edsc 145 history and philosophy of science

8/19/2019 EDSC 145 History and Philosophy of Science

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Presented by:

Ariane Bagares

Earl Kevin Cooper

Jane Elda Tolosa

Ej Kathleen Mae Enson

EDSC 1! "istory and Philosophy o# S$ien$%&'EEK C()(*(+AT(,-.


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The An$ient &ree$e

An$ient &ree/Civili0ation the period#ollo2ing the My$enaean$ivili0ation 2hi$h ended

abo3t 1455 BCE to thedeath o# Ale6ander thegreat in 747 BCE8 The $ivili0ation o#

An$ient &ree$e e9ergedinto the light o# the 2orldhistory in the th $ent3ryBC8 -or9ally it is regardedto as ;$o9ing to an end<2hen &ree$e #ell to


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&ree$e and the Birth o# S$ien$e

The &ree/s developedphilosophy as a 2ay o#3nderstanding the 2orld aro3ndthe9 2itho3t resorting

religion 9yth or 9agi$8 The;&ree/< approa$h to thin/ingabo3t nat3re is the greatestbrea/thro3gh ever 9ade in

h39an tho3ght8 S$ien$e in An$ient&ree$e 2as based on logi$althin/ing and 9athe9ati$s8 (t2as also based on te$hnology

and everyday li#e8


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An$ient &ree$e: (ts S$ien$e andC3lt3ral Contrib3tions

&ree/s 9ade 9any$ontrib3tions to 2orld$ivili0ation8 Theira$$o9plish9ents

res3lted in partbe$a3se o# an i9portantreligio3s belie#8 The &ree/s #elt that

their gods 2ere honoredi# people try to i9itatethe98

'eligio3s Pra$ti$es Altho3gh 9ost &ree/s heldsi9ilar religio3s belie#s

there 2as no single &ree/


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Ea$h $ity=state 2orshipped itso2n &od8 ,>$ials in ea$h polis are

in $harged o# p3bli$ #easts andsa$ri?$es8(n their o2n ho9es heads o#

#a9ilies prayed and o@eredsa$ri?$es to the &ods8 &ree/ Priests are $alled ORACLES.

&ree/s 2ent to the ORACLES for advi$e #orthey believed that ORCALES are persons 2ho$o3ld spea/ to the &ods8

The advi$e 2as generally given in a #or9

PROPHECY a state9ent #or 2hat 9ight happenin the #3t3re8 The person see/ing advi$e had tode$ide 2hat he or she believed to be the tr3e9eaning o# the prophe$y8


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The Delphi$ ,ra$le8 The 9ost pop3lar ora$le2as the priestess in thete9ple at Delphi8 The&ree/s believed thatDelphi 2as the $enter o#the 2orld and they b3ilt9any te9ples and other

b3ildings there %right.8 The painting o# theDelphi$ ,ra$le %le#t.sho2s her o@ering aprophe$y to a &ree/9an8&ods and &oddesses o# ,ly9p3s

D3ring the ;&olden Age


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+ES'3ler o# Mo3nt ,ly9p3s

and the King o# the &ods8"e is also the &od o# the

eather 8

Aphrodite The &oddess o# *,)E and BEAT


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Apollo

"e is the &od o# theS3n and a Patron o# tr3th93si$ ar$hery 9edi$ineand prophe$y8

Ares "e is the &od o# A'8


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Arte9is She is the&oddess o# the9oon and a 9ightyh3nter and ;rainiero# arro2s< 8 She isalso $onsidered toas the g3ardian o#$ities yo3ngani9als and 2o9en8

AthenaShe is the &oddess o#

2isdo9 and the City &odo# Athens8 She happens to

be the da3ghter o# +e3sand the prote$tors o# 2ar8


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De9eter She is the &oddess o#Crops and happens to bethe giver #r3its andgrains8

Dionys3s "e is the &od o#Fertility and o# joyo3s li#eand hospitality and 2ild

things8


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"ephaest3s

"e is the &od o# ?reand artisans8 "e is theh3sband o# Aphrodite8

"era She is the 2i#e o# +e3sand the prote$tor o#9arriage $hildren and

ho9e8


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"er9es "e is the &od o# orators2riters and $o99er$e8 "e isalso the 9essenger o# the9ortals and the son o# +e3s8

Poseidon "e is the &ods o# thesea and earthG3a/es


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"ades "e is the &od o# the3nder2orld and the /ing o#the dead8 "e is also the

brother o# Poseidon and +e3s8

Most an$ient people #eared their &ods8 They

believed that people 2ere p3t on Earth only to obey andserved &ods8 They pla$ed i9portan$e on the 2orth o# individ3albe$a3se they believed in their o2n val3e8 They had agreat deal o# ;sel#=respe$t


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&ree/s believed that te9ples 2as thegods ho9e they did not enter it8 They

prayed o3tside as a sign o# respe$t8

The ,ly9pi$ &a9es

Every #o3r years in the 9iddle o# s399er a#estival 2as held in ,ly9pia to honor the &od +e3s8,ly9pia is a$t3ally a gro3p o# te9ples and arenas b3ilt

in ?elds8 The #estival 2as /no2n as the ,ly9pi$ ga9es8 (t2as the 9ost i9portant sporting event in &ree$e8Athletes $a9e all over &ree$e and #ro9 &ree/ $oloniesin A#ri$a (taly and Asia Minor8


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The ,ly9pi$s 2ere 9ade 3p o# 9any events8*i/e:

H Chariot 'a$e H Bo6ing H Pan$rati39 H Pentathlon

Fun Facts:

A$$ording to legend King Pelops #o3ndedthe ,ly9pi$s to repay +e3s #or helping hi9

2in a $hariot ra$e and gain "ippoda9eia arival /ings da3ghter8 "ippoda9eia thenbegan "eraia a #estival honoring +e3s 2i#e"era8 The "eraia held at the sa9e ti9e as

the ,ly9pi$s gave 2o9en a $han$e t


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The Theater The theater gre2 o3t o# #estivals

given in honor o# &od Dionys3s abo3tI55 BC8 The ?rst &ree/ plays 2ere

T'A&ED(ES8 (t is a story 2itho3t happy

ending8

Three &reat riters o# Tragedies

%le#t to right. Sopho$les Aes$hyl3s and E3ripides


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Soon a#ter the develop9ent o# T'A&ED a se$ond play $a9e into

being8(t 2as C,MED8 (t is a play 2ithhappy endings or the story itsel# and$hara$ters8

The &reat riter o# C,MEDplays at that ti9e isAristophanes8

Fun Facts:

The idea o# havinga3dien$es sit aro3ndthe stage to 2at$h a

play started 2ith the&ree/s8 Today people go

to theaters to 2at$heverything #ro9 plays

to 9ovies to ro$/


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&ree$e: And the 3est

to S$ien$e

A9ong the things that &ree/s pla$ed

great i9portan$e 2as intelle$t or the abilityto reason o3t8 They tho3ght that intelle$tsho3ld be 3sed to its #3llest8 To &ree/s st3dying the la2s and o#nat3re and loving 2isdo9 2ere the sa9e

thing8 They $alled it P"(*,S,P"(A8 &ree/s 2ere /no2n o# being as$ientist and philosopher8 M3$h o# 2hat they/no2 is based on one tho3ghts o# the

&ree/s8


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&reat Philosophers o#An$ient &ree$e

So$rates A 5=year old Athenianphilosopher 2ho 2asinterested in the thin/ingpro$ess8 So$rates gave 3pprivate b3siness so he

$o3ld spend his ti9esear$hing #or tr3th8

"e believed that people$o3ld dis$over tr3th i# they

/no2 ho2 to thin/8

Fun Facts:

"e invented a #or9 o#as/ing a person step=by=stepto arrive a $ertain tr3th8 (t is

na9ed a#ter hi9= T"E


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Plato

An Athenian aristo$rat 2ho $lai9sto be one o# the p3pils o# So$rates8Sin$e So$rates le#t 2ith no2ritings Plato re$orded all thespee$hes o# So$rates 9ade in trial

and j3st be#ore his death8

Aristotle "e is one o# Platos brightest st3dent8

"e #o3nded his o2n s$hool and p3blished9ore than 455 boo/s be#ore he died8 "e added to the ideas o# Thales o#9ellit3s abo3t the pop3lar 9ethod /no2ntoday= T"E SC(E-T(F(C MET",D8 Aristotle also 9ade *,&(C or thes$ien$e o# reasoning8


21/27

Dis$overies and (nventions o#An$ient &ree$e

&ree/s 2ere not loo/ing #or 2ays to 9a/e li#eeasier or better8 They 2ere trying to add to their

store o# /no2ledge8 They had none o# the toolss$ientists has today8

Their $3riosity led &ree/ s$ientist to dis$overthat nat3ral event not be$a3se the 2ay their gods

behave8 They also learned that the 2orld isgoverned by nat3ral la2s that people $an dis$overand 3nderstand8 The First &ree/ s$ientist 2as Thales o#

Milet3s 2ho developed the ?rst t2o steps o#s$ienti?$ 9ethod and predi$ted an e$lipse

o# the s3n !! BCE8


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,ther &reat &ree/S$ientists

Ar$hi9edes "e e6plained the

prin$iple o# a lever in the?eld o# Mathe9ati$s8

Aristar$h3s "e st3died astrono9y and

$on$l3ded that Earth revolves


23/27

Ana6i9ander

"e is in the ?eld o# Astrono9yand pioneered $on$ept o# Earthas a body s3spended in spa$e8

Eratosthenes

"e ?g3red the earths$ir$39#eren$e 2ithin 455 9iles or745 /ilo9eters8 "e also 9ade the9ap that sho2s the a$$3rate

$ontinents longit3de and latit3de=the Asia A#ri$a and E3rope8


24/27

E3$lid "e is a Mathe9ati$ian8 "e

$olle$ted and organi0e all e6isting/no2ledge o# geo9etry8 "e alsodeveloped #3nda9ental r3les3sed no2 in 9odern geo9etry8

"ippar$h3s St3died Astrono9y and $reatedsyste9 o# $elestial 9e$hani$s to

e6plain ho2 heavenly bodies9oves8


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"ippo$rates "e is $onsidered the Father andFo3nder o# Medi$ine8

Ptole9y"e developed the "ippar$h3s9odel o# syste9 o# $elestial9e$hani$s thro3gh

9athe9ati$s8


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Pythagoras "e is a Mathe9ati$ianso3ght to e6plain thenat3re o# all things thro3gh

9athe9ati$al ter9s8 (ndeed the &ree/ Civili0ation $ontrib3ted a lot o#things that 2ill be #orever 3sed in the orldCivili0ation 3sing the 9odern te$hnology and

s$ien$e8 Their 3ndying $3lt3re and traditions stilltrans9its ideas thro3gho3t the 2orld8

Thro3gh the &ree/ Civili0ation 2e 2ere able to

3nderstand not j3st the h39an nat3re b3t alsonat3re itsel# in a$$ordan$e to 2hat 9an has


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K , F,' *(STE-(

edsc 145 history and philosophy of science

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