原子にedmを探すseminar/monthlycolloquium/12_11...edm を探す experimental search for edm in...
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旭 耕一郎,1 市川 雄一,1 近森 正敏,1 大友祐一,1 彦田絵里,1 鈴木貴大,1土屋 真人,1
井上壮志,2 吉見 彰洋,3 古川 武,4 上野 秀樹,5 松尾 由香利,5 福山 武志6
1 東工大理工、2 東北大CYRIC、3 岡山大極限量子コア、 4 首都大東京理工、 5 理研仁科センター 、 6立命館大R-GIRO
原子にEDMを探す
Experimental search for EDM in a diamagnetic atom 129Xe with spin oscillator technique
理研仁科センター月例コロキウム, November20, 2012
OUTLINE:
1. Why EDM?
2. "Optically coupled" spin oscillator
3. Present status
4. Summary
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2
+ + +
--
--
--
+qe
−qe
a [cm] EDM d
d = qa [e∙cm]
+
--
Neutral particle
≈
§1 Why EDM?
=
spin s
3
particle( ) dρ= ∫d r r ror,
5EDM 2i d Fν
µνµψσ γ ψ= −L
ds
=sd●Quantum mechanically, d ∝ s
● Field theoretically, its interaction is represented by:
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[ ] ( )
5
i , i2
00
00
0 1 1 02i i
1 0 0 1
1 0 0 12i i
0 1 1 0
2
x y z
x z y
y z x
z y x
s
s
g
E E EE B B
F A AE B BE B B
F
F
E m EE m
µν µ ν µ ν µν
µν µ ν ν µ
µν
µν
µν
µν
σ γ γ γ γ
σ
σ γ
φ φψ
φ
≡ = −
− − ≡ ∂ − ∂ = − − − −
= − ⋅ − ⋅ −
= − ⋅ − ⋅ −
= + →⋅
+
EσBσ
EσBσ
σp
( )†
EDM
( / 0)0
2
s
s s
p m
d Eφ φ
→
∴
→ − ⋅σEL
5EDM 2i d Fν
µν
µψσ γ ψ= −L
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Transformation property of an EDM
+ + +
--
--
--
+ + +
--
- Spin: s −s EDM: d d
(Time: t −t) Time Reversal
d
s
d --
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Standard Model (SM) Predicts EDMs that are undetectably
small -- 10-5 times the present limits. Theories beyond the SM allow sizes of EDM to be reachable
with “a-step-forward” experiments
Thus... EDM violates T , and hence CP (by CPT theorem)
+ + +
--
--
--
+ + +
-- -- --
Spin: s −s EDM: d d
Time: t −t
One-loop diagram for EDM
Non-zero EDM
Evidence for an existence of New Physics
= (e.g.) SUSY
EDM = 0 SM
Time Reversal
≈
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Standard Model Big Bang in Cosmology
But … we know today that ・SM particles share only 4.5 % of the Universe’s energy content! The rest are ・Dark energy 73 % ・Dark matter 22 %
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Standard Model Big Bang in Cosmology
But … we know today that ・SM particles share only 4.5 % of the Universe’s energy content! The rest are ・Dark energy 73 % ・Dark matter 22 %
Even further, …. Formation of matter in the Universe --- A Puzzle ・CP violation within the SM is too small to
explain the predominance of matter over antimatter
・Extra CP violation is needed ! EDM is an exclusively excellent NEW PHYSICS indicator, free from the SM “background”
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CP violation in the Standard Model
13
13
13 13
1
3
3
1
13 13 12 12
23 23 12 12
23 23 13 13
12 13 12 13 13
12 23 12 13 23 12 23 12 13 23 13 23
12 23 12 13 23 12 23 12
i
i
i i
i
i
1 0 0 e
e
0 00 0
e
e ee
1 0 00 0 0 0 1
c s c sV c s s c
s c s c
c c s c ss c c s s c c s s s c s
s s c s c c s s
δ
δ
δ
δ δ
δ
−
−
= − − −
= − − −− − − 13i
13 23 13 23e
ud us
cd c
ub
td
s cb
ts tb
s c c c
V VV VV
VV V
V
δ
≡
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Supersymmetry
From: CERN Webpage
Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (MSSM)
Rotation symmetry 1
1x x
yy
A AAA
ξξ
′ = − ′
ξ x
x’
y y’
2
1( ) ( )1( ) ( )
x xi ix xµ
µ
ξφ φσ σ ξχ χ∗
⋅′ = − ∂′
ξ bosonic component
y’ fermionic component
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From: CERN Webpage
Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (MSSM)
●低エネルギー(E < 100 GeV)(我々の世界)ではSUSYは見掛け上破れている!
ー低エネルギーでの現実の粒子
である標準理論の粒子はそれぞれ、自分よりずっと重くて現実には見えない超対称パートナー粒子の影を引きずりながら存在する。
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EDM in the Standard Model
EDM in the MSSM
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Tl, Fr, Cs… 129Xe, 199Hg, Rn, Ra…
M. Pospelov and A. Ritz, Annals of Phys. 318, (2005) 119-169
EDM in a 129Xe atom •stable particle •macroscopic number of particles •EDM generated by a nuclear
Schiff moment •P,T-violating NN interaction
Schiff moment
Sites of EDM searches • neutron dn • paramagnetic atoms (Tl, Fr, Cs, ...) de • diamagnetic atoms (129Xe, 199Hg, Rn, Ra, ...) Snucl • molecules (TlF, YbF, PbO, ThO, ...) de • charged particles (µ, p, d, ions, ...) dµ , dp, dd, dnucl, … dD
J-PARC/Muon
The present talk
CYRIC, Tohoku U
KEK-RCNP
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Nucleus
Electron cloud
(singlet)
In a diamagnetic atom
+
d
+Ze
=
∆x = d/Ze
− Ze +Ze
(1) For a point nucleus
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Nucleus
Electron cloud
(singlet)
In a diamagnetic atom
+
d
+Ze
=
∆x = d/Ze
− Ze +Ze
Atomic electrons do not "know" that the nucleus has EDM.
(Schiff’s theorem)
(1) For a point nucleus
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Nucleus
EDM d
q
=
Electron cloud
(singlet)
In a diamagnetic atom
(2) For a finite-size nucleus
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Nucleus
EDM d
q
=
Electron cloud
(singlet)
In a diamagnetic atom
(2) For a finite-size nucleus
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Nontrivial charge distribution in the nucleus generates an EDM in atom:
Schiffatom
0
Schiff
0
0ˆˆ0 0 where , 0 0
ˆ0 02
ii P P
P P
P ee P
E E
P P eE E
ϕ
ϕ
−= = − ≈ +
−
−≈
−
∑ ∑
∑
d D D R
D
Schiffˆ4 ( )ϕ π δ= ⋅∇S R
2 2 3
nucleus
1 5ˆ ( ) d10 3
r rρ ≡ − ∫S r r r Schiff moment
datom ≠0
Nucleus
Electron cloud
+ + +
-
-
- E
In a diamagnetic atom
(2) For a finite-size nucleus
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( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )( )1 2
(0) (1) (2)
(1)
2π
PT 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2N
1 2 1 2 1 2 21 21 2
1( ) 38π2
1 112
NN NN NN
NN
z z z z
m
z z
g g g
g
gmVm
emm
π
π π π
πππ
τ τ τ τ τ τ τ τ
τ τ− −
− = − − ⋅ − ⋅ − + + − ⋅
− + ⋅ − − + − −
r r
r rσσr r
σσr rr rr r
P-,T-violating pion-mediated NN interaction
Nuclear structure
π
N
N
●Schiff moment from fundamental sources of CPV
NNgπ
NNgπ
N
N
Nucl Nucl
Nucl 1 2
2
Nucl 1 2 0 Nucl 1 2
ˆ
where ( , , , ) is a solution for the Schroedinger equation
( , ) ( , , , ) ( , , , )2
A
Ak
j k A Aj k
V Em <
= Ψ Ψ
Ψ
+ Ψ = Ψ
∑
S Sr r r
p r r r r r r r r
If VPT = 0, then S = 0
Non-zero S is induced by VPT
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CP-violating effective Lagrangian for the strong interactions of light quarks (up to those of dimension 5):
sCPV 5
, ,
( )8 2 q s
q u d s
iGG qg Gd q
ασ γ
πθ
=
= + ∑
( )( 0 ) (1) 2 3 0)0 (
CPV 3a
NN NN NN
a a aNN N N NN N Ng Ng Ngπ π π
π τ π π τ π τ π+ + −=
π
N NNgπ N
New physics
CPVN i Nπ ・PCAC ・QCD sun rule ・Baryon mass spectrum …..
e.g. [Hisano & Shimizu, PRD70(04)093001]
( )( )
( 0 )
(1)
( 2 ) 0
NN
NN u d
NN
u dg
g d d
g
d dπ
π
π
∝
∝ −
+
=
where
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199 (0) (1) (2) 3( Hg) 0.0010 0.074 0.018 fmNN NN NN NN NN NNS g g g g g g eπ π π π π π= − + +
With SkO' interaction, [de Jesus & Engel, 2005]
●Case of 199Hg
199 (0) (1) (2) 3( Hg) 0.016 0.006 0.019 fmNN NN NN NN NN NNS g g g g g g eπ π π π π π= − +
[Ban, Dobaczewski, Engel and Shukla. 2010]
199 (0) (1) (2) 3( Hg) 0.086 0.086 0.172 fmNN NN NN NN NN NNS g g g g g g eπ π π π π π= − − +
199 (0) (1) (2) 3( Hg) 0.0004 0.055 0.009 fmNN NN NN NN NN NNS g g g g g g eπ π π π π π= − − +
[Flambaum et al., 1986]
[Dmitriev et al., 2003]
Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov calc. with SLy4 interaction modified to include CP-odd π-exch. NN int.
“The calculations presented here are more sophisticated and inclusive than any yet attempted, but it may very well be that still more sophistication is required.”
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129Xe vs. 199Hg
d(129Xe) = 6.7×10−26 η ecm
d(199Hg) = 4.0×10−25 η ecm
( dn = −5×10−23 η ecm )
Previous calculation [Flambaum, Khriplovich, Sushkov, 1985]
× 6
But, ….
●Case of 129Xe ・ Work by Flambaum, Khriplovich, Sushkov, 1985 ・ New calculation is strongly anticipated !
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●Case of 129Xe (nuclear structure consideration)
129Xe (Z=54, N=75)
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
1/21/2
0 0 0129 4 2 1 43/2 11/2 1/2 7/2
1/23/2
0 2 24 2 1 43/2 11/2 1/2 7/2
Xe, 1/2 d h s g
d h s g
(others ....)
J
J
ν π
α ν π
++ + +
++ + +
=
+ − − −
=
− − −
≈ ⊗
+ ⊗
+
A simple-minded g.s. wave function:
PT
. .
2 2p p pch
ˆ ˆg.s. . .
1 5ˆ10 3
z
g s ii
z
S i i V g sS
E E
S e r z r z
=−
≡ −
∑
VPT
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●Case of 129Xe (nuclear structure consideration)
129Xe (Z=54, N=75)
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
1/21/2
0 0 0129 4 2 1 43/2 11/2 1/2 7/2
1/23/2
0 2 24 2 1 43/2 11/2 1/2 7/2
Xe, 1/2 d h s g
d h s g
(others ....)
J
J
ν π
α ν π
++ + +
++ + +
=
+ − − −
=
− − −
≈ ⊗
+ ⊗
+
A simple-minded g.s. wave function:
PT
. .
2 2p p pch
ˆ ˆg.s. . .
1 5ˆ10 3
z
g s ii
z
S i i V g sS
E E
S e r z r z
=−
≡ −
∑
VPT
●Shell-model calculation of the 129Xe Schiff moment is presently under way, by N. Yoshinaga and co-workers (Saitama U.)
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d(129Xe) < 4.1×10-27 ecm Rosenberry and Chupp, PRL 86 (2001) 22
d(199Hg) < 3.1×10-29 ecm Grifith et al., PRL 102 (2009) 101601
Standard Model (dn = 10-(31-33) )
Neutron EDM predicted values
d = 10−27 e·cm E = 10 kV/cm ∆ν = 10 nHz ( ∆ω ≈ 1°/day)
[Pendlebury and Hinds, NIM A 440 (00) 471]
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Natural size of an EDM
d ~ e·[distance]·[weak force]·[CP]
~ e·10−13 cm · 10−7 · 10−3
~ 10−23 e·cm (?)
dn < 10−26 e·cm
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12,800 km
d ~ 10−27 e·cm という大きさ
~10 fm
~0.01 µm ~ 10−27 cm
+ + + +
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dEBH −−= µE // B
dEBH +−= µE // −B
Energy shift upon an E-field reversal
Shift in a precession frequency
hdEB 22 +
=+µν )//( BE
hdEB 22 −
=−µν )//( BE −
the difference ⇒ signal of an EDM
EdBμ ⋅−⋅−=H
21
=m
21
−=m
00
==
EB
0νh +νh −hν
BEB
//0≠
BEB
−≠//
000
=≠
EB
B E
+ν s
B E
−ν s
Energy levels for a spin 1/2 (for a case of µ > 0, d > 0)
hE 4
=−=∆ −+ ννν d
Detection of an EDM
Desires long precession times => Spin maser
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Setup for the spin oscillator experiment
Probe laser ・DFB laser ・λ = 794.76 nm (Rb D1line) ・∆λ = 8.4×10-6 nm ・Power : 15 mW
Pumping laser ・λ = 794.76 nm (Rb D1line) ・∆λ = 3 nm ・Power ~ 11 W
PEM
Heater
λ/4 plate
Si photodiode ・Bandwidth : 0 ~ 500 kHz
magnetic shield (4-layer) ・permalloy
Solenoid coil (static field) ・B0 = 30.6 mG (I = 7.354 mA)
0B
C70≈T
spin precession signal
129Xe : 230 torr
N2 : 100 torr Rb : ~ 1 mg Pyrex glass
SurfaSil coating
129Xe gas cell
18 mm
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Production of Polarization
30
Collisional Mixing Optical pumping
Rb Rb
Rb
Rb Rb Rb
N2
N2
129Xe Rb
Rb 129Xe
IS
129Xe
Rb
Rb
129Xe
Spin exchange interaction in Rb-Xe
2 body collision 3 body collision
W. Happer, Rev. Mod. Phys. 44 (1972) 169.
129Xe Rb N2
Enclosed
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Optical Spin Detection
31
Transverse polarization of 129Xe transfer to Rb : Re-polarization
B0 B0
After half-period precession Probe laser beam
Maximum transmission
Minimum transmission
Circular polarized
Circular polarized
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● P follows the Bloch equations:
or,
( )
( )
( ) ( )
02
02
01
d,
d d
,d d
.d
x xy z y
y yz x x
z zx y y x z
P PP B P B
t TP P
P B P Bt T
P PP B P B P P G
t T
γ
γ
γ
= − −
= − −
= − − + −
Spin oscillator
● 129Xe polarization vector P = ⟨I⟩/I
● Applied field B0 = (Bx, By, B0)
1,2
1T
γ= − × −P B P P
Pumping term
relaxation term
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( )
( )
( ) ( )
02
02
01
d,
d d
,d d
.d
y
x
y x
x xy z
y yz x
z zx y z
P PP B P
t TP P
P P B
B
B
B B
t TP P
P P P P Gt T
γ
γ
γ
= − −
= − −
= − − + −
Spin oscillator
B⊥(t)
● Now we apply a transverse field B⊥(t)
which is organized to follow P⊥ (t)
( ) ( )
( ) ( )x y
y x
B t P tB t P t
∝
∝ − B⊥(t)
Spin detection signal
P⊥
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Taking (1) + i (2) and setting
( )
2
2
01
d 1 , (4)d d . (3')d
z
z zz
P P P
P PP
t
P
T
P Gt T
α
α
⊥⊥
⊥
= −
= − − + −
0( ) ( ) ( )i tx yP t iP t e P tω
⊥+ ≡
The steady state solutions (namely solutions under )
・Trivial solution:
・Non-trivial solution:
d d0 and 0d d
zP Pt t⊥ = =
eq eq 10
1
0, 1z
GTP P P
GT⊥ = =+
eq eq10
2 2
1 1 / 1, .zGTGP P P
T Tα α α⊥
+= − =
( ) ( )
02
02
01
d, (1)
d d
, (2)d d
. (3)d
xy z
y yx z y
z zx x y
xx
y z
t T
t T
P Gt T
P PP P P
P PP P P
P PP P P P P
ω α
ω α
α
= − + −
= + −
= − + − + − 0 0
x y
y x
B P
B P
B
αγ
αγ
ω γ
≡
≡ − ≡ −
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( )
( )
( ) ( )
02
02
01
d,
d d
,d d
.d
x xy z y
y yz x x
z zx y y x z
P PP B P B
t TP P
P B P Bt T
P PP B P B P P G
t T
γ
γ
γ
= − −
= − −
= − − + −
(Natural) spin maser
B⊥
[T.E. Chupp et al, Phys. Rev. Lett. 72 (94) 2363] [M.A. Rosenberry and T.E. Chupp, Phys. Re. Lett. 86 (2001) 22]
● If the coil is coupled to a capacitor C forming a resonating circuit, the coil produces a transverse B field, B⊥(t),
( ) ( )
( ) ( )x y
y x
B t P tB t P t
∝
∝ −
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Spin oscillator signal B0 = 28.6 mG (I0 = 7.0 mA) => ν0 = 33.7 Hz
Time [s]
Sign
al [V
]
Steady state Transient
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Spin oscillator
Realization of maser oscillation at very low fields (≤ mG) Suppression of drifts in the B0 field => Suppression of drifts in ν
“Optically coupled” spin maser with a feedback field generated according to optical spin detection
P(t)
B⊥(t)
B0
ν0
P⊥(t)
Feedback torque
Pumping and relaxation effect
Static magnetic field : B0 ∼ mG
Pumping light
Photo diode
Feedback coil
Probe light Feedback circuit
Lock-in detection
precession signal
Feedback system
② Optical detection of the spin precession
①129Xe nuclear spin polarization by optical pumping
③Generation of a feedback field
④Self-sustained spin precession
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Precision of Precession Frequency
38 mT
T
+ + · · · · +
T T T
Single-shot measurement
Multi-shot measurement
Long-term measurement
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Solenoid coil Magnetic shield
Pumping, probe laser Feedback coil
Probe light
Pumping light
To photo diode
129Xe gas cell
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EDM cell EDM cell •129Xe : ~ 200 torr •N2 : ~ 100 torr •Rb ~ 1 mg •SurfaSil coating •size: 10 mm×10 mm×10 mm
ITO conductive coating
Torr seal
10 mm
EDM cell
Time [s]
Sign
al [V
]
T2 ~ 170 s
Spherical cell
Sign
al [V
]
Time [s]
T2 ~ 200 s
129Xe free spin precession
Relaxation time comparable to that of spherical cell
Maser operation applying E0
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●Major sources of frequency drift
(1) Solenoid current I0
(2) Cell temperature (3) Environmental field
(4) Other sources
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ν0 – I0 correlation
The solenoid current drift induces the frequency drift.
~ 1.5 mHz <=> ~ 40 ppm
Maser frequency
Time [s]
Freq
uenc
y [H
z]
~ 350 nA <=> ~ 50 ppm
Solenoid current
Time [s] C
urre
nt [m
A]
Suppression of current drift => Construction of new stabilized current source
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Introduction of the stabilized current source
○ New stabilized current source
~1Ω
Solenoid coil
Digital voltmeter Feedback
Standard resistor 1000 Ω WWW
Current source 1 ~6.5mA
Current source 2 ~0.5mA
σ=0.98 nA
~1Ω
Solenoid coil
Digital current meter Current source 1 ~7 mA
○ Previous current source
~ 300 nA <=> ~ 40 ppm
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●Major sources of frequency drift
(1) Solenoid current I0
→ New stabilized current source (2) Cell temperature (3) Environmental field
(4) Other sources
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Tcell [℃] ν 0
[Hz]
ν0 – Tcell correlation
Time [s]
ν 0 [H
z]
Maser frequency
0.4 mHz
Cell temperature
Time [s]
T cel
l [℃
]
0.2 ℃
Frequency shift of 129Xe due to Rb magnetization
[ ] zsB SgIh
Rb3
81Rb-Xe
Xe
XeXe κµπµν −=∆
S. Schaefer et al., PRA39 (1989) 5613.
( ) ( )2.0 C, 70 CmHz/ 6.1~ RbcellXe ==∆→ PT νδ
0.4 mHz
0.2 ℃
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Xe frequency shift due to Rb magnetization : proportional to Rb density [Rb] => Drift of frequency shift in Xe : [Rb] drift => Low cell temperature : suppuration of frequency drift due to temperature drift Maser operation under low cell temperature (~ 50℃)
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●Major sources of frequency drift
(1) Solenoid current I0
→ New stabilized current source (2) Cell temperature → Operation at low cell temperature (~50 ̊C) (3) Environmental field
(4) Other sources
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ν0 – Benv correlation
Time [s]
ν 0 [H
z]
Maser frequency
0.4 mHz
Environmental field
Time [s]
B env
[mG
]
0.4 mG Benv fluctuation => B0 fluctuation
μHz 12.0~mG 1.0 ,10 ~ :(SF)factor Shielding
0
env3
ν∆=>=∆B
ν 0 [H
z]
Benv [mG]
0.4 mHz
0.2 mG
Benv stabilization system construction
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Environmental field stabilization system
•Benv measurement - fluxgate magnetometer noise level: ~ 70 nGrms/√Hz • Correction coils - Coli1,3: ~ 88 A•turn - Coil2 : ~ 26 A•turn
Correction coils
Current source ~ 10 mA
DMM
GPIB to Ethernet
Feedback
PC
GPIB
Ethernet
Fluxgate magnetometer Correction coils
Coil1 Coil2
Coil3
for detail see: T. Nanao’s poster
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Feedback outside the shield
Suppression of short term fluctuation and long term drift
Magnetic shield
129Xe cell (inside)
Fluxgate magnetometer (noise level: ~ 70 nGrms/√Hz)
Time [s]
B env
[mG
]
0.5 mG
Without feedback
1 a.m. ~ 5 a.m.
Time [s]
B env
[mG
]
With feedback
1 a.m. ~ 5 a.m.
Feedback interval: 0.1 sec
Gμ 5<σ
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●Major sources of frequency drift
(1) Solenoid current I0
→ New stabilized current source (2) Cell temperature → Operation at low cell temperature (~50 ̊C) (3) Environmental field
→ Field compensation system (4) Other sources
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ν0 – Troom correlation Maser frequency
Time [s]
ν 0 [H
z]
0.2 mHz
Room temperature
T roo
m [℃
]
Time [s]
0.3 ℃ Room temperature Troom fluctuation → Shielding factor of magnetic shield fluctuation → Maser frequency fluctuation
ν 0 [H
z]
Troom [℃]
• Temperature stabilization around the shield • Measurement of local magnetic field applied to 129Xe nucleus, ← 3He co-magnetometer or Rb magnetometer (the next presentation by Prof. Yoshimi)
0.2 mHz
0.3 ℃
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Frequency precision under stabilized I0, Benv and low Tcell
1-m
-3/2m
TT
∝
∝
δν
δν
δν = 7.9 nHz δd = 8×10-28 ecm (with 10 kV/cm)
phase noise
Frequency noise
2/32
212
−∆
= mTt
πσ
δν φ
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Development of high-precision magnetometer using nonlinear magnet-optical rotation (NMOR)
Rb cell with Paraffin coating: commercial paraffin mixture (Paraflint) (CH2)n
φ 25 – 30 mm
Field coil (3-axis) ECDL
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mG37.0=∆B
Magnetic field (mG)
Rot
atio
n an
gle
(mra
d)
rad/G1.160
=
∂∂
=BzzBφ
Balabas cell
mG28.0=∆B
Magnetic field (mG)
Rot
atio
n an
gle
(mra
d)
rad/G8.370
=
∂∂
=BzzBφ
The cell made by Prof. M.V. Balabas:φ60 mm, T1 ̴ 2s.
Balabas cell Thanks to Prof. Hatakeyama (Tokyo Univ. Agri. Tech.)
No large difference in NMOR width → Wall performance does not limit the width → residual field…
( ) [ ]ms402/ 1 =−πγ ( ) [ ]ms502/ 1 =−πγ
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(1) High sensitivity magnetometers (3) 3He comagnetometer (2) Rb comagnetometer
・ Not comagnetometer ・ Rb magnetometer near maser cell ・ Only Xe and Rb (small, and not pol)
Xe He
Xe
Rb
Rb
・ Comagnetometer of Rb ・ Only Xe and Rb (small, and not pol) ・ Probrem of Rb – Xe interaction ? ( Low density Xe gas ? ) Polarizability problem
・ Comagnetometer of 3He ・ S/N for He precession for laser probing .
HzG/10 11−=Bδ
100 s –run ( if constant ):
G10 12−=Bδ
HzG/?=Bδ
Maser probe
Rb Magnetometer probe
Xe
Magnetometer for Low freq-Spin maser EDM experiment
Magnetometer probe
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57
3He Co-magnetometer
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Scheme of 3He Co-magnetometer
58
EDM measurement
Monitor and stabilize B0
EDM is roughly proportional to Z2
Negligible EDM in 3He
Monitor & stabilize B0
Suppress systematic uncertainty
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Principles of 3He co-magnetometer
59
B0 Probe laser
beam
Photo detector
Monitor precession signal of 129Xe
Monitor precession signal of 3He
Stabilize B0 through 3He signal
L. A. 1
L. A. 3
L. A. 2
Feedback
Amplify signal
L. A. 0
Enable to measure precession signal of 129Xe under locked B0
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Production of Polarization of 3He
60
Circular polarized light
GE180 cell : Low magnetic impurity Low leakage of 3He
129Xe : 50 Torr N2 : 100 Torr He : 470 Torr Rb : ~1 mg
Enclosed
He Xe
Rb Rb
Rb Rb
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Production of Polarization of 3He/129Xe cell
61
Typically P(3He) = ~ 3 % T1(3He) = 100 hours
@ 100 ℃
Checked by AFP-NMR measurement Adiabatic Fast Passage
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
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Experimental setup for 3He maser oscillation test
62
Heater
λ/4 plate
0B3-layer magnetic shield Permalloy
Photo diode
Probe laser λ:794.76 nm (tunable) Line width:~10 MHz Max power:10 mW
Pumping Laser λ:794.76 nm (Rb D1 line) Line width:~3 THz Max power:18 W
3He cell 3He:560 Torr N2:100 Torr Rb:~1 mg GE180
20 mm
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3He:560 Torr N2:100 Torr Ge180 Magnetic shield
Pumping laser Power:18 W (3 THz)
Probe laser Power:10 mW
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Maser Oscillation of 3He
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Free induction decay
Feedback ON
Maser oscillation
T = 99 ℃ ν = 9.63 Hz νbeat = 0.1 Hz
L.A
. out
put [
V]
Time [s]
Succeeded in optical detection
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Concurrent operation of 129Xe/3He
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3He maser signal
3He Feedback ON
129Xe maser signal
129Xe Feedback ON
(Preliminary) Freq. Precision
(For 100 s average)
129Xe : 10 Torr N2 : 100 Torr He : 470 Torr Rb : ~1 mg
Enclosed
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Experimental setup for EDM measurement
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Major improvement TADFB laser Power : 1 W, Width : 10 MHz
Vibration isolated table
Stabilization of Env. field
Stabilization of static field
Present aim
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Future Perspective
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129Xe/3He cell for EDM measurement
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1 cm
ITO transparent electrodes
Torr seal
cell
Probe laser light
Probe laser light Pyrex GE180
cell
・Pyrex cubic shaped glass ・SurfaSil coating
・Gas pressure 129Xe : 1 Torr 3He : 470 Torr N2 : 100 Torr Rb : ~1 mg
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New magnetic shield
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Outer: 800mmΦ×1300mm×2mmt
Middle: 600mmΦ×1000mm×2mmt
Inner: 400mmΦ× 680mm×2mmt
Caps for each layer
New 3-layer magnetic shield Residual field |B| < few 10μGauss
Shielding factor~104
Cf.)~103 for old one
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129Xe/3He double spin detection
Pulses with ν(129Xe) and ν(3He) applied. ⇒Double spin detection ⇒129Xe/3He double spin maser
Xe He
Temperature:103 ℃ Xe:10 Torr、He:470 Torr T2(129Xe)~7 s、T2(3He)~2000 s ν(129Xe)~4.0 Hz、ν(3He)~10.7 Hz [Lock-in] T.C. (129Xe):300 ms、T.C. (3He):1 s [signal before ampl] V(129Xe)~250μV、V(3He)~25μV
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Operation of a 129Xe/3He double-spin maser
Temperature:103 ℃ Xe:10 Torr He:470 Torr N2:100 Torr νfeedback (129Xe)= 3.75 Hz νbeat (129Xe)~ 0.2 Hz νfeedback (3He)= 10.53 Hz νbeat (3He)~ 0.1 Hz [Lock-in amplifier] Time const (129Xe):300 ms Time const (3He):1 s [signal before amplification] V(129Xe)~250μV V(3He)~2.5μV
3Heフィードバック on
129Xeフィードバック on
Xe
He
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Summary
● Precession of 129Xe spins is maintained for unlimitedly long times, by application of a feedback field generated from optically detected spins. The merit of this optically coupled spin maser as a scheme for the EDM search is the capability of operation at very low B0 fields, as mG or below.
● Sources of frequency drifts have been identified, and steps taken to overcome them, such as (1) the current source renewal, (2) adoption of low cell temperatures, (3) installation of a field compensation system, and (4) development of a Rb NMOR magnetometer and 3He co-magnetometer.
● Frequency precision presently reached is 7.9 nHz, which corresponds to an EDM sensitivity of 8×10-28 ecm (E=10kV/cm).
● EDM cell equipped with transparent electrodes was prepared.
● 3He co-magnetometer is being developed, and recently the operation of a 3He/129Xe double-spin maser has been tested.