education and life time wage potential
DESCRIPTION
Education and Life time wage potential. Chapter 9 Part 2. Human Capital. Human Capital is similar to Physical Capital but there are some Important Differences Nonpecuniary (non-monetary) issues The utility derived from attending School The utility of working in an office vs. outdoors. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Education and Life time wage potential
Chapter 9
Part 2
Human Capital
Human Capital is similar to Physical Capital but there are some Important Differences– Nonpecuniary (non-monetary) issues
• The utility derived from attending School• The utility of working in an office vs. outdoors
Human Capital
– It is more difficult to finance human capital than it is to finance physical capital
• Why?
Educational Attainment of the Population by Gender: 1970, 1999, and 2003 (Ages 26-64)*
1970 1999 2003Education
LevelMale (%)
Female (%)
Male (%)
Female (%)
Male (%)
Female (%)
< 4 yrs of H.S. 39.3 38.2 13.6 12.5 16.2 15.6
H. S. 33.5 42.3 32.2 33.8 31.0 33.1
Some College 11.9 10.5 25.4 27.5 24.3 26.2
>4 yrs of College 15.3 9.0 28.8 26.2 28.5 25.1
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
* 2003 is for figures 25 or older
Educational Attainment of the Population by Gender, Race, and Hispanic Origin 1999
(ages 26-64)
Education
Level
Percent
Whites Blacks Hispanic
Male Female Male Female Male Female
< 4 yrs of H.S. 13.0 11.6 18.4 17.5 41.9 40.4
H. S. 31.8 34.1 39.8 35.1 28.2 27.6
Some College 25.3 27.5 26.4 29.5 18.9 20.0
>4 yrs of College 29.8 26.8 15.3 18.0 11.0 12.0
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
87.7
34.9
87.7
36.0
86.1
31.7
82.1
31.8
80.0
29.0
77.3
26.3
83.8
32.2
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
Pe
rce
nt
Atlanta Boston Chicago Dallas Houston Los Angeles New York
Metropolitan Area
Completed High School
Bachelor's degree or more
Educational Attainment of All Individuals 25years old or older by Metropolitan Area (Percent) (M arch 2002)
88.2
32.2
87.9
36.9
86.6
31.5
82.1
27.8
81.3
28.0
76.4
23.7
83.2
30.4
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
Per
cen
t
Atlanta Boston Chicago Dallas Houston LosAngeles
New York
Metropolitan Area
Female Educational Attainment for Individuals by 25 year or older by Metropolitan Area (Percent) (March 2002)
Completed High School
Bachelor's degree or more
87.2
37.7
87.9
36.9
85.7
31.9
82.2
34.7
78.8
30.1
78.3
29.0
84.5
34.2
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
Pe
rce
nt
Atlanta Boston Chicago Dallas Houston LosAngeles
New York
Metropolitan Area
Male Educational Attainment for Indivuals 25 years old and older by Metropolitan Area (Percent) (M arch 2002)
Completed High School
Bachelor's degree or more
59.0
15.9
62.2
11.5
59.1
9.6
41.5
11.2
46.9
8.3
50.8
6.7
62.8
13.2
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
Pe
rce
nt
Atlanta Boston Chicago Dallas Houston LosAngeles
New York
Metropolitan Area
Educational Attainment of Hispanic 25years old or older by Metropolitan Area (Percent ) (March 2002)
Completed High School
Bachelor's degree or more
86.6
25.5
75.1
18.4
80.5
18.6
84.9
17.7
80.4
17.2
86.2
22.7
75.6
18.4
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
Pe
rce
nt
Atlanta Boston Chicago Dallas Houston LosAngeles
New York
Metropolitan Area
Educational Attainment of Blacks 25 years or older by Metropolitan Area (Percent) (March 2002)
Completed High School
Bachelor's degree or more
84.9
53.1
92.7
61.9
89.3
62.2
84.7
56.8
90.9
48.8
84.6
49.8
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Pe
rce
nt
Atlanta Boston Chicago Dallas Houston LosAngeles
New York
Metropolitan Areas
Completed HighSchool
Bachelor's degree ormore
Educational Attainment of Asian/Pacific Islanders 25 years or older by Metropolitan Area (Percent) (March 2002)
90.0
39.7
90.0
37.6
92.5
37.3
92.3
37.1
94.2
38.6
92.4
36.1
90.4
37.7
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
100.0
Pe
rce
nt
Atlanta Boston Chicago Dallas Houston LosAngeles
New York
Metropolitan Area
Completed High School
Bachelor's degree or more
Educational Attainment of Non-Hispanic Whites 25 years or older by Metropolitan Area (Percent) (M arch 2002)
82.1
31.8
82.2
34.7
82.1
27.841.5
11.2
84.9
17.7
89.3
62.2
92.3
37.1
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
100.0
Pe
rce
nt
All Individuals ..Male ..Female ..Hispanic ..Black ..Asian/Pacific
Islander
..Non-Hispanic
White
Individual Groups
Educational Attainment of Different Groups of Individuals 25 yrs old or Older in the Dallas-Ft. Worth Metropolitan Area
(Percent) (March 2002)Completed High School
Bachelor's degree or more
Distribution of Employment by Gender/Race by Education Achievement: Male (percent)
Total Employed
Mgmt/
Pro.
Tech/
Sales/
Admin
ServicePrecision
Prod.
Oper.
Fabric.
Farm
Forst
Fish
Male 58326 31.16% 18.83% 8.54% 19.73% 18.27% 3.46%
<HS 6776 5.45% 7.04% 13.12% 27.63% 37.03% 9.73%
HS 18581 11.90% 16.37% 10.20% 28.84% 28.66% 4.03%
<CL 15007 23.96% 25.01% 10.38% 22.91% 15.15% 2.60%
CL 17961 66.81% 20.67% 3.54% 4.69% 3.06% 1.23%
White 49886 32.33% 18.84% 7.47% 20.49% 17.18% 3.68%
<HS 5734 5.72% 7.13% 11.82% 28.99% 36.12% 10.22%
HS 15757 12.69% 16.47% 8.58% 30.65% 27.36% 4.25%
<CL 12756 25.29% 24.84% 9.31% 23.75% 13.90% 2.90%
CL 15639 67.63% 20.63% 3.25% 4.48% 2.67% 1.34%
Black 5702 18.91% 17.38% 16.13% 15.92% 29.48% 2.16%
<HS 752 3.19% 5.32% 18.35% 19.55% 46.28% 7.31%
HS 2206 6.53% 14.51% 19.17% 18.54% 38.85% 2.45%
<CL 1655 16.19% 24.53% 17.10% 17.22% 24.23% 0.73%
CL 1088 59.01% 20.68% 6.99% 6.25% 6.80% 0.28%
MG
T/P
RO
TE
C/S
AL
/AD
M
SE
RV
ICE
PR
E/P
RO
D
OP
/FA
B
F/F
/F
<HSHS
<CLCL
0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
60.00%
70.00%
Percent
Job Type
Education Level
All Males Employment Distribution According To Educational Level
<HS
HS
<CL
CL
Distribution of Employment by Gender/Race by Education Achievement: Male (percent)
Total Employed
Mgmt/
Pro.
Tech/
Sales/
Admin
ServicePrecision
Prod.
Oper.
Fabric.
Farm
Forst
Fish
Male 58326 31.16% 18.83% 8.54% 19.73% 18.27% 3.46%
<HS 6776 5.45% 7.04% 13.12% 27.63% 37.03% 9.73%
HS 18581 11.90% 16.37% 10.20% 28.84% 28.66% 4.03%
<CL 15007 23.96% 25.01% 10.38% 22.91% 15.15% 2.60%
CL 17961 66.81% 20.67% 3.54% 4.69% 3.06% 1.23%
White 49886 32.33% 18.84% 7.47% 20.49% 17.18% 3.68%
<HS 5734 5.72% 7.13% 11.82% 28.99% 36.12% 10.22%
HS 15757 12.69% 16.47% 8.58% 30.65% 27.36% 4.25%
<CL 12756 25.29% 24.84% 9.31% 23.75% 13.90% 2.90%
CL 15639 67.63% 20.63% 3.25% 4.48% 2.67% 1.34%
Black 5702 18.91% 17.38% 16.13% 15.92% 29.48% 2.16%
<HS 752 3.19% 5.32% 18.35% 19.55% 46.28% 7.31%
HS 2206 6.53% 14.51% 19.17% 18.54% 38.85% 2.45%
<CL 1655 16.19% 24.53% 17.10% 17.22% 24.23% 0.73%
CL 1088 59.01% 20.68% 6.99% 6.25% 6.80% 0.28%
MG
T/P
RO
TE
C/S
AL/
AD
M
SE
RV
ICE
PR
E/P
RO
D
OP
/FA
B
F/F
/F
<HSHS
<CLCL
0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
60.00%
70.00%
Percent
Job Type
Education Level
White Males Employment Distribution According To Education Level
<HS
HS
<CL
CL
Distribution of Employment by Gender/Race by Education Achievement: Male (percent)
Total Employed
Mgmt/
Pro.
Tech/
Sales/
Admin
ServicePrecision
Prod.
Oper.
Fabric.
Farm
Forst
Fish
Male 58326 31.16% 18.83% 8.54% 19.73% 18.27% 3.46%
<HS 6776 5.45% 7.04% 13.12% 27.63% 37.03% 9.73%
HS 18581 11.90% 16.37% 10.20% 28.84% 28.66% 4.03%
<CL 15007 23.96% 25.01% 10.38% 22.91% 15.15% 2.60%
CL 17961 66.81% 20.67% 3.54% 4.69% 3.06% 1.23%
White 49886 32.33% 18.84% 7.47% 20.49% 17.18% 3.68%
<HS 5734 5.72% 7.13% 11.82% 28.99% 36.12% 10.22%
HS 15757 12.69% 16.47% 8.58% 30.65% 27.36% 4.25%
<CL 12756 25.29% 24.84% 9.31% 23.75% 13.90% 2.90%
CL 15639 67.63% 20.63% 3.25% 4.48% 2.67% 1.34%
Black 5702 18.91% 17.38% 16.13% 15.92% 29.48% 2.16%
<HS 752 3.19% 5.32% 18.35% 19.55% 46.28% 7.31%
HS 2206 6.53% 14.51% 19.17% 18.54% 38.85% 2.45%
<CL 1655 16.19% 24.53% 17.10% 17.22% 24.23% 0.73%
CL 1088 59.01% 20.68% 6.99% 6.25% 6.80% 0.28%
M
GT
/PR
O
TE
C/S
AL/
AD
M
SE
RV
ICE
PR
E/P
RO
D
OP
/FA
B
F/F
/F
<HSHS
<CLCL
0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
60.00%
Percent
Job TypeEducation Level
Black Males Employment Distribution According To Education Level
<HS
HS
<CL
CL
Distribution of Employment by Gender/Race by Education Achievement: Female (percent)
Total Employ
ed
Mgmt/
Pro.
Tech/
Sales/
Admin
ServicePrecision
Prod.
Oper.
Fabric.
Farm
Forst
Fish
Female 49805 34.98% 38.88% 15.45% 2.15% 7.51% 1.03%
<HS 4129 5.98% 20.71% 40.32% 4.48% 25.50% 3.00%
HS 16177 14.46% 47.46% 21.60% 3.12% 11.75% 1.25%
<CL 14704 29.13% 50.18% 13.73% 1.88% 4.30% 0.78%
CL 14795 70.94% 23.35% 3.49% 0.71% 1.03% 0.48%
White 41096 36.50% 39.51% 13.98% 2.04% 6.82% 1.17%
<HS 3132 6.35% 22.16% 37.77% 4.60% 25.54% 3.58%
HS 13383 15.88% 49.65% 19.44% 2.97% 10.64% 1.43%
<CL 12072 30.51% 50.12% 12.86% 1.81% 3.81% 0.90%
CL 12509 71.88% 22.76% 3.26% 0.61% 0.95% 0.54%
Black 6360 25.74% 36.32% 24.65% 2.23% 10.79% 0.25%
<HS 724 4.42% 16.30% 53.73% 3.45% 20.86% 1.10%
HS 2219 9.60% 36.37% 33.62% 3.02% 17.21% 0.27%
<CL 2093 22.98% 50.45% 18.01% 1.82% 6.64% 0.10%
CL 1324 68.88% 24.85% 4.31% 0.83% 1.06% 0.08%
M
GT
/PR
O
TE
C/S
AL/
AD
M
SE
RV
ICE
PR
E/P
RO
D
OP
/FA
B
F/F
/F
<HSHS
<CL
CL
0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
60.00%
70.00%
80.00%
Percent
Job TypeEducation Level
All Females Employment Distribution According To Education Level
<HS
HS
<CL
CL
Distribution of Employment by Gender/Race by Education Achievement: Female (percent)
Total Employ
ed
Mgmt/
Pro.
Tech/
Sales/
Admin
ServicePrecision
Prod.
Oper.
Fabric.
Farm
Forst
Fish
Female 49805 34.98% 38.88% 15.45% 2.15% 7.51% 1.03%
<HS 4129 5.98% 20.71% 40.32% 4.48% 25.50% 3.00%
HS 16177 14.46% 47.46% 21.60% 3.12% 11.75% 1.25%
<CL 14704 29.13% 50.18% 13.73% 1.88% 4.30% 0.78%
CL 14795 70.94% 23.35% 3.49% 0.71% 1.03% 0.48%
White 41096 36.50% 39.51% 13.98% 2.04% 6.82% 1.17%
<HS 3132 6.35% 22.16% 37.77% 4.60% 25.54% 3.58%
HS 13383 15.88% 49.65% 19.44% 2.97% 10.64% 1.43%
<CL 12072 30.51% 50.12% 12.86% 1.81% 3.81% 0.90%
CL 12509 71.88% 22.76% 3.26% 0.61% 0.95% 0.54%
Black 6360 25.74% 36.32% 24.65% 2.23% 10.79% 0.25%
<HS 724 4.42% 16.30% 53.73% 3.45% 20.86% 1.10%
HS 2219 9.60% 36.37% 33.62% 3.02% 17.21% 0.27%
<CL 2093 22.98% 50.45% 18.01% 1.82% 6.64% 0.10%
CL 1324 68.88% 24.85% 4.31% 0.83% 1.06% 0.08%
MG
T/P
RO
TE
C/S
AL/
AD
M
SE
RV
ICE
PR
E/P
RO
D
OP
/FA
B
F/F
/F
<HSHS
<CLCL
0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
60.00%
70.00%
80.00%
Percent
Job TypeEducational Level
White Female Employment Distribution By Educational Level
<HS
HS
<CL
CL
Distribution of Employment by Gender/Race by Education Achievement: Female (percent)
Total Employ
ed
Mgmt/
Pro.
Tech/
Sales/
Admin
ServicePrecision
Prod.
Oper.
Fabric.
Farm
Forst
Fish
Female 49805 34.98% 38.88% 15.45% 2.15% 7.51% 1.03%
<HS 4129 5.98% 20.71% 40.32% 4.48% 25.50% 3.00%
HS 16177 14.46% 47.46% 21.60% 3.12% 11.75% 1.25%
<CL 14704 29.13% 50.18% 13.73% 1.88% 4.30% 0.78%
CL 14795 70.94% 23.35% 3.49% 0.71% 1.03% 0.48%
White 41096 36.50% 39.51% 13.98% 2.04% 6.82% 1.17%
<HS 3132 6.35% 22.16% 37.77% 4.60% 25.54% 3.58%
HS 13383 15.88% 49.65% 19.44% 2.97% 10.64% 1.43%
<CL 12072 30.51% 50.12% 12.86% 1.81% 3.81% 0.90%
CL 12509 71.88% 22.76% 3.26% 0.61% 0.95% 0.54%
Black 6360 25.74% 36.32% 24.65% 2.23% 10.79% 0.25%
<HS 724 4.42% 16.30% 53.73% 3.45% 20.86% 1.10%
HS 2219 9.60% 36.37% 33.62% 3.02% 17.21% 0.27%
<CL 2093 22.98% 50.45% 18.01% 1.82% 6.64% 0.10%
CL 1324 68.88% 24.85% 4.31% 0.83% 1.06% 0.08%
M
GT
/PR
O
TE
C/S
AL/
AD
M
SE
RV
ICE
PR
E/P
RO
D
OP
/FA
B
F/F
/F
<HSHS
<CLCL
0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
60.00%
70.00%
Percent
Job Type
Educational Level
Black Women Employment Distribution By Educational Level
<HS
HS
<CL
CL
Conclusions
As compared to the 1970’s, at the end of the XX Century, American women have achieved parity in education attainments
A white male college graduate is more likely to achieve managerial or professional status than the black male counterpart
Conclusions (continuation)
A black male with less than a high school degree is more likely to be an operator or fabricator than the white male counterpart
A white male with a high school degree is nearly twice as likely to be in managerial or professional status than the black counterpart
Conclusions (continuation)
A white female with a high school degree is more likely to be in a technical/sales/administrative job than the black female counterpart.
Black female college graduate is about as likely as her white counterpart to be in a managerial or professional job
Income
Thus it appears that gender, race and education have an impact on the type of jobs and that has an impact on the wages
Recall from an earlier handout the following table
HOUSEHOLD DATA HOUSEHOLD DATA ANNUAL AVERAGES ANNUAL AVERAGES 39. Median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation and sex (Numbers in thousands) 2005 Both sexes Men Women Occupation Number Median Number Median Number Median of weekly of weekly of weekly workers earnings workers earnings workers earnings Total, 16 years and over............................................... 103,560 $651 58,406 $722 45,154 $585 Management, professional, and related occupations...................... 36,908 937 18,311 1,113 18,597 813 Management, business, and financial operations occupations... ..... 14,977 997 8,195 1,167 6,782 847 Professional and related occupations.......................... .... 21,931 902 10,116 1,058 11,815 792 Service occupations............................................... .... 14,123 413 7,024 478 7,099 379 Sales and office occupations....................................... ... 25,193 575 9,539 690 15,654 520 Sales and related occupations...................................... 10,031 622 5,582 762 4,449 483 Office and administrative support occupations...................... 15,161 550 3,957 605 11,205 533 Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations........... 12,086 623 11,569 628 517 486 Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations......................... 755 372 601 388 154 327 Construction and extraction occupations............................ 6,826 604 6,663 606 163 480 Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations.................. 4,504 705 4,305 706 199 691 Production, transportation, and material moving occupations............ 15,251 540 11,963 591 3,288 420 Production occupations.......................................... .. 8,403 538 5,991 608 2,412 423 Transportation and material moving occupations................... . 6,848 543 5,972 574 876 412
Marital Status
Since financing Human Capital is so expensive and uncertain
The marital status of the individual may have some barring on the investment
No
H.S
.
H.S
.
Som
e C
L
Ass
ocia
te
Bac
helo
rs
Mas
ter
Pro
f. D
eg.
Ph.
D.
Nev
er M
arrie
d
Mar
ried
Sp
ouse
Mar
ried
No
Spo
use
Sep
arat
ed
Wid
owed
Div
orc
ed
0.00%
5.00%
10.00%
15.00%
20.00%
25.00%
30.00%
35.00%
40.00%
45.00%
Per
cen
t
Education Attainment Marital Status
Educational Attainment for all Males by Marital Status (ages 25 and over)
March 2000
Never Married
Married Spouse
Married No Spouse
Separated
Widowed
Divorced
No
H.S
.
H.S
.
Som
e C
L
Ass
ocia
te
Bac
helo
rs
Mas
ter
Pro
f. D
eg.
Ph.
D.
Nev
er M
arrie
d
Mar
ried
Sp
ouse
Mar
ried
No
Spo
use
Sep
arat
ed
Wid
owed
Div
orc
ed
0.00%
5.00%
10.00%
15.00%
20.00%
25.00%
30.00%
35.00%
40.00%
Per
cen
t
Educational Attainment Marital Status
All Female Educational Attainment by Marital Status (ages 25 and up)
March 2000
Never Married
Married Spouse
Married No Spouse
Separated
Widowed
Divorced
No
H.S
.
H.S
.
Som
e C
L
Ass
ocia
te
Bac
helo
rs
Mas
ter
Pro
f. D
eg.
Ph.
D.
Nev
er M
arrie
d
Mar
ried
Sp
ouse
Mar
ried
No
Spo
use
Sep
arat
ed
Wid
owed
Div
orc
ed
0.00%
5.00%
10.00%
15.00%
20.00%
25.00%
30.00%
35.00%
40.00%
45.00%
50.00%
Per
cen
t
Educational Attainment Marital Status
Non-Hispanic White Male Educational Attainment by Marital Status (ages 25 and up)
March 2000
Never Married
Married Spouse
Married No Spouse
Separated
Widowed
Divorced
No
H.S
.
H.S
.
Som
e C
L
Ass
ocia
te
Bac
helo
rs
Mas
ter
Pro
f. D
eg.
Ph.
D.
Nev
er M
arrie
d
Mar
ried
Sp
ouse
Mar
ried
No
Spo
use
Sep
arat
ed
Wid
owed
Div
orc
ed
0.00%
5.00%
10.00%
15.00%
20.00%
25.00%
30.00%
35.00%
40.00%
Per
cen
t
Educational Attainment
Marital Status
Non Hispanic White Women Educational Achievement by Marital Status
March 2000
Never Married
Married Spouse
Married No Spouse
Separated
Widowed
Divorced
No
H.S
.
H.S
.
Som
e C
L
Ass
ocia
te
Bac
helo
rs
Mas
ter
Pro
f. D
eg.
Ph.
D.
Nev
er M
arrie
d
Mar
ried
Sp
ouse
Mar
ried
No
Spo
use
Sep
arat
ed
Wid
owed
Div
orc
ed
0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
60.00%
Per
cen
t
Educational Attainment
Marital Status
Black Male Educational Attainment by Marital Status (ages 25 and up)
March 2000
Never Married
Married Spouse
Married No Spouse
Separated
Widowed
Divorced
No
H.S
.
Som
e C
L
Bac
helo
rs
Prof
. Deg
.
Nev
er M
arrie
d
Mar
ried
No
Spo
use
Wid
owed
0.00%5.00%10.00%15.00%20.00%25.00%30.00%35.00%40.00%45.00%50.00%
Pe
rce
nt
Educational Attainment Marital Status
Black Female Educational Attainment by Marital Status (Ages 25 and up) March 2000
Never Married
Married Spouse
Married No Spouse
Separated
Widow ed
Divorced
No
H.S
.
Som
e C
L
Bac
helo
rs
Prof
. Deg
.
Nev
er M
arrie
d
Mar
ried
No
Spo
use
Wid
owed
0.00%
5.00%
10.00%
15.00%
20.00%
25.00%
30.00%
35.00%
40.00%
45.00%
Pe
rce
nt
Educational Attainment
Marital Status
Asian and Pacific Islander male educational Attainment According to Marital Status (Ages 25 and up) March 2000
Never Married
Married Spouse
Married No Spouse
Separated
Widow ed
Divorced
No
H.S
.
Som
e C
L
Bac
helo
rs
Prof
. Deg
.
Nev
er M
arrie
d
Sep
arat
ed
0.00%5.00%
10.00%15.00%20.00%25.00%30.00%35.00%40.00%45.00%50.00%
Pe
rce
nt
Educational Attainment Marital Status
Asian and Pacific Islander Female educational Attainment by Marital Status (Ages 25 and up) March 2000
Never Married
Married Spouse
Married No Spouse
Separated
Widow ed
Divorced
No
H.S
.
Som
e C
L
Bac
helo
rs
Prof
. Deg
.
Nev
er M
arrie
d
Sep
arat
ed
0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
60.00%
70.00%
Pe
rce
nt
Educational Attainment
Marital Status
Hispanic Male Educational Attainment by Marital Status (Ages 25 and Up) March 2000
Never Married
Married Spouse
Married No Spouse
Separated
Widow ed
Divorced
No
H.S
.
H.S
.
Som
e C
L
Ass
ocia
te
Bac
helo
rs
Mas
ter
Pro
f. D
eg.
Ph.
D.
Tot
al
Nev
er M
arrie
d
Mar
ried
Spo
use
Mar
ried
No
Spo
use
Sep
arat
ed
Wid
owed
Div
orce
d
0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
60.00%
70.00%
Per
cen
t
Educational Attainment
Marital Status
Hispanic Female Educational Attainment by Marital Status
Total
Never Married
Married Spouse
Married No Spouse
Separated
Widowed
Divorced
Women Have not Always faired as well
Early in the XX Century women were not even allowed to obtain Professional degrees
Very few went beyond high school
Percentage of Degrees Awarded to Women by Level, 1929-1930 to 2002-2003
YearsPercent
Associate Bachelors Master’s Doctor’s 1st Professional
1929-30 n.a. 39.9 40.4 15.4 n.a.
1960-61 n.a. 38.5 31.7 10.5 2.7
1970-71 42.9 43.4 40.1 14.3 6.3
1980-81 54.7 49.8 50.3 31.1 26.6
1990-91 58.8 53.9 53.6 37.0 39.1
1992-93 58.8 54.3 54.2 38.1 40.1
1996-97 60.8 55.6 56.9 40.8 42.1
1999-00 60.2 57.2 58.0 44.4 45.0
2002-03 60.0 57.5 58.8 48.1 47.8
Associate’s Degrees Earned by Race/Ethnicity
Race or Ethnicity
YEAR
1981 1990 2003
Number/Percent410,174 455,102 635,912
White 82.7 82.8 69.2Black 8.6 7.5 11.9Hispanic 4.3 4.7 10.5Asian 2.1 2.9 5.2American Indian 0.6 0.8 1.2Non-Resident Alien 1.6 1.3 2.1
Bachelor’s Degrees Earned by Race/Ethnicity
Race or Ethnicity
YEAR
1981 1990 2003
Number/Percent934,800 1,051,344 1,348,503
White 86.4 84.4 73.7Black 6.5 5.8 9.2Hispanic 2.3 3.1 6.6Asian 2.0 3.7 6.5American Indian 0.4 0.4 0.7Non-Resident Alien 2.4 2.5 3.2
Master’s Degrees Earned by Race/Ethnicity
Race or Ethnicity
YEAR
1981 1990 2003
Number/Percent294,183 324,301 512,645
White 82.0 78.9 66.7Black 5.8 3.9 8.6Hispanic 2.2 1.4 4.9Asian 2.1 2.7 5.3American Indian 0.4 0.4 0.6Non-Resident Alien 7.5 12.8 14.0
Doctor’s Degrees Earned by Race/Ethnicity
Race or Ethnicity
YEAR
1981 1990 2003
Number/Percent32,839 38,371 46,024
White 78.9 68.3 60.2Black 3.9 3.0 5.5Hispanic 1.4 2.0 3.4Asian 2.7 3.2 5.3American Indian 0.4 0.3 0.4Non-Resident Alien 12.8 23.2 25.3
1st Professional Degrees Earned by Race/Ethnicity
Race or Ethnicity
YEAR
1981 1990 2003
Number/Percent71,340 70,988 80,810
White 90.5 85.2 72.6Black 4.1 4.8 7.1Hispanic 2.2 3.4 5.1Asian 2.0 4.7 12.1American Indian 0.3 0.4 0.7Non-Resident Alien 0.9 1.5 2.4
But What is The Degree for?
Are women selecting specific fields or are they searching for all fields
Is there any fields that they avoid and what are the requirements
Percentage of Women obtain a Bachelor’s Degree tbl 288
Discipline 1965-1966 1996-1997
Agricultural and Special Resources 2.7 39.0
Architecture and related Programs 4.0 35.9
Biological vs. Life Science 28.2 53.9
Business Administration 8.5 48.6
Computer and Information Services 13.0 27.2
Education 75.3 75.0
Engineering 0.4 16.6
English and English Literature 66.2 66.5
Foreign Languages 70.7 69.7
Health 76.9 81.5
Home Economics 97.5 88.4
Mathematics 33.3 46.1
Physical science and science technology
13.6 37.4
Psychology 41.0 73.0
Economics 9.8 30.9
History 34.6 38.4
Sociology 39.6 68.3
3.2
23.8
38.9
1.1
14.4
36.9
6.7
24.7
41.4
16.4
42.6
64.5
8
35.2
66.6
3.8
32.4
43.7
4.1
14
26.2
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Per
cen
t
Business Dentistry Medicine Pharmacy VeterinareyMedicine
Law Theology
Profession
Percent of First Professional Degree Award to Women by Field
1966
1981
1997
Relating Education and Wages
The Following Data Show the relation between Education and wages
