educación y biblioteca, n.º 166 (julio/agosto, 2008)
TRANSCRIPT
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@haris hofcoth`ns y duvnoh`ns
Cetuc`hmcm mn `c enosurc
Aha`hitnecs pa`hecs
Aha`hitnec pa`hec y cprnomhzcdncutoiki4 siarnvun`i nuripni
Misshnr
N` eikprikhsi siehc`
no n` trcacdi aha`hitnecrhi
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NM^ECEHO X AHA@HI]NEC O.366 ~ D^@HI-CBIU]I1::7
6 @haris hofcoth`ns y duvnoh`ns
ukcrhi
Nstc rnvhstc gc rnehahmi uoc cyumc mn `c Mhrneeho Bnonrc` mn` @hari, Creghvis
y Aha`hitnecs pcrc su mhfusho no aha`hitnecs, enotris eu`turc`ns y uohvnrshmcmns
mn Nspcc, pcrc `c titc`hmcm mn `is oknris nmhtcmis no n` ci 1::2
Ci 1: O. 366du`hi-cbisti 1::7
6:Misshnr4 N` eikprikhsi siehc`no n` trcacdi aha`hitnecrhi
1
>1Aha`hitnecs pa`hecs
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A^TO
Qnehnotnknotn gco cpcrnehmi no `c prnosc hofirkcehions siarn mis giknocdns p-a`heis c aha`hitnecrhis qun sn gco rnc`hzcmi no Kurehc4 c Frcoehsei Cziro sn n gc mnmh-
ecmi uoc p`czc no Xne`c y `c cothbuc aha`hitnec kuohehpc` mn Ki`hoc mn Unburc gc pcscmic ``ckcrsn Knrenmns Knomizc.Sunmcr kuegi pir gcenr, pnri c` knois c k kn c`nbrc nstn rneioiehkhnoti p-
a`hei c khnkaris mn `c prifnsho aha`hitnecrhc.@is no`cens4gttp4//www.`cvnrmcm.ns/kurehc/1::7:=12/eikcrecs/yne`c-ounvc-p`czc-rneunrmi-
1::7:=12.gtk`gttp4//www.`cvnrmcm.ns/kurehc/1::7:=1=/`iec`/eikcrecs/aha`hitnec-ec``n-
enrvcotns-pcsc-1::7:=1=32=8.gtk`Eirmhc`knotn.
Biozc`i Bcrec
Oitc4 Qnprimueeho mn uo eirrni n`netrohei novhcmi c HRN]N@ n` pcscmi 12 mn carh`.
Ec``ns y aha`hitnecs eio oikarns mn aha`hitnecrhis yaha`hitnecrhcs
Mnsni suserhahrkn c `c rnvhstc NM^ECEHO X AHA@HI]NEC c pcrthr mn` kns4 . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .
Oikarn (i rczo siehc`) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .Cpn``hmis . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mhrneeho . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . E. Z. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .
Zia`ceho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .Zrivhoehc . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
]n`fioi . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . ..E.H.F./M.O.H. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .
FIQKC MN ZCBI S^N N@HDI4
Egnqun c fcvir mn ]h`mn Unrvhehis Nmhtirhc`ns, U.C Mikheh`hceho acoecrhc
]rcosfnrnoehc c e/e4 ::2>-3:75-26-:6::::3278
Acoei . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .
Emhbi Eunotc E`hnotn (E.E.E.)
Nothmcm Ifhehoc M.E. Ok. mn Eunotc
3 ci (6 ndnkp`crns)4>6 HVC hoe`uhmi (Nspcc)3 ci Nxtrcodnri y novis crnis42 Ndnkp`cr ctrcscmi pnrhimi knosuc`(snoeh``i-gcstc o 311)42 (+ bcstis mn novi)
Ndnkp`cr ctrcscmi pnrhimi ahknstrc`(mia`n-mnsmn o315)43 (+ bcstis mn novi)
NOVHCQ C4]H@MN UNQVHEHIU NMH]IQHC@NU. ZQOEHZNMNVNQBCQC, 356,IFHEHOC1.17::1 KCMQHM. ]N@. (83) =33 36 18. FCW4 (83) =33 6: 6:.N-KCH@4 suserhpehionsJnmuecehioyaha`hitnec.eik
Uuserantn
Z^NMN FI]IEIZHCQUN
Biozc`i Bcrec
"Mcrcaue". Nserhtir y trcmuetir. Qnspiosca`n mn`A`ib mn @htnrcturc Hofcoth` n H`ustrceho uahecmi
no gttp4//mcrcaue.wirmprnss.eik/
Fn mn nrrctcs4
No `c sneeho Oivnmcmns mn` pcscmi oknri, no `c rnfnrnoehc mn` `hariCstri-
Qcto y Aikah``htc miomn pion Fnrko mnanrc mnehr Fnrko.@cknotckis n` nrrir.
uzo
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NM^ECEHO X AHA@HI]NEC O.366 ~ D^@HI-CBIU]I1::7
NMH]IQHC@
Ns eikp`hecmi y, c `c vnz, cpcshiocotn
mnehmhr `is eiotnohmis qun cpcrneno ecmc
mis knsns no n` misshnr mn NM^ECEHO XAHA@HI]NEC. No nstc iecsho tckpiei gc
shmi feh`< sho nkacrbi, gc rnsu`tcmi nspn-
ehc`knotn p`cenotnri.No uoc piec no qun prhkc `c pi`thec
mn` khnmi y sn ois nxhbn, eiothoucknotn,pnrkconenr hkpcsha`ns cotn ehnrtcs ceehi-
ons hkpunstcs mnsmn crrhac, qun ois cfne-
tco eiki ehumcmcois y pnrsiocs, nsonenscrhi tikcr pcrthmi. Mn cg qun NM^-
ECEHO XAHA@HI]NEC sn gcyc eikprikn-
thmi, no nstn oknri, eioscbrcomi suspbhocs c uo misshnr mn c`ti eiotnohmi si-
ehc`, kuy c`ndcmi mn `c onutrc`hmcm rnh-ocotn.
N` eiotnohmi mn N` eikprikhsi siehc`
no n` trcacdi aha`hitnecrhi ns uo ndnkp`imn eki, mnsmn su `cair mn aha`hitnecrhis
i mn prifnsirns mn Aha`hitneioikc, ou-
knriscs pnrsiocs gco tikcmi pcrthmi pir`c dusthehc. Znrsiocs qun sn gco mcmi
eunotc mn qun c nmueceho, y i qun c ah-
a`hitnec cpirtc c c nmueceho, supion uoctcrnc prhkirmhc` eiotrc c eiofirkhmcm. @c
aha`hitnec `neturc y nmueceho, no uoc
cenpeho ks ckp`hc ns uoc gnrrckhnotcqun ois pnrkhtn, eiki snc`c Qcko Uc-
`canrrhc, trcoshtcr mn gcahtcotn c ehumc-mcoi.
@is aha`hitnecrhis mn Eioonetheut, qun
cotnpushnrio c hothkhmcm mn sus usucrhis csu priphi ahnonstcr< n` mhrnetir mn `c Ah-
a`hitnec Ocehioc` mn Hrcl, qun hotnotc, sir-
tncomi k`thp`ns eiotrcrhnmcmns, scecrcmn`cotn c knkirhc scquncmc mn uo pcs,
sio e`cris ndnkp`is mn rnshstnoehc. Ois
eiostc qun itris kuegis, no itrcs eiir-
mnocmcs, `uegco tckaho pir `i khski.
@c `neturc ois cpirtc hmncs pcrc trcos-
firkcr, hkcbhocr y cetucr. Ois arhomc `c
pishah`hmcm mn eiostruhr uo mhseursi, hoe-kimi pcrc `is qun istnotco `is knecohs-
kis mn` pimnr, tcoti c ohvn` pi`thei eiki
neiokhei.
Zir kuegi qun, no `cs uohvnrshmcmns,
sn pitnoehn `c hostrueeho uth`htcrhstc mn `is
prifnshioc`ns y `c `htnrcturc prifnshioc`
eiovhnrtc c is usucrhis no e`hnotns, is fu-
turis aha`hitnecrhis mnano snr eiosehnotns
mn `c vnrthnotn siehc` mn su trcacdi, y pir
tcoti hbuc`knotn eiosehnotns mn` eiotrc-
pimnr qun supion n` ceensi c `c hofirkc-
eho y n` eioiehkhnoti mn timcs `cs
ipehions pisha`ns. Gco mn pcrthehpcr no n`gnegi siehc` mn su eikuohmcm carhnomi
eckpis y sirtncomi `is ks mhvnrsis ias-
teu`is, vnobco mhsfrczcmis mn knrecoth-
`hski ipnrcthvi (`csn ecoio pir prstcki
aha`hitnecrhi), mn pctnroc`hski cotn n` tn-
rrirhski ceuehcotn (`csn homnfnosho cotn
`is u`trcdns c mnrnegis y `hanrtcmns fuomc-
knotc`ns cp`hecmis no oikarn mn kc`ns
kcyirns), mn enosurc (`csn rneirtn i hon-
xhstnoehc mn pcrthmcs prnsupunstcrhcs mns-
thocmcs c itris eiotnohmis), ntetnrc.
@c cknoczc mn iastceu`hzcr c harn ehr-
eu`ceho mn` eioiehkhnoti y `c hofirkc-eho, sho mumc nst giy kuy prnsnotn,
pnri tckaho c ipirtuohmcm mn is aha`hi-
tnecrhis mn hkpnmhr qun nsc cknoczc sn
eukp`c.iu
m
htirhc
`
@c ipirtuohmcm mn tikcr pcrthmi
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@HAQIU HOFCO]H@NU XD^VNOH@NU OIVNMCMNU
Zctrhel @noz]ik y n` pdcri
Acren`ioc4 @haris mn` Tirri Qidi, 1::7
]ik vc c` knrecmi eio su pcmrn. Qneirrno`is punstis y eikprco vnrmurcs y pnsecmi.Cotns mn rnbrnscr, sn mnthnono no n` tnomnrntnmn` pcdcrnri, miomn uo pnquni pdcri kircmi
gc ``ckcmi `c ctnoeho mn` eghei. Uu pcmrn eioshnotn, pcbc y `i ``nvco c ecsc. ]ik `ihostc`c no su gcahtceho, miomn `i euhmc, `i c`hknotc, dunbc y photc pcrc `. Ziei c pieivc surbhnomi notrn ckais uoc rn`ceho mn eiofhcozc kutuc y mn pneu`hcr ckhstcm. Zc-scmi uo thnkpi, n` pdcri `n eunotc qun fun ecpturcmi khnotrcs ausecac eikhmc no n`aisqun pcrc sus mis ghdis y n` kuegcegi, cpnocmi pir `c trhstn ghstirhc, mnehmn `hanrcrc` cohkc`. C pcrthr mn nsn kiknoti, n` rneunrmi mn su ckhbi c`cmi nstcr pnrkconotn-knotn prnsnotn, firkcomi pcrtn mn sus kndirns sunis.
^o `auk sho tnxtis eiostruhmi acdi `is nsqunkcs nstrueturc`ns mn` ekhe, eio uo`nobucdn heohei qun rnouoehc c kuegis mn is rneursis ecrcetnrstheis mn nstn bonri oi gcy `oncs ehothecs, hmnibrckcs oh n`nknotis mn sipirtn tnxtuc` eiki ioikctipn-ycs i aiecmh``is y ecrbc `cs nsenocs eio mntc``ns y frku`cs mn ocrrceho vhsuc`gah`knotn nkp`ncmcs, no `cs qun prhkc `c ecpcehmcm mn eikuohecr siarn n` nfneti ns-tthei. Cs, `is ei`irns, pcreis no kcthens, mndco n` pritcbiohski no pnrspnethvcs y no-eucmrns qun rnsc`tco shtucehions eioerntcs y nofcthzco `cs nkiehions y snothkhnotis mn`is mis pritcbiohstcs. @cs vhntcs sn uth`hzco nfheczknotn eiki kcrei eiotnonmir mn hos-tcotns qun ernc `c ctksfnrc cpriphcmc y mc rhtki vnrcz c `c ocrrceho (mnsmn n` hohehisn ois cothehpc yc nstn kimn`i ocrrcthvi, eio uo nofiqun mn `c ehumcm c vhstc mn pdcriqun uo ziik pribrnshvi shtc fhoc`knotn no n` nspcehi miomn sn noeunotrc n` pritcbi-ohstc< ks cmn`cotn, `is eckahis no `c ripc mn` ohi eioshbuno uahecr nsenocs eiosneu-thvcs no thnkpis mhfnrnotns).
N` crbuknoti, pir su pcrtn, sn eiostruynsiarn uoc eikpisheho qun knze c i rnc` (n` no-tiroi eithmhcoi no n` qun trcoseurrn `c ghstirhc,`is pnrsiocdns, n` snothkhnoti mn` ohi gcehc n`pdcri...), `i hkcbhocrhi (n` pdcri qun eunotc) y`i iorhei (`is sunis mn` ohi no `is qun `cs mh-knoshions sn trcstieco y mnsnis y fcotcsc sn
mco `c kcoi), eio `c hotnoeho mn erncr uo eio-duoti qun trcskhtn vc`irns eiki `c ckhstcm, c `h-anrtcm i `c eikprnosho mn `is mnrnegis mn` itripir noehkc mn `is mnsnis priphis.
N` `hari sn prnsnotc, cs, eiki uoc `neturcrhec no knoscdns hkp`ehtis y c `c vnz feh` mn ho-tnrprntcr brcehcs c `c sneunoehc `honc` mn ceiotnehkhnotis, eio cusnoehc mn n`hpshs y kn-tfircs vhsuc`ns eikp`ndcs, qun pnrkhtn c` netir pcrthehpcr no c eiostrueeho mn` eunotihotnrprntcomi `is suensis oi nxp`ehtis notrn vhntc y vhntc. @c fiec`hzceho mn trckc nhkcbno no n` eiotnxti mn` ohi, rntrctcomi nspcehis y ehreuostcoehcs qun n rnsu`tco pri-phis y rnprnsnotcomi n` kuomi cmu`ti eiki shkp`n nsenocrhi mhfukhocmi qun nokcrec`c ghstirhc rnstrheeho nvhmnotn, pir ndnkp`i, no n` trctckhnoti mcmi c `c hkcbno mn`pcmrn, no `c qun ouoec ``nbckis c vnr n` ristri rnfunrzco `c hmnothfheceho mn` pnquni`netir eio uoc pripunstc no `c qun noeunotrc pnrsiocdns y shtucehions eio `is qun snhmnothfhec feh`knotn y qun, cmnks, rnsu`tc cmneucmc pcrc fcvirnenr su cenreckhnoti citrcs firkcs mn ocrrcr y pir tcoti mn `nnr, no `cs qun n` `nobucdn mn `c hkcbno mns-p`hnbc timi su pitnoehc` eikuohecmir.
]nrnsc Eiregntn
Aha`hitnecrhc
cis
+5
ivnmc
mns
Eio c`cs
NM^ECEHO X AHA@HI]NEC O.366 ~ D^@HI-CBIU]I1::7
N` pnquni `netir (...)noeunotrc pnrsiocdns y
shtucehions eio `is qun snhmnothfhec feh`knotn y qun,cmnks, rnsu`tc cmneucmc
pcrc fcvirnenr sucenreckhnoti c itrcs
firkcs mn ocrrcr
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NM^ECEHO X AHA@HI]NEC O.366 ~ D^@HI-CBIU]I1::7
OIVNMCMNU
2
Mn ckirns `ieis
Qianrti KcdoZntriohc y `c Qnhoc ahbitumc
Kcmrhm4 Crthegiqun, 1::2
Xi oi s sh pir vhvhr no pc`cehi kn ec-scrc eio trns gikarns pir kuy proehpnsy kuy `hkphis qun funrco. Zntriohc, shonkacrbi, `i gcen fn`hz y eiotnotc c eck-
ahi mn cacomiocr uoc vhmc mn trcacdi pn-scmi. @c rnhoc mnseiofc pirqun phnoscqun n` ckir mn euc`quhnrc mn sus ghdis piritrc kudnr mhsthotc c n``c, `c mnstriocr4 `cpiarn qunmcr si`c y sho ahbitn. Zir nsihmnc uo auno p`co qun `is rntnobc c su`cmi pcrc shnkprn.
N` pnquni `hari `auk, nserhti y mhau-dcmi pir Qianrti Kcdo, gc rnehahmi n`prnkhi Mcohn` Bh` 1::2 c` kndir `hari ho-fcoth` y sus h`ustrcehions rnprnsnotcrio cNspcc no `c ahnoc` mn Arcths`cvc mn`khski ci. No `, tnxti n hkcbno rn`nvco`c hobnohisc ocrrceho mn uoc ghstirhc mnckir shobu`cr. N` `hari ns uo eunoti mnckirns `ieis4 n` mn `c rnhoc ahbitumc pirsus trns ghdis (@cotohmi Vnrto, TutcoiKcrcoci y Qno Bucdhrhdi), n` mn n``is pir`c rnhoc, n` mn Zntriohc pir n` mnsecosi yn` mn uo kctrhkiohi c trns acomcs qun,cuoqun snc notrn euctri, snburi qun tck-aho ns fn`hz.
^o mc ois eiotcrio qun s`i sn punmnckcr c uoi y qun duotis sn eikp`ntc uococrcodc, pnri nrc knothrc. Giy Qianrtieunotc qun sn ckc hofhohti y c tcotis eikinspcehi gcyc no n` eirczo i crmhnotn snc
n` mnsni.I`c``c Gnroomnz
Nspnehc`hstc no @HD
cis
+>
Mcvhm RhnsonrF`itcotn
Kxhei4 Iecoi ]rcvnsc, 1::7
Mcvhm Rhnsonr h`ustrc `haris hofcoth`nsmnsmn gcen thnkpi. Mis mn sus kndirnstrcacdis, @is trns enrmhtis (Duvnotum) y]unsmcy (E`crhio Aiils), gco shmi prn-khcmis eio n` prnsthbhisi bc`crmo Ec`mn-eitt Knmc` no 3883 y 1::1rnspnethvcknotn. Cgirc Iecoi ]rcvnscpua`hec no Nspcc su `thki trcacdi. F`i-tcotn ns uoc ocrrceho vhsuc` kumc, pri-tcbiohzcmc pir uo ohi eurhisi no uo mcmn p`cyc. Ounstri grin iasnrvc enrec mn`kcr, gcstc qun uoc i`c `n novc uoc e-kcrc mn fitis cothbuc eio su eiotnohmi ho-tceti. C` rnvn`cr n` ecrrntn, n` ohi snqunmc fcsehocmi pir `c vhsho mn uoc snrhnmn hkbnons qun kunstrco uo kuomi su-
aceuthei hkpisha`n y kcrcvh``isi. No nsnkiknoti, n` kcr n ifrnen c ipirtuohmcmmn pcrthehpcr no uoc ecmnoc mn fitibrcfcs
duoti c itris ohis eurhisis, qun noeio-trcrio uo mc nsc khskc kquhoc mn fitisKn`vh``n no itrc p`cyc mn` kuomi. `cenptc.
Rhnsonr knze`c rnc`hmcm y fcotcsc yeiostruyn uo rn`cti kuy pnrsioc`. Ois su-surrc uo snernti c` imi (tco acdhti qun ecshoi sn iyn)4 c`bi qun thnon qun vnr eio fhe-ehions ienohecs pcscmcs y itrcs qun consto pir ``nbcr. ^oc ghstirhc ehreu`cr mnhkbnons sneunoehcmcs qun auenco no sh-`noehi acdi n` cbuc y mco eunotc mn c nxhs-tnoehc mn itrcs vhmcs, pcrc`n`cs c `counstrc, qun si`i nxhstno i nxhsthro shnk-prn qun qunrckis eioienr`cs.
I. G.
cis
+8
Cotihonttn ZirthsOi ns uoc ecdc
Vhbi4 Fcltirc L mn @haris, 1::7
Nsc ouan... ns uoc ouan i uoc ivndc9I quhz snc n` pnrri mn kh vnehoc Kcr-bcrhtc9 X nsi9 Ns uoc ecdc9 Oi ns uocecdc. X ns qun `i ks snoeh``i sn punmneiovnrthr no i ks mhvnrthmi, kcrcvh``isi,nspnehc`...
Nstn `auk rnernc uoc nxpnrhnoehc kuyeiko no `c hofcoehc pcrc gca`cr mn qunoi timi ns `i qun pcrnen, mn qun timi mn-pnomn mn `c hkcbhoceho. @c pripunstcmnstcec pir su eignrnoehc mnsmn `c eu-ahnrtc y `cs bucrmcs, qun hkhtco `c tnxturcy n` ei`ir mn uoc ecdc mn ecrto y eiothn-ono homhecehions siarn n` pnsi y `c pish-eho eirrnetc mn` au`ti.
@c ghstirhc nkphnzc eio uoc viz cmu`tchotnrribcomi c uo eiondi siarn `c ecdc eio`c qun nst dubcomi< stn khrc csikarcmiy, c` pcscr c pbhoc, eiotnstc4 Oi ns uocecdc< c su vnz, n` mhaudi mn trczis asheisno a`coei y onbri sn trcosfirkc brcehcs cuoc `onc ridc supnrpunstc qun kunstrc c``netir qu sn nst hkcbhocomi no nsn ki-
knoti n` pritcbiohstc4 uo eiegn, uoacrei, uo b`iai, uo nmhfhehi no ``ckcs N`hotnrribctirhi eiothoc y n` pnrsiocdn snvc cec`ircomi gcstc qun sn primuen n` ki-knoti mn hof`nxho eucomi `n prnbuotcqu ns notioens nsn iadnti. @c rnspunstckuegis `c eioiehs y `is qun oi, snburiqun is `c hkcbhohs.
^oc iarc rnc`knotn ctrcethvc, no `c qun`cs h`ustrcehions siarnsc`no pir su nxprn-shvhmcm y n` dunbi mn ei`irns y pnrspneth-vcs qun sn uth`hzc pcrc mhfnrnoehcr n` p`coirnc` mn` fhethehi< uoc firkc irhbhoc` y mh-vnrthmc mn gca`cr siarn n` pimnr mn c hkc-bhoceho.
N`hsc Xustn ]unri
Fh``ibc y netirc mn @HD
^o trhauti c `c hkcbhoceho hofcoth`
cis
+=Zcrc nstcr no sh`noehi
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NM^ECEHO X AHA@HI]NEC O.366 ~ D^@HI-CBIU]I1::7
@HAQIU HOFCO]H@NU XD^VNOH@NU OIVNMCMNU
7
Khqun` Mnse`itWco @pnz Mikobunz (h`.)Mn pc`carcs y sc`thkacoquhs. Coti`ibc
Kcmrhm4 Nmn`vhvns, 1::2
cis
+6
Ks kshec, Mnse`it!
N` rneioiehmi pintc y trcmuetir Khqun`Mnse`it, eio uoc prnsthbhisc iarc pithectcoti pcrc cmu`tis eiki pcrc ohis, c kcyirpcrtn no ectc`o, ois prnsnotc uoc coti`ibconenscrhc y pnrthonotn eio uoc sn`neeho mn
vnrsis, trcmuehmis pir n` priphi cutir, qun rn-eirrno `is `haris4 Ansthcrhi mn kh ghdc E`crc,Znrsioc`crhi mn ]hnrrcaiac, Kckcrrcegc-rhi mn Nmwcrm @ncr, Nohbkcrhi mn Ugnr`ielGi`kns y Euc`quhnreiscrhi mn kh ghdi N`ih.
Mnse`it, Zrnkhi Ocehioc` mn @htnrcturc Hofcoth` y Duvnoh` no 1::1 eio n` `hari mnvnrsis Ks kshec, Knstrn! (@c Bc`nrc), ns uo rnfnrnotn hkpirtcotshki pir su ns-erhturc, sus `ehmcs rnf`nxhions siarn `c pinsc y sus irbnons, pir `c mnfnosc mn `isvnrsis pcrc ohis y su ec`hmcm, y pir snr uo mhvu`bcmir eiostcotn no fcvir mn `c rhec.Ns uo brco eioienmir mn is rneursis mn` nobucdn, mn c pc`carc eiki dunbi eio susecpcehmcmns nxprnshvcs, rtkhecs y cesthecs, qun thnono `c vhrtum mn ctrcnr c euc`-quhnr `netir, sho nthquntcs, c trcvs mn `c fcsehoceho y mn `cs snoscehions qun pri-muen4 Uh ocvnbcr ns `i qun gcen n` ocvnbcotn / n hboircr, n` hboircotn, / sh gcahtcrns i qun gcen n` gcahtcotn / y rnstcurcr,
n` rnstcurcotn, / snr qun vun`c n` vi-`cotn, / turac n` turacotn, / snka`c n`snka`cotn / y tc`c n` tc`cotn. Xc couo-ehc n` priphi Mnse`it no `c hotrimueehomn` `hari4 C `c phstc miomn `cs pc`carcscetco eiki sirprnomnotns sc`thkaco-quhs `c ``ckckis pinsc. Uho ehrei, shokshec, sho tnctri, sho pinsc... `c vhmcgukcoc snrc piei ks qun uoc vhmccohkc`. Ahnovnohmis c` ehrei pithei!.
Nstc coti`ibc rnprnsnotc uo dusti rn-eioiehkhnoti c `c ec`hmcm mn su pinsc pcrc ohis, `c euc` shnkprn gc mnfnomhmi eiovnrsis, rcziockhnotis hotn`hbnotns y eio uoc prifuomc eiovheeho. @c mnmhectirhc c
Coc Zn`nbro y Ucrc Kirnoi ois cvcozc n` giknocdn c `c trcmheho irc` y su rneu-pnrceho, eio pinkcs qun `c rnernco y mnoitco uo brco eioiehkhnoti mn` ecoehionrihofcoth`, mn sus firkcs y eikpishehions ktrhecs, eio prnmikhohi mn `is vnrsis mniegi s`cacs no `is pinkcs ks ocrrcthvis y mnserhpthvis eiki n` Ansthcrhi mn khghdc E`crc, `is mn ehoei s`cacs eucomi n` vnrsi nxhbn uo rhtki ks rphmi enrecoic `c ecoeho i no itrcs iecshions no `cs qun nxpnrhknotc ecmnoehcs eikahocomi mh-vnrsis kntris. ]ckaho noeiotrcrnkis uo gc``czbi shbohfhecthvi, `c nstrueturc mn` `h-knrhel no `is pinkcs mn uo mhvnrthmi n hrohei Kckcrrcegcrhi mn Nmwcrm @ncr.
Wco @pnz Mikobunz, c` qun yc eioiec pir nxen`notns trcacdis cotnrhirns, h`us-trc n` `hari eio p`ukh``cs hkprnscs c uoc thotc, eio cpuotns kohkis no tckci, su-bnrnotns y suth`ns qun ceikpcco mn`hecmcknotn `is pinkcs. Mn pc`carcs ysc`thkacoquhs ns uoc pripunstc `mhec y erncthvc, `hari sn`neti qun ois ifrnen uocec`hmcm mhboc mn timi n`ibhi eio uoc mhvnrshmcm ktrhec y sioirc, eio uoc rhec bckcmn kcthens y rnbhstris qun ois ``nvco mn `c kcoi eio uo tiqun mn gukir notrn dun-
bis vnrac`ns, cmhvhocozcs, trcac`nobucs, `hknrhels i ecoehions pir c iarc mn Khqun`Mnse`it, uoi mn ounstris kndirns pintcs, cgirc hkprnsehomha`n tckaho no ecstn-``coi.
Znmri Vh``cr
Kcnstri y nserhtir
Brco eioienmir mn `isrneursis mn` `nobucdn, mn `c
pc`carc eiki dunbi eio susecpcehmcmns nxprnshvcs,
rtkhecs y cesthecs, qun thnono`c vhrtum mn ctrcnr c euc`quhnr
`netir
Hvc ZriegzlivEcri`hoc4 uoc arnvn ahibrcfc
Ucotc Kcrtc mn ]irkns (Uc`ckcoec)4
@bunz, 1::2
Ecri`hoc rnmcetc su ahibrcfc, pir no-ecrbi mn uoc kcnstrc, enotromisn no `is`thkis cis mn su vhmc4 n` pcsi mn `c ho-fcoehc c c nmcm cmu`tc, gcehnomi nsec`c no`c nstceho tnkpnstuisc mn `c cmi`nseno-ehc. No nstn ndnrehehi `htnrcrhi rnpcsc `issnothkhnotis qun `n privieco `c kumcozcmn su Zrcbc octc` c uoc pnqunc ehumcmegnec, n` mnseuarhkhnoti mn` prhknr ckirckcrbcmi pir uo tnrrha`n ceehmnotn y uoc
rneupnrceho `crbc y mi`irisc, `cs frustrc-ehions qun nxpnrhknotc c` oi snothrsneikprnomhmc pir sus pribnohtirns y c ho-enrthmukarn siarn su futuri cecmkhei ypnrsioc`.
@c cutirc tndn uoc oivn`c qun punmnpcrnenr snoeh``c c prhknrc vhstc, pnri qunnst kuy ahno nserhtc, pnrfnetcknotn gh`-vcocmc y qun nst mitcmc mn uoc brco pri-fuomhmcm pshei`bhec, brcehcs c uo eiri mnpnrsiocdns airmcmis c rn`hnvn (c mnstcecr`c fhburc mn c caun`c piei eiosnrvcmirc ybrco c`hcmc mn su ohntc) qun ceikpcco c`c pritcbiohstc no su priensi mn kcmurc-
eho. N` rn`cti eioshbun ctrcpcr c` `netircmi`nsenotn brcehcs c uo funrtn `czi mn nk-pctc qun nstca`nen n` ocrrcmir no prhknrcpnrsioc eio frneunotns hotnrpn`cehionsgcehc mhegi `netir kistromi`n `c vhmccmu`tc qun tnomr qun nofrnotcr, eio susmnsnobcis, sus c`nbrcs y sho rnspunstcscasi`utcs.
Hvc Zriegzliv ns ckp`hcknotn rnei-oiehmc pir thnrrcs enotrinuripncs gc-ahnomi rnehahmi n` prnkhi c`nko FrhnmrhegBnrstcelnr Cwcrm y `c oikhoceho no suQnpa`hec Egnec octc` pcrc n` Gcos Egrhs-thco Comnrsno. ]c`ns ernmnoehc`ns gco snr-vhmi pcrc `c rnnmheho y trcmueeho mn susiarcs no `nobuc ecstn``coc, eiki N`cs y`c caun`c qun sc`h mn uo gunvi i N`thnkpi mn `is mnsnis snerntis.
Hrhs Bioz`nz
Aha`hitnecrhc
cis
+31
^oc viz eiofhmnotn
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NM^ECEHO X AHA@HI]NEC O.366 ~ D^@HI-CBIU]I1::7
OIVNMCMNU
8
BhphN` `iec`
Kcmrhm4 Uhos Nothmi, 1::7
c
is
+3=
Ion, twi, tgrnn... @nts bi!
Oi sio pieis is crthstcs qun iphoco qun c k-shec ns uo crtn qun mnan ocenr mn `c ec``n y `is `i-ec`ns mn noscyi. Nstis `thkis funrio shnkprn uo`ubcr snernti y khstnrhisi, n` rnmueti mn prhvcehmcmno n` qun sn pnrfneehioco y rnbhstrco `cs ecoehi-ons. Nsecsis khoutis no firkc mn kiknotis mhfu-sis pcrc h`ushiocr c kn`kcois u iynotnsehreuostcoehc`ns, c c vnz qun uo shkp`n nspcehi mnpnrfneehiockhnoti y mn mhvnrthknoti pcrc `is k-sheis.
]imi ckcotn mn `cs kn`imcs gc sicmic`buoc vnz eio pnrmnr sus tcrmns tiecomi
QieloQi``, no aunoc eikpcc, no uo`ubcr c`ndcmi miomn oi sn ki`nstn c ocmhn.
^o suni qun `is pritcbiohstcs mn nstnfukntti eiovhnrtno no rnc`hmcm brcehcs c`pcmrn mn uoi mn n``is, quhno prnstc uo vhndic`kceo pcrc qun shrvc eiki `ubcr mn no-eunotri mn `c pcomh``c.
Bhph ``nvcac uois cis eio `c nthquntc mncutir prikntnmir, pnri sus `thkcs iarcs `igco eiovnrthmi no uoc mn `cs ks fhrknsrnc`hmcmns mn` ekhe htc`hcoi y nuripni. Uunsth`i y tnkthecs nseibhmcs, qun notrioecoeio n` homhn wcy if `hfn, gco shmi n`ibhcmcs pir erthec y pa`hei, c`bi trcmhehioc`-
knotn mhfeh` mn eiosnbuhr. Uiarn timi c rcz mn `c eiosneueho mn` prnsthbhisi Zrn-khi mn Cobiu`nkn pir susCpuotns pcrc uoc ghstirhc mn bunrrc (Uhos Nothmi), non` ci 1::6.
N` `iec` nst mhvhmhmi no ehoei eirtns, ehoei tnkczis qun snburi qun sn eio-vnrthrco no ghts sh `cs rcmhi-frku`cs sn mnehmhnrco c phoegcr`is no gircrhi mn kxhkccumhnoehc. Ehoei frcbknotis, eiki nxtrcmis mn` N. Z., prnsnotceho mn uo brupihkcbhocrhi eio uo nsth`i mhfeh` mn mnfhohr, tc` vnz c knmhi eckhoi notrn n` gcrm-riely n` arht-pip.
No ecmc uoi mn n``is ois hotrimuen no n` mc c mc mn uois cmi`nsenotns euyisuni ns vhvhr mn `c kshec. C trcvs mn sus rnc`hmcmns, ahno mhfnrnotns notrn s, Bhphois nosnc `is notrnshdis mn `cs rn`cehions pnrsioc`ns, `cs crhstcs mn `c ckhstcm y `cs`ieurcs qun sio ecpcens mn gcenr `is ckcotns mn `c kshec, `is pnrsnbuhmirns mnsunis, pir snbuhr eu`thvcomi sus cfhehions eio pieis knmhis.
]imcs `cs c`nbrcs, `cs frustrcehions, `is khnmis n hoeikprnoshions qunmco rnf`n-
dcmcs no `cs h`ustrcehions, sho pc`carcs, eio `cs qun n` cutir p`cskc `is kiknotisks `bhmis mn ecmc noscyi.
Eiki nxtrcmis mn uo vhmnie`hp mn Uphln Diozn i Egrhs Euoohobgck, `is egheismn `c acomc sn kunvno, brhtco, bi`pnco `c actnrc hotnotcomi nsecpcr mn sus vhmcscoimhocs, phmhnomi uoc ipirtuohmcm.
Cs, is netirns snothkis qun c kshec, nseiomhmc notrn is ei`irns ceuisis y `istrczis mhfusis, hoe`usi sho pimnr nseuegcr`c, puna`c `c si`nmcm mn `c gcahtceho i n``ubcr cmiomn quhnrc qun ois ``nvnkis nstn `iec` kcbofhei, qun ahno pimrc nstcrshtucmi no n` nxtrcrrcmhi mn euc`quhnrc mn `cs ehumcmns no `cs qun vhvhkis. Uhnkprnnspnrcomi itri brupi mn dvnons eio `c ecoeho pnrfnetc.
Znri nstc ghstirhc cmnks nseiomn uoc sitnrrcmc cpi`ibc mn `c gionsthmcm ku-shec`, mn` vnrmcmnri rnspnti qun knrneno timcs cqun``cs acomcs qun oceno mn c ec``n,qun sio ecron mn ecrrntnrc y `iec` mn noscyi no thnkpis mn siohmis no`ctcmis,
cgirc qun `c eu`turc kushec` sn irhnotc gcec `is crthstcs prnfcarhecmis, ghdis mn` ecs-thob no gircrhis mn kxhkc cumhnoehc. Suhz pir nsi n` xhti mn nstc iarc knrnenuo mia`n rneioiehkhnoti y mnankis rneiknomcr`c eio `c khskc nonrbc eio `c qun`is pritcbiohstcs tnrkhoco ecmc ecptu`i noscycomi sus ecoehions.
@irnozi C. Uiti Gn`bunrc
Nmuecmir siehc` y aha`hitnecrhi
@is `netirns snothkis qun
`c kshec, nseiomhmc notrn`is ei`irns ceuisis y `is
trczis mhfusis, hoe`usi shopimnr nseuegcr`c, puna`c `csi`nmcm mn `c gcahtceho in` `ubcr cmiomn quhnrc qun
ois ``nvnkis nstn `iec`kcbofhei
Kcrei MnonvhKcx (h`.)^o pnrri no n` brcacmi mn Murnri thtu`cmi
N` ecac``nri, `c Kunrtn y n` Mhca`iVc`noehc4 Knmhc Vcec, 1::6
No 3>35, C`arnegt Mrnr brca N` ec-ac``nri, c Kunrtn y n` Mhca`i, iarc mn ah-zcrrc eikpisheho qun gc knrnehmivcrhcmcs y cbumcs hotnrprntcehions. Zhnosino `cs mn Anrbkco, Euoqunhri y Uehcsehc.stc, qun nserhahnrc no 3866 Kcrei Mn-onvh, eikprnomn n` cotns, n` murcotn y n`mnspus mn `c nsenoc, c trcvs mn pribrn-
shions y rnbrnshions, mn mn`hecmcs enrtnzcsn hoenrthmukarns. Mnonvh dunbc c supionrcqun``i qun `is pritcbiohstcs scano n hb-oirco mn is itris, gcstc eiosukcr uo rn-`cti pnrfneti, uo ndnkp`i mn nsth`i y mn`uehmnz. N` trcacdi mn Kcx oi mnsknrnennsc eiosneueho< c trcvs mn su pcrtheu`cr`nobucdn, sus h`ustrcehions cthnomno y ck-p`co `cs ehreuostcoehcs hkcbhocmcs pirMnonvh. Mrnr eikpion uo brcacmi< Mn-onvh, uo tnxti siarn nsn brcacmi< Kcx,uocs cmkhrca`ns nstckpcs siarn n` tnxtimn Mnonvh y n` brcacmi mn Mrnr. N` `netir,honvhtca`nknotn, prnshnotn qun ns pcrtn mnuoc nsphrc qun eikprnomn `is cis y `csmhsehp`hocs. Uhnkprn gcy uo hari, sun`n su-enmnr no `c duvnotum, qun ois eiomnoc csnr `netirns mn pir vhmc. Nsn `hari thnon n`mio mn rnvn`crois qun gcy nxpnrhnoehcsqun s`i `c `neturc eioenmn. @cs pistnrhi-rns, no ehnrti kimi, sio uoc ausec mncqun` homnfhoha`n bien hohehc`, qun c`bithnon mn scbrcmi. Nothnomi qun c nsn sho-bu`cr `hocdn pnrtnonen nstn `hari.
C`ndcomri Bcrec Uegontznr
Nserhtir y nmhtir
cis
+35
^o brcti ndnrehehi mn `c hkcbhoceho
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NM^ECEHO X AHA@HI]NEC O.366 ~ D^@HI-CBIU]I1::7
@HAQIU HOFCO]H@NU XD^VNOH@NU Z^O]IU MN F^BC
31
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NM^ECEHO X AHA@HI]NEC O.366 ~ D^@HI-CBIU]I1::735
@cs h`ustrcehions qun vnkis no uo `hari sio s`i n` rnsu`tcmi mn uopriensi. Zriensi qun cecrrnc aientis, nxpnrhknotis, coitcehions, tc-egcmurcs. Znri qun tckaho thnon no su irhbno c uo mhaudi harn qun oipnrsnbuc uo iadnthvi u`tnrhir, c uo ndnrehehi prethei, c uo trczi fur-
thvi Ifrnenkis Zuotis mn fubc c timcs nstcs nxprnshions y c cqun-``is h`ustrcmirns prifnshioc`ns i oi qun, c pnscr mn `c ec`hmcm mn sutrcacdi, co oi thnono `c mhfusho qun knrneno. Zca`i mn `c Eruz oisifrnen uo nstumhi mn pnrsiocdn, ceehions y eikpishehions prnvhis c`crtn fhoc`. Uu wna4 h`ustrnois.a`ibspit.eik.
Zca`i mn `c Eruz
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qun n` csikarcmi oi ns Khbun` Ec`ctcyumshoi timis is qun cmkhrckis su iarc. Gnc`umhmi c nsc coemitc tco brfhec y pi-thec pirqun eionetc eio n` pimnr y `c fcs-ehoceho qun ndnren `c hkcbno, eio `is idis
mn` csikari, eio `c ecpcehmcm pcrc `cnkieho, eio c khrcmc mn c hofcoehc, nsckhrcmc qun timcvc eiosnrvc hotcetc Ec`c-tcyum. Mnsmn cqun``is hohehis gcstc cgircknmhc uoc trcynetirhc arh``cotn, cis mnnsfunrzi eiothoucmi, mnmheceho c uo trc-acdi `cairhisi, tnocz, gircs mn si`nmcm ysh`noehi y ehnrtc hoeikprnosho qun timierncmir pcmnen.
C` phn mn `c ntrc ns uo hari mn hkbn-ons puri, sho `is eiomhehiocotns mn uotnxti prnvhi. Ns uo `hari mn crtn, uo can-enmcrhi h`ustrcmi qun nmhtc Lc`comrclc no`c ei`neeho C`fcantis shbuhnomi `c trc-
mheho mn is canenmcrhis h `ustrcmis miomnKhbun` Ec`ctcyum mnsp`hnbc subnrnotnshkbnons, uoc mia`n pbhoc pcrc ecmc`ntrc.
Ec`ctcyum ois kunstrc shnkprn uo pnr-fneti nquh`harhi notrn `oncs y ei`irns, subckc mn ei`ir shnkprn crkohec sn eik-p`nknotc eio uoc heioibrcfc qun `n ec-rcetnrhzc, eio rnfnrnoehcs c` ehon, c `ckhti`ibc i c `is brcacmis pipu`crns, nsuo erncmir mn uo uohvnrsi bniktrheikuy irhbhoc`.
Zisnn uo pnrsioc`shki usi mn` ei`ir,
tioc`hmcmns crkohecs, sho nstrhmnoehcs,eio brco mikhohi mn cs ceucrn`cs quhmcseio `cs qun eioshbun mhfukhocmis hosupn-rca`ns. Ernc sus eikpishehions eio uocctksfnrc pneu`hcr qun mco cs tioc`hmcmnssnkndcotns mn` ei`ir, c trcvs mn` euc` `csfhburcs tckaho eiofirkco n` fiomi mcomiuoc snosceho b`iac` mn hotnbrceho mnfiomi y firkc eio sirprnscs vhsuc`ns, cpc-rhehions honspnrcmcs qun mnscrri``co no n`nspnetcmir mhsthotcs firkcs mn pnrenp-eho. C`buocs `ntrcs dunbco c` nseiomhtn ic` eckuf`cdn hotn`hbnotn mn is eckc`nions.Itri cspneti qun `n ecrcetnrhzc ns `c cu-
snoehc mn pnrspnethvc no n` mhaudi fruti mnsus rnf`nxhions siarn `c pnrspnethvc eiki
shstnkc mn rnprnsnotceho, mnfhohomi`ieiki uo eiovnoehioc`hski, uoc knothrc,
eiosneunoehc mn` hoth` nkpni mn rnmuehrtrns mhknoshions c uoc supnrfhehn qun s`ithnon mis. Khbun` ois rneunrmc eiostcotn-knotn4 n` idi nobcc, euhmcmi eio `i qunvns.
C` phn mn c `ntrc mns`ukarc, mnrriegchobnohi, pinsc y snoshah`hmcm. Ns uoc pri-punstc hotn`hbnotn sustnotcmc mnsmn n` rheiuohvnrsi mn kntfircs y brnbunrcs vhsuc-`ns qun ois notrnbc4 `ntrcs qun sn nofrno-tco c uo mnscfi, c uo dunbi mn eckuf`cdni c uo nohbkc, no iecshions eio uo tiqunmn hrioc y gukir. N` `hari ns uo puri bienmn mnseuarhkhnotis, nspcehi pcrc `c eio-tnkp`ceho y `is sunis, eio mhvnrscs `ne-turcs pcrc uo pa`hei gntnriboni mn` qunecuthvc shnkprn `c khrcmc pcrc ``nvcr`i c`tnrrhtirhi mn `c hkcbhoceho y `c sirprnsc.Cs `c nkn sn eiovhnrtn no n` phei mn uosikarnri, `c nquhs no `c acomnrc phrctci `c uvn no `c aiec mn uo pnz, y eio uopcr mn ocrhens, no snothmi `htnrc` y fhbu-rcmi, gcen surbhr uoc non. Znri gcy tck-aho itrcs `neturcs qun suayceno no `chkcbno y qun ecmc euc` punmn cgiomcr. N`bien mn khrcr ns tckaho bien mn nnr, mn`nnr hkbnons. Khbun` Ec`ctcyum ns uo oc-
rrcmir vhsuc` pir nxen`noehc, y cuo sho pc-`carcs, eiki no nstn hari, shnkprn punmn
cpcrnenr uo gh`i eiomuetir qun noehnomn`c eghspc y subhnrn uoc ghstirhc.
Gca`cr tckaho mn is mnsthoctcrhis mnC` phn mn `c ntrc, eki oi, pirqun n``isno mnfhohthvc, oisitris is netirns, sikis`is rnenptirns mn `is `haris. X cuoqun sncarnvnknotn, pir rczions mn pnrthonoehc ynspcehi, s kn bustcrc cpuotcr c` rnspneti`cs hkprnshions mn Kcrc Mi`irns Hosc, mh-rnetirc mn `c aha`hitnec mn Eienotchocsiarn n` `hari. Mhen cs4
Kcbofhei y irhbhoc` canenmcrhi h`us-trcmi, uo `hari qun vc mhrhbhmi c timi thpimn `netirns, hofcoth`ns y cmu`tis, yc qunprnsnotc kuegcs `neturcs. Znri siarn-
timi kn bustcrc rnsc`tcr c nxen`notn ns-tthec tco pnrsioc` mn Khbun` Ec`ctcyum.Uio `haris eiki stn `is qun ks cyumcoc firkcr `netirns. @is cmu`tis, kcnstris,pcmrns, aha`hitnecrhis, mnano pionr no`cs kcois mn `is egheis y eghecs `harisqun, eiki n` qun rneikhnomi, `ns cyu-mco c rnerncrsn, c mhsfrutcr mn `cs h`ustrc-ehions, c firkcrsn nstthecknotn shomcrsn eunotc, c hkcbhocr c trcvs mn `csh`ustrcehions. Uio haris mn uo acbcdn hk-prnsehomha`n no `c firkceho `netirc mn`is pnqunis.
Zc`carcs mn Kcrc Mi`irns Hosc qun eiouoc vc`hisc nxpnrhnoehc no aha`hitnecs ycohkceho `netirc scan qun `c h`ustrceho,qun `c hkcbno ns `neturc.
No `c nseun`c, no `is hosthtutis `i vhsuc`oi firkc pcrtn nsnoehc` mn `is cprnomhzc-
dns, qunmc timcvc pnomhnotn `c nmuecehomn `c khrcmc. Unc`c `c kcnstrc n h`ustrc-mirc Mi`irns ]imi`4
Kuegcs vnens `cs hkbnons mn `is `h-aris sio `c prhknrc gnrrckhnotc mn`ohi/c pcrc mcr snothmi c uo kuomi qunnkphnzc c eioienr. Nseuegcm cgirc `c rns-punstc qun mc uo ohi mn 6 cis c `c prn-
buotc. Zcrc qu shrvno `is `haris9 Mhen4Zcrc khrcr. C`buois thnono mhaudis y itris`ntrcs. Uh oi scans nnr thnono qun eiotcrtn`i qun mheno. Znri yi `ni `i qun eunotcopir `is mhaudis.
NM^ECEHO X AHA@HI]NEC O.366 ~ D^@HI-CBIU]I1::7
ACDI @C @^ZC
3>
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O. K. Arhobc,h`ustrcmir hofcoth`
No uo prhknr cenreckhnoti c `c iarc mnOcrehsi Komnz Arhobc y sh eikpcrckissus brcacmis eio `is mn euc`quhnr itri h`us-
trcmir mn nstc piec, `i prhknri qun ois``ckc `c ctnoeho ns su e`crhmcm no `c mnfh-oheho mn `cs firkcs y n`nknotis quneiosthtuyno ecmc nsenoc y `c pnrfneeho mnsu mhaudi.
Zcrc eiosnbuhr `i prhknri, O. KomnzArhobc uth`hzc `c vc`irceho mn `is eiotrcs-tns no n` puoti cmneucmi, pcrc qun ecmcn`nknoti mn `is qun eikpiono `c iarcsnc hmnothfhecmi pir n` pnquni `netir shomhfheu`tcm. Qnouoehc c` usi bnonrc`hzcmi mn`cs knmhcs thotcs, rnsnrvomi`cs pcrc uoh-fhecr is n`nknotis qun vco no p`cois pis-
tnrhirns y cs mhstcoehcr`is, eio `i euc`fcvirnen `c e`crhmcm y `c eikprnosho vh-suc` mn i rnprnsnotcmi. C vnens gcstc mndcuo gc`i no tiroi c `is pnrsiocdns pcrcmnspnbcr`i ks mn` fiomi (vnr fhbs. > y 6).
^oc hoeikp`ntc vc`irceho mn tiois yuo tirpn kcondi mn `c knmhc thotc snrcuoc mn `cs rczions mnehkioohecs pcrcmnsec`hfhecr c euc`quhnr photir y tcegcr`i mnmhaudcotn< pnri eiosehnotn i hoeiosehnotn-knotn, O. Komnz Arhobc rneioieh no `i no sus eintonis n` rnsu`tcmi fcrrcbisimn uo mhaudi pnquni nxenshvcknotn phe-trhei y n`hbh uoc `uz ks murc pcrc sus
eikpishehions, `uz qun oi s`i ce`crcac`is iadntis y iseurnec sus eiotirois, shoiqun ia`hbcac c` cuknoti mn` brisir mn mh-egis eiotirois, snbo `cs ziocs, c` snrstis `c ohec sikarc mn` iadnti mhaudcmi.
Nstc n`neeho mn `uz ns cmneucmc mnsmn n`kiknoti no n` qun sn prntnomn ocrrcruoc nsenoc mrckthec no uoc supnrfhehntco pnqunc< mn gnegi O. K. Arhobc oifrneunotc `is tckcis mn `cs nmhehions
ks pnquncs, oi scankis sh pir su mneh-sho i pir `c mn` nmhtir, Ucturohoi Ec``ndc eks., mn `istrnsehnotis oknris rnpcrthmis notrn euc-tri i ehoei h`ustrcmirns, ` s`i h`ustrc vnho-thehoei.
N` snbuomi mn `is vc`irns p`stheis mnsu trcacdi y qun rneioienkis mn kimi ho-knmhcti, ecsh mnsmn `c hboircoehc mn` on-fhti, ns `c pnrfneeho mn su mhaudi.
Uhnkprn mnotri mn `i qun ns `c h`ustrc-eho mn hari hofcoth`, sus trcacdis siarnsc-`no pir n` mikhohi mn` trczcmi y uo
pnrfneti eioiehkhnoti mn `c pripireho yn` kivhkhnoti< eio `i euc` sn eioshbun qunc` vnr sus h`ustrcehions, n` mhsfrutn mn su nx-prnshvhmcm oi sn vnc hotnrrukphmi pir n`rne`cki i c sirprnsc vhsuc` mn c`buoc tir-pnzc< `c tphec fceeho qun sn gc mnsei`-bcmi, n` bnsti arusei i n` kivhkhnoti`hbnrcknotn rhmeu`i pir hkpisha`n oi oisvco c ki`nstcr c` eiotnkp`cr sus h`ustrc-ehions.
N` nspnetcmir-`netir mn h`ustrcehions oionenshtc scanr mhaudcr pcrc pnrehahr `isnrrirns mn` mhaudi, y cuoqun oi sn snpco
mnfhohr eiki nrrirns, s qun sn rnbhstrcoeiki ``ckcmcs c ounstrc ctnoeho y pirtcoti eiki hotnrrupehions, priviecmircsmn uoc rupturc mn rhtki no `c hotnrhirhzc-eho mn `c ghstirhc `nmc. No n` ecsi mn O.K. Arhobc nsti ns tco hkpisha`n qun sh c`-buoc vnz n` eioduoti mn su mhaudi oi no-ecdc mnotri mn `i qun ois thnonceistukarcmis, nosnbuhmc sn negc uoc idn-cmc c` oikarn mn` brcacmir, pir `c pcrtnmn eu`pc qun punmc tnonr no n` gnegi.
^oc vnz qun ounstri idi sn gc gcah-tucmi c` brcacmi no a`coei y onbri, n` rn-eirrhmi pir sus h`ustrcehions snr shnkprntrcoquh`i.
Uus eikpishehions oi cauomco no eno-tris mn hotnrs, `is rneirrhmis vhsuc`ns sioeiki kuegi ehreu`crns.
Eio ks vcrhnmcm y rhnsbi qun su eik-pcnri Kcoun` obn`, O. Komnz Arhobccairmc `is rn`ctis eio uo shofo mn nofi-quns y rneursis no `c mhstrhaueho mn pnr-siocdns< eckahcomi tckcis, noeucmrns,mhspishehions mn pritcbiohstcs y brupis).
]imis `is eioiehkhnotis onenscrhis pcrc`c rnprnsnotceho mn uoc nsenoc no e`cvnrnc`hstc nsto c su mhspisheho. Hoe`usi vn-rnkis c`bi tco crrhnsbcmi y nxtrci no `ch`ustrceho hofcoth` eiki n` rntrcti.
G^N@@CU MN ]HO]C
NM^ECEHO X AHA@HI]NEC O.366 ~ D^@HI-CBIU]I1::738
Fhb. 1. \s.c.[4 @c eikcmrn kunrtn, Aha`hitnecH`ustrcmc, v.4 3:. Kcmrhm4 U. Ec``ndc. \s.f.[.
Fhb. 5. \s.c.[ @c cbudc irbu``isc< EunotisFcotstheis, v. 75. Kcmrhm4 U. Ec``ndc. 38:1.
Fhb. =. \s.c.[ @c firtuoc y `c mnsbrcehc< EunotisFcotstheis, vi`. 58. Kcmrhm4 U.Ec``ndc. 38:3.
Fhb. >. \s.c.[ @cs eczun`cs qun gca`co< EunotisFcotstheis, vi`. 76. Kcmrhm4 U.Ec``ndc. 38:3.
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Uio thnkpis mn hohehi y noeiotrckistcotnis mn rneursis qun oi vi`vnro c uth-`hzcrsn mn cqu no cmn`cotn. O. KomnzArhobc pcrnen qun eiofc no qun n` priphipritcbiohstc sn nxp`hqun c s khski y nx-
p`hqun sus vhvnoehcs no uo mh`ibi mhrnetieio n` netir< sus fhburcs chs`cmcs, rn`cdcmcsy c vnens noecrcomi c` nspnetcmir, snmndco iasnrvcr mnsmn `c snburhmcm mn uocetir prhoehpc` qun nst pir noehkc mnounstrc vc`irceho i duhehi (vnr fhbs. mn 2 c3:).
Murcotn n` rneirrhmi vhsuc` pir is mhfn-rnotns n`nknotis mn `c h`ustrceho vckisrneioiehnomi `is pnrsiocdns `nmis prn-vhcknotn, n` ckahnotn, n` ubcr, hmnothfhec-kis `c shtuceho no `c qun mnstceco `ispritcbiohstcs qun, c su vnz, ois hotrimu-eno no su vhvnoehc pnrsioc`, cenreomiois
c `cs snoscehions priviecmcs pir n` ki-knoti qun ns gc tiecmi vhvhr y qun eio ckcyir octurc`hmcm eikpcrtno eio oisi-tris. N` iadnthvi prhkirmhc` mn `c h`ustrc-eho, qun ns noeckhocr c` nspnetcmirmnsmn `cs firkcs p`sthecs c `c mrckctur-bhc, sn eioshbun no nstn cutir mn `c firkcks snoeh``c.
Eio timi, c prhoehpc` cpirtceho mn O.Komnz Arhobc c` qungcenr mn `c h`ustrc-eho hofcoth` nst no `c ernceho mn uochkcbno ks cmneucmc pcrc sus prhoehpc`nspritcbiohstcs4 is ohis. ]imis is h`ustrc-
mirns mn `c piec mhaudcrio ohis, pnriohobuoi cacomioc n` eioenpti mn kun-eo eiki Qcko Eh``c y O. KomnzArhobc. Eucomi cgirc sn mhaudco ohispcrc h`ustrcr, sn sun`n gcenr mnsmn mis oh-eis puotis mn vhstc4 `c ohc i n` ohi pcsh-vis, kim`heis y pir tcoti ks thpinsecpcrctn qun cetir, y eucomi `cs y isks pnqunis sio cethvis, yc oi sn mnfh-ono eio hkbnons mn ohis shoi ks ahnomn cmi`nsenotns.
Zir nsecsnz mn nspcehi oi pimnkis ho-e`uhr n` co`hshs mn `is ounvis kimn`is ho-fcoth`ns qun cpirtc O. Komnz Arhobc,
pnri cmduotckis hkbnons rnprnsnotcthvcsmn sus kndirns cpirtcehions no nstneckpi4 Zn`usc yCotihti, uo ohi ki-mn`i (>) (vnr fhbs. 33 y 31).iu
Aha`hibrcfc mn Ocrehsi Komnz Arhobc eikih`ustrcmir mn tnxtis hofcoth`ns
Dubuntns hostruethvis. Kcmrhm4 U. Ec``ndc
\s. c.[ N` munomn ridi, v. 87.
Diycs pcrc ohis. Kcmrhm4 U. Ec``ndc
\s. c.[ @cs trns prnbuotcs, v. >.\s. c.[ Mn ph``un`i c snocmir, v. 33.
\s. c.[ @cs bcfcs mn` mhca`i, v. 31.\s. c.[Suho eirrn ks9, v. 52.\s. c.[ Fn, Nspnrcozc y Ecrhmcm, v. =3.\s. c.[ @c `nynomc mn `c snmc, v. >5.
\s. c.[ N` prnkhi y n` ecsthbi, v. 6>.\s. c.[ @is pdcris hodurhcmis, v. 68.
G^N@@CU MN ]HO]C@HAQIU HOFCO]H@NU XD^VNOH@NU
NM^ECEHO X AHA@HI]NEC O.366 ~ D^@HI-CBIU]I1::71:
Fhb. 6. \s.c.[ @c thnomc mn` dumi< EunotisFcotstheis, v.4 3, Kcmrhm4 U. Ec``ndc,3781.
Fhb. 2. \s.c.[ Buhscmi mn eiondi< EunotisFcotstheis, v.4 12. Kcmrhm4 U. Ec``ndc,378=.
Fhb. 7. Uegkhm, Erhstac`. Eunotis nseibhmis.
\s. c.[ @c girkhbuhtc, v. 357.\s. c.[ @c aunoc kcbc, v. 3==.\s. c.[ @c prhoensc Eckn`hc, v. 3=>.\s. c.[ N` coh``i mn Bhbns, v. 3=2.\s. c.[ N` ohmi mn ehbncs, v. 3=7.\s. c.[ N` mnmi eirtcmi, v. 3>3.\s. c.[ Knr`o, v. 3>1.\s. c.[ ]rns bucrmhcs mn Qianrti, v. 16:.\s. c.[ Zcp ehbnc, v. 165.\s. c.[ Znpn Zn`is, v. 16=.\s. c.[ Vcyc uo pnz!, v. 12:.\s. c.[ ]rns eiscs rcrcs, v. 126.
Eunotis pcrc ohis. Kcmrhm4 U. Ec``ndc
\s. c.[ @c thnomc mn` dumi, v. 3.
\s. c.[ Kn`egir Ecsecrrcahcs, v. 35.\s. c.[ @`uvhc mn iri, v. 3=.\s. c.[ ^o acoquntn nxtrci, v. 32.\s. c.[ N` pnrc` khstnrhisi, v. 37.\s. c.[ @c fckc mn` nkaustnri, v. 38.\s. c.[ @c kiotcc mn Hko, v. 1:.\s. c.[ N` eurcomnri, v. 1>.\s. c.[ Mio Uunri n` irbu``isi, v. 16.\s. c.[ Buhscmi mn eiondi, v. 15.\s. c.[ @c ehumcm Firtuoc, v. 17.\s. c.[ @c si`nmcm y n` i`vhmi, v. 5>.\s. c.[ N` acrrh` mn cenhtuocs, v. 56.\s. c.[ N` diriacmi, v. 57.\s. c.[ @c firtuoc y `c mnsbrcehc, v. 58.\s. c.[ N` mhca`i aur`cmi, v. =:.
\s. c.[ N` ecac``nri Acycrmi, v. =3.\s. c.[ N` ecsthbi mn uo arhao, v. =1.\s. c.[ N` ei``cr mn mhckcotns, v. >3.\s. c.[ N` si`mcmi nkaustnri, v. >5.\s. c.[ N` rny ]rcbc`mcacs, v. 63.\s. c.[ Qneunrmis ghstrheis, v. 2: (eua.)\s. c.[ Zrnkhi mn uoc aunoc ceeho, v. 21. K. Zhei`i (itri h`.)\s. c.[ @cs cbumnzcs mn Duco, v. 26 (eua.) K. Zhei`i (itri h`.)\s. c.[ An``nzc y kimnsthc, v. 27. K. Zhei`i (itri h`.)\s. c.[ Ecsthbi mn uoc nkaustnrc, v. 28. K. Zhei`i (itri h`.)\s. c.[ F`ir mn `hoi, v. 7:. K. Zhei`i (itri h`.)\s. c.[ ]rcpc`o n` ocvnbcotn, v. 73. K. Zhei`i (itri h`.)\s. c.[ @c cbudc irbu``isc, v. 75. K. Zhei`i (itri h`.)\s. c.[ @c bi`iomrhoc, v. 7=.\s. c.[ N` sh`acti primhbhisi, v. 7>. K. Zhei`i (itri h`.)\s. c.[ @cs eczun`cs qun gca`co, v. 76. K. Zhei`i (itri h`.)\s. c.[ @c fn`hehmcm, v. 72. K. Zhei`i (itri h`.)\s. c.[ Knothri`c n` eczcmir, v. 81.\s. c.[ A`coecf`ir, v. 87. K. Zhei`i (itri h`.)\s. c.[ Zir uoc f`ir, v. 88. K. obn` y K. Zhei`i (itri h`.)\s. c.[ ]ikc tc`hskcons!, v. 3=7.\s. c.[ N` susti mn` ki`honri, v. 3>:.\s. c.[ N` phthrridi, v. 3>6. K. Zhei`i (itri h`.)\s. c.[ Oi kn i`vhmns, v. 3>8.
Aha`hitnec mn Qnerni. Kcmrhm4 U. Ec``ndc
\s. c.[ @is sustis mn Znrhei, v. :. Q. Eh``c, Ecrrntnri y@pnz (itris h`s.)
\s. c.[ Gircs c`nbrns, v. 3. K. obn`, N. Eirioc (itri h`.)\s. c.[ Eunotis rcris, v. 1. K. obn`, N. Eirioc (itri h`.)\s. c.[ @c ecrhmcm, v. 1:. K. obn`, @pnz (itri h`.)\s. c.[ Zir bi`isis, v. 13. K. obn`, N. Eirioc, Mcz Gunr-
tcs, Qhumcvnts (itris h`s.)\s. c.[ @cs ecocs mn` isi a`coei, v. 16. K. obn`, N. Ei-
rioc, Q.Eh``c y K. Zhei`i (itris h`s.)
\s. c.[ N` `nbi mn` eiovnoti, v. 17. K. obn`, Cvrhc`, MczGunrtcs, Znrnc, K. Zhei`i (itris h`s.)
\s. c.[ N` gikarn brhs, v. 53. K. obn`, Mcz Gunrtcs, Zrnzy K. Zhei`i (itris h`s.)
\s. c.[ @is ckhbis mn Kcrto, v. 56. K. obn` y Acrrhc`(itris h`s.)
\s. c.[ @is ghdis mn Ecouti, v. 57. Znrnc, N. Eirioc, @pnz(itris h`s.)
\s. c.[ @c gnrkisc Uhntn`homcs, v. 58. K. Cobn`, N. Eiriocy @pnz (itris h`s.)
\s. c.[ N` mietir qun timi i scan, v. =3. Q. Eh``c, K. Zhei`iy @pnz (itris h`s.)
Aha`hitnec Nsei`cr Qnerncthvc. Kcmrhm4 U. Ec``ndc
\s. c.[ @c c`knomrhtc, v. 3.\s. c.[ Ohei`cso y Ohei`csh``i, v. 6. Mcz Gunrtcs (itri h`.)\s. c.[ Eunotis nxtrcirmhocrhis, v. 7. Znmrnri y Ecarhonty
(itris h`s.)\s. c.[ @is eunotis mn Fnrocomh``i, v. 31.\s. c.[ @c knmc``c mn `c Vhrbno, v. 35.\s. c.[ N` pnmczi mn p`iki, v. 3>.
\s. c.[ N` ]u`hpo Onbri, v. 37.\s. c.[ @c funotn mn `is `nions, v. 38. Eris y Znrnc (itris
h`s.)\s. c.[ N` pnmczi mn p`iki, v. 1:.\s. c.[ @is siarnsc`tis mn uo scstrn, v. 13.\s. c.[ Ghstirhc mn uo rny tunrti, v. 15. K. obn` (itri h`.)UEGKHM, E. N` risc`, v. 1>.\s. c.[ Htgc, eiomnsc mn ]ibbnoaiurb, v. 16.\s. c.[ N` divno nrkhtci, v. 12.\s. c.[ @c Oiegnaunoc, v. 17.UEGKHM, E. N` eirmnrhti, v. 18.UEGKHM, E. @is gunvis mn Zcseuc, v. 5:.
Aha`hitnec h`ustrcmc pcrc ohis. Kcmrhm4 U. Ec``ndc
\s. c.[ @cs 5 p`ukcs, v. 1. K. obn` (itri h`.)
\s. c.[ @c ecarhtc mn iri, v. >. K. obn` (itri h`.)\s. c.[ N` vhndi gneghenri, v. 2. K. obn` (itri h`.)\s. c.[ Mhis no timcs pcrtns, v. 7. K. obn`< D Ecarhonty
(itris h`s.)\s. c.[ @c bc``hohtc y n` pi``hti, v. 8. K. obn`< K. Zhei`i y
D. Ecarhonty (itris h`s.)\s. c.[ @c eikcmrn Kunrtn, v. 3:. K. obn`< K. Zhei`i< Zn-
mrnri< Mcz Gunrtcs (itris h`s.)\s. c.[ @c divno y gnrkisc oivhc, v. 31. K. obn` (itri h`.)\s. c.[ Kcrc Znz y Kcrc Iri, v. 35. K. obn` y Mcz Gunr-
tcs (itris h`s.)\s. c.[ N` ecac``i crthfhehc`, v. 3=. K. obn` (itri h`.)\s. c.[ N` fiei n`etrhei, v. 11.
Aha`hitnec Noehe`ipmhec pcrc ohis. Kcmrhm4 U.
Ec``ndc
\s. c.[C`kceo mn eunotis, v. 6. K. obn`, Ckct y itris.\s. c.[ N` tnsiri mn `is ohis, v. 2. K. Zhei`i y Ecarhonty
(itris h`s.)V@NT MN CQCBO, T. Bnibrcfc Fshec, v. 36.K^IT NUEKNT, D. N` rnerni mn khs ghdis, v. 1:. K.
obn`, Cvrhc`, Mcz Gunrtcs, K. Zhei`i (itris h`s.)\s. c.[ Eunotis czu`ns, v. 13. K. obn`, Cvrhc`, K. Zhei`i,
Qhumcvnts, C. Znrnc y M. Gunrtcs (itris h`s.)K^IT NUEKNT, D. Eunotis hofcoth`ns, v. 15. K.
obn`, Cvrhc`, Mcz G. y K. Z hei`i (itris h`s.)EI@IKC, @uhs Z. y itris. Zn`usc, v. 1>.
Aha`hitnec Ec``ndc. Kcmrhm4 U. Ec``ndc
]I^MI^EN, Bustcvi. @cs pnscmh``cs. 38:6, v. 7. MczGunrtcs, Knmhoc Vnrc, Bh`, Zc`ci y Zcghssc (itris h`s.)
A^UOCEG, Rh``hck. Xnrris pi`heceis (N` erhkno mn` ais-qun mn Anrrhrns). 38:6, v. 16.
MC^MN], C. ]crcoto mn ]crcseo. 38:6, v. 25 ahs.
Aha`hitnec Znr`c. Kcmrhm4 U. Ec``ndc
COMNQUNO, D. Egrhsthco. Eunotis mn Comnrsno, v. 3.Mcz Gunrtcs, K. obn`, K. Zhei`i y ]. C`anrth (itrish`s.)
K^IT NUEKNT, D. Czu` en`nstn. 38:1, v. 32. K.obn`, K. Zhei`i, M. Gunrtcs, Znrnc, Qhumcvnts nt c`.
(itris h`s.)ZIZ^@CQ. @cs kh` y uoc oiegns (eunotis nseibhmis), v.
37. K. obn`, M. Gunrtcs (itris h`s.)UEGHKM, Erhstac`. Eunotis nseibhmis mn` ecoohbi Ueg-
khm, v. 12. K. obn`, K. Zhei`i y Q. Eh``c (itris h`s.)
Itris
KIOOHI], V. N` mhcrhi mn Kcrbcrhtc i `is mis cis prn-pcrctirhis pcrc `c prhknrc eikuoho. Kcmrhm4 U. Ec-``ndc \s.f.[.
\s. c.[ N` pnosckhnoti hofcoth` Noehe`ipnmhc pcrc ohis. Kcmrhm4 U. Ec``ndc, 38:3.
UCKCOHNBI. Fau`cs no vnrsi. Kcmrhm4 U. Ec``ndc \s.f.[.
@htnrcturc mn cmu`tis
C@EIEL, Mairc. @is gnrkcois nspci`ns. Kcmrhm4 C.Kcrzi, 3813.
KNOMVH@, Kcoun` mn. N` kc` eckhoi. Kcmrhm4 Hkprnotcmn C`rnmnmir mn` Kuomi, 3833.
@ZNT MN@ CQEI, Cotiohi Q. ]ituk rnvi`utuk. Kc-mrhm4 Fnrocomi F, 378>.
A^UOCEG, Rh``hck. Xnrris pi`heceis. Kcmrhm4 U. Ec``ndc,38:3. Iarcs `htnrcrhcs mn cutirns e`narns v. 16.
Zrnosc
@c H`ustrceho Nspci`c y Cknrhecoc.Cpuotns.A`coei y Onbri.
Aha`hibrcfc siarn Ocrehsi Komnz Arhobc
BH@-MNT ^UCOMHTCBC, Hbocehi. @c h`ustrceho hofcoth`4uo kimn`i vhsuc` (3726-383>). Kcmrhm4 Biyc rnvhstcmn crtn, du`hi-ietuarn 3872, pp. ==-=8.
VV. CC. Mheehiocrhi mn photirns y nseu`tirns mn` shb`iWW. Kcmrhm4 Firuk Crths, 3887, pp. 1653.
FQCOEU, Dis. @is mhaudcotns n h`ustrcmirns nspci`nseiotnkpironis. Kcmrhm4 Nseun`c mn Crtns y Ifhehis,38=>. pp. 36-38.
ZQNOUC NUZCI@C U. C. Ect`ibi mn c nxpisheho ^oshb`i mn h`ustrceho nspci`c no `cs pbhocs mn A`coeiy Onbri. Tcrcbizc4 Hanrecdc, 3881, pp. 8>-3:1.
FIO]AIOC, Frcoense. @c h`ustrceho brfhec. No VV. CC.N` brcacmi no Nspcc, shb`is WHW y WW. Kcmrhm4 Ns-pcsc Ec`pn, 3877. p. =6:.
OHNVC, Frcoehsei. No ZQNOUC NUZCI@C U. C. ^oshb`i mn h`ustrceho nspci`c no `cs pbhocs mn A`coeiy Onbri. Ect`ibi mn `c nxpisheho. Tcrcbizc4 Hanr-ecdc, 3881.
Oitcs(3) FQCOEU, D. @is mhaudcotns n h`ustrcmirns nspci`ns
eiotnkpironis. Kcmrhm4 Nseun`c mn Crtns y Ifhehis,38=>. p.36.
(1) ZQNOUC NUZCI@C U. C. Ect`ibi mn `c nxpisheho^o shb`i mn h`ustrceho nspci`c no `cs pbhocs mn
A`coei y Onbri. Tcrcbizc4 Hanrecdc, 3881, pp. 8>-3:1.
(5) Ip. eht. p. 32.(=) FIO]AIOC, Frcoense. @c h`ustrceho brfhec. No
VV. CC. N` brcacmi no Nspcc, shb`is WHW y WW. Kc-mrhm4 Nspcsc Ec`pn, 3877. p. =6:.
(>) Ckais no4 EI@IKC, Q. Z. @uhs. Zn`usc. Kcmrhm4 U.Ec``ndc, ec. 3831. Aha`hitnec noehe`ipmhec pcrcohis. v. 1>.
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G^N@@CU MN ]HO]C
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N` nserhtir y pnrhimhstc crbnothoi ]iksN`iy Kcrtonz, no uo crteu`i thtu`cmi @cvhmc hotnrhir mn Zcu` Custnr, mnspus mnrnf`ndcr y `cknotcr `i kc` qun nst n`kuomi, ns mnehr, `is Nstcmis ^ohmis, sis-tnoc qun, knois kc`, ois qunmc `c `htn-rcturc.
X ns qun n` gnegi coimhoi mn qun snkunrco c` ci mhnz kh``ions mn ohis, mnqun gcyco cuknotcmi, no `cs mnkiercehcscetuc`ns, `cs `cercs mn `c tirturc y `cs vhi-
`cehions mn is mnrnegis gukcois no pri-brnsho bniktrhec, piei hkpirtc, sh, pir`i knois, ehnrtis nxquhshtis punmno snbuhr`nynomi c sus cutirns fcvirhtis.
Zirqun eiki mhen n` ipthkhstc N`iyKcrtonz `c vhmc nst `ndis mn snr pnr-fnetc. Su `n vckis c gcenr! Ns ks, pc-rnen subnrhr qun eucoti ks hkpnrfnetcsnc, kndir. Mn nstn kimi, vhvhrnkis eioks hotnoshmcm `i qun `nnkis.
Cs qun oi c`crkcrsn. C` eiotrcrhi, fn-`hehtkiois nfushvcknotn, yc qun c htnrc-turc pnrkhtn c `c nspnehn gukcoc snr `iqun oi sn ctrnvn c snr no `c rnc`hmcm, y c
sicr eio `cs eiscs qun no `c vhbh`hc pcrn-eno hkpisha`ns. (]. N`iy Kcrtonz, N`Zcs, 35-8-1::2).
Eucomi nstn rcoehi hmnc`hstc, ``ckcmiN`iy Kcrtonz, gca`c mn `c nspnehn gu-
kcoc, mnmuzei qun pcrc `, no su hkcbh-ocrhi kcohqunstc, nxhstno mis nspnehnsgukcocs mhsthotcs, `cs qun `nno y `cs qunoi.
@c prhknrc snrc, ehnrtcknotn, prhvh`n-bhcmc, pirqun brcehcs c `c `htnrcturc quhn-ons pnrtnoneno c n``c punmno mndcr mn snruois pcrhcs y uois mnsbrcehcmis casi`utis.Hboiri qu knecohskis mn trcosfirkc-eho i mn prnsthmhbhtceho uth`hzcro pcrc`ibrcr`i, pnri nsi ns `i qun sn csnburc.
Brcehcs c c htnrcturc sn punmn snr mhsthotic` qun sn ns y vhvhr i qun oi sn punmn vhvhrno `c rnc`hmcm. Cs qun gcar qun supionrqun timis `is qun vhcdco no pctnrcs sio`netirns y qun, no uo sahti ceti mn hosph-rceho `neturh`, gco mnehmhmi ``nvcr c `cprethec cqun``i qun `nynrio i sicrio.
I, quho scan, sh nstn ecretnr mn prhvh-`nbhi ctrhauhmi oi ns tc` y, kuegi pnir,snc funotn prhknrc mn brcomns frustrcehi-ons y tnoshions hotnrocs qun hkphmno qun`c siehnmcm ``nbun c eignshiocrsn mn vnr-mcm. Zir ndnkp`i, y nstn ns uo ndnkp`ikuy pnrthonotn, Nuslcmh pcsc pir snr uoc
mn `cs eikuohmcmns ks `netircs. Uh sn-buhkis `c hotnrprntceho mn N`iy Kcrtonzshbohfhecrc qun cs tnoshions pi`thecs y si-ehc`ns qun sn mco no Nuslcmh sio fruti mn`cs `neturcs qun gceno sus ehumcmcois, `is
NM^ECEHO X AHA@HI]NEC O.366 ~ D^@HI-CBIU]I1::7
@HAQIU HOFCO]H@NU XD^VNOH@NU ZHMI @C ZC@CAQC
11
UcrecskiVetir KirnoiMietir no Fh`i`ibc Ghspohec, prifnsir mn@nobuc y @htnrcturc no n` Hosthtuti mn sneuomcrhcZ. Kirnt-Hruahmn (Zckp`ioc). Uus pua`hecehions
eiosthtuyno uoc cprixhkceho, cmnks mn
erncthvc y gntnrimixc, shstnkthec c `cmhvu`bceho mn `c `neturc y `c nserhturc notrn `iscmi`nsenotns, puns cacrec n` co`hshs tnrhei y
erthei (pir ndnkp`i, @nnr pcrc eikprnomnr\A`hz[, Kntfircs mn `c `neturc \@nobuc mn
trcpi[ i no Mn arukcs y mn vnrcs \Zckhn`c[),pripunstcs mn cp`heceho prethec (@netirns
eikpntnotns \Cocyc[, Vc mn pinsc \Zckhn`c[,N` mnsni mn nserhahr \Zckhn`c[ i @nnr eio `is
ehoei snothmis \Zckhn`c[) n hoe`usi tnxtisnsei`crns (Qneirmcr y Qneioienr H y HH,
Hotnrprntcr H y HH\Eo`ht[). Eiki nserhtir sneiahdc acdi n` snumohki mn Qcko @cpnslnrc
y mnstceco sus `haris N` siairoi mn` ehn`i(Zckhn`c) y Erknons no `cs ec``ns mn
Zckp`ioc (Zckhn`c)
Euotis tpheis, prnduhehis, aunocs hotnoehions eio pnrdumhehc`ns
eiosneunoehcs rimnco n` kuomi mn` ohi y `c `neturc. No eiovnrscehions
y crteu`is ois gc``ckis eio uoc snrhn mn duhehis i vc`irns cenptcmis
eiki vnrmcmnris qun thnomno c ieu`tcr, mn firkc eiosehnotn i oi, uoc
eikp`ndc rnc`hmcm. Z`cotnckis `c sneeho Zhmi `c pc`carc eiki uoctrhauoc no `c euc` `is nspnehc`hstcs thnono `c pishah`hmcm mn eunsthiocr
nstis `ubcrns eikuons.
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euc`ns, no aunoc `bhec, csphrco c snr `iqun `c rnc`hmcm `ns ohnbc. Ecarc eioe`uhrqun khnotrcs is vcseis oi kimhfhquno sus`neturcs snbuhro shnomi `i qun sio i `iqun ernno qun sio. Zir tcoti, mnsnob-
nsn Hacrrntxtn, n` mnsthoi mn Nuslcmh oinst no su p`co, shoi no `cs ehsurcs mn quhn-ons `nno y eki `i gceno c Fcu`lonr,Diyen y Custnr.
@c snbuomc nspnehn, no eckahi, ois`i pcmnenr `c rnc`hmcm mn` sufrhkhnotiks vh`, shoi qun oi pimr eiosi`crsn nokimi c`buoi. C` oi tnonr ceensi c `c `htn-rcturc, `is piarns oi pimro hkcbhocrsnuoc vhmc mhsthotc c `c qun ``nvco, qun, pirsupunsti, snr uoc vhmc crrcstrcmc, eiki`c mn uoc `ikarhz crhstit`hec mn thnrrc mnrhaczi. Oh tnomro vhmc hotnrhir oh nstcmismn vhbh`hc ecpcens mn ``nocr eio uois rno-
b`ions qun ns nspcah`no is screi`nkcs mnsus kseu`is. @is screi`nkcs, `cs ehsurcsy `c nspnrcozc mn snr itri. Su piarnbnotn, t! Oh shquhnrc cthsacr qun nxhstnokndirns priynetis mn vhmc qun `is suyis.Unburi qun cqun``is qun vhnono no pctnrcc cs eistcs mn is erhsthcois i gceno pcrcpcscr n` rcti, y oi pirqun gcyco `nmi sh-quhnrc uoc gidc mn ec`nomcrhi mn Z`cy Aiyi zcrcbizcoi, vc`bc `c rnmuomcoehc. X,e`cri, sh oi gco nmi, ns hkpisha`n qun cs-phrno c snr mhsthotis. Zuns eiki qunmcmhegi4 s`i `c `htnrcturc `ns punmn pripir-
ehiocr mhegc csphrceho kntcfshec. Oi gcyvhmc mhboc sho ocrrceho.Oi ohnbi qun c `neturc kivh`hen ehnrtis
rnsirtns pshei`bheis mn` sudnti `netir. Ho-e`usi gcy pnrsiocs qun csnburco qun,mnspus mn `nnr c Firtuoctc y Dcehotc, oisio `is khskis, eiki mnec mn sus ahbi-tns n` oe`hti Kuiz Ki`hoc. Cuoqun,e`cri, vcyc ustnm c mnseuarhr no qu sn `noitc c uoc pnrsioc sus kntckirfishs ho-tnrhirns, y su eirrnspiomnoehc vhtc`, y mn-tnrkhocr sh funrio fruti mn `c `neturc mnuo hari i mn c hobnstc mn uocs gcacs thnr-ocs eio dcko i mn gcenr `c phecrmc eiouo pcrcrrcyis.
Ocmc iadntcrc c nstn thpi mn knrkn`c-mcs pshei`bhecs, qun mheno mhsfrutcr c`bu-ois `netirns, sh mhegis eckac`cegns sn `isbucrmcrco no `c mhserntc rnekcrc mn suaczi, y oi sn `is eiotcrco oh c sus ks gu-kh`mns notrccs. Un pcrneno c quhnons,mnspus mn pcmnenr uoc nofnrknmcm hoeu-rca`n cecaco eurcmis, `i euc` ns n` cec-asn, trcs hoviecr c `cs ``cbcs mn scotc]nrnshtc mn @hshnux i `is e`cvis qun uth`hzc-rio pcrc mcr ku` c` Oczcrnoi, y eunotcoy eunotco y eunotco uocs ghstirhcs qun oh
`cs mn` c`uehocmi G. Z. @ivnercft.@i qun mn vnrmcm duzbi eiki screcski
ns mnserhahr uoc rnc`hmcm kuomhc` girri-risc y sistnonr c eiothouceho qun brcehcsc `c `htnrcturc quhno `nc sn vnr kndircmi,
pirqun c` vnrsn hoeikp`nti hotnotcr su-pnrcrsn y snr itri.
Knoumc hobnouhmcm. Oh `c mn Ucvctnreio su ounvi pcrthmi mn `c thec y mn `ckirc`. Uho qunrnr`i, N`iy Kcrtonz nst su-
bhrhnomi qun sc snc c rczo suprnkc pir`c qun oi nno is oniecphtc`hstcs y is nk-prnscrhis piskimnrois. Zirqun, eikinkphneno c nnr, c i kndir ns notrc c ei-knzo mn rnpcrthr n` :,2% mn sus bcoco-ehcs c `is trcacdcmirns oi `netirns, y uo:,3:% c `is `netirns eiosukcmis.
Ns pisha`n qun c htnrcturc c`hvhn ehnrtispria`nkcs pshei`bheis y mn hmnothmcm mnc`buocs pnrsiocs tckaho `i gceco `iseiofnshiocrhis, eiki mnec sco CotiohiK E`crnt y rnpntc pir nstis pcbis su h`us-trn snbuhmir, n` crziahspi Unacstho cuo-qun mumi kuegi qun `c `htnrcturc eurn
pria`nkcs euyi irhbno oi nst no n``c, oh`is gc erncmi.
Gcy pria`nkcs qun ohobuoc `htnrcturcmn nstn kuomi, `c nserhac Custnr, Enrvco-tns i Diyen, snr ecpcz mn si`uehiocr. Nonspnehc`, `is qun primuen n` Fiomi Kion-tcrhi Hotnrocehioc` y `c Mnumc NxtnrocKuomhc`.
Cs qun mnkis c `c `htnrcturc `i qun nsmn `c `htnrcturc, y c `c rnc`hmcm rnc` `i qunns mn n``c. Nspnehc`knotn, eucomi ocmcthnon qun vnr eio `c fheeho.iu
NM^ECEHO X AHA@HI]NEC O.366 ~ D^@HI-CBIU]I1::7
ZHMI @C ZC@CAQC
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Eirtnsc Chtcoc Ecrrcsei
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Mn` tnkir mn nserhahr iarcs qun punmconotnomnr timis, gco surbhmi haris qun, nornc`hmcm, ocmhn punmn `nnr. Suhzs pirqungcy nserhtirns qun eiofuomno sus iadnthvisc c girc mn p`cskcr sus hmncs pir nserhti.
I pirqun oi thnono mn` timi e`cri supcpn` no `c `htnrcturc. Suhzs pirqun `iscutirns mn `htnrcturc hofcoth` y duvnoh` gcosupnrcmi cotns nsn khnmi hkp`ehti c mcrc `nnr c`bi feh`, i pirqun notrn sus viec-ehions sn eunotc prnehscknotn n` mnsni mn``nbcr, sh oi c timis, s c uoc brco kcyi-rc mn `netirns y `netircs, `is `haris pcrcohis y dvnons sn gco eiovnrthmi no uopuoti mn noeunotri hotnrbnonrcehioc` non` qun cs hmncs mhc`ibco eio quhno cs `nn,homnpnomhnotnknotn mn `c nmcm mn nscpnrsioc. Sun `is mh`ibis mn N` prhoehphtishrvco pcrc ohis i pcrc cmu`tis, cpir-
tcomi mhsthotis shbohfhecmis eio `is khskisshbohfhecotns, `ndis mn c`anrbcr acoc`hmcm,nvhmnoehc uoc ecpcehmcm nxtrcirmhocrhcpcrc `c eikuoheceho. X ahno scankisqun `c eikuoheceho, nsi qun, pir octu-rc`, ois pcrnen iavhi, ns uoc mn `cs euc`h-mcmns ks eikp`ndcs y mhfeh`ns mneiosnbuhr no su eikp`ntc titc`hmcm. Mn`khski kimi, mnsmncr c octurc`hmcm qunn` mh`ibi cpirtc c uoc iarc, pir n` knrignegi mn c``cocr friotnrcs mn nmcm i eik-prnosho, ns shkp`nknotn oi vc`ircr `c `h-tnrcturc no su nsnoehc. Uh nserhahr tnxtis
`htnrcrhis ns uo crtn, ns no aunoc knmhmcbrcehcs c su pishah`hmcm pcrc susehtcr nki-eho. Ois nkiehioc uo tnxti no `c knmhmcno qun ois ctrcpc, eiki ois ctrcpc uoeucmri i uo frcbknoti kushec`. Ois nki-ehioc uoc viz qun ois `nbc mnsmn uoc p-bhoc pirqun no n``c rneioienkis `c vhmcmn uo pnrsiocdn qun trcsehnomn `is `homnscrthfhehc`ns mn `i eiotrcgnegi, pcrc eio-vnrthrsn no pnrsioc. X timis `is qun ckc-kis i gnkis ckcmi c c`bo gikarn ikudnr qun s`i nxhstn no `c fheeho mn uociarc qun ois gc suayubcmi, scankis qunnsi ns i fun cs pirqun tckaho ernnkis
i ernkis no nsc firkc mn gca`cr qun sucutir supi eucdcr pcrc n``c i `, knz-e`comi, c pcrtns hbuc`ns, subnrnoehc, eio-tnohmi y mhknosho pshei`bhec eio itrcskuegcs eiscs.
Zir su firkc mn nxprnscrsn, uaheckisc uo pnrsiocdn no uoc piec, no uo nsec-`o siehc`, no uoc pcrtn mn` kuomi i nouoc mntnrkhocmc pnrsioc`hmcm. Zir ekigca`c ois rnsu`tc ks i knois prxhki.Oi gcy brco mhfnrnoehc, no n` fiomi, no `iqun ois suenmn eio `cs pnrsiocs rnc`ns y`is pnrsiocdns mn fheeho< quhzs, s`i quh-zs, n` gnegi mn qun uo snr mn ecron ygunsi thnon timc uoc vhmc pcrc eiostruhrsu firkc mn mhc`ibcr eio n` kuomi, su oi-vn`c vhtc`, sh ns qun quhnrn gcenr`i, y uopnrsiocdn mn fheeho eunotc eio n` tnrrhti-
rhi vcsti i eirtshki mn `cs pbhocs mn uo`hari, uoc firkc mn vhvhr rnsukhmc y qun,mnpnomhnomi mn su hotnoshmcm y ec`hmcm,punmn nquhvc`nr c vcrhcs mienocs mn vhmcssuenshvcs.
@is ohis y `is coehcois `i sun`no tnonrks e`cri no `i qun ctcn c nstcs eiscsfuomcknotc`ns. @is ohis y `is coehcois
qun vun`vno c snr ohis, quhzs mnanrcce`crcr. ]hnono `c onenshmcm urbnotn mnnoeiotrcr, pnri, c` khski thnkpi, c kn-mhmc qun noeunotrco, ns siarc c urbnoehcmn tnonr`i casi`utcknotn timi. ^o pnmczimn kuomi eiotcmi ns no c knmhmc no qun``nbc c n``is y is tiec, mn uo kimi u itri.X gcahtuc`knotn is tiec n` noeunotri eiouoc pnrsioc`hmcm qun cmkhrco i quhshnrcoeioienr. Nscs pnrsioc`hmcmns gcahtuc`-knotn gca`co. No su firkc mn gca`cr `ctnsu firkc mn vhvhr.
No n` fiomi, rneioizekis`i i oi,
timis, homnpnomhnotnknotn mn ounstrcsnmcmns, vhvhkis c`bi pcrnehmi no n` no-eunotri eio n` tnxti `htnrcrhi. Ois snmueneiotnkp`cr c crquhtneturc nstrueturc`, cm-khrckis su prifuomhmcm y nrumheho,cprnomnkis mn ` y cbrcmnenkis qun oism ks y kndirns eiotnohmis, pnri c` fhoc`qunmc prnomhmi no uoc crrubc mn ounstrirneunrmi pir n` gnegi mn gcanrois gc-a`cmi, mn gcanr `nbcmi c mhc`ibcr eio oi-sitris mn nsc kconrc qun dcksi`vhmcrnkis.
Suhzs ns qun no n` fiomi gnkis eio-fuomhmi mh`ibi eio ceeho. I gnkis rn-
vnsthmi `c ceeho mn tpheis y prnduhehisqun oi sio onenscrhis. I ois gnkis i`vh-mcmi uo piei mn qun `nnr vnrmcmnrcknotnns mhc`ibcr c fiomi eio uo `hari, gcstc n`puoti mn eiovnrthr c nsn `hari no uo eik-pcnri mn` c`kc, uo ckhbi hosusthtuha`n,uo eckcrcmc i uo gnrkcoi qun, sh ois gcgca`cmi y `i gnkis ``nbcmi c ir, yc ouoecks ois rnsu`tcr homhfnrnotn.
]nrkhoi nxprnscomi kh nstupir y no-vhmhc cotn `is mh`ibis ahno tndhmis, nsistrizis mn vhmc cutothec qun pc`phtc notrnpbhocs mn pcpn`, nsn kh`cbri mn `c ei-kuoheceho, nsn crtn. Gcar c`bo nserh-tir i nserhtirc qun rnc`knotn oi mnsnn igcyc mnsncmi, no c`bo kiknoti mn sutrcynetirhc, p`cskcr eio pc`carcs `c vhmcqun sn nseuegc9iu
NM^ECEHO X AHA@HI]NEC O.366 ~ D^@HI-CBIU]I1::7
ECQ]CU MN OCVNBCEHO
1>
Eirtnsc
]nrnscOivic
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@is ormheis gco `nbcmi c `c `htnrcturcuohvnrsc` khti`ibcs, scbcs y nynomcs qungco pnrkhthmi c kuegis ghstirhcmirns rn-eiostruhr `c vhsho qun tnoco nstis puna`is
mn piecs prntrhtcs mn ouknrisis vnsth-bhis mn su pcscmi. Brcehcs c `cs scbcs sngc prnsnrvcmi n` rhei cenrvi eu`turc` mn suscotnpcscmis. Kcrhonris pir nxen`noehc,vhcdcrio y mndcrio sus gun``cs pir miquhnr,no `is thnkpis mn `c brco nxpcosho vh-lhobc. Nstis fcau`isis bunrrnris y ocvn-bcotns funrio tnkhmis pir timis `ispuna`is mn` kuomi eioiehmi. Eio susocvns ``nbcrio c `is ks rneomhtis `ubc-rns mn` vhndi eiothonotn, tckaho c `cs hs`csmn` Ct`othei Oirtn n hoe`usi Ckrhec, mn-
dcomi su hkpriotc `htnrcrhc y sus bnstcsqun, c pnscr mn `is shb`is, shbuno ecotcomisu pcsi pir `c ghstirhc.
Giy ois mntnonkis no c nynomc mn ckudnr fiec qun ns eiko c timis `is pun-a`is eistnris mn` Ct`othei Oirtn, cuoqunsnc uoc `nynomc prethecknotn uohvnrsc`qun pimnkis noeiotrcr no kuegis pun-a`is kcrhonris. @is eunotis y nynomcs mn`is eczcmirns mn c`tc kcr, quhzs tnobcosu phec eio `is rn`ctis acscmis no n` co-tci pn`hbrisi kuomi mn `is ac``nonris.@c kudnr fiec ifrnen n` khstnrhi, n` ckir,n` mhca`i, `c kunrtn, `c an``nzc, `c erun`-mcm
No `cs hs`cs Fnrin, c piei qun prifuo-mhenkis no su ghstirhc y khti`ibc, noeio-trcrnkis vcrhis puna`nehtis othkcknotn`hbcmis c `c `nynomc qun giy ois rneunrmcuoc ounvc nkhsho pistc` fnrinsc4 Khl`c-
mc`ur (hs`c mn Lc`siy) ns `c zioc no `c qunsn hosphr n` nserhtir V. . Gckknrsgckapcrc su e`narnCoti`ibc fnrinsc (3783),tckaho fun rneibhmc no uoc vhndc ac`cmc.
Ocrrc c ghstirhc mn uo brcodnri qun vn mn-scpcrnenr su ghdhtc no n` kcr y `cknotc, mu-rcotn `crbi thnkpi, duoti c su nspisc, `cprmhmc mn su ghdc qun sn gcac eiovnrthmino fiec4 sn pcsc `c vhmc eio `c nspnrcozcmn pimnr `iec`hzcr`c, y shnkprn ceumc c `ceistc pcrc vnr sh `c ohc rnbrnscac. @iskcrhonris qun vi`vco c thnrrc ocrrcaco `cprnsnoehc mn `c divno khnotrcs n``is nstc-aco fcnocomi no c`tc kcr. Uhkh`cr ns tck-aho `c vnrsho mn `is `ubcrnis mn `csziocs mn Gckcr y Ul`cvl (hs`c mn Uco-miy).
@c vnrsho mn Khl`cmc`ur fhoc`hzc eiouoc trcbnmhc. N` mnsnspnrcmi pcmrn mnehmnpcrthr, kcr cmnotri, no ausec mn `c fiecpcrc pimnr mcr`n eczc, pnri, `c oiegn co-tnrhir c c pcrthmc, su nspisc sn n cpcrnenno sunis y n phmn qun oi vcyc no su as-qunmc yc qun nst ckckcotcomi c susercs< oi n gcen ecsi y pcrtn no ausec mn`cohkc` c` qun mcr eczc y `i eiehocr duotic `cs ercs qun snro eikhmcs pir `c fckh-`hc. ^oc fiec gnkarc sn `n cpcrnenr nosunis no firkc mn tri`` y `n cmvnrthr mn`c tnrrha`n vnobcozc qun rnecnr no is gc-ahtcotns mn `c zioc4 `is gikarns ecnro
pir `is cecoth`cmis khnotrcs nsto rnei-`netcomi `is gunvis mn `cs cvns qun cohmcono nstis pncseis eiothoucknotn acthmispir is funrtns vhnotis y cs i`cs mn` Ct`o-thei Oirtn \kcyirknotn sio gunvis mn`
NM^ECEHO X AHA@HI]NEC O.366 ~ D^@HI-CBIU]I1::7
@HAQIU HOFCO]H@NU XD^VNOH@NU UN@@IU S^N UN@@CO
17
@nynomcs fnrinscs4@c kudnr fiec
Duco Frcoei Ernspi
^o sn``i ns c`bi ks qun uo trhauti pistc` i uo iadnti mn ei`neehiohski,
ecmc nkhsho ns uoc vnotcoc qun ois pnrkhtn cmnotrcrois no uo kuomi
ounvi, eioienr rnc`hmcmns cdnocs, mnseuarhr kithvis, nstthecs,
trcmhehions y pnrsiocdns y cprnehcr uoc pripunstc nstthec qun sn hosnrtc
mnotri mn` uohvnrsi fh`ct`hei. Un``is qun sn``co ns uo nspcehi no n` qun snrcstrnco tnkcs vhoeu`cmis c `c `htnrcturc hofcoth` y `c hofcoehc no `cs
nkhshions pistc`ns mn timi n` p`contc.
Kcnstri eio uoc trcynetirhc mn ks mn 5:cis y pnrhimhstc nspnehc`hzcmi no prnosc
fh`ct`hec y mn eikuohecehions eiopua`hecehions no Nspcc, Homhc, Nstcmis
^ohmis, Crbnothoc, ^rubucy y Znr
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shkpthei frch`neh``i i Frctnreu`c cre-thec, qun kuegc bnotn oi vnrscmc no ir-ohti`ibc sun`n eiofuomhr eio phobhois,hoe`usi pnrhimhstcs mn @c Vcobucrmhc y N`Zcs[ i ahno qun sn cgibcro khnotrcs sn
gc``co fcnocomi no c`tc kcr i ecnro c`cbuc y ouoec pimro ocmcr, yc qun susarczis qunmcro hoknmhctcknotn pcrc`h-zcmis.
No mnfhohthvc, p`cotnc `is e`sheis n`n-knotis mn `c aiomcm y `c mnsbrcehc, mn`ahno y n` kc`, mn` gikarn y n` frbh` nquh`h-arhi eio c octurc`nzc. N` snr gukcoi, pirtcoti, oi mnan mnscfhcr c `is n`nknotis y,sh `i hotnotc, mnanr ctnonrsn c `cs eiosn-eunoehcs qun rnecnro no ` y `is suyis.@c hmnc mn snkndcozc eio n` snr gukcoimn `c fiec vhnon mn nsc an``nzc y tnrourcqun kunstrco nstis kckfnris, gnrkisis,
dubuntions y eiofhcmis qun sn gco hoeir-
pircmi c` hkcbhocrhi mn timis `is puna`ispnsecmirns y qun `unbi cecacrio hoeir-pircomi `c `nynomc c su vhmc trcmhehioc` ckimi mn pcrai`c rn`hbhisc ocrrcmc no `crhec trcmheho irc` nsecomhocvc no `cs `cr-
bcs oiegns hovnroc`ns c `is ks pnqunis.No mnfhohthvc, uoc ghstirhc eio knoscdnqun ois nosnc c rnspntcr tckaho c ouns-tris snkndcotns (no nstn ecsi, oi eczcrfiecs) eiki firkc mn kcotnonr n` nquh`h-arhi mn` rhei `nbcmi cohkc` y vnbntc` qunmhsfrutc nstn hosusthtuha`n p`contc czu`.
@c nkhsho mnmhecmc c nstc an``c ghsti-rhc sn pusi no ehreu`ceho n` 31 mn fnarnrimn 1::2. N` mhsni fun iarc mn NmwcrmFub`i. Un hkprhkh no `htibrcfc iffsnt no`c hkprnotc nstctc` custrhcec no khohp`hn-bis mn 3: x >,>: eiriocs (tcrhfc ashec oc-ehioc ), tckci 5: x =5 kk. (vnrthec ) ymnotcmi 3=.iu
UN@@IU S^N UN@@CO
Zir Erhsthoc Zrnz Ocvcrri y Dirbn SuhribcOunstrc vhntc mn @HD. N` ocoi
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Zcrc eiofneehiocr uo khohkioibrfhei gcen fc`tc eu-rhishmcm, hofirkceho, thnkpi y sunrtn . Gcy qun thrcr mnuo gh`i qun ois eiomuen pir pcscmhzis, noeunotris ymnsvhcehions. Ns mhfeh` prnvnr gcehc miomn hrnkis y nseiko qun is gc``czbis surdco mn uo kimi hkprnvhsti.N` ecretnr iasnshvi y tnrei, cyumc. ]ckaho `c hkcbhoc-eho. No eucoti c `cs hkhtcehions neiokhecs, i khski
dunbco c fcvir qun no eiotrc. Znri n` n`nknoti sunrtnns vhtc`.
Ounstrc hmnc hohehc` mn rnuohr pcrc nstn oknri uocsnrhn mn tnxtis vhoeu`cmis eio n` tnkc mn `c enosurc no`c `htnrcturc hofcoth` gc shmi uoc nkprnsc hoehnr tc. Suhsh-kis nkpnzcr eio uo crt eu`i siarn n` priensi durmhei
sufrhmi murcotn c trcosheho nspci`c pir uo nmhtir qunpua`he uo hari ec`hfhecmi notioens mn pnrohehisi, pir-oibrfhei y mhsi`vnotn mn `c hosthtueho fckh`hcr. Oi rn-ehahkis rnspunstc. Hotnotckis, cmnks, trcmuehr mn`hob`s uo ecptu`i siarn `is usis y causis mn `c enosurcmn haris hofcoth`ns murcotn n` frcoquhski, hoe`uhmi no uoiarc mn rnfnrnoehc qun pnrkconen homhtc no nspci`.Uu cutir rnspiomh notushcstc. Uho nkacrbi, eucomieiosu`tckis c `c nmhtirhc` pcrc qun ois cutirhzcrc c rn-primuehr`i, sn ois phmh uoc sukc casi`utcknotn mhs-pcrctcmc pir `is mnrnegis. ]ckaho, ois p`cotnckishoe`uhr itrc ei`cairceho siarn `c pi`khec knmhthecqun suseht no Nspcc gcen piecs mecmcs `c priyne-eho mn uoc nxhtisc snrhn tn`nvhshvc mnsthocmc c `c cu-mhnoehc hofcoth`. No nstc iecsho, itrc rnvhstc sn oiscmn`cot pua`heomi`c pr hknri.
Oi ois mhkis pir vnoehmis. Auseckis cqu y c``. Ho-vhtckis tcoti c nspnehc`hstcs eiki c nserhtirns, h`ustrc-mirns y nmhtirns qun gcaco nxpnrhknotcmi mn uokimi u itri shtucehions mn enosurc. Zir mhvnrscs rczi-ons, oi `i eiosnbuhkis. Ns kc`c sunrtn i ks ahno sn
trctc mn qun `c sikarc mn `c enosurc sn priynetc ksc`` mn `is eiofhons qun `c `hkhtco9 Cuoqun oi tnonkis
uoc rnspunstc, s pimnkis mnehr qun guai quhno cenpt,nserhah y no n` `thki kiknoti rnthr su eiotrhaueho,
tnkhnomi pisha`ns rnprnsc`hcs mn` nmhtir y `c nmhtirhc`eio `c qun pua`hec. Uho nkacrbi, eucomi gcackis mn-ehmhmi cacomiocr n` priyneti, suphkis mn `c knsc rn-miomc qun sn en`narcrc no `c Fnrhc mn Ai`iohc siarnNserhahr pcrc ohis y dvnons acdi `c mhetcmurc.
Ckca`nknotn, @curc Mnvntceg ceenmh c pua`hecr suhotnrvnoeho. Zir itrc pcrtn, ounstrc ei`caircmirc Fc-ahcoc Kcrbi`hs vnoc trcacdcomi mnsmn gcec c`bo
thnkpi eio n` `hari mn Brcehn`c Kiotns N` bi`pn y `isegheis. ^o crteu`i y itri vnoco c snr mis ecrcs mn `ckhskc kionmc. Ckacs rnf`nxhions pcrtno, c`hknotco y
priphehco `c knkirhc ghstrhec. Knkirhc ghstrhec qun,mhegi snc mn pcsi, no Nspcc sn gc eiovnrthmi no aco-mnrc mn pi`theis y bnstirns eu`turc`ns, pnri qun nopiecs iecshions trcsehnomn `c mhknosho mn thtu`cr mnprnosc i prie`ckc n`netirc`. X ns qun siarn n` pcscmirnehnotn n` sh`noehi, n` rnsqunkir, `c mnfirkceho pco-f`ntcrhc y `c hboircoehc shbuno prhkcomi.
@cs mhfheu`tcmns eio `cs qun tripnzckis c` si`hehtcrei`caircehions siarn c enosurc trcmhehioc` sn rnphthn-rio eucomi auseackis crteu`is siarn itrcs kimc`h-mcmns mn enosurc ks hoknmhctcs y knois nvhmnotns(eiki `cs hognrnotns c ehnrtcs sn`neehions i rneikno-mcehions mn is knmhcmirns, c cs eirrneehions c cs qunehnrtis nmhtirns sikntno `is kcouserhtis i h`ustrcehions,c c cutienosurc mn` erncmir, c is tcans mn `c htnrcturchofcoth` y duvnoh`, y c uo `crbi ntetnrc). Qneibnkis uocrnernceho fheehioc` rnc`hzcmc pir Ano E`crl mn uoc ecrtc,kuy pcrnehmc c `c qun ` khski uo mc rnehah. Eucomisu cutir ois novh nstc ei`cairceho cpuotcac4 ]imi nsvnrmcm. Mn vnrmcm. Ceidiocotn.
Ois qunmc `c hkprnsho mn qun oi sn punmn gca`crmn `c enosurc eio `hanrtcm y, sh nsi ns vnrmcm, ns ceidi-ocotn.iu
EIIQMHOCMI ZIQ B^U]CVI Z^NQ]C @NHUUN
Cetuc`hmcm mn `c enosurc
KHOHM
IUUHNQ
mn
@HDEirtnsh cChtcocEcrrcsei
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Mnmhei nstn trcacdi c timis `is mieno-tns crbnothois y eikuohmcm no bnonrc`qun ghehnrio rimcr khs eunotis no eiphcskhknibrfhecs, no thnkpis mn prighah-
eho, y cs `is kcotuvhnrio vhvis.Eucomi kn eioviecrio pcrc firkcrpcrtn mn` pcon` snot qun, uoc vnz ks, no-trcrc no n` vrthbi mn rnvhscr cvc`coegcsmn phnzcs mn rikpnecanzcsrneunrmistnsthkiohis, qun oi sn mndco kcondcr f-eh`knotn. Gh`vco nstcs phnzcs qun mnsni
snco uo ceti mn rnpcrceho pcrc kh pcs,pcrc is mnscpcrnehmis y pcrc cs hooukn-rca`ns vethkcs qun co giy eiovhvno eiotrhstnzcs y ecrnoehcs.
Gcy uoc funrzc qun nkpudc4 ns n` mnsnimn trcoskhthr c is dvnons cs nxpnrhnoehcsvhtc`ns, is vchvnons mn` eioiehkhnoti y csnkiehions mn erncr no mhetcmurc. Nstisgnegis co oi pnrtnoneno c` pcscmi.
@c enosurc trcsehnomn `cs shtucehionspnrsioc`ns y rnprnsnotc uo cspneti ks
NM^ECEHO X AHA@HI]NEC O.366 ~ D^@HI-CBIU]I1::7
@HAQIU HOFCO]H@NU XD^VNOH@NU CE]^C@HMCM MN @C ENOU^QC
51
Nserhahrno mhetcmurc
@curc Mnvntceg
Zintc, nserhtirc y mienotn crbnothoc. Mn supri`fhec iarc mnstceco4 Eunotis y ecotis, N`rcto qun qunrc eiknrsn `c `uoc, @cs 3::3
mn` bcracozi pn`hbrisi, @c fhnstc mn Egtzzzz,
@c girkhbc qun ecotc, Ifhehi mn pc`carnrc yCvho qun vc, cvho qun ``nbc.
Eirtnsh c
ChtcocEcrrcsei
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mn c suprnsho y n` nxtnrkhohi no sus sno-thmis ks bnouhois. Ns aunoi rneirmcr`i,pirqun nsto kuy e`crcs giy no n` kuomi`cs tnomnoehcs c `c nxe`usho. X mn `c nx-e`usho c `c suprnsho gcy s`i uo pcsi.
Co giy `is kh`htcrns qun shbuno shnomiduzbcmis oi csukno sus eu`pcs y ohnbco cmhknosho qun tuvi, pir ndnkp`i, thrcrpnrsiocs c` kcr, c` hbuc` qun Bnirbn Ausgeioshmnrc giy qun suknrbhr c `cs pnrsiocsgcstc `c csfhxhc pcrc qun gca`no, ns uoktimi th`. (E`cro, Aunois Chrns, 33 mnkcrzi mn 1::7). ]ckaho rnsu`t mhfeh` ho-eu`pcr mn mn`htis mn `nsc gukcohmcm c isehvh ns, pi`hecs y kh`htcrns qun, mnsmn3825 cotns mn` bi`pn, irbcohzcrio `cfunrzc pcrcpi`hehc` ]rhp`n C (C`hcozc Coth-eikuohstc Crbnothoc). Funrio quhnons ei-arcrio sus prhknrcs phnzcs mn eczc, mnsmn
`c nstrueturc mn` Nstcmi.No n` mnvnohr ghstrhei `c siehnmcm y
ecmc uoi mn sus homhvhmuis vco eiostru-ynomi uoc `nobuc, uo mhseursi. Eio n`bi`pn kh`htcr sn hkpusi itri irmno, itrimhseursi cutirhtcrhi y ifhehc` qun rnsqun-arcd `c vhmc y `c pc`carc priphc mntimis.
Guai quhnons rnshsthnrio c` mhseursi cu-tirhtcrhi, guai quhnons oi. Kuegis oipriouoehackis `c pc`carc suavnrshvi,oh `iecs mn Z`czc mn Kcyi, oh sikismnrnegis y gukcois. Znri `is qun gc-
ackis nserhti cis cotns eio uo nobucdny uoc hmni`ibc oi ifhehc`ns, nstackissnotnoehcmis mn cotnkcoi. Uiarn timipirqun `c tipcmirc kh`htcr uth`hz notrnitris n` shstnkc mn mnouoehcs pir pcrtnmn quhnons sn p`nbcrio, cuoqun oi `i mh-
dnrco cahnrtcknotn.No mhsthotis khohstnrhis mn Nmueceho y
mn Eu`turc funrio is khskis fuoehiocrhisc vnens ei`nbcs ounstris quhnons sn ieu-pcrio mn gcenr `hstcs y rnmcetcr fuomc-knotis pcrc cvc`cr `cs prighahehions,ctnomhnomi c hostrueehions mn` pimnr.
Cs sn nxprns `c mhetcmurc no uoi mn
`is mnerntis mn prighaheho mn kh `hari @ctirrn mn euais4
Ai`nto o 3=1 du`hi 3828
Khohstnrhi mn Eu`turc y Nmueceho
Zrighaheho mn uoc iarc
VHU]I4 Sun sn gc``c no ehreu`c-
eho `c iarc @c tirrn mn euais mn
`c cutirc @curc Mnvntceg mnsthocmc
c `is ohis, euyc `neturc rnsu`tc
iadntca`n y EIOUHMNQCOMI4
(...) Sun mn` co`hshs mn `c
iarc @c tirrn mn euais, sn mns-
prnomno brcvns fc`noehcs tc`ns
eiki shkai`ibc eiofusc, eunsthi-
ockhnotis hmni`bhei-siehc`ns, ia-
dnthvis oi cmneucmis c` gnegi
nstthei, h`hkhtcmc fcotcsc, ec-
rnoehc mn nstku`is nsphrhtuc`ns y
trcsenomnotns.1 mn `c @ny 3:/1::2, mn 11 mn duohi,
mn `c `neturc, mn` `hari y mn `cs aha`hitnecs.Uu mnscrri``i ns n` Qnc` Mnernti3>25/1::2, mn 5: mn oivhnkarn, pir n`qun sn cprunac n` Qnb`cknoti mn` Eiosndimn Eiipnrceho Aha`hitnecrhc (pua`hecmino n` AIN mn 3 mn nonri mn 1::7). Gcyqun snc`cr qun mhegi rnb`cknoti gc shmieiosnosucmi pir timcs `cs cmkhohstrcehi-ons pa`hecs thtu`crns i eio eikpntnoehcssiarn aha`hitnecs.
No `c @ny, `c eiipnrceho aha`hitnecrhcqunmc eiofhburcmc eiki `c cutothec vnr-tnarcmirc mn` Uhstnkc Nspci` mn Aha`hi-tnecs, mn cg `c hkpirtcoehc mn` Eiosndieiki rbcoi ei`nbhcmi mn eikpishehohotnrcmkhohstrcthvc qun ecoc`hzcr `c eii-pnrceho aha`hitnecrhc notrn `cs cmkhohs-trcehions pa`hecs, tc` y eiki nstca`nenn` knoehiocmi crteu`i 3>.1. No ` nstornprnsnotcmcs timcs `cs cmkhohstrcehionspa`hecs eio eikpntnoehcs i thtu`crns mnaha`hitnecs y timis `is mhfnrnotns thpis mnaha`hitnecs nxhstnotns. No nstn kcrei, tc` yeiki nstca`nen n` crteu`i 3=.5 mn `c @ny,ecmc cmkhohstrceho (no pcrtheu`cr, `c Cm-khohstrceho Bnonrc` mn` Nstcmi) no n` k-ahti mn sus eikpntnoehcs prikivnr uo
mnscrri``i nquh`harcmi, eignrnotn, pribrn-shvi, hooivcmir y eiostcotn mn` eioduotimn aha`hitnecs, shstnkcs, rnmns y eiosir-ehis nxhstnotns no Nspcc y fiknotcr `chbuc`mcm no n` ceensi c uo snrvhehi pa`hei
mn aha`hitnec mn ec`hmcm no n` eioduoti mn`Nstcmi pcrc qun oi sn primuzeco mnsh-buc`mcmns notrn `is ehumcmcois mn sus mhs-thotcs ziocs i mn `is kuohehphis eioknoir omhen mn pia`ceho.
Eiofirkn c` rnb`cknoti, `is rbcoismn` Eiosndi sio euctri4 n` Z`noi, `c Ei-khsho Znrkconotn, `cs eikhshions teoh-ecs mn eiipnrceho ehoei, uoc pir ecmcthpi mn aha`hitnec4 ocehioc`ns y rnbhioc`ns,pa`hecs, nsei`crns, uohvnrshtcrhcs y nspn-ehc`hzcmcs- y `is brupis mn trcacdi. Gcy
qun snc`cr qun n` knoehiocmi rnb`c-knoti rneioien c QNAH^O (Qnm mn Ah-a`hitnecs ^ohvnrshtcrhcs) eiki Eikhsho]eohec mn Eiipnrceho mn Aha`hitnecs^ohvnrshtcrhcs, y c` rbcoi qun c tc` nfnetisn ernn no n` kcrei mn c Eiofnrnoehc Une-tirhc` mn Nmueceho, eiki Eikhsho ]e-ohec mn Eiipnrceho mn Aha`hitnecsNsei`crns. Cmnks, n` rnb`cknoti prnvqun `is brupis mn trcacdi erncmis no n`kcrei mn cs Dirocmcs mn Eiipnrceho Ah-a`hitnecrhc sn hotnbrno eiki brupis mn trc-acdi mn` Eiosndi.
No bnonrc`, `c hmnc qun suaycen no n`rnb`cknoti ns qun `c hofirkceho, `cs hoh-ehcthvcs y priynetis vcyco no mis mhrne-ehions4 mn cacdi c crrhac y mn crrhac ccacdi. Ns mnehr, mnsmn `is brupis mn trc-acdi y `cs eikhshions teohecs c `c Eikh-sho Znrkconotn y c` Z`noi y, c trcvs mnnstn, c `c Eiofnrnoehc Unetirhc`, y vhen-vnrsc.
Cs, pir uo `cmi, `cs hohehcthvcs i euns-thions qun sn eioshmnrno mn hotnrs, i qunknrnzeco snr trctcmcs, surbhro no `cs ei-khshions teohecs, sh cfnetco c uo oheithpi mn aha`hitnecs, i no `c Eikhsho Znr-
kconotn, sh cfnetco c vcrhis thpis mn ah-a`hitnecs. N` co`hshs, nstumhi y firku`cehomn pripunstcs siarn nstcs eunsthions pi-mro rnc`hzcr`i, i ahno mhrnetcknotn cs ei-khshions teohecs i `c Eikhsho
N` Eiosndi mn Eiipnrceho Aha`hitnecrhchohehc sus cethvhmcmns
rczis
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NM^ECEHO X AHA@HI]NEC O.366 ~ D^@HI-CBIU]I1::7
AHA@HI]NECU ZA@HECU
>1
Qcko Uc`canrrhc Aha`hitnec pa`hec y
cprnomhzcdncutoiki4siarnvun`i nuripni
@c pc`carc nmueceho nst kuy mnsecs-ecrh``cmc, y no Nspcc kuegi ks. Zriac-
a`nknotn sn `c csiehc eio nxknons,cpuotns, ri``is, mhp`ikcs, ia`hbceho, mns-eionxho, gircrhis, knkirhzceho. Cau-rrhkhnoti.
Khnotrcs qun no Nspcc uohvnrshmcmpipu`cr sunoc c csiehceho mn vnehois y
dnrsny birmi, c thnkpis pcscmis no timiecsi, no `is `ubcrns qun gco c`ecozcmikcyir mnscrri``i aha`hitnecrhi c nmuecehopipu`cr y pnrkconotn gc firkcmi pcrtnmn su CMO mn` pcs (prhoehpc`knotn, `isnsecomhocvis).
No cs prxhkcs pbhocs oi sn vc c trc-tcr mn `c nmueceho acdi su firkc mn no-
sncozc rnb`cmc. Oi gcy nxknons,mhp`ikcs, e`csns kcbhstrc`ns, oh snpthnk-arn ns n` kns mn hr c rnkcr no bc`nrcs.
Vhndc ounvc fuoeho
@c `neturc mn `c `htnrcturc prifnshioc`ois kunstrc eki `cs aha`hitnecs giynsto no n` hotnoti mn hovnotcr ounvis snr-vhehis pcrc ounvis pa`heis y mn mnscrri-``cr ounvcs eikpntnoehcs y gcah`hmcmnsprifnshioc`ns.
Znri oi s`i sn hotnotco mnscrri``crounvis snrvhehis shoi qun vhndcs fuoehions,qun surbhnrio eio n` khski ocehkhnotimn` eioenpti mn aha`hitnec pa`hec, vun`vnoeio funrzc no `cs aha`hitnecs ks cvcozc-
mcs. @c aha`hitnec eiki gnrrckhnotc pcrc
n` cprnomhzcdn pnrkconotn, pcrc `c fir-
kceho c i crbi mn c vhmc, vun`vn c nstcrno n` ecomn`nri. Zriaca`nknotn cmiptn uoounvi snothmi no n` thnkpi mn` ku`thknmhc
y mn `c siehnmcm mn `c hofirkceho.Eiki Bucmhcoc, eiki gh`i gh`vcocmir
mn` eioenpti aha`hitnec pa`hec, eiki no-rnmcmnrc, eiki nspndi, shnkprn vc cpcrn-
ehnomi c aha`hitnec pa`hec eiki ubcr mn
eu`thvi mn `c eikuohmcm, mn cutikndirc-khnoti, mn cprnomhzcdn mn ounvis scanrns.
Zir nsi khski, no n` hkcbhocrhi y pre-thec cocrquhstc c aha`hitnec gc nstcmi prn-
snotn. No Frcoehc, no Nspcc, `csaha`hitnecs pa`hecs oceno eio c prhoehpc`
fuoeho pctrhkiohc` mn c`anrbcr `cs ei`ne-ehions privnohnotns mn `cs mnsckirthzc-
ehions. Murcotn kuegcs mecmcs cs
pnrkconenro, cthairrcmcs mn khsc`ns y `h-aris nrumhtis. No itris pcsns oi fun nsn
su irhbno, shoi qun nstuvi ks hbcmi c `cnmueceho pipu`cr. Nsi, eki oi, kcrec
noirkns mhfnrnoehcs timcvc giy notrn `csaha`hitnecs pa`hecs mn mhvnrsis pcsns y
bnibrcfcs. Murcotn kuegcs mecmcs, noounstri eiotnxti, funrio `cs aha`hitnecs
pipu`crns (rneirmnkis n` nxtrcirmhocrhi
ecsi mn `cs aha`hitnecs pipu`crns csturhc-
ocs), `cs aha`hitnecs mn ctnonis, `cs aha`hi-tnecs mn shomhectis `cs qun euarhnrio `cfuoeho nmuecthvc. Kuegcs, kuegcs, ku-
egcs aha`hitnecs no ouknrisis pcsns mntimis `is eiothonotns sn erncrio mnsmn nsn
ha
`hitnec
spa`hecs
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NM^ECEHO X AHA@HI]NEC O.366 ~ D^@HI-CBIU]I1::7 >5
AHA@HI]NECU ZA@HECU
irhbno y eio n` fho mn qun shrvhnrco pcrc n`kndirckhnoti, firkceho, nmueceho,
eioehnoehceho. Zcrc mnehr`i arnvnknotn,
`c aha`hitnec eiki gnrrckhnotc pcrc trco-
shtcr mn gcahtcotn c ehumcmcoi.
Uhbohfhecthvcknotn, `c hmnc mn `c aha`hi-
tnec pa`hec eiki `ubcr pcrc n` cprnomh-
zcdn, `c cutifirkceho, `c aha`hitnec
pa`hec eio p`cotnckhnotis mn nmuecehoeikuohtcrhc, siehc`, sn rnhostc`c eio funrzc
no `is pcsns kuy mnscrri``cmis aha`hitn-
ecrhcknotn.
No `is `thkis cis n` ceensi c mieu-
knotis (tnxtuc`ns, sioiris, cumhivhsuc-
`ns) gc eckahcmi rcmhec`knotn. @c
aha`hitnec pa`hec mndc mn snr brcmuc`-
knotn `ubcr mn cprivhshiockhnoti mn mi-
euknotis (3). No Nspcc `c aha`hitnec
pa`hec ouoec gc ``nbcmi c eukp`hr nsc
fuoeho4 sn prnstc 3 mieuknoti gcah-
tcotn/ci. No pcsns qun prnstco kuegis
mieuknotis, Fho`comhc, Mhockcrec, Hob`c-
tnrrc, C`nkcohc, Frcoehc eiarc rn`nvco-
ehc c aha`hitnec pa`hec eiki hostruknoti
pcrc c firkceho, cutifirkceho, cprno-
mhzcdn mn `is ehumcmcois. Ns eio `i qun ec-
`hnotco `c irndc `is mnfnosirns mn `c
aha`hitnec pa`hec c `is rnspiosca`ns mn `cscmkhohstrcehions pa`hecs (c`ec`mns, eio-
endc`ns, mhputcmis). @cs aha`hitnecrhcs
sio eiosehnotns mn qun `is thnkpis nsto
eckahcomi c uoc vn`iehmcm nomhca`cmc y
qun `c aha`hitnec pa`hec onenshtc ctnoeho,euhmcmi, vhbh`coehc. Zrnehscknotn pcrc rn-firzcr`c, ns pir i qun eiarc funrzc c hmncmn ]nceghob @harcry. C th, cmkhohstrcehonmuecthvc/eu`turc`, sukhmc cotn mnscfisnmuecthvis noirkns, tn pripionkis uoeioenpti mn aha`hitnec pa`hec ounvi, ksprnieupcmi, ks `hbcmi c `c nmueceho si-ehc`.
Fho`comhc
No 1::5 sn pua`he no Fho`comhc uo cu-tierthei mieuknoti4 Nstrctnbhc mn cs Ah-a hitnecs pcrc 1:3:4 pi`thec mn`Khohstnrhi mn Nmueceho pcrc bcrcothzcrn` ceensi c` eioiehkhnoti y `c eu`turc(1). X timis i scankis, Fho`comhc nst non` pimhuk kuomhc` (n hoe`usi uohvnrsc`, c`knois pir is mctis mhspioha`ns) no c ec-tnbirc aha`hitnecs pa`hecs4 pir n` oknrimn prstckis qun rnc`hzco (38 gcah-tcotn/ci< no Nspcc, trcs is thtoheis ns-funrzis mn `is `thkis vnhotn cis, 3 yeceghti). Mhegi mn itrc kconrc, pcrc oignrhr susenpthah`hmcmns4 `cs aha`hitnecs p-
a`hecs fho`comnscs, eio uoc pia`ceho mienvnens knoir, prnstco tcotis mieuknotiseiki `cs aha`hitnecs pa`hecs frcoenscs. Nstc` Aha`hitnec`comhc qun sn nsthkc qun uo7:% mn `c pia`ceho`c usc. Znri gcy
H`ustrceho mn uo hkcbhocrhi nspcehi mn cprnomhzcdn. Mn` hofirkn4 Mnshbohob Upcens fir Nffnethvn @ncrohob
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itrc ecrcetnrsthec pir `c qun knrnenonstcr no nsn pimhuk kuomhc` aha`hitnecrhi4pir nxpnrhknotcr no bnonrcr ounvis cenr-eckhnotis mn `c pia`ceho c `c aha`hitnec
pa`hec. Eioenptis ounvis mn aha`hitnecs
pa`hecs, eiki lhrdcsti3: (5), ounvis snr-vhehis (HBU4 qun sc`n c nstcehions mn trn-ons, enotris eiknrehc`ns c, `htnrc`knotn,
ifrnenrsn c is ehumcmcois) (=).Cmnks, ns uo `ubcr tco `ndcoi mn Ns-
pcc qun c`` `c pi`thec cethvc mn` biahnroino nstcs `thkcs mecmcs gc gnegi mn` pcs
`c prhknrc siehnmcm mn `c hofirkceho mn`kuomi (Kcoun` Ecstn``s mhxht). N` Khohstn-rhi mn Nmueceho gc hmi pua`hecomi mhvnr-sis hofirkns, p`cons, nstrctnbhcsquncsikariscknotn gco shmi fhocoehcmis, mn-
scrri``cmis y gcstc gco mcmi fruti. No388>, Nstrctnbhc ocehioc` no kctnrhc mn
nmueceho, firkceho prethec n hovnsth-bceho. C` ci shbuhnotn, Gcehc uoc si-ehnmcm mn `c hofirkceho irhnotcmc c `ceu`turc. X no 3888, Aha`hitnecs Za`hecsno Fho`comhc4 ukarc`ns c` eioiehkhnotiy `c eu`turc, miomn notrn itrcs kuegcseiscs mneco cqun``i mn4 ns tcrnc mn c ah-a`hitnec csnburcr qun `c siehnmcm mn `c ho-firkceho snc tckaho uoc siehnmcm mn cnmueceho y c eu`turc, y qun timis is ehu-mcmcois tnobco ceensi c `cs aha`hitnecs
pa`hecs y sus kctnrhc`ns sho rnpcrcr no n`ecoc` no `is qun nsto mhspioha`ns. Hovnrthr
no aha`hitnecs shbohfhec hovnrthr no mnki-ercehc n hbuc`mcm.
@c vhsho mn Nstrctnbhc mn `cs aha`hi-tnecs pcrc 1:3: ns qun duoti eio c nmu-eceho ashec, `cs aha`hitnecs pa`hecseiosthtuyno `c gnrrckhnotc ks hkpir-
tcotn mn cs cmkhohstrcehions pa`hecs pcrcshtucr `cs acsns mn `c ehumcmcoc no `c si-ehnmcm mn c hofirkceho. Qnprnsnotco uosnrvhehi eu`turc` y ehvh`hzcmir vhtc`< scthsfc-eno `cs onenshmcmns mn `is homhvhmuis y
ndnreno uoc ckp`hc hof`unoehc no n` cprno-mhzcdn, `c nosncozc y `c ehumcmcoc cethvc.No `c siehnmcm mn `c hofirkceho y mn` ei-oiehkhnoti mn giy no mc, `cs aha`hitnecs
nsto eioshmnrcmcs `ubcrns no miomn n` ei-oiehkhnoti y `c eu`turc f`uyno `harnknotn), qun punmno snrvhr mnirhnotceho c `cs aha`hitnecs c`nkcocs4 Mh-ockcrec (nspnehc`knotn no sus cspnetis`nbhs`cthvis), Fho`comhc (pir `i qun rnspnetcc `c nvi`ueho tneoi`bhec y su cp`hecehoc `c fuoeho nmuecthvc mn `c aha`hitnec p-
a`hec), Brco Arntcc, Nstcmis ^ohmis yUhobcpur.No nstis `thkis cis n` tnkc mn `c ah-
a`hitnec eiki `ubcr mn cprnomhzcdn, `c nmu-eceho c `c hofirkceho, `c firkceho ctimi `i `crbi mn `c vhmc, `c ]nceghob @h-arcry, nst prnsnotn mn kconrc hkpir-tcotn no c htnrcturc prifnshioc` c`nkcoc.Zir ehnrti, notrn `is vcrhcmis tnkcs qun sncoc`hzco, mnactno, pripiono, uoi, y oiknoir, ns n` mn` pnrfh` mn` prifnshioc` mnnsc aha`hitnec pa`hec mn cprnomhzcdn,nmuecmirc4 uoc rupturc rcmhec` eio n`pnrfh` mn` aha`hitnecrhi trcmhehioc`, pirqun
`c fuoeho mn trcoskhsho mn `c eu`turc mn`c hofirkceho hkp`hec uo eckahi mn pc-rcmhbkc \[. @cs cethvhmcmns pnmcbbhecsmn cs aha`hitnecs mnano nstcr nofiecmcs no`cs onenshmcmns mn is usucrhis. @cs aha`hi-
>=
AHA@HI]NECU ZA@HECU
NM^ECEHO X AHA@HI]NEC O.366 ~ D^@HI-CBIU]I1::7
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uo nspcehi mn firkceho y mhvu`bceho mn`cs ehnoehcs y teohecs. No sus hohehis ns-
tuvi kuy mhrhbhmi c dvnons, puns `is pri-phis pribrckcs hofirktheis mn ecretnrnmuecthvi nxhstnotns no n` knrecmi nstc-aco, ecsh nxe`ushvcknotn, mhrhbhmis c nstnbrupi pia`cehioc`. No n` trcoseursi mn iscis funrio nvi`uehiocomi y norhquneho-misn gcstc ``nbcr c` cetuc` nspcehi mn fir-kceho mnoikhocmi Ecrrnfiuroukrhqun (eruen mhbhtc`) (31).
No mhehnkarn mn 1::> c Aha`hitnec p-a`hec mn hofirkceho irbcohz `