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Editorial BoardEditor in Chief
Dr. Valentina Petkova, (Ph.D., M.Sc.Pharm., M.Sc.P.H.)
Vice Dean of International IntegrationBULGARIA
Associate Editor
Dr. Abhay Dharamsi,, (M.Pharm., PhD)
INDIA
Editorial Board Member
S.No. Name Email Address Country
1Prof. Dr. RafikKaraman
[email protected] of Pharmacy, Al- QudsUniversity, Abu-Dies, Jerusalem,Palestine.
Palestine
2Dr. NasroallahMoradi kor
Department of ReproductionPhysiology, Iranian Society ofPhysiology and Pharmacology,Tehran, Iran.
Iran
3Dr.(Mrs)PadminiH. Sharma
[email protected] ProfessorPadamshree Dr. D.Y.Patil collageof Pharmacy Akurdi Pune, India.
India
4Dr. K. MadhavaChetty
Assistant Professor Departmentof Botany, SVUCS. S.V.University, Tirupati-517 502,Andhra Pradesh, India
India
5Prof. Dr. AshokeKumar Ghosh
Addl. Controller of ExaminationsIFTM UNIVERSITY LodhipurRajput, Delhi Road, Moradabad,India.
India
6Prof. Dr. DhruboJyoti Sen
School of Pharmacy, Departmentof Pharmaceutical Chemistry,Techno India University, EM-4,Salt Lake City, Sector V, Kolkata,West Bengal 700091, India
India
7Dr. Ali Ibrahim AliMahmoud AL-Ezzy
[email protected] of Pathology Department,College of Veterinary Medicine,Diyala University, Iraq.
Iraq
8Dr. PrabhakarReddy Polepally
Department of BiomolecularSciences University ofMississippi, School of Pharmacy,Faser Hall, University, MS-38677, USA.
USA
9
Professor Dr.MohammedHelmy FarisShalayel
[email protected] of Biochemistry,College of Medicine, NajranUniversity, KSA.
SaudiArabia
10Prof. Dr. MoufidYassine
[email protected], College Of Pharmacy,Tishreen University, Latakia,Syria.
Syria
11Dr. S. AhmedJohn
Head of the Department P.G. andResearch Department of BotanyJamal Mohamed College(Autonomous) Tiruchirappalli –620 020, INDIA.
India
12 Dr. Abd El-AleemSaad SolimanDesoky
[email protected] Professor of Agricultural ZoologyAssistant in Plant ProtectionDepartment, Faculty of
Egypt
ntral, USA , Kaohsiung Medical University Library, CHINA , VIKAS PSOAR (Pharmaceutical Sciences Open Access Resour
HOME ABOUT US INSTRUCTION TO AUTHOR CURRENT ISSUE MANUSCRIPT SUBMISSION ARCHIVE PROCESSING FEES CONTACT US
Agriculture, New Campus(ElKawamel), Sohag University,New Sohag City, Sohag, Egypt.
13Dr. MohammedRiyaz
[email protected] Professor of Medicine,MNR Medical College SangaReddy, Telangana, India.
India
14Dr. RohiniKarunakaran
Senior Lecturer – Unit ofBiochemistry, Faculty ofMedicine, AIMST University,India.
India
15Dr. Sanjay ShivajiJagtap
[email protected] Professor, ElphinstoneCollege, Mumbai, India.
India
16Dr. MilindBaburao Ubale
Principal, (Professor and Head,Postgraduate Department ofChemistry), Vasantrao NaikMahavidyalaya, Aurangabad,India.
India
17Dr. Syeda SarahAbbas
[email protected] at Jinnah University ForWomen in Pharmaceutics,Karachi, Pakistan.
Pakistan
18Dr. Aditya PratapSingh,
[email protected] Resident in Departmentof Pediatric Surgery, SMSMedical College, Jaipur, India.
India
19Dr. Atul KumarGangwar
[email protected] Professor in RakshpalBahadur College of Pharmacy,Bareilly, India.
India
20 Dr. Haineng Xu xuha[email protected] of PennsylvaniaSchool of Medicine, US
US
21Dr. S. UmaMaheswari
[email protected] Professor in ZoologyDepartment at Sri VasaviCollege, Erode Tamil Nadu India
India
22Dr. PrabhatKumar Srivastava
[email protected] Sadan, Near Kusth SewaKendra, Bahraich Road, Gonda(U.P.) – 271003, India.
India
23Dr. SankarKumar Dey
Assistant Professor Head, Deptof Physiology & Coordinator,Dept of Nutrition, Zoology andBotany, S.B.S.S. Mahavidyalaya(Under Vidyasagar University),Goaltore-721128, PaschimMedinipur, West Bengal, India.
India
24 Dr. K. Gayathri [email protected] Professor, VelsUniversity, Chennai, India.
India
25Dr. Heba AbdelHady AbdelRaouf
Researcher, Medicinal ChemistryDepartment Theodor BilharzResearch Institute (TBRI)Kornish El-Nile Street, WarrakEl-Hadar, Giza, Egypt.
Egypt
26Dr. KajiramAdhikari
Visiting Professor, Department ofPharmacy, Institute of Medicine,Maharajgunj Medical Campus,Tribhuvan University & School ofSciences, Dept. of Pharmacy,Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel,Kavre, Nepal.
Nepal
27Dr. AbdolkarimAfroozeh
afroozeh155@yahoo.comDepartment of Engineering,University of Larestan, Iran
Iran
28Dr. Sarika R.Deshmukh
Department of Biotechnology,New Arts, Commerce andScience College, Ahmednagar -414001, Maharashtra, India.
India
29Dr.S.Umamaheswari
[email protected]. K. K. Natasha College of Artsand Science, Komarapalayam-638183, Namkkal District, India.
India
30Dr. Hayder M. Al-kuraishy
Doctor and Assist prof. inCollege of Medicine /Al-Mustansiryia University,Baghdad, Iraq.
Iraq
31Dr. Gláucio DiréFeliciano
Laboratory of Chemical andBiological Analysis (LAQB),State University CenterFoundation of the West Zone(UEZO), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Brazil
32Dr. KhalidRasheed Majeed
DHI QAR Coordinator ofPharmacy Department, Instructor(Dr.) in Medical GeneticEngineering, Immune GeneticSciences, Virus Genetic andMedical Biotechnology, Iraq.
Iraq
33Dr. ManindraMohan
Scientific Officer UttarakhandCouncil for Biotechnology (UCB)(Department of Biotechnology,Govt. of Uttarakhand) BiotechBhavan, Haldi- 263146,Pantnagar U.S. Nagar,Uttarakhand, INDIA.
India
34 Prof. IdressHamad Attitalla
idr[email protected] Cultural Attache to Work inEmbassy of Libya in Stockholm -
Sweden
Sweden.
35Dr. SavitaDhongade Desai
[email protected] India India
36Dr. DeenanathJhade
Head of Department, College ofPharmacy, Sri Satya SaiUniversity of Technology andMedical Sciences, Sehore, India.
India
37Dr. S.Selvakumar
Principal, Professor, SwamiVivekananda Institute ofPharmaceutical Sciences,Vandapally (V), Yadagirigutta(M), Nalgonda (dist), Telangana,India.
India
38Dr. MuhammadAbbas
MS Clinical Pharmacy ChinaPharmaceutical UniversityJiangning Campus Nanjing,China.
China
39Dr. MohammadJaved Ansari
Department of Pharmaceutics,College of Pharmacy PrinceSattam Bin Abdulaziz UniversityAl-kharj, Saudi Arabia.
SaudiArabia
40Dr. Bhanwar LalJat
Assitant Professor, Departmentof Botany, Dayanand College,MDS University Ajmer,Rajasthan, India.
India
41Dr. RokeyaSultana
Head of the Department-Pharmacy at University of Bio-Chemic Health Sciences,Bangalore, India.
India
42Dr. AbbasYazdanpanah
Assistant Professor, Departmentof Healthcare Management,Marvdasht Branch, Islamic AzadUniversity, Marvdasht Iran.
Iran
43 Dr. Vijay Kumar [email protected]
Associate Professor & Head,Department of Swasthavritta &North, Eastern Institute ofAyurvrda & Homeopathy(NEIAH), Shillong, Meghalaya, India.
India
44Asst. Prof. K.Murugan
Microbiologist, Quality ControlDepartment, K. V. MarineExports Private Limited, PadurVillage, Kelambakkam, Chennai,INDIA.
India
45Dr. Pradip KumarGoswami
Director, North Eastern Instituteof Ayurveda & Homoeopathy(NEIAH), Shillong, Meghalaya,India.
India
46Dr. M.Prabhakaran
Assistant Professor in P.G. &Research Department of Botanyat Pachaiyappa’s College,Chennai – 600 030, India.
India
47Dr. Vijay N.Bhosale
Asst. Professor & ResearchGuide, P.G.Research Center,Dept. of Chemistry, YeshwantMahavidyalaya, Nanded(MS),India.
India
48Dr. Ajay KumarPandey
[email protected] Professor PG Dept. ofShalakyatantra Gurukul Campus,UAU, Haridwar, U.K. (India).
India
49Prof. Dr. N. DoraBabu
Professor Mother TeresaPharmacy College SanketikaNagar, Sathupally, KhammamDistrict. Telangana,India.
India
50Dr. T.Satyanarayana
Prof. & Principal, Mother TeresaPharmacy College, Kothuru,Sathupally, Khammam (Dist.),Telangana, India.
India
51 Dr. Sushant Sud [email protected]
Assistant Professor & ConsultantPhysician Shri GulavbkunverbaAyurved Mahavidyalaya, GujaratAyurved University, Jamnagar(Gujarat), India.
India
52 Dr. Y. Thangam [email protected]
Assistant Professor in PG andResearch Department ofZoology, J.K.K. Nataraja Collegeof Arts and Science,Komarapalayam, Namakkal Dt,Tamilnadu, India.
India
53Dr. A. NusrathUnissa
nusrathu[email protected] Institute for Research inTuberculosis (NIRT), Chennai,India.
India
54Dr. Kaveh Ostad-Ali-Askari
Assistant Professor, Departmentof Civil Engineering, Isfahan(Khorasgan) Branch, IslamicAzad University, Isfahan, Iran.
Iran
55Dr. Sai PrachetanBalguri
[email protected] ORISE Fellow at U.S. FDA. US
56 Prof. Dr. Abbas [email protected] Head of Genetic Engineering Iraq
Kadhim Abd AliAl-Mansoori
Department, BiotechnologyCollege, Al-Qasim GreenUniversity, Babylon, Iraq.
57 Dr. B. Ramesh [email protected]
Academic Consultant, Dept. ofFood Technology VikramaSimhapuri University SPSR.Nellore-524003, Andhra PradeshState, India.
India
58Dr. NeetaMaheshDeshpande
[email protected]. Professor, DravyagunaDept., B. V. D. U. C. O. A., Pune,India.
India
59Prof. Dr. AnilKumar Shukla
Prof. & Head Dept. ofDravyaguna MansarovarAyurved Medical College,Hospital & Research CenterKolar Road, Bhopal, M.P. India.
India
60 Dr. Jayalakshmi I. [email protected]
Assistant Professor, Dept.Costume Design and Fashion,Chikkanna Govt. Arts College,Tiruppur, Tamilnadu, India.
India
61Dr. PushkarMukund Kulkarni
Department of PharmaceuticalSciences, Bouve College ofHealth Sciences, NortheasternUniversity, Boston, MA – 02115,USA.
USA
62 Dr. J. B. Kathiriya [email protected]
Assistant Professor, JunagadhAgricultural University,Department of Veterinary PublicHealth and Epidemiology J?n?gadh, India.
India
63Dr. Manoj KumarPandey
Scientific Officer IndianPharmacopoeia CommissionMinistry of Health & FamilyWelfare Government of IndiaCIPL Campus Sector-23,Rajnagar Ghaziabad-201002(UP), India.
India
64Dr. SantoshKumar Manthri
Scientist-II in AnalyticalResearch and Development ofPAR Pharmaceuticals,Rochester, Michigan-USA,48307.
USA
65Dr. SanghaBijekar
Assistant Professor C.G. BhaktaInstitute of Biotechnology UkaTarsadia University MalibaCampus, Bardoli, Mahuva Road,Tarsadi, Dist: Surat - 394 350Gujarat, India.
India
66Dr. KhawajaShakeel Ahmed
Assistant Professor(Microbiology) Head Departmentof BMSC School of Allied HealthProfessionals, Asmara Collegeof Health Sciences, Asmara,State of Eritrea.
Eritrea
67Dr. Hitesh U.Shingadia
[email protected]. Prof. Dept. of ZoologyMithibai College, Mumbai,Maharashtra, India.
India
68 Dr. Ajay Bilandi [email protected]
Associate Professor Seth G. L.Bihani S. D. College of TechnicalEducation, Institute ofPharmaceutical Sciences & DrugResearch, Sri Ganganagar(Rajasthan), India.
India
69 Dr. Vineeta Negi [email protected] Professor, ChaudharyDevi Lal Group of Institutions,Haryana, India.
India
70Dr. DharmendraKumar
[email protected] Professor Deptt. ofChemistry M.S.J. Govt. Collge,Bharatpur (Raj.), India.
India
71Dr. SandeepMadhukarLahange
Assistant Professor, Departmentof Sharir Rachana NationalInstitute of Ayurveda, Jaipur-302002, India.
India
72Dr. Seema HabibIsa
Assistant Professor Departmentof Chemistry G. M. MominWomens College Bhiwandi Dist.Thane University of Mumbai,Maharashtra, India.
India
73Dr. HarshalMuralidharMahajan
Resident Medical Officer inSurgical Intensive Care Unit,Godavari Medical College andHospital, Jalgaon, India.
India
74Dr. Swarup S.Prabhune
sw[email protected] Leader, Cipla Ltd,Bangalore, India.
India
75Dr. Bhati KirtiRajendra
Associate Professor,Swasthavritta and Yoga, BharatiVidyapeeth Deemed University,College of Ayurved, Pune SataraRoad, Pune-43, India.
India
76 Dr. Satej T. [email protected] M.D.(Ayu.), E.M.S., Ph.D. India
Banne Scholar, Department ofDravyaguna, Parul University,Parul Institute of Ayurveda,Gujarat, India.
77Dr. InamdarMaheshPrabhakar
Professor Head of theDepartment in the Department ofRasashastra at Hon. ShriAnnasaheb Dange AyurvedMedical College, A/P- Ashta, Tal-Walwa, Maharashtra, India.
India
78Dr. Syed AyeshaFatema SyedAhmed Abbas
Associate Professor in UG & PGDept. of Moalijat, (Medicine), atZVM Unani Medical College andHosp. Pune, India.
India
79Dr. Swapnil S.Singhai
[email protected], Uttarakhand AyurvedUniversity, Gurukul Campus,Gurukul Kangri, Haridwar, India.
India
80 Dr. Ajay Kumar [email protected]
Registrar, Department ofDermatology, Venereology andLeprosy at Dr. Yashwant SinghParmar Govt. Medical Collegeand Hospital Nahan, HimachalPradesh, India
India
81Dr. AbdurRezzaqueChoudhury
Associate Professor / SeniorScientist, Div. of Vety. Anatomy &Histology, F.V.Sc. & A.H.,Shuhama, Srinagar, India.
India
82Dr. Moyad JamalSaid Shahwan
Associate Professor inBiochemistry College ofPharmacy and Health Sciences,Ajman University of Science andTechnology, P.O.Box:346, Ajman- U.A.E.
U.A.E.
83Dr. M. S. UmaShankar
Professor, Department ofPharmaceutics, SRM College ofPharmacy SRM UniversityKattankulathur, Chennai 603203,India.
India
84 Dr. K. Srinivasan [email protected]
Postdoctoral Fellow, Departmentof Consumer and Food Science,University of Pretoria, SouthAfrica
South Africa
85Dr. BenakaPrasad S. B.
Head & Dean, Department ofBasic Sciences School ofEngineering & Technology JainUniversity, Jain Global Campus,Bangalore, India
India
86Dr. GuruprasadK.
Associate Professor, Departmentof Swasthavritta, Sri JayendraSaraswathi Ayurveda College,Nazarathpet Chennai – 600123,India.
India
87Dr. KoushleshRanjan
Assistant Professor (VeterinaryBiochemistry/Biotechnology),Department of VeterinaryPhysiology and Biochemistry,SVP University of Agricultureand Technology, Meerut, India
India
88Dr. Chaus WajidAhmed NisarAhmed
[email protected] Professor &HOD(Pharmaceutics), DayanandCollege of Pharmacy, Latur, India
India
89Dr. MustafaSevindik
[email protected] University, Faculty ofScience, Department of Biology,Antalya, Turkey
Turkey
90Dr. A. RenjithAlex
Head of the Department, Pharm.Chemistry St.Johns College ofPharmaceutical Sciences andResearch, Kattappana South,Idukki Dist., Kerala, India.
India
91Prof. Dr.Badmanaban R.
H.O.D of Pharmacognosy,Nirmala College of Pharmacy,Muvattupuzha P.O, ErnakulamDistrict, Kerala-686661, India
India
92Dr. NaziaTabassum
Senior Resident, CommunityMedicine Department, OsmaniaMedical College, Hyderabad,India
India
93Dr. MaheshKumar Kataria
Professor and Head, Departmentof Pharmaceutics, Seth G.L.Bihani S.D. College of TechnicalEducation, Sri Ganganagar,Rajasthan, India
India
94Dr. BiswaranjanPaital
Assistant Professor, Departmentof Zoology, Orissa University ofAgriculture and Technology,College of Basic Science andHumanities, Bhubaneswar-751003, Odisha, India
India
95 Dr. PasupuletiSreenivasa Rao
srao[email protected] Research Scientist inDepartment of Advanced
India
Research Centre NarayanaMedical College and HospitalsNellore, Andhra Pradesh, India
96Prof. Dr. OsmarA. Centurión
[email protected] of Medicine. AsuncionNational University-UNA,Paraguay
Paraguay
97Dr. A.V.L.N.S.H.Hariharan
Professor & BOS – Chairman,Dept. of Chemistry, GITAMInstitute of Technology, GITAMUniversity, Visakhapatnam – 530045, India
India
98Prof. Dr. BharatMishra
Professor & Head, Departmentof Pharmacology, Research &Development Cell, NirmalaCollege of Pharmacy,Muvattupuzha, Ernakulam Dist.,Kerala, India
India
99 Dr. Reddy Sunil [email protected]
Professor (HOD), Department ofPharmaceutics. SVS Group ofInstitutions, School of Pharmacy(TK), Bheemaram, Hanamkonda,Warangal, Telangana, India
India
100Dr. N. G.RaghavendraRao
Director and Professor, Dept. ofPharmacy, GRD [PG] Institute ofManagement and Technology,Rajpur Road, Dehradun -248009, Uttarakhand, India
India
101Dr. SaurabhKhasnavis
Department of Neurology,Brigham and Women’s Hospital& Harvard Medical School 60Fenwood Rd, Boston, MA-02115,USA
USA
102 Dr. Sonal Jain [email protected] Medical Services,Young Concepts, Andheri East-Mumbai-400093, India
India
103Dr. Nadeem UlNazeer
[email protected] Resident Department ofCVTS SKIMS Srinagar, India
India
104Prof. GiuseppeMerra
Adjunct Professor, StaffPhysician, EmergencyDepartment, "Agostino Gemelli"General Hospital CatholicUniversity of Sacred Heart LargoAgostino Gemelli, 800168 -Rome (Italy)
Italy
105Dr. Venkatesh V.Kulkarni
Professor, Dept. of OralPathology & Microbiology,Bharati Vidyapeeth DeemedUniversity Dental College andHospital, Pune- 411043,Maharashtra, India
India
106Prof. Dr. ZeinabHanem Salama
[email protected] Researcher Professor Emeritus .
107Dr. SwarupPurushottamKulkarni
Associate Professor and H.O.D.in the Department of RachanaSharir (Anatomy) at Dr. J. J.Magdum Ayurved MedicalCollege, Jaysingpur,Maharashtra, India
India
108 Dr. C. J. Patil [email protected]
Assistant Professor, Departmentof Chemistry, Smt. G. G. KhadseCollege, Muktainagar-425 306,India
India
109 Dr. Srinath B. [email protected]
Associate Professor & Head,Department of IndustrialPharmacy, and Controller ofExaminations RaghavendraInstitute of PharmaceuticalEducation And Research, India
India
110 Dr. Ashish Tyagi [email protected]
Assistant Professor, Deptt. ofForensic Medicine S.H.K.M.Government Medical College,Nalhar, Nuh - 122107 (Haryana),India
India
111 Dr. Amit Gosar [email protected]
Head, Analytical Research andDevelopment, Indoco RemediesLtd. Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra,India – 400701
India
112Dr. HassanMohamed M. AbdEl Rahman
Professor Dr. in Chemistry ofNatural and Microbial ProductsDept., Pharmaceutical IndustriesDiv. National Research Center,Dokki, Giza, Egypt
Egypt
113Dr. SuryakanthMalgikar
Associate Professor, Departmentof Periodontics, KamineniInstitute of Dental SciencesNarketpally 508254, Nalgonda,Telangana, India
India
114 Dr. Priti Gupta pritig[email protected]. Faculty (Biology), Gulf ModelSchool (Dubai)
Dubai
115 Dr. Hanson Ige [email protected] Lecturer, Department of Nigeria
Ogbu Pharmaceutical Microbiology &Biotechnology, University of PortHarcourt, Nigeria
116Dr. Abdul KhaderMohammad
[email protected] Formulator, Achaogen Inc.,USA.
USA.
117Dr. DeshpandeAmol Madhav
[email protected] Professor, RachanaSharir, MGACH & RC, Salod (H),Wardha, India
India
118Dr. R.RamasubramaniaRaja
Associate Professor, Departmentof Pharmacognosy, NarayanaPharmacy College Nellore, A.P.,India
India
119Dr. Arshed IqbalDar
Assistant Professor, Departmentof Higher Education Jammu andKashmir, Govt. Degree CollegeSumbal Sonawari Jammu andKashmir, India
India
120Dr. SarikaPrasanna Pardhe
[email protected] Manager-RegulatoryAffairs for FlamingoPharmaceuticals, India
India
121 Dr. V. Dhanapal [email protected] & H.O.D, SanjoCollege of PharmaceuticalStudies, Palakkad, Kerala, India
India
122Prof. (Dr.)Carraher, CharlesE. Jr.
Professor Department ofChemistry and BiochemistryPh.D. University of Missouri,USA
USA
123Dr. FarzanehMohamadpour
[email protected]. Organic Chemistry,University of Sistan andBaluchestan, Iran
Iran
124 Dr. Yesh Sharma [email protected] Chairman of Rajasthan ofall India Medical Student Union,India
India
125Dr. VedashriAbhijeetKalavade
[email protected] Professor in RognidanDept. in Dr. J. J. Magdum Ayu.Med. College, Jaysingpur, India
India
126Dr. Thura AwadKadhim
[email protected] at Al-Yarmok UniversityCollage, Iraq
Iraq
127Dr. Hiba RiyadhAl-abodi
[email protected] of Environment,College of Science, University ofAl-Qadisiyah, Iraq
Iraq
128Dr. Aamal GhaziAl-Saadi
Assistant Professor in Al-Qadisiyah University, Collage ofScience, Ecology Department,Iraq
Iraq
129Dr. NisreenHusain
Asst. Prof. in P. G. College, Dept.of Higher Education,Government of Chhattisgarh,India
India
130Dr. D. ChandraPrabha
Associate Professor inBiochemistry, Sri RamakrishnaCollege of Arts and Science forWomen, Coimbatore-44, India
India
131Dr. Ankur KumarTanwar
M.D. Scholar, Dept of KriyaSharir, Ayurvedic and UnaniTibbia College, Govt of NCTDelhi, India
India
132Dr. Ajay V.Pathak
[email protected]. Lecturer, PriyadarshiniJ.L.Chaturvedi College ofPharmacy, Nagpur, India
India
133Dr. Aalaa FahimAbbas
[email protected] Professor, Departmentof Ecology, Collage of Science,University of Al-Qadisiyah, Iraq
Iraq
134Dr. PraveenReddy P.
Assistant Professor and Head,Department of Microbiology atVivekananda Degree and PGCollege, Karimnagar-505001,Telangana, India
India
135Dr. Firas Abd KatiAl-Shammari
Lecturer, Prosthetic DentistryDept., College of Health &Medical Technology, Baghdad,Iraq
Iraq
136Dr. TeenaAgrawal
[email protected] Professor, BanasthaliUniversity, Niwai Rajasthan,India
India
137 Dr. Babar Ali [email protected]
Assistant Professor & HOD,Department of Pharmacognosyand Pharmaceutical Chemistry,College of Pharmacy, BuraydahColleges, Kingdom of SaudiArabia (KSA)
SaudiArabia
138 Prof. Dr. JanJacques Michiels
[email protected] Lifestyle Physician,Multidisciplinairy MedicalSpecialist & Research ScientistBlood & Coagulation Disorders,Vascular Medicine and MetabolicDiseases Erasmus Tower,
Netherlands
Veenmos 13, 3069 ATRotterdam, The Netherlands
139Dr. VijayakumarSengodanGuruswamy
[email protected] Manager, AurobindoPharma USA
USA
Advisory Board Member
S.No. Name Email Address Country
1DrKumaraswamyGandla
Associate Professor & H.O.D inDept. of Pharmaceutical Analysisin Care College of Pharmacy-Warangal. Telangana, India.
India
2
AssociateProfessor,RavindraReddyYaramala
[email protected] Ram Reddy College ofPharmacy, Meerpet,Saroornagar, Hyderabad, India.
India
3 Dr. Ajit Pandya [email protected]
Department of Biochemistry, C USHAH SCIENCE COLLEGE,Ashram road, Ahmedabad -380014
India
4Dr. AtindraShukla
Shah-Schulman Center forSurface Science &Nanotechnology DharmsinhDesai University, Nadiad. India.
India
5Dr. TauqeerHussain
[email protected] of PharmaceuticalSciences, USM, Penang,Malaysia.
Malaysia
6Dr. SuryakantaSwain
Assistant Professor Departmentof Pharmaceutics, RolandInstitute of PharmaceuticalSciences, P.O: Khodasingi,Berhampur (Ganjam),Pin-760010, Odisha (INDIA),.
India
7Dr. JiyauddinKhan
Department of Pharmaceutics/Department of Research, Schoolof Pharmacy, Management &Science University, Shah Alam,Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
Malaysia
8Dr. Chirag M.Modi
Asistant Professor, DepartmentOf Pharmacology, VeterinaryCollege, Sdau,Sardarkrushinagar. India.
India
9Dr. SankalpYadav
General Duty Medical Officer-IIat the Chest Clinic Moti Nagar,North Delhi MunicipalCorporation, New Delhi, India.
India
10Dr. RaviShankar Khatri
[email protected] senior resident, Facultyof Ayurveda, IMS, BHU India.
India
11Dr Bijay KumarGupta
Reader & Head, Dept. ofAgadatantra, SBLD AyurvedVishwabharati, Gandhi VidyaMandir, Sardarshahar, Churu,Rajasthan.
India
12Dr. ManojKumar
Scientific Officer IndianPharmacopoeia CommissionMinistry of Health & FamilyWelfare Government of IndiaCIPL Campus Sector-23,Rajnagar Ghaziabad-201002(UP), India.
India
13Dr. NareshKumarKumawat
S.B.L.D. Ayurved Vishwabharti,Gandhi Vidya Mandir,Sardarshahr, Churu, Rajasthan.India.
India
14Dr. Alaa H.Abuznait
Department of PharmaceuticalSciences University of OklahomaHealth Sciences Center 1110 N.Stonewall Ave., Oklahoma City,OK.
Jordan
15Dr. MuneeshKumar
[email protected] of Zoology,University of Jammu, Jammu(J&K) INDIA 180006, India.
India
16 Dr. Ajit Singh [email protected]
Pathologist in charge of routineHematobiochemical Profiling,Postmortems (domestic,laboratory, wild animals andpoultry birds) andHistopathological laboratory atDepartment of Pathology,College of Veterinary Scienceand Animal Husbandry,SHIATS.Allaha
India
17Dr. NeerajKumar Patel
Laxmi Niwas, Behind PunjabBank, Patel Nagar, Suhagi,Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh482002, India.
India
18 Dr. Ananda [email protected] Post Doctoral Research USA
KumarKonreddy
Associate, College of Pharmacy,University of Georgia, Athens,30602 Georgia, USA.
19Dr. GrandheUsha Rani
[email protected], South Milledge Ave, AptC60, Athens, Georgia-30605,USA.
USA
20Dr. MuneeshKumar
[email protected] of Zoology,University of Jammu, Jammu(J&K) INDIA 180006, India.
India
21Dr. FasaluRahiman OM
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rmsuja[email protected] William ResearchCentre at Nagercoil, India
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www.wjpr.net Vol 3, Issue 5, 2014.
58
Noorma et al. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
IN VITRO EFFECTIVITY PARA METHOXY CINNAMATE ACID
(PMCA) IN SOLID LIPID NANOSTRUCTURE (SLN) SYSTEM USING
CETYL ALCOHOL AS LIPID FORMULATED IN HPC-H GEL BASE
Noorma Rosita1*, Widji Soeratri
1, Tristiana Erawati
1, Ayunanda
1, Wakhida Fitriyani
1
1Pharmaceutics Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya,
Indonesia
ABSTRACT
Introduction: In vitro effectivity of solid lipid nanostructure (SLN) as
carrier system has been studied on para methoxy cinnamate acid
(PMCA) as a means of releasing PMCA and penetrating to prolong
antiinflamasi preparation. Methods: SLN was made using cetyl alcohol
as lipid and Tween 80 as stabilizer, produced by high shear
homogenisatian (HPH) method. SLN was then formulated in HPC-H
3% gel base. Release study were conducted in phosphat buffer medium
pH 7,4±0,05 at 32°C and stirred at 100 rpm using apparatus type 5-
paddle overdisk. Penetration study were investigated in same medium
at 37°C by using Wistar male rat skin 2-3 month age and weight 115-
180 gram, as a membrane. Results: Both PMCA released and penetrated PMCA
concentration was measured spectrophotometrically at 286 nm as λ max. Spherical SLN-
APMS with particle size of 26-265 nm and 64.86% drug entrapment were produced. PMCA-
SLN had pH 3,79±0,05 in HPC-H gel. In vitro release and penetration study were
investigated using PMCA only (F-I), PMCA in macroemulsion (F-II) and PMCA-SLN (F-III)
which was formulated in gel HPC-H. PMCA which was dispersed in gel had largest release
and higher penetration, followed by PMCA in macroemulsion and lastly PMCA-SLN.
Release flux for formula PMCA only, PMCA in Macroemulsion and PMCA-SLN were
62,6969 ± 1,33; 48,7949 ± 1,07 and 27,4652 ±0,84 µg/cm2/second-½ , whereas penteration
flux were 0,3065 ± 0,1470; 0,1795 ± 0,0634 and 0,2925 ± 0,0996 µg/cm2/second1 for
formula I, II and III respectively. Conclusion: SLN system has been able to retard released
and penetrated PMCA.
World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research SJIF Impact Factor 5.045
Volume 3, Issue 5, 58-65. Research Article ISSN 2277 – 7105
Article Received on
20 May 2014,
Revised on 14 June 2014,
Accepted on 08 July 2014
*Correspondence for
Author
Noorma Rosita
Pharmaceutics Department,
Faculty of Pharmacy,
Universitas Airlangga,
Surabaya, Indonesia
www.wjpr.net Vol 3, Issue 5, 2014.
59
Noorma et al. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
KEY WORDS: Para methoxy cinnamate acid (PMCA), solid lipid nanostructure (SLN),
cetyl alcohol, release, penetration
INTRODUCTION
Colloidal carrier system have been receiving growing interest in the field of drug delivery
system because they can offer several advantages in this area for example posibility to
formulate poorly water soluble drug substances in aqueous system, protection of drug against
degradation or alteration. Many particulate can be used as carrier in colloidal delivery system
eg: polymeric nanoparticles, fat emulsion and liposome (Bujes Heike, 2011, Jores Katja et
all, 2004). Since a high degree of physiological compatibility is expected for lipid excipients,
several types of colloidal lipid based carrier systems have been develop (Bujes Heike, 2011).
Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) is colloidal system based on nanotechnology which have
been proposed as an alternative colloidal drug delivery system (Schubert, MA and Muller
CC, 2005). Compared to liposome and emulsion, solid particles possess some advantages,
e.g. protection of incorporated active compounds against chemical degradation and more
flexibility in modulating the release of the compound (Muller R.H., Radtke M, Wissing SA,
2002). Another advantages are biodegradable, non toxic, stable against coalesence and drug
leakage (Bunjes Heike, Westesen Kirsten and Koch Michel, 1996) and no need to use higher
surfactant concentrations, therefore able to avoid potential necessity toperform a tolerability
excipient compound (Muller R.H., Radtke M, Wissing SA, 2002). Standard manufacturing
procedure is dissolving or dispersing the drug in the molten lipid prior to high pressure or
high shear homogenisation (Schubert, MA and Muller CC, 2005).
Para-methoxycinnamic acid (PMCA) is a hydrolyzed product of ethyl-p-methoxycinnamic
(EPMC), which is the highest component of Kaempferia Galanga extract, was proposed to
have an antiinflamatory activity. PMCA is a poor soluble drug, which have been tried to be
prepared as antiinflamatory topical using SLN as carrier system.
The aim of this study is (1) to identify characteristics of SLN-APMS with cetyl alcohol as
lipid carrier produced by high shear homogenisation methode, (2) to study effect of SLN
system enriched in 3% gel HPC-H on released of PMCA from matrix, and (3) to study
effect of SLN system enriched in 3% gel HPC-H on the penetration of PMCA-SLN through
rat skin membrane, SLN system composed with cetyl alcohol as lipid (10%), Tween 80
(12%) as emulsifier and propylene glycol 1% as co-surfactant.
www.wjpr.net Vol 3, Issue 5, 2014.
60
Noorma et al. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
MATERIAL AND METHODE
Materials
p-metoksisinamat acid (PMCA) from Sigma, HPC-H (PTShin Etsu), cetyl alcohol, tween
80, (PT. Bratako). Dapar component: KH2PO4 p.a and K3PO4 (E. Merck) , aquadest (PT.
Jawisesa). Rat male wistar strain
Method
There were three PMCA formulas in gel 3%HPC-H: PMCA enriched in 3% HPC-H directly
(Formula I), PMCA in 3% HPC-H with all components of SLN (Formula II) and PMCA-
SLN incorporated in 3% gel HPC-H (Formula III). SLN was composed by cetyl alcohol 10%
as lipid carrier, tween 80% as surfactant and propylene glycol 1% as co-surfactant. SLN was
prepared by high shear homogenisation method.
Tabel 1. Formula samples
Ingridients
Function
Concentration
FI ( g ) FII (g) FIII (g)
PMCA Active Ingredient 0,0068 0,0068
PMCA-SLN Active Ingredient in
SLN system
6,8 g
(~ 0,068 g APMS)
Cetyl alcohol Lipid component of SLN 0,680
Tween 80 Emulsifier
(SLN component )
0,816
Aquadest Component of SLN 5,3 mL
Basis gel HPC - H Basis ad 20 g ad 20 g ad 20 g
Preparation of PMCA-SLN,
SLN-PMCA was prepared by melting cetyl alcohol at 80 ± 5°C, above cetyl alcohol melting
temperature. Then PMCA was dissolved in the melted lipid. The hot lipid phase was added to
an aqueous solution of 12% tween 80 as emuslifier and propylene glycol 1% as co-surfactant
at the same temperature and was stirred at 200 rpm for 5 min in beaker glass to make primary
emulsion followed by stirring at 25000 rpm using blender Madato®. The hot dispersion were
cooled kept in stirring at gradual reduced speed.
.
www.wjpr.net Vol 3, Issue 5, 2014.
61
Noorma et al. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
Figure 1. Schematic SLN-PMCA preparation method using high shear homogenisation
method
Characterisation of SLN
The shape of SLN was observed with Thermal Electron Microscope (TEM) and the particle
size measurements were analysed by photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS). Drug entrapment
of PMCA was measured by centrifugation method.
Preparation of Gel Formula.
HPC-H was used as gel bases with propylene glycol as humectant. Either PMCA or SLN-
PMCA was prepared by dispersing into HPC-H gel directly to produce formula I and formula
III., whereas formula II was prepared by component producing SLN with low stirring speed.
Characterisation of PMCA Gel
PMCA gel was characterized in terms of pH and spreadabilty.
Release study of PMCA from matrix
Release study of PMCA from matrix were conducted in phosphat buffer medium at pH
7,4±0,05 at 32°C and stirred at 100 rpm and used apparatus type 5-paddle overdisk. Medium
www.wjpr.net Vol 3, Issue 5, 2014.
62
Noorma et al. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
in reseptor chamber was sampled on 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240, 300 and 360
minute and then was measured spectrophotometrically at 286 nm as λ max.
Penetration of PMCA through rat skin membrane
Penetration study of PMCA through abdomen rat skin membrane were conducted in
phosphate buffer medium at pH 7,4±0,05 at 37°C and stirred at 100 rpm and used apparatus
type 5-paddle overdisk. Medium in reseptor chamber sampled on 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 60,
90, 120, 180, 240, 300 and 360 minute and then was measured spectrophotometrically at 286
nm as λ max.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
SLN-PMCA had spherical shape (fig 2) and average of particle size was 437,3 nm with
Polydispersity Index (PI) was 1,138 (>0,3) it means that SLN-PMCA was not homogenous
(fig 3).
Figure 2. TEM picture of SLN-PMCA
Figure 3. Particle distribution of SLN-MPCA
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Noorma et al. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
Centrifugation method showed that PMCA was entraped of about 64,86% in lipid matrix as
carrier of SLN. All pH of PMCA gel showed pH at below skin pH as illustrated in table 2,
that might be had iritation potential effect.
Table 2. pH of PMCA gel
Formula Mean pH ±SD
F I 3,89±0,02
F II 3,86±0,08
F III 3,79±0,005
Spreadibility of formula III was higher than others (table 3), it could because of nano size of
lipid as carrier SLN. Smallest particle can increased occlusivity (Muller R.H., Radtke M,
Wissing SA, 2002) and it could be a reason why formula III had the best spreadibility.
Table 3. Spreadibilty of PMCA gel
Formula Spreadability (cm/gram)
F I 0,0360 ± 0,0009
F II 0,0409 ± 0,0030
F III 0,0477 ± 0,0010
Release study we showed that formula III had slowest release; it can be seen from its flux
release (fig 4 and table 4).
Figure 4. Released profile of PMCA
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Jum
lah
kum
ula
tif
pe
r sa
tuan
luas
(µg/
cm2)
√t
Formula I
Formula 2
Formula 3
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Noorma et al. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
Table 4. Flux release of PMCA
Formula Flux release mean of PMCA (µg/cm2/menit1/2)
Formula I 62,6969 ± 1,33
Formula II 48,7949 ± 1,07
Formula III 27,4652 ±0,84
About 64,86% PMCA was entrapped in lipid matrix, therefore it caused retardation of PMCA
to released. Trend differences of PMCA flux release between formulas were not showed in
the penetration PMCA study (fig 5 and table 5).
Figure 5. In Vitro penetration profile of PMCA through skin rat membrane
Table 5. Flux Penetration Mean of PMCA through skin rat membrane
Formula
Fluks Penetration Mean of
PMCA through rat skin
membrane ± SD
(%KV)
I 0,3065 ± 0,1470 (47,96)
II 0,1795 ± 0,0634 (35,34)
III 0,2925 ± 0,0996 (34,05)
There were no significantly differences between formulas. Eventhough SLN system PMCA
showed slowest release, but another mechanisms helped it to alter the penetration rate. The
smallest particle of solid lipid can increase the oclusive effect, this due to its ability to
increase stratum corneum hydration that help drug penetration. Another reasoning was the
smallest particle of solid lipid entrapping dissolved PMCA can penetrated not only through
transcelluler pathway.
CONCLUSION
SLN system has been able to retard release and penetrated PMCA.
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
-200 0 200 400 600 800
jum
lah
ku
mu
lati
f p
ers
atu
an
lu
as
(µg
/cm
2)
waktu (menit)
formula 1
formula 2
formula 3
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Noorma et al. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
REFFERENCE
1. Bujes Heike, 2011, Structural Properties of Solid Lipid Based Colloidal Drug Delivery
Systems, Journal homepage: www.elsevir.com/ locate/cocis, Current Opinion in Colloidal
& Interface Sciences 16: 405-411
2. Bunjes Heike, Westesen Kirsten and Koch Michel, 1996, Crystallization Tendency and
PolymorphicTransitions in Triglyceride Nanoparticles, International Journal of
Pharmaceutics 129: 159-173
3. Jores Katja, et all, 2004, Investigations on the Structure of Solid Lipid Nanoparticles
(SLN) and Oil-Loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticles by Photon Correlation Spectroscopy ,
Fiel-Flow Fracti0nation and Transmission Electron Microscopy, Journal of Controlled
Release 95: 217-227
4. Muller R.H., Radtke M, Wissing SA, 2002, Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLN) and
Nanostructures Lipid Carriers (NLC) in Cosmetic and Dermatological Preparations,
Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 54 Suppl. 1, S.131-S.155
5. Schubert M.A. and Muller-Goymann C.C, 2005, Characterisation of Surface-Modified
Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLN): Influence of Lecithin and Nonionic Emulsifier,
Europian Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics 61: 77-86