ecosystems. community interactions what is a food web? how does energy move thru a food web? what is...
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Watch… NASA – The Ocean A Driving Force for Weather and Climate https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6vgvTeuoD WY q=jet%20stream%20animation%20el%20nino%20and%20la%20nina&sc=0-21&sp=- 1&sk=#view=detail&mid=FF4D8AD21FFDF74BD002FF4D8AD21FFDF74BD002TRANSCRIPT
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Ecosystems
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Community Interactions
• What is a food web?• How does energy move
thru a food web?• What is the role of
decomposers?• Predict what would
happen if one of these species became endangered or wiped out.
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Watch…
• NASA – The Ocean A Driving Force for Weather and Climate
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6vgvTeuoDWY
http://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=Jet%20Stream%20Animation%20el%20nino%20and%20la%20nina&qs=n&form=QBVR&pq=jet%20stream%20animation%20el%20nino%20and%20la%20nina&sc=0-21&sp=-1&sk=#view=detail&mid=FF4D8AD21FFDF74BD002FF4D8AD21FFDF74BD002
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Biodiversity
• Species rich in an ecosystem, biome, or Earth• Measure of health• Endangered species & extinction threaten
Biodiversity
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Influences on Ecosystems
Biotic Factors• Biological, living, factors• Birds, trees, mushrooms,
bacteria
Abiotic Factors• Physical, nonliving factors• Temp, ppt, humidity
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Competitive Exclusion Principle
Warblers are birds. Different species of warblers can live in the same tree. Can different species occupy the same niche? Explain
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Niche• An organism’s job or role
in its ecosystem• Place in the food web• Type of food it eats• How obtains food• Predator/prey
relationships• Physical conditions for
survival (ie/ adapting to temp & weather changes)
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Climate• Avg pattern of weather
patterns in a region• Trapping of heat by
atmosphere• Latitude – angle of heating
– Polar, temperate, tropical zones
• Transport of heat by winds & ocean currents
• Amount of precipitation
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Heat Transport =unequal heating of the Earth’s surface
Winds• Warm air rises
– Near equator rises
• Cool air sinks– Near poles sinks
• Upward & downward movt create winds
• Winds move heat from regions of sinking air to rising air affecting climate
Currents• Cold water near poles sinks
& flows along ocean bottom• Cold water rises as heats in
warmer regions– Upwelling
• Water flow creates currents• Ocean currents warm/cool
the air above
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Global Climate Zones
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Effects on Climate
Greenhouse Effect• Rise in temp due to trapped
gases & energy from sun (water vapor, carbon dioxide)
• W/o heat would escape into space (60* colder)
Global Warming• Avg inc in Earth’s temp
(1.4*f rise in past 100 years)• Rise in temp due to human
activities• Effects rainfall patterns,
sea-lvl, plants, animals, humans
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Global warming debateAlthough still a controversial subject, there is a growing consensus that global climate changes are being caused by
environmental pollution, especially by greenhouse gases.
Do we need to take more urgent action to halt this trend?
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Community Interactions
• Competition – organisms try to use same resource at same time– Competitive exclusion principle• Direct competition – winner & loser• No 2 sp can occupy the same niche at the same time
• Predation – predators seek prey– Anglerfish & Nemo
• Symbiosis – species live closely together
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Symbiotic Relationships
• Mutualism – (+/+)– Both benefit– Shark & remora
• Commensalism – (+/0)– One benefits, other not effected– Whale & barnacle
• Parasitism – (+/-)– One benefits, other harmed– Dog & tick
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Biomes are classified by…• Climate of the region• Where biome is found & geography• Special adaptations of the vegetation• Types of animals found; physical & behavioral
adaptations to env’t
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What is a biome?
• Lg area of distinct plants & animals• Consists of many ecosystems• All living things are closely related to their
env’t• Changes can cause a ripple effect on other
parts (volcano eruption, forest fire, el nino)
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Biomes
Tropical Rainforest• Most diverse biome• Hot/wet year-round; humid• Found around the eqtr• Lg diverse trees & plants
Tropical Dry Forest• Seasonal rainfall; intense
dry season• Deciduous trees• Warm year-round• Mexico, C. America
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Biomes
Tropical Savanna / grassland• Tropical wet / dry• More rain than desert• Isolated trees; covered by
grass• Africa
Desert• Dry, less than 25 cm rain • Extreme temp changes – no
veg to maintain heat• US, Africa, Asia, etc• Death Valley
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Biomes
Temperate Grassland• Rich mix of grasses
prairies• Most fertile soils• Prone to fires• Omaha, Nebraska
Temperate Woodland• Chaparral (dominated by
shrubs)• Mix of shrubs & open woods• Semi-dry & low-plants fire
prone• Los Angeles
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Biomes
Temperate Forest• Deciduous forest,
coniferous also• US!!• Seasons, winter cold, halts
plant growth
NW Coniferous Forest• Moist air, cool air• Washington• Variety of conifers & trees
(Giant redwood)• Moss covers floor & trunks
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Biomes
Boreal Forest / Taiga• Dense evergreen coniferous
forests, • Northern; Alaska• winters bitterly cold,
thawing in summer
Tundra• Permafrost – perm frozen
soil• Short cool summer, long
winters• Thawing & freezing cycles
destroys plants• Alaska
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Biomes
Freshwater• Ponds, lakes, streams,
rivers, wetlands• Freshwater• Wetlands have highest
species diversity
Brackish
• Estuaries, wetlands, rivers• Partial fresh & salt water• Streams/rivers merge w/ocean• Chesapeake Bay
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Biomes
Marine• Oceans, coral reefs, estuaries• Covers ¾ earth’s surface• Supply most of world’s O2
supply• Zonation – 4 areas each w/
great sp diversity (shore – deepest)