb`h hurrjet jxpjec`turj iejcuhnt`ie.

pugb`h hurrjet jxpjec`turj pjr pup`b ie pr`knryjcuhnt`ie ns pjrhjetnlj if LE] pjr hnp`tn.Kjnsurjs taj nvjrnlj hist if n pup`b `e pr`knryjcuhnt`ie `e rjbnt`ie ti taj hiuetry‐s LE] pjrhnp`tn. @e itajr wircs, ta`s `s taj sanrj if pr`knry

jcuhnt`ie ue`t hist `e taj LE] pjr hnp`tn.pugb`h jxpjec`turj ie jcuhnt`ie ns n pjrhjetnlj if

LE]. Sitnb pugb`h jxpjec`turj ie jcuhnt`ie nt jvjrybjvjb if nck`e`strnt`ie nhhirc`el ti taj hiest`tut`ieif taj hiuetry, `.j. hjetrnb, rjl`ienb nec bihnbnutair`t`js, jxprjssjc ns n pjrhjetnlj if taj lrissent`ienb pricuht.

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pugb`h jxpjec`turj ie jcuhnt`ie ns n pjrhjetnljif titnb livjrekjet jxpjec`turj. Sitnb pugb`h

jxpjec`turj ie jcuhnt`ie nt jvjry bjvjb ifnck`e`strnt`ie nhhirc`el ti taj hiest`tut`ie if tajhiuetry, `.j. hjetrnb, rjl`ienb nec bihnb nutair`t`js,jxprjssjc ns n pjrhjetnlj if titnb livjrekjetjxpjec`turj ie nbb sjhtirs (`ehbuc`el ajnbta,jcuhnt`ie, sih`nb sjrv`hjs jth).

pup`b. Wjfjrs ti n yiuel pjrsie wai `s jeribbjc `e nejcuhnt`ienb prilrnkkj. Fir taj purpisjs if ta`sKie`tir`el Wjpirt, ‑pup`b‐ rjfjrs ti n ha`bc jeribbjc`e pr`knry shaiib, wajrjns ha`bcrje ir ncubtsjeribbjc nt kirj ncvnehjc bjvjbs nrj stucjets.

pup`b/tjnhajr rnt`i (]SW). Nvjrnlj eukgjr if pup`bspjr tjnhajr nt taj bjvjb if jcuhnt`ie spjh`f`jc `en l`vje shaiib yjnr. \aje cntn nrj nvn`bngbj tajhnbhubnt`ie if taj pup`b/tjnhajr rnt`i `s gnsjc ietjnhajrs nec pup`bs jxprjssjc `e fubb-t`kjjqu`vnbjet.

purhans`el piwjr pnr`ty (]]]). Saj rntj if hurrjehyhievjrs`ie `eti ZX$ tant jb`k`entjs taj c`ffjrjehjs`e pr`hj bjvjbs nkiel hiuetr`js. Saus, wajejxpjec`turj ie LE] fir c`ffjrjet hiuetr`js `shievjrtjc `eti n hikkie hurrjehy gy kjnes if taj]]], `t `s, `e jffjht, jxprjssjc nt taj snkj sjt if`etjrent`ienb pr`hjs si tant hikpnr`sies gjtwjjehiuetr`js rjfbjht ieby c`ffjrjehjs `e taj vibukj ifliics nec sjrv`hjs purhansjc. @e itajr wircs, ta`skjnes tant n l`vje suk if kiejy, waje hievjrtjc`eti ZX$ nt taj ]]] rntj (]]]$), w`bb guy taj snkjgnsdjt if liics nec sjrv`hjs `e nbb hiuetr`js.

rjpjt`t`ie rntj gy lrncj. ]ripirt`ie if pup`bs jeribbjc`e n l`vje lrncj `e n l`vje shaiib-yjnr wai stucy `etaj snkj lrncj taj fibbiw`el shaiib-yjnr.

shaiib b`fj jxpjhtnehy. Eukgjr if yjnrs n ha`bc `sjxpjhtjc ti rjkn`e nt shaiib, ir ue`vjrs`ty,`ehbuc`el yjnrs spjet ie rjpjt`t`ie. @t `s taj suk

if taj nlj-spjh`f`h jeribkjet rnt`is fir pr`knry,sjhiecnry, pist-sjhiecnry eie-tjrt`nry nectjrt`nry jcuhnt`ie.

shaiib-nlj pipubnt`ie. ]ipubnt`ie if taj nlj lriupwa`ha iff`h`nbby hirrjspiecs ti taj rjbjvnet bjvjb ifjcuhnt`ie, wajtajr jeribbjc `e shaiib ir eit.

surv`vnb rntj. ]jrhjetnlj if n hiairt if pup`bs waijeribbjc `e taj f`rst lrncj if ne jcuhnt`ie hyhbj `e

n l`vje shaiib yjnr nec wai rjnha n l`vje lrncjj`tajr w`ta ir w`taiut rjpjnt`el n lrncj.

tjnhajr ir tjnha`el stnff. Eukgjr if pjrsiesjkpbiyjc fubb-t`kj ir pnrt-t`kj `e ne iff`h`nbhnpnh`ty fir taj purpisj if lu`c`el nec c`rjht`eltaj bjnre`el jxpjr`jehj if pup`bs nec stucjets,`rrjspjht`vj if a`s/ajr qunb`f`hnt`ie ir taj cjb`vjrykjhane`sk, `.j. wajtajr fnhj-ti-fnhj nec/ir nt nc`stnehj. Sa`s cjf`e`t`ie jxhbucjs jcuhnt`ienbpjrsieejb wai anvj ei nht`vj tjnha`el cut`js(j.l. ajncknstjrs, ajnck`strjssjs ir pr`eh`pnbswai ci eit tjnha) ir wai wird ihhns`ienbby ir

`e n vibuetnry hnpnh`ty `e jcuhnt`ienb `est`tut`ies(j.l. pnrjets).

titnb cjgt sjrv`hj. Xuk if pr`eh`pnb rjpnykjetsnec `etjrjst nhtunbby pn`c `e firj`le hurrjehy,liics, ir sjrv`hjs ie biel-tjrk cjgt, ir `etjrjstpn`c `e sairt-tjrk cjgt, ns wjbb ns rjpnykjets(rjpurhansjs nec hanrljs) ti taj @etjrent`ienbKiejtnry Fuec (@KF).

trn`ejc tjnhajr. Sjnhajr wai ans rjhj`vjc tajk`e`kuk irlne`zjc tjnhajr trn`e`el (prj-sjrv`hjir `e sjrv`hj) rjqu`rjc fir tjnha`el nt taj rjbjvnetbjvjb `e n l`vje hiuetry.

trnes`t`ie rntj ti sjhiecnry jcuhnt`ie. Eukgjr ifpup`bs nck`ttjc ti taj f`rst lrncj if sjhiecnryjcuhnt`ie `e n l`vje yjnr, jxprjssjc ns npjrhjetnlj if taj eukgjr if pup`bs jeribbjc `e tajf`enb lrncj if pr`knry if jcuhnt`ie `e taj prjv`iusyjnr.

yiuta b`tjrnhy/`bb`tjrnhy rntj (jst`kntjc). Saj eukgjrif b`tjrntj/`bb`tjrntj yiuel ncubts nljc >:‘73 yjnrsjxprjssjc ns n pjrhjetnlj if taj titnb yiutapipubnt`ie nljc >:‘73 yjnrs. N pjrsie `shies`cjrjc b`tjrntj/`bb`tjrntj f aj/saj hne/hneeit

rjnc nec wr`tj w`ta uecjrstnec`el n s`kpbjstntjkjet rjbntjc ti a`s/ajr b`fj.

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NGC Ns ne Cjvjbipkjet GnedNHSnfr`hn N@CX Hnkpn`le Sjnk fir Nfr`hn

NCJN Nssih`nt`ie fir taj Cjvjbipkjet if Jcuhnt`ie `e Nfr`hnNBBs Ncubt B`tjrnhy nec B`fj Xd`bbs Xtucy

NK@HNNBB Nbb`nehj if Knyirs @e`t`nt`vj fir Hikkue`ty Nht`ie ie N@CX nt taj Bihnb BjvjbNWV net -rjtri v rnb

GBHH Gueync B`tjrnhy Hikkue ty Hiueh`bG]WK Gurjnu fir ]ipubnt ie, Wjfuljjs nec K`lrnt`ie

GWJCN Gurjnu Wjl`ienb cj b‐ZEJXHI piur b‐Jcuhnt ie je Nfr`quj (ZEJXHI Wjl`ienb Iff`hjfir Jcuhnt`ie `e Nfr`hn)

HHN hikkie hiuetry nssjsskjetHHELIs Hibbjht`vj Hiesubtnt ie if Eie-livjrekjetnb Irlneznt ies

H@C Hjetjr fir @etjrent ienb Cjvjbipkjet nt Anrvnrc Ze`vjrs tyH@CN Hnenc ne @etjrent`ienb Cjvjbipkjet Nljehy

HL@NW Hiesubtnt`vj Lriup ie @etjrent ienb Nlr`hubturnb WjsjnrhaHWX hrjc`tir rjpirt`el systjkHXI h`v b sih`jty irlne znt ie

HIEFJKJE Hiefàrjehj cjs K`e`strjs cj b‐Jcuhnt`ie cjs ]nys Nynet bj Frneìn`s je ]nrtnljTHiefjrjehj if K`e`stjrs if Jcuhnt`ie anv`el Frjeha ns n hikkie bnelunlj[)

CNH sjj IJHCCN\/CJXN/ZE C`v`s`ie fir taj Ncvnehjkjet if \ikje, Cjpnrtkjet if Jhieik`h nec Xih`nb

Nffn`rs if taj Ze`tjc Ent`iesCjXjHi cjf`e t`ie nec sjbjht`ie if hikpjtjeh`js

CF@C Cjpnrtkjet fir @etjrent`ienb Cjvjbipkjet, Ze`tjc D`elcikCAX cjkilrnpay nec ajnbta survjy

J0 e`ej a`la-pipubnt ie hiuetr`js (Gnelbncjsa, Grnz`b, Ha`en, Jlypt, @ec`n, @eciejs`n,Kjx`hi, E`ljr`n, ]nd`stne)

JH Juripjne Hikk`ss ieJHHJ jnrby ha`bcaiic hnrj nec jcuhnt ieJHC jnrby ha`bcaiic cjvjbipkjet

Jc-X@CN/N@CX Jcuhnt`ie nec A@V/N@CX `e`t nt`vjJJEJS Jengb el Jcuhnt`ie Ejtwird

JFN jcuhnt`ie fir nbbJX@] Jcuhnt`ie Xjhtir @evjstkjet ]bneJX] Jcuhnt`ie Xtrntjl h ]bne

JXX] Jcuhnt`ie Xjhtir Xuppirt ]rilrnkkjJSSN Jnst S`kir Srnes`t`ienb Nck`e strnt ieFNI Fiic nec Nlr`hubturj Irlne`znt ie if taj Ze`tjc Ent`ies

FWJXA Fihus`el Wjsiurhjs ie Jffjht vj Xhaiib AjnbtaFS@ Fnst-Srnhd @e`t nt vj

FP]]J F`vj-yjnr ]bne fir ]r`knry Jcuhnt`ieL1 Lriup if j`lat hiuetr`js (Hnencn, Frnehj, Ljrkney, @tnby, Onpne, Wuss`n, Ze`tjc D`elcik

nec Ze`tjc Xtntjs) nec rjprjsjetnt`vjs frik taj Juripjne Ze`ie wai kjjt ti c`shussjhieik`h nec firj`le pib`h`js

LNGBJ L`rb‐s Nttn`ekjet if Gns`h B`tjrnhy nec Jcuhnt`ieLHJ Lbignb Hnkpn le fir Jcuhnt ieLC] lriss cikjst`h pricuht

L@E@J Lbignb @efirknt`ie Ejtwirds `e Jcuhnt`ieLE] lriss ent ienb pricuht

LWJFHI Lriupj cj Wjhajrhaj,cj Firknt`ie jt cj Hiesj`bs TWjsjnrha, trn`e`el nec hiesubt`elLriup[

Nhrieyks

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LWJSNF Lriupj c‐Àtucj sur b‐Àcuhnt`ie je Nfr`quj TXtucy Lriup ie Jcuhnt`ie e Nfr`hn[A@V/N@CX aukne kkuei-cjf`h`jehy (ir `kkueicjf`h jehy) v`rus/nhqu`rjc `@kkuej cjf`h`jehy

syecrikj@NCG @etjr-Nkjr hne Cjvjbipkjet Gned@NBX @etjrent`ienb Ncubt B tjrnhy Xtucy@GJ ZEJXHI Gurjnu if Jcuhnt ie

@GWC @etjrent`ienb Gned fir Wjhiestruht ie nec Cjvjbipkjet@HWNF @etjrent`ienb Hjetrj fir Wjsjnrha e Nlrifirjstry

@CN @etjrent`ienb Cjvjbipkjet Nssih`nt ie@C] `etjrenbby c`spbnhjc pipubnt`ie@JN @etjrent`ienb Nssih`nt ie fir taj Jvnbunt`ie if Jcuhnt`ienb Nha`jvjkjet

@FNC @etjrent`ienb Fuec fir Nlr`hubturnb Cjvjbipkjet@@J] @etjrent`ienb @est`tutj fir Jcuhnt ienb ]bnee`el@BI @etjrent`ienb Bngiur Irlne`znt ie

@BI @etjrent`ienb Bngiur Irlne`znt ie@KF @etjrent`ienb Kiejtnry Fuec@EJJ @etjr-Nljehy Ejtwird ie Jcuhnt ie `e Jkjrljeh`js@EJX @etjrent`ienb @ec`hntirs if Jcuhnt`ie Xystjks@ELI `etjrent`ienb eie-livjrekjetnb irlne znt`ie

@XHJC @etjrent`ienb Xtnecnrc Hbnss`f hnt`ie if Jcuhnt`ieBN] b`tjrnhy nssjsskjet prnht hjsBCH bjnst cjvjbipjc hiuetry

BEBX Bni Ent`ienb B`tjrnhy XurvjyKJGN K`e`stry if Gns`h Jcuhnt`ieK@HX Kubt`pbj @ec`hntir Hbustjr Xurvjy

K`eJc K`e`stry if Jcuhnt`ieK@EJCNF Hiefjrjehjs if taj K`e`stjrs if Jcuhnt`ie if Nfr`hne Kjkgjr Xtntjs irlne`zjc gy ZEJXHI

KSS Xiutajre Nfr`hne Kig bj Snsd Sjnk ie A@V/N@CX e Jcuhnt`ieKBN kie`tir`el bjnre el nha`jvjkjetKiJ k`e`stry if jcuhnt ie

ENHN Ent`ienb N@CX Hiirc`ent`ie NljehyENFFWJ Ent`ienb Nbb`nehj fir Fuecnkjetnb W`lat ti Jcuhnt ie

EJH Ent`ienb Jcuhnt`ie Hikk`ss`ieEJ]NC Ejw ]nrtejrsa p fir Nfr`hn‐s Cjvjbipkjet

EFJ eie-firknb jcuhnt ieEFJ-K@X eie-firknb jcuhnt`ie knenljkjet efirknt ie systjks

ELI eie-livjrekjetnb irlne`znt`ieEIWNC Eirwjl`ne Nljehy fir Cjvjbipkjet Hiipjrnt`ie

IHAN Iff`hj fir taj Hiirc`ent`ie if Aukne`tnr`ne Nffn rs

IJHC Irlne`snt ie fir Jhieik`h Hiipjrnt`ie nec CjvjbipkjetIJHC/CNH IJHC‐s Cjvjbipkjet Nss`stnehj Hikk`ttjj

]NXJH ]rilrnkkj c‐Nenbysj cjs Xystjkjs Jcuhnt`fs cjs ]nys cj bn T]rilrnkkj fir taj Nenbys`sif taj Jcuhnt`ienb Xystjks if Kjkgjr Hiuetr`js if HIEFJKJE[

]CCJG ]bne Càhjeenb cj Càvjbippjkjet cj b‐Jcuhnt`ie cj Gnsj TSje-yjnr pbne fir tajCjvjbipkjetif Gns`h Jcuhnt`ie[

]J]] ]r`knry Jcuhnt`ie ]bnee`el ]riojht]@WBX ]rilrjss `e Wjnc`el B tjrnhy Xtucy

]@XN ]rilrnkkj fir @etjrent`ienb Xtucjet Nha jvjkjet]]] purhans`el piwjr pnr`ty

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